ECSS-E-HB-31-01 Part 3A

5 December 2011

Space engineering
Thermal design handbook - Part 3:
Spacecraft Surface Temperature

ECSS Secretariat
ESA-ESTEC
Requirements & Standards Division
Noordwijk, The Netherlands

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Foreword
ThisHandbookisonedocumentoftheseriesofECSSDocumentsintendedtobeusedassupporting
material for ECSS Standards in space projects and applications. ECSS is a cooperative effort of the
EuropeanSpaceAgency,nationalspaceagenciesandEuropeanindustryassociationsforthepurpose
ofdevelopingandmaintainingcommonstandards.
The material in this Handbook is a collection of data gathered from many projects and technical
journals which provides the reader with description and recommendation on subjects to be
consideredwhenperformingtheworkofThermaldesign.
Thematerialforthesubjectshasbeencollatedfromresearchspanningmanyyears,thereforeasubject
mayhavebeenrevisitedorupdatedbyscienceandindustry.
The material is provided as good background on the subjects of thermal design, the reader is
recommended to research whether a subject has been updated further, since the publication of the
materialcontainedherein.

This handbook has been prepared by ESA TECMT/QR division, reviewed by the ECSS Executive
SecretariatandapprovedbytheECSSTechnicalAuthority.

Disclaimer
ECSSdoesnotprovideanywarrantywhatsoever,whetherexpressed,implied,orstatutory,including,
butnotlimitedto,anywarrantyofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurposeoranywarranty
that the contents of the item are errorfree. In no respect shall ECSS incur any liability for any
damages,including,butnotlimitedto,direct,indirect,special,orconsequentialdamagesarisingout
of,resultingfrom,orinanywayconnectedtotheuseofthisdocument,whetherornotbasedupon
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propertyorotherwise;andwhetherornotlosswassustainedfrom,oraroseoutof,theresultsof,the
item,oranyservicesthatmaybeprovidedbyECSS.

Publishedby: ESARequirementsandStandardsDivision

Copyright:

ESTEC,P.O.Box299,
2200AGNoordwijk
TheNetherlands
2011bytheEuropeanSpaceAgencyforthemembersofECSS

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Table of contents
1 Scope.....................................................................................................................11
2 References ............................................................................................................12
3 Terms, definitions and symbols..........................................................................13
3.1

Terms and definitions ............................................................................................... 13

3.2

Symbols....................................................................................................................13

4 Solar radiation ......................................................................................................15

4.1

General.....................................................................................................................15

4.2

Infinitely conductive planar surfaces ........................................................................19

4.2.1

4.3

Infinitely conductive spherical surfaces .................................................................... 21

4.3.1

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.4.1

Two-dimensional circular cylinder .............................................................. 22

4.4.2

Three-dimensional circular cylinder............................................................ 23

Infinitely conductive conical surfaces ....................................................................... 25

4.5.1

Semi-infinite circular cone ..........................................................................25

4.5.2

Finite circular cone with insulated base. (axial configuration) .................... 27

4.5.3

Finite height circular cone........................................................................... 29

Infinitely conductive cylindrical-conical surfaces ...................................................... 31

Prism with an n-sided regular polygonal section ........................................ 49

Infinitely conductive pyramidal surfaces ...................................................................60

4.8.1

4.9

Cone-cylinder-cone .................................................................................... 31

Infinitely conductive prismatic surfaces ....................................................................49

4.7.1

4.8

Sphere ........................................................................................................21

Infinitely conductive cylindrical surfaces................................................................... 22

4.6.1
4.7

Flat plate emitting on one or both sides...................................................... 19

Pyramid with an n-sided regular polygonal section .................................... 60

Infinitely conductive prismatic-pyramidal surfaces ................................................... 70

4.9.1.1 Pyramid-prism-pyramid with an n-sided regular polygonal......................... 70

4.10 Thin-walled spherical bodies. Finite conductivity...................................................... 80

4.10.1

Non-spinning sphere ..................................................................................80

4.10.2

Non-spinning sphere. Including internal radiation ...................................... 82

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4.11 Thin-walled cylindrical bodies. Finite conductivity. ................................................... 83
4.11.1

Non-spinning two-dimensional circular cylinder ......................................... 83

4.11.2

Spinning two-dimensional circular cylinder................................................. 85

4.11.3

Circular cylinder. solar radiation parallel to axis of symmetry..................... 89

4.11.4

Cylindrical surface of rectangular cross section. Solar radiation

normal to face.............................................................................................90

4.12 Thin-walled conical bodies. Conductivity.................................................................. 95

4.12.1

Non-spinning cone......................................................................................95

5 Planetary radiation ...............................................................................................99

5.1

General.....................................................................................................................99

5.2

Infinitely conductive planar surfaces ...................................................................... 104

5.2.1

5.3

5.4

5.5

Flat plate absorbing and emitting on one side.......................................... 104

Infinitely conductive spherical surfaces .................................................................. 105

5.3.1

Sphere ......................................................................................................105

5.3.2

Hemispherical surface absorbing and emitting on outer face................... 106

Infinitely conductive cylindrical surfaces................................................................. 108

5.4.1

Circular cylinder with insulated bases ...................................................... 108

5.4.2

Finite height circular cylinder .................................................................... 109

Infinitely conductive conical surfaces ..................................................................... 119

5.5.1

Circular cone with insulated base............................................................. 119

5.5.2

Finite height circular cone......................................................................... 122

6 Albedo radiation .................................................................................................125

6.1

General...................................................................................................................125

6.2

Infinitely conductive planar surfaces ...................................................................... 130

6.2.1

6.3

Infinitely conductive spherical surfaces .................................................................. 135

6.3.1

6.4

Flat plate absorbing and emitting on one side.......................................... 130

Sphere ......................................................................................................135

Infinitely conductive cylindrical surfaces................................................................. 139

6.4.1

Circular cylinder with insulated bases ...................................................... 139

Bibliography...........................................................................................................144

Figures
Figure 4-1: The function TR(AE/AI)1/4 vs. the distance to the Sun. Calculated by the
compiler. ..............................................................................................................16
Figure 4-2: The function TR(AE/AI)1/4 vs. the optical characteristics of the surface.
Shaded zone of a is enlarged in b. Calculated by the compiler. .......................... 17

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Figure 4-3: Temperature TR as a function of s / and AI/AE for d = 1 AU. Shaded zone
of a is enlarged in b. Calculated by the compiler. ................................................ 18
Figure 4-4: Ration (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of , in the case of a flat plate. Calculated by
the compiler. ........................................................................................................20
Figure 4-5: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and H/R, in the case of a finite height
circular cylinder. Calculated by the compiler. ...................................................... 24
Figure 4-6: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of , in the case of a semi-infinite circular cone.
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 26
Figure 4-7: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of , in the case of a finite circular cone with
insulated base (axial configuration). Calculated by the compiler. ........................ 28
Figure 4-8: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and , in the case of a finite height cone.
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 30
Figure 4-9: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and , in the case of a cone-cylinder-cone.
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 32
Figure 4-10: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and , in the case of a cone-cylindercone. Calculated by the compiler......................................................................... 33
Figure 4-11: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and , in the case of a cone-cylindercone. Calculated by the compiler......................................................................... 34
Figure 4-12: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and , in the case of a cone-cylindercone. Calculated by the compiler......................................................................... 35
Figure 4-13: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and , in the case of a cone-cylindercone. Calculated by the compiler......................................................................... 36
Figure 4-14: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and , in the case of a cone-cylindercone. Calculated by the compiler......................................................................... 37
Figure 4-15: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and , in the case of a cone-cylindercone. Calculated by the compiler......................................................................... 38
Figure 4-16: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and , in the case of a cone-cylindercone. Calculated by the compiler......................................................................... 39
Figure 4-17: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and , in the case of a cone-cylindercone. Calculated by the compiler......................................................................... 40
Figure 4-18: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and , in the case of a cone-cylindercone. Calculated by the compiler......................................................................... 41
Figure 4-19: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and , in the case of a cone-cylindercone. Calculated by the compiler......................................................................... 42
Figure 4-20: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and , in the case of a cone-cylindercone. Calculated by the compiler......................................................................... 43
Figure 4-21: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of for any value of /R, in the case of a
cone-cylinder-cone. Calculated by the compiler. ................................................. 44
Figure 4-22: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and /R, in the case of a cone-cylindercone. Calculated by the compiler......................................................................... 45
Figure 4-23: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and /R, in the case of a cone-cylindercone. Calculated by the compiler......................................................................... 46

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Figure 4-24: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and /R, in the case of a cone-cylindercone. Calculated by the compiler......................................................................... 47
Figure 4-25: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of and /R, in the case of a cone-cylindercone. Calculated by the compiler......................................................................... 48
Figure 4-26: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a prism. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. Circular cylinder, n = . Calculated by the compiler. .................... 50
Figure 4-27: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a prism. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. The values corresponding to /R 1 are also plotted in the
previous figure. Circular cylinder, n = . Calculated by the compiler. ................. 51
Figure 4-28: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a prism. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. Circular cylinder, n = . Calculated by the compiler. .................... 52
Figure 4-29: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a prism. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. The values corresponding to /R 1 are also plotted in the
previous figure. Circular cylinder, n = . Calculated by the compiler. ................. 53
Figure 4-30: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a prism. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. Circular cylinder, n = . Calculated by the compiler. .................... 54
Figure 4-31: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a prism. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. The values corresponding to /R 1 are also plotted in the
previous figure. Circular cylinder, n = . Calculated by the compiler. ................. 55
Figure 4-32: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a prism. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. Circular cylinder, n = . Calculated by the compiler. .................... 56
Figure 4-33: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a prism. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. The values corresponding to /R 1 are also plotted in the
previous figure. Circular cylinder, n = . Calculated by the compiler. ................. 57
Figure 4-34: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a prism. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. Circular cylinder, n = . Calculated by the compiler. .................... 58
Figure 4-35: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a prism. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. The values corresponding to /R 1 are also plotted in the
previous figure. Circular cylinder, n = . Calculated by the compiler. ................. 59
Figure 4-36: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. Circular cone, n = . Calculated by the compiler. ......................... 61
Figure 4-37: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. The values corresponding to /R 1 are also plotted in the
previous figure. Circular cone, n = . Calculated by the compiler. ...................... 62

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Figure 4-38: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. Circular cone, n = . Calculated by the compiler. ......................... 63
Figure 4-39: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. The values corresponding to /R 1 are also plotted in the
previous figure. Circular cone, n = . Calculated by the compiler. ...................... 64
Figure 4-40: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. Circular cone, n = . Calculated by the compiler. ......................... 65
Figure 4-41: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. The values corresponding to /R 1 are also plotted in the
previous figure. Circular cone, n = . Calculated by the compiler. ...................... 66
Figure 4-42: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. Circular cone, n = . Calculated by the compiler. ......................... 67
Figure 4-43: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. The values corresponding to /R 1 are also plotted in the
previous figure. Circular cone, n = . Calculated by the compiler. ...................... 68
Figure 4-44: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. Circular cone, n = . Calculated by the compiler. ......................... 69
Figure 4-45: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid. The curves
plotted are those corresponding to the largest and smallest areas projected
from the Sun. The values corresponding to /R 1 are also plotted in the
previous figure. Circular cone, n = . Calculated by the compiler. ...................... 70
Figure 4-46: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid - prism pyramid. The curves plotted are those corresponding to the largest and
smallest areas projected from the Sun. Cone - cylinder - cone, n = .
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 71
Figure 4-47: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid - prism pyramid. The curves plotted are those corresponding to the largest and
smallest areas projected from the Sun. The values corresponding to /R
1 are also plotted in the previous figure. Cone - cylinder - cone, n = .
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 72
Figure 4-48: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid - prism pyramid. The curves plotted are those corresponding to the largest and
smallest areas projected from the Sun. Cone - cylinder - cone, n = .
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 73
Figure 4-49: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid - prism pyramid. The curves plotted are those corresponding to the largest and
smallest areas projected from the Sun. The values corresponding to /R
1 are also plotted in the previous figure. Cone - cylinder - cone, n = .
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 74

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Figure 4-50: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid - prism pyramid. The curves plotted are those corresponding to the largest and
smallest areas projected from the Sun. Cone - cylinder - cone, n = .
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 75
Figure 4-51: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid - prism pyramid. The curves plotted are those corresponding to the largest and
smallest areas projected from the Sun. The values corresponding to /R
1 are also plotted in the previous figure. Cone - cylinder - cone, n = .
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 76
Figure 4-52: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid - prism pyramid. The curves plotted are those corresponding to the largest and
smallest areas projected from the Sun. Cone - cylinder - cone, n = .
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 77
Figure 4-53: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid - prism pyramid. The curves plotted are those corresponding to the largest and
smallest areas projected from the Sun. The values corresponding to /R
1 are also plotted in the previous figure. Cone - cylinder - cone, n = .
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 78
Figure 4-54: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid - prism pyramid. The curves plotted are those corresponding to the largest and
smallest areas projected from the Sun. Cone - cylinder - cone, n = .
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 79
Figure 4-55: Ratio (AI/AE)1/4 as a function of /R, in the case of a pyramid - prism pyramid. The curves plotted are those corresponding to the largest and
smallest areas projected from the Sun. Cone - cylinder - cone, n = .
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 80
Figure 4-56: Temperature distribution on sphere. No spin. No internal radiation.
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 81
Figure 4-57: Temperature distribution on sphere including internal radiation. No spin.
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 83
Figure 4-58: Temperature distribution on a two-dimensional cylinder. No spin. No
internal radiation. Calculated by the compiler...................................................... 85
Figure 4-59: Temperature distribution on a two - dimensional spinning cylinder for
several an values. No internal radiation. Calculated by the compiler............. 87
Figure 4-60: Temperature distribution on a two - dimensional spinning cylinder for
several an values. No internal radiation. Calculated by the compiler............. 88
Figure 4-61: Temperature distribution on cylinder. No spin. No internal radiation. From
Nichols (1961) [11]...............................................................................................90
Figure 4-62: Temperature distribution on a cylindrical surface whose cross section is a
rectangle of aspect - ratio = 0,5. No internal radiation. Calculated by the
compiler. ..............................................................................................................92
Figure 4-63: Temperature distribution on a cylindrical surface whose cross section is a
rectangle on aspect - ration = 1. No internal radiation. Calculated by the
compiler. ..............................................................................................................93
Figure 4-64: Temperature distribution on a cylindrical surface whose cross section is a
rectangle on aspect - ration = 2. No internal radiation. Calculated by the
compiler. ..............................................................................................................94

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Figure 4-65: Temperature distribution on cone. No spin. No internal radiation. From
Nichols (1961) [11]...............................................................................................96
Figure 4-66: Temperature distribution on cone. No spin. No internal radiation. From
Nichols (1961) [11]...............................................................................................97
Figure 4-67: Temperature distribution on cone. No spin. No internal radiation. From
Nichols (1961) [11]...............................................................................................98
Figure 5-1: The ratio RP / TP vs. the optical characteristics of the surface for different
values of FSP. Shaded zone of a is enlarged in b. Calculated by the
compiler. ............................................................................................................101
Figure 5-2: Radiation equilibrium temperature RPvs. ratio RP / TP . Incoming radiation
from different planets. After NASA - SP - 3051 (1965). ..................................... 102
Figure 5-3: Different estimates of radiation equilibrium temperature RPvs. RP / TP , for
radiation from the Earth. Plotted from data by Johnson (1965) [9]. ................... 103
Figure 5-4: FSPas a function of and h / RP in the case of a flat plate absorbing and
emitting on one side. Calculated by the compiler. ............................................. 105
Figure 5-5: FSPas a function of h / RP in the case of a sphere. Calculated by the
compiler. ............................................................................................................106
Figure 5-6: FSas a function of and h / RP in the case of a hemispherical surface
absorbing and emitting on outer face. Calculated by the compiler. ................... 107
Figure 5-7: FSas a function of and h / RP in the case of a circular cylinder with
insulated bases. Calculated by the compiler. .................................................... 109
Figure 5-8: FSas a function of and h / RP in the case of a finite height circular
cylinder. Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................. 110
Figure 5-9: FSas a function of and h / RP in the case of a finite height circular
cylinder. Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................. 111
Figure 5-10: FSas a function of and h / RP in the case of a finite height circular
cylinder. Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................. 112
Figure 5-11: FSas a function of and h / RP in the case of a finite height circular
cylinder. Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................. 113
Figure 5-12: FSas a function of and h / RP in the case of a finite height circular
cylinder. Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................. 114
Figure 5-13: FSas a function of and h / RP in the case of a finite height circular
cylinder. Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................. 115
Figure 5-14: FSas a function of and h / RP in the case of a finite height circular
cylinder. Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................. 116
Figure 5-15: FSas a function of and h / RP in the case of a finite height circular
cylinder. Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................. 117
Figure 5-16: FSas a function of and h / RP in the case of a finite height circular
cylinder. Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................. 118
Figure 5-17: FSas a function of and h / RP in the case of a circular cone with
insulated base. Calculated by the compiler. ...................................................... 120
Figure 5-18: FSas a function of and h / RP in the case of a circular cone with
insulated base. Calculated by the compiler. ...................................................... 121

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Figure 5-19: FSas a function of in the case of a finite height circular cone. Calculated
by the compiler. ................................................................................................. 123
Figure 5-20: FSas a function of in the case of a finite height circular cone. Calculated
by the compiler. ................................................................................................. 124
Figure 6-1: The ratio RA/ TA vs. the optical characteristics of the surface for different
values of F. Shaded zone of a is enlarged in b. Calculated by the compiler. .... 126
Figure 6-2: Albedo equilibrium temperature, RA , vs. dimensionless ratio RA/ TA .
Incoming albedo from different planets. After Anderson (1969) [1]. .................. 127
Figure 6-3: Different estimates of albedo equilibrium temperature RA ,vs. RA/ TA in
case of the Earth. Calculated by the compiler. .................................................. 128
Figure 6-4: Albedo view factor F vs. h / RP for different values of S in the case of a flat
plate (= 0, c = 180). From Bannister (1965) [2]. ......................................... 131
Figure 6-5: Albedo view factor F vs. h / RP for different values of S in the case of a flat
plate (= 30, c = 0). From Bannister (1965) [2]. ............................................ 132
Figure 6-6: Albedo view factor F vs. h / RP for different values of S in the case of a flat
plate (= 30, c = 90). From Bannister (1965) [2]. ......................................... 133
Figure 6-7: Albedo view factor F vs. h / RP for different values of S in the case of a flat
plate (= 30, c = 180). From Bannister (1965) [2]. ....................................... 134
Figure 6-8: Albedo view factor F vs. h / RP for different values of S in the case of a
sphere. From Cunningham (1961) [6]................................................................ 136
Figure 6-9: Albedo view factor F vs. h / RP for different values of S in the case of a
sphere. From Cunningham (1961) [6]................................................................ 137
Figure 6-10: Albedo view factor F vs. h / RP for different values of S in the case of a
sphere. Calculated by the compiler. .................................................................. 138
Figure 6-11: Albedo view factor F vs. h / RP for different values of S in the case of a
cylinder (= 0, c = 0, 180). From Bannister (1965) [2]. ............................... 140
Figure 6-12: Albedo view factor F vs. h / RP for different values of S in the case of a
cylinder (= 60, c = 0). From Bannister (1965) [2]. ...................................... 141
Figure 6-13: Albedo view factor F vs. h / RP for different values of S in the case of a
cylinder (= 60, c = 90). From Bannister (1965) [2]. .................................... 142
Figure 6-14: Albedo view factor F vs. h / RP for different values of S in the case of a
cylinder (= 60, c = 180). From Bannister (1965) [2]. .................................. 143

Tables
Table 5-1: Relevant data on the Planets and the Moon. ......................................................104
Table 6-1: Relevant data on the Planets and the Moon. ......................................................129

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1
Scope
FactorsaffectingtheequilibriumtemperatureofaspacecraftsurfacearedescribedinthisPart3using
simplegeometricalconfigurationsandbasicassumptions.
MethodsforconductingcalculationsontheaffectofSolar,planetaryandalbedoradiationaregiven
taking into consideration the internal and immediate environmental factors and incorporating the
variousconfigurationsanddimensionsoftheconstituentparts.

TheThermaldesignhandbookispublishedin16Parts
ECSSEHB3101Part1

ThermaldesignhandbookPart1:Viewfactors

ECSSEHB3101Part2

ThermaldesignhandbookPart2:Holes,GroovesandCavities

ECSSEHB3101Part3

ThermaldesignhandbookPart3:SpacecraftSurfaceTemperature

ECSSEHB3101Part4

ThermaldesignhandbookPart4:ConductiveHeatTransfer

ECSSEHB3101Part5

ThermaldesignhandbookPart5:StructuralMaterials:Metallicand
Composite

ECSSEHB3101Part6

ThermaldesignhandbookPart6:ThermalControlSurfaces

ECSSEHB3101Part7

ThermaldesignhandbookPart7:Insulations

ECSSEHB3101Part8

ThermaldesignhandbookPart8:HeatPipes

ECSSEHB3101Part9

ThermaldesignhandbookPart9:Radiators

ECSSEHB3101Part10

ThermaldesignhandbookPart10:PhaseChangeCapacitors

ECSSEHB3101Part11

ThermaldesignhandbookPart11:ElectricalHeating

ECSSEHB3101Part12

ThermaldesignhandbookPart12:Louvers

ECSSEHB3101Part13

ThermaldesignhandbookPart13:FluidLoops

ECSSEHB3101Part14

ThermaldesignhandbookPart14:CryogenicCooling

ECSSEHB3101Part15

ThermaldesignhandbookPart15:ExistingSatellites

ECSSEHB3101Part16

ThermaldesignhandbookPart16:ThermalProtectionSystem

11

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
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2
References
ECSSSST0001

ECSSSystemGlossaryofterms

AllotherreferencesmadetopublicationsinthisPartarelisted,alphabetically,intheBibliography.

12

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3
Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1

Terms and definitions

ForthepurposeofthisStandard,thetermsanddefinitionsgiveninECSSSST0001apply.

3.2

Symbols
AE

emittingareaofthespacecraft,[m2]

AI

areaofthespacecraftprojectedfromthesun,[m2]

Bi

parametersofthetruncatedpowerseriesdevelopment
ofFSP,seeclause6.1

Albedoviewfactorfromspacecrafttoplanet

FSP

viewfactorfromspacecrafttoplanet

RP

meanradiusoftheplanet,[m]

solarflux,[W.m4]S=S0.d2

S0

solarconstant,S0=1353W.m2

temperature,[K]

TA

Albedotemperature,[K]TA=[aS0/d2]1/4

TR

radiationequilibriumtemperatureoftheinfinitely
conductivespacecraft,[K]

TRA

radiationequilibriumtemperatureoftheinfinitely
conductivespacecraftunderAlbedoradiation,[K]

TRP

radiationequilibriumtemperatureoftheinfinitely
conductivespacecraftunderplanetaryradiation,[K]

TP

equivalentplanettemperature,[K]TP=(e/)1/4

Ts

equivalentsurroundingtemperature,[K]

meanAlbedooftheplanet

13

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011
b

wallthickness,[m]

specificheat,[J.kg1.K1]

Clause5:distancefromthesuncentertothe
spacecraft,[AU]

meanemissivepoweroftheplanetperunitarea,
[W.m2]

distancefromthespacecrafttotheplanetsurface,[m]

thermalconductivity,[W.m1.K1]

dimensionlessspecificheatinthespinningthin
walledspacecraft,=(bc)/(TR3)

hemisphericalabsorptance

solarabsorptance

hemisphericaltotalemittance

dimensionlessthermalconductanceinthethinwalled
spacecraft,=(kb)/(TR3R2),whereRisthe
characteristiclengthofthespacecraftsurface

density,[kg.m3]

StefanBoltzmannconstant,=5,6697x108W.m2.K4

dimensionlesstemperature,=T/TR.

angularvelocityofthespinningspacecraft

Other symbols, mainly used to define the geometry of the configuration, are introduced when
required

14

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

4
Solar radiation
4.1

General

Dataontheequilibriumtemperatureofasatellite,heatedbytheSun,andcooledbyradiationtothe
outerspace,arepresentedinthisClause.Fairlysimplegeometricalconfigurationsareconsidered.The
temperature field within the satellite corresponds to either of the following two simplifying
assumptions.
1.

Infinitelyconductivesatellite.Thesatelliteisconstitutedbyahomogeneoussolidbody,
exhibiting large thermal conductivity. The temperature of the satellite is uniform. This
temperature is usually named Spacecraft Radiation Equilibrium Temperature, and is
represented by TR. The following additional assumptions have been used for the
calculations:
(a)

TheheatadditionisbyparallelradiationfromtheSun.

(b)

TheEquivalentSurroundingtemperature,TS,isassumedtobezero.

(c)

Emittance and solar absorptance of the satellite surface are independent of both
temperatureandwavelength.

(d)

Absorptance is independent of the angle between the surface normal and the
directionoftheincomingradiation.

TheSpacecraftRadiationEquilibriumTemperatures,TR,isgivenby

1/ 4

A S

TR s I o2 Ts4
s AE d

[41]

whereTsisassumedtobezeroasithasbeenindicated>above.
1.

Satellites of finite thermal conductivity. A limited amount of the data presented in this
Clause concerns bodies of finite thermal conductivity. Some knowledge of the internal
structureofthesatelliteisrequiredtoevaluatethetemperaturefield.Hereitisassumed
thatthesatelliteisathinwalledbodywithnointernalconductivestructure,furthermore,
in most cases the gas contained within the body is assumed to be opaque and non
conducting.

Thedatapresentedarebasedonthefollowingassumptions:
(a)

TheheatadditionisbyparallelradiationfromtheSun.

(b)

TheEquivalentSurroundingTemperature,Ts,isassumedtobezero.

15

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011
(c)

The configuration has an axis of symmetry, solar radiation being parallel to this
axis.

(d)

Emittance and solar absorptance of the satellite surface are independent of both
temperatureandwavelength.

(e)

Thermalconductivityistemperatureindependent.

(f)

Lambertslawisassumedtogovernreflectionandemission.

(g)

Thebodyisfilledwithanopaquenonconductinggas.

Theresultsarepresentedintermsofthelocaltemperature,T,madedimensionlesswiththeSpacecraft
RadiationEquilibriumTemperature,TR.

Figure41:ThefunctionTR(AE/AI)1/4vs.thedistancetotheSun.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

16

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure42:ThefunctionTR(AE/AI)1/4vs.theopticalcharacteristicsofthesurface.
Shadedzoneofaisenlargedinb.Calculatedbythecompiler.

17

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure43:TemperatureTRasafunctionofs/andAI/AEford=1AU.Shaded
zoneofaisenlargedinb.Calculatedbythecompiler.

18

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

4.2

Infinitely conductive planar surfaces

4.2.1

Flat plate emitting on one or both sides

I.FLATPLATEEMITTINGONONESIDE.
Sketch:

Formula:
(AI/AE)=cos
II.FLATPLATEEMITTINGONBOTHSIDES.
Sketch:

Formula:
(AI/AE)=(cos)/2

19

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure44:Ration(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof,inthecaseofaflatplate.Calculated
bythecompiler.

20

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

4.3
4.3.1

Infinitely conductive spherical surfaces

Sphere

Sketch:

AreaProjectedfromtheSun,AI:

Formula:
(AI/AE)=1/4
(AI/AE)1/4=0,707

21

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

4.4
4.4.1

Infinitely conductive cylindrical surfaces

Two-dimensional circular cylinder

Sketch:

AreaProjectedfromtheSun,AI:

Formula:
(AI/AE)=1/
(AI/AE)1/4=0,751
Comments:Thisexpressioncanbealsoappliedtothefinitecircularcylinderwithisolatedbases.

22

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

4.4.2

Three-dimensional circular cylinder

Sketch:

AreaProjectedfromtheSun,AI:

Formula:

AI

AE

H
cos
R

H
2 1
R

sin 2

[42]

23

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure45:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofandH/R,inthecaseofafiniteheight
circularcylinder.Calculatedbythecompiler.

24

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

4.5
4.5.1

Infinitely conductive conical surfaces

Semi-infinite circular cone

Sketch:

AreaProjectedfromtheSun,AI:

Formula:
AI/AE=(cos)/
Comments:Thisexpressioncanbealsoappliedtothefinitecircularconewithisolatedbaseprovided
thattheincomingradiationisnormaltotheconeaxis.

25

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure46:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof,inthecaseofasemiinfinitecircular
cone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

26

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

4.5.2

Finite circular cone with insulated base. (axial

configuration)

Sketch:

AreaProjectedfromtheSun,AI:

Formula:
AI/AE=sin

27

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure47:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof,inthecaseofafinitecircularcone
withinsulatedbase(axialconfiguration).Calculatedbythecompiler.

28

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

4.5.3

Finite height circular cone

Sketch:

AreaProjectedfromtheSun,AI:

Formula:
a.

when090,

1 tan 2 tan 2

AI
sin sin
tan tan

AE 1 sin
sin 1 1 tan 2 tan 2

[43]

when=0theaboveexpressionbecomes

AI
cos

AE 1 sin

[44]

AI sin sin

AE
1 sin

[45]

b.

when90,

29

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure48:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand,inthecaseofafiniteheight
cone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

30

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

4.6

Infinitely conductive cylindrical-conical surfaces

4.6.1

Cone-cylinder-cone

Sketch:

AreaProjectedfromtheSun,AI:

Formula:
a.

When90

H
sin sin sin 1 1 tan 2 tan 2 cos sin cos 1 tan 2 tan 2
AI
2

AE
H

1 sin
R

[46]

b.

when90,

2H

sin sin
cos
AI
R

H
AE

1 sin
R

[47]

31

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure49:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand,inthecaseofaconecylinder
cone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

32

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure410:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand,inthecaseofaconecylinder
cone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

33

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure411:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand,inthecaseofaconecylinder
cone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

34

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure412:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand,inthecaseofaconecylinder
cone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

35

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure413:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand,inthecaseofaconecylinder
cone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

36

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure414:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand,inthecaseofaconecylinder
cone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

37

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure415:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand,inthecaseofaconecylinder
cone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

38

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure416:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand,inthecaseofaconecylinder
cone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

39

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure417:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand,inthecaseofaconecylinder
cone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

40

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure418:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand,inthecaseofaconecylinder
cone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

41

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure419:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand,inthecaseofaconecylinder
cone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

42

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure420:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand,inthecaseofaconecylinder
cone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

43

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure421:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofforanyvalueof/R,inthecaseofa
conecylindercone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

44

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure422:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand/R,inthecaseofacone
cylindercone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

45

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure423:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand/R,inthecaseofacone
cylindercone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

46

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure424:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand/R,inthecaseofacone
cylindercone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

47

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure425:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionofand/R,inthecaseofacone
cylindercone.Calculatedbythecompiler.

48

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

4.7

Infinitely conductive prismatic surfaces

4.7.1

Prism with an n-sided regular polygonal section

AreaProjectedfromtheSun,AI:

X/R=2cos,forneven,
X/R=2cos(/2n)cos,fornodd.
Formula:

H X
AI
R R

H
2
AE

n sin
2 sin
n
R
n

[48]

49

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure426:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofaprism.Thecurves
plottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojectedfrom
theSun.Circularcylinder,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

50

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure427:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofaprism.Thecurves
plottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojectedfrom
theSun.Thevaluescorrespondingto/R1arealsoplottedintheprevious
figure.Circularcylinder,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

51

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure428:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofaprism.Thecurves
plottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojectedfrom
theSun.Circularcylinder,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

52

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure429:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofaprism.Thecurves
plottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojectedfrom
theSun.Thevaluescorrespondingto/R1arealsoplottedintheprevious
figure.Circularcylinder,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

53

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure430:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofaprism.Thecurves
plottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojectedfrom
theSun.Circularcylinder,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

54

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure431:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofaprism.Thecurves
plottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojectedfrom
theSun.Thevaluescorrespondingto/R1arealsoplottedintheprevious
figure.Circularcylinder,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

55

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure432:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofaprism.Thecurves
plottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojectedfrom
theSun.Circularcylinder,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

56

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure433:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofaprism.Thecurves
plottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojectedfrom
theSun.Thevaluescorrespondingto/R1arealsoplottedintheprevious
figure.Circularcylinder,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

57

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure434:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofaprism.Thecurves
plottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojectedfrom
theSun.Circularcylinder,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

58

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure435:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofaprism.Thecurves
plottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojectedfrom
theSun.Thevaluescorrespondingto/R1arealsoplottedintheprevious
figure.Circularcylinder,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

59

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

4.8

Infinitely conductive pyramidal surfaces

4.8.1

Pyramid with an n-sided regular polygonal section

AreaProjectedfromtheSun,AI:

X/R=2cos,forneven,
X/R=2cos(/2n)cos,fornodd.
Formula:

AI

AE

H X
R R

H / R
2

n sin
1 1
n
cos / n

[49]

60

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure436:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramid.The
curvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojected
fromtheSun.Circularcone,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

61

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure437:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramid.The
curvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojected
fromtheSun.Thevaluescorrespondingto/R1arealsoplottedintheprevious
figure.Circularcone,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

62

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure438:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramid.The
curvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojected
fromtheSun.Circularcone,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

63

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure439:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramid.The
curvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojected
fromtheSun.Thevaluescorrespondingto/R1arealsoplottedintheprevious
figure.Circularcone,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

64

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure440:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramid.The
curvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojected
fromtheSun.Circularcone,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

65

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure441:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramid.The
curvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojected
fromtheSun.Thevaluescorrespondingto/R1arealsoplottedintheprevious
figure.Circularcone,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

66

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure442:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramid.The
curvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojected
fromtheSun.Circularcone,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

67

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure443:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramid.The
curvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojected
fromtheSun.Thevaluescorrespondingto/R1arealsoplottedintheprevious
figure.Circularcone,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

68

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure444:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramid.The
curvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojected
fromtheSun.Circularcone,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

69

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure445:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramid.The
curvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallestareasprojected
fromtheSun.Thevaluescorrespondingto/R1arealsoplottedintheprevious
figure.Circularcone,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

4.9
4.9.1.1

Infinitely conductive prismatic-pyramidal surfaces

Pyramid-prism-pyramid with an n-sided regular polygonal
section

AreaProjectedfromtheSun,AI:

70

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

X/R=2cos,forneven,
X/R=2cos(/2n)cos,fornodd.
Formula:

AI

AE

X
R
2
cos / n
n sin 1 1

n
H /R

[410]

Figure446:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramidprism
pyramid.Thecurvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallest
areasprojectedfromtheSun.Conecylindercone,n=.Calculatedbythe
compiler.
71

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure447:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramidprism
pyramid.Thecurvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallest
areasprojectedfromtheSun.Thevaluescorrespondingto/R1arealsoplotted
inthepreviousfigure.Conecylindercone,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

72

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure448:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramidprism
pyramid.Thecurvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallest
areasprojectedfromtheSun.Conecylindercone,n=.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

73

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure449:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramidprism
pyramid.Thecurvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallest
areasprojectedfromtheSun.Thevaluescorrespondingto/R1arealsoplotted
inthepreviousfigure.Conecylindercone,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

74

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure450:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramidprism
pyramid.Thecurvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallest
areasprojectedfromtheSun.Conecylindercone,n=.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

75

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure451:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramidprism
pyramid.Thecurvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallest
areasprojectedfromtheSun.Thevaluescorrespondingto/R1arealsoplotted
inthepreviousfigure.Conecylindercone,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

76

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure452:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramidprism
pyramid.Thecurvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallest
areasprojectedfromtheSun.Conecylindercone,n=.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

77

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure453:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramidprism
pyramid.Thecurvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallest
areasprojectedfromtheSun.Thevaluescorrespondingto/R1arealsoplotted
inthepreviousfigure.Conecylindercone,n=.Calculatedbythecompiler.

78

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure454:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramidprism
pyramid.Thecurvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallest
areasprojectedfromtheSun.Conecylindercone,n=.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

79

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure455:Ratio(AI/AE)1/4asafunctionof/R,inthecaseofapyramidprism
pyramid.Thecurvesplottedarethosecorrespondingtothelargestandsmallest
areasprojectedfromtheSun.Conecylindercone,n=.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

4.10 Thin-walled spherical bodies. Finite conductivity

4.10.1

Non-spinning sphere

Sketch:

DimensionlessParameters:

()=T()/TR,=kb/TR3R2
DifferentialEquations:
4
d
d 4 cos
sin

d 4 ,
sin d

, when 0 / 2
when / 2

[411]

80

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011
BoundaryConditions:

d
d

d
d

0 , / 2 and

d
d

continuous

[412]

/ 2

Comments:Theresultsobtainedbynumericallysolvingthisproblemaregiveninthefollowing.
Reference:Nichols(1961)[11].

Figure456:Temperaturedistributiononsphere.Nospin.Nointernalradiation.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

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ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

4.10.2

Non-spinning sphere. Including internal radiation

Sketch:

H(),RadiationFluxDensityLeavingInsidetheSphere.
I(),RadiationFluxDensityImpingingonInsidetheSphere.
DimensionlessParameters:

()=T()/TR,=kb/TR3R2
DifferentialEquations:
4
d
d 2 4 cos 1 , when 0 / 2

sin

sin d
d 2 4 1 ,
when / 2 [413]

BoundaryConditions:

d
d

d
d

0 , / 2 and

d
d

continuous
[414]

/ 2

Comments:Theresultsobtainedbynumericallysolvingthisproblemaregiveninthefollowing.
Reference:Nichols(1961)[11].

82

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure457:Temperaturedistributiononsphereincludinginternalradiation.No
spin.Calculatedbythecompiler.

4.11 Thin-walled cylindrical bodies. Finite conductivity.

4.11.1

Non-spinning two-dimensional circular cylinder

Sketch:

DimensionlessParameters:

()=T()/TR,=kb/TR3R2
DifferentialEquations:

83

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

4
d 2 cos

d 2 4 ,

, when 0 / 2
when / 2

[415]

BoundaryConditions:

d
d

d
d

0 , / 2 and

d
d

continuous
[416]

/ 2

Comments:Assumptionconcerningaxialsymmetryis,obviously,notapplicableinthiscase.
Theresultspresentedinthefollowinginvolvealinearizationoftheradiativetransferterm.
Reference:Charners&Raynor(1960)[4].

84

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure458:Temperaturedistributiononatwodimensionalcylinder.Nospin.No
internalradiation.Calculatedbythecompiler.

4.11.2

Spinning two-dimensional circular cylinder

Sketch:

DimensionlessParameters:

()=T()/TR,=kb/TR3R2,=bc/TR3
where:

85

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011
,AngularVelocity.[sec1].
c,SpecificHeatoftheMaterial.[J.kg1.K1].

,DensityoftheMaterial.[kg.m3]
DifferentialEquations:

4
,
d 2
d

4
2
d
d sin

when 0
, when 2

[417]

BoundaryConditions:

d
d

d
d

, and

d
d

continuous
[418]

Comments: The results presented have been obtained linearizing the equations, either assuming
/<<2,Figure459or1<<1,Figure460.Inthelastcasetermsoforder(1)2havebeenneglected,
sothat4=1+4(1).Thisapproximationisvalidwhen/1.

86

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure459:Temperaturedistributiononatwodimensionalspinningcylinder
forseveralanvalues.Nointernalradiation.Calculatedbythecompiler.

87

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure460:Temperaturedistributiononatwodimensionalspinningcylinder
forseveralanvalues.Nointernalradiation.Calculatedbythecompiler.

88

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

4.11.3

Circular cylinder. solar radiation parallel to axis of

symmetry

Sketch:

DimensionlessParameters:
x=r/R,for0x1;x=1+s/H,for1x2;x=3t/R,for2x3;=T/TR;=H/R;=kb/TR3R2.
DifferentialEquations:

d d 1

4
x
1 2 1 , when 0 x 1
x dx dx
d 2 2
24 ,
when 1 x 2
2 dx 2
d
3 x d 3 34 , when 2 x 3

3 x dx
dx

[419]

BoundaryConditions:

d 1
dx

x 0

d
1
dx

x 1

d 3
dx

0 , 1
x 3

d
2
dx

,
x 1

d 2
dx

x 1

x2

d
3
dx

x 1

, 2

x2

[420]

x2

x2

Comments:Toobtaintheresultspresentedinthefollowing,the4thpowertemperatureterms,which
appear in the above equations, have been linearized according to the expression 4 = 43.Note that
thislinearizationwillgiveresultswithincreasedaccuracyastheparametergetslarger.
Reference:Nichols(1961)[11].

89

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5December2011

Figure461:Temperaturedistributiononcylinder.Nospin.Nointernalradiation.
FromNichols(1961)[11].

4.11.4

Cylindrical surface of rectangular cross section. Solar

radiation normal to face

Sketch:

DimensionlessParameters:
x=2X/L1,for0x1;x=1+2Y/L1,for1x1+2;x=1+2+2Z/L1,for1+2x2(1+); =T/TR; =
L2/L1;=4kb/TR3L12.
DifferentialEquations:

90

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

d 2 1
14 4 , when 0 x 1
2
dx

d 2 2
4
2 2 ,
when 1 x 21
dx

[421]

BoundaryConditions:

d 1
dx

x 0

d 2
dx

x 2 1

0 , 1

x 1

x 1

d 1
dx

x 1

d 2
dx

x 1

[422]

Comments:Theresultsobtainedbynumericallysolvingthisproblemaregiveninthefollowing.
Reference:Compiler.

91

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure462:Temperaturedistributiononacylindricalsurfacewhosecrosssection
isarectangleofaspectratio=0,5.Nointernalradiation.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

92

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure463:Temperaturedistributiononacylindricalsurfacewhosecrosssection
isarectangleonaspectration=1.Nointernalradiation.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

93

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure464:Temperaturedistributiononacylindricalsurfacewhosecrosssection
isarectangleonaspectration=2.Nointernalradiation.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

94

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

4.12 Thin-walled conical bodies. Conductivity

4.12.1

Non-spinning cone

Sketch:

DimensionlessParameters:

R2 H 2
r
,
x 2
R

, when 0 x 1

[423]

when 1 x 2

(x)=T(x)/TR;=kb/TR3R2.
DifferentialEquations:

sin 2 d d 1

4
x
1 1 sin , when 0 x 1
dx dx

d
d 2
4
2 x 2 ,
when 1 x 2
2 dx
dx

[424]

Boundaryconditions:

d 1
dx

x 0

d 2
dx

0 , 1
x2

x 1

x 1

, sin

d 1
dx

x 1

d 2
dx

x 1

[425]

Comments:Theresultsobtainedbynumericallysolvingthisproblemaregiveninthefollowing.
Reference:Nichols(1961)[11].

95

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure465:Temperaturedistributiononcone.Nospin.Nointernalradiation.
FromNichols(1961)[11].

96

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure466:Temperaturedistributiononcone.Nospin.Nointernalradiation.
FromNichols(1961)[11].

97

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure467:Temperaturedistributiononcone.Nospin.Nointernalradiation.
FromNichols(1961)[11].

98

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5December2011

5
Planetary radiation
5.1

General

Dataontheequilibriumtemperatureofasatellite,heatedbyradiationfromaplanet,andcooledby
radiation to the outer space, are presented in this Clause. Only satellites of very simple geometrical
configurationsareconsidered.
Thedatapresentedhavebeencalculatedonthebasisofthefollowingassumptions:
(a)

Thesatelliteisconstitutedbyahomogeneoussolidbody,exhibitinginfinitelylarge
thermalconductivity.

(b)

Thecharacteristiclengthofthesatelliteissmallcomparedwiththemeanradiusof
theplanet.

(c)

TheemissionfromtheplanetisassumedtofollowLambertslaw.

(d)

TheEquivalentSurroundingTemperature,Ts,isassumedtobezero.

(e)

Emittanceandinfraredabsorptanceofthesatellitesurfaceareindependentofboth
temperatureandwavelength.

TheSpacecraftPlanetaryRadiationEquilibriumTemperature,TRP,isgivenby:
TRP=[(/)FSPTP4+Ts4]1/4
OnceTshasbeenassumedtobezero,theaboveexpressiongivestheratioTRP/TPasafunctionofthe
opticalcharacteristicsofthesatellitesurface(through /)forarbitraryvaluesoftheviewfactorfrom
spacecrafttoplanet,FSP.TheresultsaregiveninFigure51.
Theseresultscanbealsousedtoestimatetheradiationfromasatellitetoasubsatelliteorappendage
providedthattheaboveassumptionhold.
Values of TRP as a function of TRP/TP for radiation from several planets are given in Figure 52.
RadiationfromtheEarthisconsideredinFigure53.
The remaining data are values of FSP for simple geometries. From cylindrical and conical
configurations FSP is calculated by expansion in powers of sin and (or) cos , being the angle
definingtheorientationofthespacecraft.Thecoefficientsofthesepowerexpansionsdependsonthe
parameterBi.ThefivefirstparameterBiaregivenbelow,ascalculatedbyClark&Anderson(1965)[5].

B0

2
7

4
2
4
577

3
5
7
105 7 cos L 3 cos L 5 cos L 7 cos L [51]

1
B1 sin 2 a L
2

[52]

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ECSSEHB3101Part3A
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B2

8
cos L 2 cos3 L 4 cos5 L 3 cos 7 L
7

[53]

40
91 5

3
7
cos L 3 cos L 3 cos L 18 cos L

B3

4
7

B4

8
5 cos L 35 cos 3 L 63 cos 5 L 33 cos 7 L
35

[54]

[55]

where:

L sin 1

RP

h RP

[56]

100

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure51:TheratioRP/TPvs.theopticalcharacteristicsofthesurfacefor
differentvaluesofFSP.Shadedzoneofaisenlargedinb.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

101

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure52:RadiationequilibriumtemperatureRPvs.ratioRP/TP.Incoming
radiationfromdifferentplanets.AfterNASASP3051(1965).

102

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure53:DifferentestimatesofradiationequilibriumtemperatureRPvs.RP/TP,
forradiationfromtheEarth.PlottedfromdatabyJohnson(1965)[9].

103

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5December2011

Table51:RelevantdataonthePlanetsandtheMoon.

Distance
tothesun
x109[m]

Distance
tothesun
inAU

Radiusof
theplanet
x103[m]

Planetto
earthradius
ratio

Solar
Equivalent
constant temperature
ofthe
[W.m2]
planet
[K]

MERCURY

57,9

0,387

2330

0,3659

9034

440

VENUS

108,1

0,723

6100

0,9580

2588

229

EARTH

149,5

1,0

6367,5

1,0

1353

250

MARS

227,4

1,521

3415

0,5363

585

216

JUPITER

773,3

5,173

71375

11,2093

51

88

SATURN

1425,7

9,536

60500

9,5014

15

63

URANUS

2880,7

19,269

24850

3,9026

3,6

33

NEPTUNE

4490,1

30,034

25000

3,9262

1,5

32

PLUTO

5841,9

39,076

2930

0,4600

0,89

43

MOON

149,5

1,0

1738

0,2729

1353

273

NOTE1 References:Kreith(1962)[10],Wolverton(1963)[13],Anderson(1969)[1].

5.2

Infinitely conductive planar surfaces

5.2.1

Flat plate absorbing and emitting on one side

Sketch:

Formula:
FSP=B0+B1cos+B2cos2+B3cos4+B4cos6
WheretheparametersBi(i=0,1,...,4)aredefinedinclause5.1.

104

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011
Reference:Clark&Anderson(1965)[5].

Figure54:FSPasafunctionofandh/RPinthecaseofaflatplateabsorbingand
emittingononeside.Calculatedbythecompiler.

5.3

Infinitely conductive spherical surfaces

5.3.1

Sphere

Sketch:

Formula:

1
FSP 1
2

h
h
2
RP
RP
h
1
RP

[57]

105

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011
Reference:Clark&Anderson(1965)[5],Watts(1965)[12].

Figure55:FSPasafunctionofh/RPinthecaseofasphere.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

5.3.2

Hemispherical surface absorbing and emitting on outer

face

Sketch:

Formula:

1
FSP 1
2

h
h

2
R
R
1 cos
P
P

h
h 2
1
1
RP
rP

[58]

106

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011
Reference:Watts(1965)[12].

Figure56:FSasafunctionofandh/RPinthecaseofahemisphericalsurface
absorbingandemittingonouterface.Calculatedbythecompiler.

107

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5December2011

5.4

Infinitely conductive cylindrical surfaces

5.4.1

Circular cylinder with insulated bases

Sketch:

Formula:

FSP B0

3B
B2
5B
sin 2 3 sin 4 4 sin 6
2
8
16

[59]

wheretheparametersBi(i=0,1,...,4)aredefinedinclause5.1.
Reference:Clark&Anderson(1965)[5],Watts(1965)[12].

108

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure57:FSasafunctionofandh/RPinthecaseofacircularcylinderwith
insulatedbases.Calculatedbythecompiler.

5.4.2

Finite height circular cylinder

Sketch:

Formula:

B0 B2 cos 2 B3 cos 4 B4 cos 6

FSP
3
B
5
B
B
H

2
4
6
3

[510]
2
4
H
1 R B0 2 sin 8 sin 16 sin

109

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011
wheretheparametersBi(i=0,1,...,4)aredefinedinclause5.1.
Reference:Clark&Anderson(1965)[5].

Figure58:FSasafunctionofandh/RPinthecaseofafiniteheightcircular
cylinder.Calculatedbythecompiler.

110

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure59:FSasafunctionofandh/RPinthecaseofafiniteheightcircular
cylinder.Calculatedbythecompiler.

111

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure510:FSasafunctionofandh/RPinthecaseofafiniteheightcircular
cylinder.Calculatedbythecompiler.

112

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure511:FSasafunctionofandh/RPinthecaseofafiniteheightcircular
cylinder.Calculatedbythecompiler.

113

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure512:FSasafunctionofandh/RPinthecaseofafiniteheightcircular
cylinder.Calculatedbythecompiler.

114

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure513:FSasafunctionofandh/RPinthecaseofafiniteheightcircular
cylinder.Calculatedbythecompiler.

115

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure514:FSasafunctionofandh/RPinthecaseofafiniteheightcircular
cylinder.Calculatedbythecompiler.

116

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure515:FSasafunctionofandh/RPinthecaseofafiniteheightcircular
cylinder.Calculatedbythecompiler.

117

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure516:FSasafunctionofandh/RPinthecaseofafiniteheightcircular
cylinder.Calculatedbythecompiler.

118

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

5.5

Infinitely conductive conical surfaces

5.5.1

Circular cone with insulated base

Sketch:

Formula:

D2
3

B3 C 4 3C 2 D 2 D 4
FSP B0 B1C B2 C 2
2
8

15
45
5

B4 C 6 C 4 D 2 C 2 D 4 D 6
2
8
16

[511]

wheretheparametersBi(i=0,1,...,4)aredefinedinclause5.1.
Inaddition:
C=sincos
D=cossin
Reference:Clark&Anderson(1965)[5].

119

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure517:FSasafunctionofandh/RPinthecaseofacircularconewith
insulatedbase.Calculatedbythecompiler.

120

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure518:FSasafunctionofandh/RPinthecaseofacircularconewith
insulatedbase.Calculatedbythecompiler.

121

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

5.5.2

Finite height circular cone

Sketch:

Formula:

sin B B cos B cos 2 B cos 4 B cos 6

0
1
2
3
4

2 D
1
3 4
4
2
2
B3 C 3C D D [512]

B0 B1C B 2 C
1 sin
2
8

15
45 2 4 5 6
B4 C 6 C 4 D 2

C D D
2
8
16

FSP

wheretheparametersBi(i=0,1,...,4)aredefinedinclause5.1.
Inaddition:
C=sincos
D=cossin
Reference:Clark&Anderson(1965)[5].

122

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure519:FSasafunctionofinthecaseofafiniteheightcircularcone.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

123

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure520:FSasafunctionofinthecaseofafiniteheightcircularcone.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

124

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6
Albedo radiation
6.1

General

Albedo radiation is that part of the solar radiation incident upon the planet which is reflected or
scatteredbytheplanetsurfaceandatmosphere(ifexistent).
Dataontheequilibriumtemperatureofasatellite,heatedbythealbedoradiationfromaplanet,and
cooled by radiation to the outer space, are presented in this Clause. These data are based on the
assumptions a,b,d and e listed in clause 5.1. In addition, the planet is supposed to be a diffusely
reflectingsphere.
TheSpacecraftAlbedoRadiationEquilibriumTemperature,TRA,asgivenby
TRA=[(/)FTA4+Ts4]1/4
Where Ts is assumed to be zero as it has been indicated repeatedly. Values of TRA/TA vs. / for
arbitraryvaluesofthealbedoviewfactor,F,fromspacecrafttoplanetaregiveninFigure61.These
values can be also used to estimate the effect on a sub satellite of the solar radiation reflected or
scatteredbyalargesatellite,providedthattheaboveassumptionhold.
TRA as function of TRA/TA for albedo radiation from several planets is given in Figure 62. Albedo
radiation from the Earth is considered in Figure 63. Finally, values of F in three simple cases are
presented.

125

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
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Figure61:TheratioRA/TAvs.theopticalcharacteristicsofthesurfacefor
differentvaluesofF.Shadedzoneofaisenlargedinb.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

126

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure62:Albedoequilibriumtemperature,RA,vs.dimensionlessratioRA/TA.
Incomingalbedofromdifferentplanets.AfterAnderson(1969)[1].

127

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure63:DifferentestimatesofalbedoequilibriumtemperatureRA,vs.RA/TA
incaseoftheEarth.Calculatedbythecompiler.

128

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Table61:RelevantdataonthePlanetsandtheMoon.

Distance
tothesun
x109[m]

Distanceto
thesun
inAU

Radiusofthe Planetto
planet
earth
3
x10 [m]
radiusratio

Solar
constant
[W.m2]

Mean
albedo

MERCURY

57,9

0,387

2330

0,3659

9034

0,053

VENUS

108,1

0,723

6100

0,9580

2588

0,76

EARTH

149,5

1,0

6367,5

1,0

1353

0,35

MARS

227,4

1,521

3415

0,5363

585

0,16

JUPITER

773,3

5,173

71375

11,2093

51

0,73

SATURN

1425,7

9,536

60500

9,5014

15

0,76

URANUS

2880,7

19,269

24850

3,9026

3,6

0,93

NEPTUNE

4490,1

30,034

25000

3,9262

1,5

0,84

PLUTO

5841,9

39,076

2930

0,4600

0,89

0,14

MOON

149,5

1,0

1738

0,2729

1353

0,067

NOTE1 References:Kreith(1962)[10],Wolverton(1963)[13],Anderson(1969)[1].

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6.2
6.2.1

Infinitely conductive planar surfaces

Flat plate absorbing and emitting on one side

Sketch:

Formula:Allresultsintheliteratureareobtainednumerically.
Reference:Bannister(1965)[2].

130

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure64:AlbedoviewfactorFvs.h/RPfordifferentvaluesofSinthecaseofa
flatplate(=0,c=180).FromBannister(1965)[2].

131

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure65:AlbedoviewfactorFvs.h/RPfordifferentvaluesofSinthecaseofa
flatplate(=30,c=0).FromBannister(1965)[2].

132

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure66:AlbedoviewfactorFvs.h/RPfordifferentvaluesofSinthecaseofa
flatplate(=30,c=90).FromBannister(1965)[2].

133

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure67:AlbedoviewfactorFvs.h/RPfordifferentvaluesofSinthecaseofa
flatplate(=30,c=180).FromBannister(1965)[2].

134

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

6.3
6.3.1

Infinitely conductive spherical surfaces

Sphere

Sketch:

Formula:Allresultsintheliteratureareobtainednumerically.
Reference:Cunningham(1961)[6].

135

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure68:AlbedoviewfactorFvs.h/RPfordifferentvaluesofSinthecaseofa
sphere.FromCunningham(1961)[6].

136

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure69:AlbedoviewfactorFvs.h/RPfordifferentvaluesofSinthecaseofa
sphere.FromCunningham(1961)[6].

137

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure610:AlbedoviewfactorFvs.h/RPfordifferentvaluesofSinthecaseofa
sphere.Calculatedbythecompiler.

138

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

6.4
6.4.1

Infinitely conductive cylindrical surfaces

Circular cylinder with insulated bases

Sketch:

Formula:Allresultsintheliteratureareobtainednumerically.
Reference:Bannister(1965)[2].

139

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure611:AlbedoviewfactorFvs.h/RPfordifferentvaluesofSinthecaseofa
cylinder(=0,c=0,180).FromBannister(1965)[2].

140

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure612:AlbedoviewfactorFvs.h/RPfordifferentvaluesofSinthecaseofa
cylinder(=60,c=0).FromBannister(1965)[2].

141

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure613:AlbedoviewfactorFvs.h/RPfordifferentvaluesofSinthecaseofa
cylinder(=60,c=90).FromBannister(1965)[2].

142

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Figure614:AlbedoviewfactorFvs.h/RPfordifferentvaluesofSinthecaseofa
cylinder(=60,c=180).FromBannister(1965)[2].

143

ECSSEHB3101Part3A
5December2011

Bibliography
[1]

Anderson,A.D.,NonpenetratingRadiations,inSpaceMaterialsHandbook,J.B.
Rittenhouse&J.B.Singletary,Eds.,3rdEdition,NASASP3051,1969,pp.2535.

[2]

Bannister,T.C.,RadiationGeometryFactorbetweentheEarthandaSatellite,NASATN
D2750,July1965.

[3]

Camack,W.G.,AlbedoandEarthRadiation,inSpaceMaterialsHandbook,C.G.
Goetzel,J.B.Rittenhouse&J.B.Singletary,Eds.,AddisonWesleyPublishingCo.Inc.,
Mass.,1965,pp.3149.

[4]

Charnes,A.,Raynor,S.,SolarHeatingofaRotatingCylindricalSpaceVehicle,ARS
Journal,Vol.30,No.5,May1960,pp.479484.

[5]

Clark,L.G.,Anderson,E.C.,GeometricShapeFactorsforPlanetaryThermaland
PlanetaryRefectedradiationIncidentuponSpinningandNonSpinningSpacecraft,
NASATND2835,May1965.

[6]

Cunninghan,F.G.,EarthReflectedSolarRadiationInputtoSphericalSatellites,NASA
TND1099,October1961.

[7]

Fontana,A.,TheEffectofPlanetaryAlbedoonSolarOrientationofSpacecraft,NASA
TND4133,September1967.

[8]

Gast,P.R.,InsolationoftheUpperAtmosphereandofaSatellite,inScientificUsesof
EarthSatellites,J.A.VanAllen,Ed.,2ndEdition,TheUniversityofMichiganPress,Ann
Arbor,1965.

[9]

Johnson,F.S.,SolarRadiation,inSatelliteEnvironmentHandbook,F.S.Johnson,Ed.,
2ndEdition,StanfordUniversityPress,Stanford,California,1966,pp.95105.

[10]

Kreith,F.,RadiationHeatTransferforSpacecraftandSolarPowerPlantDesign,
InternationalTextbookCo.,Scranton,Pennsylvania,1962,pp.5779.

[11]

Nichols,L.D.,SurfaceTemperatureDistributiononThinWalledBodiesSubjectedto
SolarRadiationinInterplanetarySpace,NASATND584,1961.

[12]

Watts,R.G.,RadiantHeatTransfertoEarthSatellites,JournalofHeatTransfer,Vol.87c,
No.3,August1965,pp.369373.

[13]

Wolverton,R.,FlightPerformanceHandbookforOrbitalOperations,JohnWiley&
Sons,Inc.,NewYork,1963,pp.B14/B15.

144