Truyn hnh

Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

Bi ny vit v Cng ngh truyn hnh v h thng truyn hnh. i vi bi v My truyn hnh, xem My
truyn hnh.

Mt trm pht sng truyn hnh ti Hng Kng

Antenna bt sng

Mt chic tivi LCD

Truyn hnh, hay cn c gi l TV (Tivi) hay v tuyn truyn hnh (truyn hnh khng dy), my thu
hnh, my pht hnh, l h thng in t vin thng c kh nng thu nhn tn hiu sng v tn hiu qua
ng cp chuyn thnh hnh nh v m thanh (truyn thanh truyn hnh) v l mt loi my pht hnh
truyn ti ni dung ch yu bng hnh nh sng ng v m thanh km theo. My truyn hnh l my nhn
nhng tn hiu (qua ng-ten) v pht bng hnh nh.
c a ra th trng u tin trong hnh thc rt th s trn c s th nghim vo cui nm 1920, sau
c ph bin vi vic ci thin rt nhiu v hnh thc ngay sau Chin tranh th gii th hai, cc my thu
truyn hnh (tivi) tr thnh ph bin trong gia nh, cc doanh nghip v cc t chc, ch yu l mt
phng tin gii tr, qung co v xem tin tc. Trong nhng nm 1950, truyn hnh tr thnh phng
tin chnh nh hng d lun. [1]Vo gia nhng nm 1960, vic pht truyn hnh mu v kinh doanh my
thu hnh mu tng M v bt u hu ht cc nc pht trin khc. S sn c ca cc phng tin lu
tr nh VHS (gia nm 1970), laserdisc (1978), Video CD (1993), DVD (1997), v Blu-ray nt cao (2006)
cho php ngi xem s dng cc my truyn hnh xem v ghi nhn cc ti liu nh phim nh v cc ti liu
qung b. K t nhng nm 2010, truyn hnh Internet gia tng cc chng trnh truyn hnh c sn thng
qua Internet thng qua cc dch v nh iPlayer, Hulu, v Netflix.
Trong nm 2013, 79% h gia nh trn th gii s hu mt chic tivi. [2] Vic thay th cc mn hnh hin th vi
ng cao p cathode (CRT) to nng vi cc la chn thay th nh gn, tit kim nng lng, mn hnh phng
nh mn hnh plasma, mn hnh LCD (c hunh quang-backlit v LED-backlit), v mn hnh OLED l mt
trong nhng cuc cch mng phn cng. N bt u thm nhp vo th trng mn hnh my tnh ca ngi
tiu dng vo cui nm 1990 v nhanh chng lan rng n cc thit b truyn hnh. Trong nm 2014, hu ht
cc thit b TV LCD bn ra l ch yu l mn hnh LCD LED-backlit. Cc nh sn xut TV ln thng bo v
vic ngng sn xut mn hnh CRT, RPTV, plasma v LCD thm ch hunh quang-backlit vo nm 2014. [3][4]
[5]

TV LED c d kin s c thay th dn bng OLED trong tng lai gn. [6] Ngoi ra, cc nh sn xut

ln cng b rng h s tng sn xut TV thng minh vo gia thp k 2010s. [7][8][9] TV thng minh c
mong i tr thnh hnh thc thng tr ca truyn hnh thit lp vo cui 2010s.
Cc tn hiu truyn hnh c phn phi nh tn hiu truyn hnh pht sng c m hnh ha trn h thng
pht sng radio trc . Pht sng truyn hnh s dng my pht v tuyn tn s cng sut cao pht sng
tn hiu truyn hnh n cc my thu truyn hnh c nhn. Cho n u nhng nm 2000, tn hiu truyn hnh
pht sng l tn hiu analog nhng cc nc nhanh chng bt u chuyn sang tn hiu k thut s, vi vic
chuyn i d kin s c hon thnh trn ton th gii vo nm 2020. Ngoi ra truyn trn mt t, tn
hiu truyn hnh cng c phn phi bng cp (chuyn i k thut s) v v tinh cc h thng k thut s.
Mt TV tiu chun c bao gm nhiu mch in t ni b, bao gm cc mch tip nhn v gii m tn hiu
truyn hnh. Mt thit b hin th hnh nh m thiu mt b chnh c gi chnh xc l mt mn hnh video hn
l mt chic tivi. H thng truyn hnh cng c s dng gim st, iu khin qu trnh cng nghip v
nhng ni quan st trc tip l kh khn hoc nguy him

T nguyn
2

T tivi (c theo ting Anh, TV vit tt t television) l mt t ghp, kt hp t ting Hy Lp v ting Latinh.
"Tele", ting Hy Lp, c ngha l "xa"; trong khi t "vision", t ting Latinh visio, c ngha l "nhn" hay "thy".
Ting Anh vit tt thnh TV v c l /tivi/.
V tuyn truyn hnh l mt t Hn Vit kt hp t v tuyn c ngha l khng dy v truyn hnh, c
ngha l chuyn ti d liu hnh nh.

Lch s
S pht trin ca cng ngh truyn hnh c th c thc hin trn 2 phm vi: cc pht trin trn phng
din c hc v in t hc, v cc pht trin hon ton trn in t hc. S pht trin th hai l ngun gc
ca cc tivi hin i, nhng nhng iu trn khng th thc hin nu khng c s pht hin v s thu hiu t
h thng c kh.

Truyn hnh c hc
H thng truyn ti fax cho hnh nh tin phong trong phng php qut c hc ca hnh nh trong u th k
19. Alexander Bain gii thiu my fax nm 1843 n 1846. Frederick Bakewell gii thiu mt phin bn ca
my fax trong phng th nghim vo nm 1951.
Willoughby Smith pht hin ra quang dn ca nguyn t selen vo nm 1873.

a Nipkow. S ny cho thy cc ng trn truy tm bng cc l, m cng c th l hnh vung cho chnh xc cao
hn. Cc khu vc ca a c vin khung en cho thy khu vc qut.

Mt sinh vin ngi c Paul Gottlieb Nipkow a ra pht kin h thng tivi c in t u tin nm 1884.
[10]

y l mt a quay vi mt m hnh xon c vi cc l trn a, v vy mi l qut mt dng ca hnh nh.

Mc d Nipkow khng bao gi xy dng mt m hnh hot ng thc s, cc bin th ca vng quay a
Nipkow tr nn cc k ph bin. [11] Constantin Perskyi t ra thut ng truyn hnh trong bi bo c i
hi in Quc t ti Hi ch Th gii Quc t Paris vo ngy 25/08/1900. Bi bo ca Perskyi xem xt cc
cng ngh c in hin c, cp n cng vic ca Nipkow v nhng ngi khc. [12] Tuy nhin, phi ti
nm 1907, s pht minh ca cng ngh ng phng i do Lee de Forest v Arthur Korn a ra mi bin cc
thit k trn thnh hin thc.
Bui trnh din u tin ca vic truyn ti tc thi ca hnh nh c Georges Rignoux v A. Fournier trnh
by ti Paris vo nm 1909. Mt ma trn ca 64 cha selen, tng ni dy vo mt b chuyn mch c kh,

c coi nh mt vng mc in t. Trong my thu, mt tp hp Kerr pht nh sng v mt lot cc gng

gc khc nhau gn vo cc cnh ca mt a quay qut chm tia to ra c ln mn hnh hin th. Mt mch
ring bit x l vic ng b ha. phn gii 8x8 pixel trong mn trnh trnh din l thuyt ny ch
truyn ti r rng cc ch ci ca bng ch ci. Mt hnh nh c cp nht c truyn "nhiu ln" mi
giy.[13]
Nm 1911, Boris Rosing v hc tr ca ng Vladimir Kosma Zworykin thnh cng trong vic to ra h thng tivi
s dng b phn hnh gng pht hnh, theo Zworykin, "cc hnh rt th" qua cc dy ti ng in t Braun
(ng cathode) trong u nhn. Cc hnh chuyn ng l khng th, bi v b phn hnh, c " nhy cm
khng v cc phn t selen qu chm". [14] Rosing b Staliny n Arkhangelsk nm 1931 v qua i nm
1933, nhng Zworykin sau quay li lm vic cho RCA xy dng tivi in t, thit k ny sau b pht
hin l vi phm bn quyn ca Philo Farnsworth, ngi cng b h thng pht hnh u tin t nm 1928
trc .

Baird trong nm 1925 vi thit b v tuyn v cc ngi nm "James" & "Stooky Bill" ca ng (phi).

Tp tin:John Logie Baird, 1st Image.jpg

Bc nh u tin ca mt hnh nh chuyn ng c truyn v nhn qua thit b v tuyn ca Baird, vo khong nm
1926 (Hnh nh ca i tc kinh doanh ca Baird, Oliver Hutchinson)

n nhng nm 1920 khi s khuch i truyn hnh i vo thc tin, Baird s dng a Nipkow trong cc h
thng video mu ca ng. Ngy 25 thng 3 nm 1925, nh pht minh ngi Scotland John Logie Baird cho
trnh din ln u tin ca hnh nh trn truyn hnh chiu bng di ng ti Department Store Selfridge
London. V hnh mt ngi c tng phn khng hin th trn h thng th s ny, Baird truyn i
nh ca mt hnh nm "Stooky Bill" ni chuyn v di chuyn, vi khun mt c v c tng phn cao
hn.
Ngy 26 thng 1 nm 1926 Baird chng minh vic truyn ti hnh nh ca mt khun mt ang chuyn
ng qua sng radio. y c coi l trnh din truyn hnh u tin. Cc i tng l i tc kinh doanh ca
Baird, Oliver Hutchinson. H thng Baird s dng a Nipkow cho c hai chc nng qut v hin th hnh nh.
Mt nh sng chiu xuyn qua mt b a quay Nipkow vi ng knh chiu mt chm tia sng qut qua i
tng. ng quang in dng selen nhn nh sng phn x t i tng v chuyn i n thnh tn hiu in
t l thun. Tn hiu ny c truyn qua sng radio AM ti mt my thu, ni cc tn hiu video c dng
iu khin mt nh sng neon pha sau mt a Nipkow th hai quay ng b vi a th nht. sng ca
n neon c thay i theo t l vi sng ca mi im trn hnh nh. Khi mi l trong a i qua, mt

dng qut ca hnh nh c ti to. a Baird c 30 l, to ra mt hnh nh ch vi 30 dng qut, ch

nhn ra mt khun mt ngi.
Nm 1927, Baird truyn i mt tn hiu truyn hnh cch 438 dm (705 km) bng ng dy in thoi
gia London v Glasgow. Nm 1928, cng ty Baird Baird Television Development Company/Cinema
Television) pht sng tn hiu truyn hnh u tin xuyn i Ty Dng, gia London v New York, nh du
vic truyn ti t tu vo t lin ln u tin. Nm 1929, ng tham gia vo dch v truyn hnh c kh th
nghim u tin ti c. Trong thng 11 cng nm , Baird v Bernard Natan ca Path thnh lp cng ty
truyn hnh u tin ca Php, Tlvision-Baird-Natan. Nm 1931, ng thc hin cc chng trnh pht
sng t xa ngoi tri u tin vi gii ua nga Epsom Derby.[15] Nm 1932, ng thc nghim truyn hnh
dng sng siu ngn. H thng truyn hnh c hc ca Baird t n nh cao vi 240 dng phn gii trn
chng trnh pht sng truyn hnh BBC vo nm 1936 mc d cc h thng c hc khng th hin cc cnh
c truyn hnh trc tip. Thay vo l mt b phim 17.5mm c quay, ra phim tht nhanh chng v sau
phim c chiu ngay khi phim vn cn cha kh.
Mt nh pht minh ngi M, Charles Francis Jenkins cng i tin phong trong truyn hnh. ng xut bn
mt bi vit trong cun sch "Motion Pictures by Wireless" vo nm 1913. Nhng mi n nm 1923 th
Jenkins mi truyn hnh nh chuyn ng chiu bng vi s c mt ca ngi lm chng, v n ngy 13
thng 6 nm 1925 ng cng khai thc hin truyn ti ng b hnh nh chiu bng. Nm 1925 Jenkins
dng a Nipkow v truyn hnh nh chuyn ng ca mt ci xay gi chi vi khong cch nm dm t
mt i pht thanh hi qun Maryland n phng th nghim ca ng Washington D.C, s dng mt my
qut a dng thu knh vi phn gii 48 dng. [16][17] ng c cp bng sng ch ti M s 1.544.156
(truyn hnh nh khng dy) vo ngy 30 thng 6 nm 1925 ( n ngy 13 thng 3 nm 1922).
Herbert E. Ives v Frank Gray ca cng ty Bell Telephone Laboratories c mt mn trnh din truyn hnh
c hc n tng vo ngy 7 thng 4 nm 1927. Cc h thng truyn hnh phn x nh sng ny bao gm c
mn hnh xem ln v nh. Cc my thu nh c chiu rng mn hnh l 2 inch v chiu cao l 2,5 inch. Cc
my thu ln c mt mn hnh rng 24 inch, cao 30 inch. C hai b ln nh u c kh nng ti to hp l
chnh xc, hnh nh chuyn ng n sc. Cng vi cc hnh nh, cc my thu cng nhn c m thanh
ng b. H thng truyn hnh nh qua hai con ng: u tin, thng qua mt lin kt dng dy ng
t Washington n New York City, sau thng qua mt lin kt v tuyn t Whippany, New Jersey. So snh
hai phng php truyn dn, khn gi ghi nhn khng c s khc bit. i tng ca chng trnh truyn
hnh l Th trng Thng mi Hoa K Herbert Hoover. Mt my qut dng chm tia chiu sng i tng.
Cc my qut to ra cc chm tia trn mt a c khu 50. a xoay vi tc 18 khung hnh mi giy, 56
miligiy mi khung hnh. (H thng ngy nay thng truyn 30 hoc 60 khung hnh mi giy, hoc 33,3 hoc
16,7 miligiy cho mt khung hnh.) S gia truyn hnh Albert Abramson nhn mnh tm quan trng mn trnh
din ca Bell Labs: "Thc t y l mn trnh din tt nht ca mt h thng truyn hnh c hc tng c
thc hin n thi im . Phi mt mt vi nm trc khi bt k h thng khc c th so snh vi n v
cht lng hnh nh."[18]

Mt video gii thch s cu to quay quanh cc trc nm 1937

Nm 1928, WRGB lc tn l W2XB tr thnh i truyn hnh u tin ca th gii. Chng trnh c pht
i t cc c s ca General Electric Schenectady, New York, vi tn gi ph bin "WGY Television".
Trong khi Lin X, Lon Theremin pht trin my thu pht truyn hnh mi dng cc trng v gng,
bt u vi phn gii 16 dng trong nm 1925, sau tng ln 32 v cui cng l 64 dng dng xen k vo
nm 1926. Trong lun n ca mnh vo ngy 7 thng 5 nm 1926 ng truyn tn hiu truyn hnh v sau
ng thi th hin hnh nh chuyn ng trn mt mn hnh vung 5 feet gn nh ng thi. [17] n nm 1927
ng nng phn gii hnh nh ln 100 dng, mt k lc mi n nm 1931 RCA mi vt qua vi 120
dng.[cn dn ngun]
Ngy 25 thng 12 nm 1925, Kenjiro Takayanagi trnh din mt h thng truyn hnh vi phn gii 40 dng,
s dng mt my qut a Nipkow v mn hnh CRT ti Trng trung hc k thut Hamamatsu, Nht Bn.
Mu th nghim ny vn ang c trng by ti Bo tng Takayanagi thuc i hc Shizuoka, Hamamatsu
Campus. Nghin cu ca Takayanagi trong vic to ra mt m hnh sn xut i tr b nc M tm
dng sau khi Nht Bn tht bi ti chin tranh th gii th hai.[19]
Bi v ch c mt s lng hn ch l trong cc a, v vic tng ng knh a l khng thc t, nn
phn gii hnh nh v chng trnh pht sng truyn hnh c hc l tng i thp, dao ng t khong 30
dng ti 120 dng hoc hn. Tuy nhin, cht lng hnh nh ca truyn hnh vi 30 dng dn dn c ci
thin vi nhng tin b k thut, v vo nm 1933 cc chng trnh pht sng ca Anh s dng h thng
Baird c cht lng kh sc nt.[20]Mt vi h thng khc vi phn gii c 200 dng cng i vo hot
ng. Hai trong s ny l cc h thng 180 dng Compagnie des Compteurs (CDC) c pht sng
ti Paris vo nm 1935, v h thng 180 dng Peck Television Corp bt u vo nm 1935 ti trm VE9AK
Montreal.[21][22]
S tin b ca tt c cc thit b truyn hnh in t (bao gm c h thng tch hnh nh cho thit b pht v
ng cathode quang cho thit b thu) nh du s kt thc cho cc h thng c hc sau mt thi gian di
thng tr truyn hnh. Cc TV c hc thng ch to ra hnh nh nh, nhng chng l dng truyn hnh chnh
cho n nhng nm 1930. Cc chng trnh pht sng truyn hnh c hc cui cng kt thc vo nm
1939 vi cc knh truyn hnh ca mt s t cc trng i hc cng lp Hoa K.

Truyn hnh in t
Nm 1897, J. J. Thomson, mt nh vt l hc ngi Anh vi ba th nghim ni ting ca ng, c th lm
chch hng cc tia m cc, mt chc nng c bn ca mn hnh CRT hin i. Cc phin bn sm nht ca

mn hnh CRT c nh khoa hc c Ferdinand Braun pht minh vo nm 1897 v cng c bit n nh
l ng Braun.[23][24] l mt diode m cc lnh, mt sa i ca ng Crookes vi mt mn hnh trng phtpho. Nm 1907, nh khoa hc Nga Boris Rosing s dng mt mn hnh CRT trong my thu tn hiu video th
nghim to thnh mt bc tranh. ng hin th thnh cng nhng hnh n gin ln mn hnh, nh du
ln u tin cng ngh CRT c dng trong truyn hnh.[25]
Nm 1908 Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton, thnh vin ca Hi Hong gia Anh, cng b mt bc th trong
tp ch khoa hc Nature, trong ng m t "tm nhn xa in t" c th t c bng cch s dng mt ng
m cc quang (hoc ng "Braun", theo tn ca ngi pht minh, Karl Braun) lm thit b truyn v nhn tn
hiu.[26][27] ng m rng tng ny trong mt bi pht biu c a ra London vo nm 1911 v mt
bi bo trong tp ch The Times[28] v tp ch ca Hip hi Rntgen.[29][30] Trong mt bc th gi cho tp ch
Nature cng b thng 10 nm 1926, Campbell-Swinton cng cng b kt qu ca mt s th nghim "khng
phi l th nghim thnh cng lm" tin hnh vi GM Minchin v JCM Stanton. H c gng to ra mt
tn hiu in bng cch chiu mt hnh nh ln mt tm kim loi ph selen ng thi c mt chm tia m
cc qut qua.[31][32] Nhng thc nghim ny c thc hin trc thng 3 nm 1914, khi Minchin cht,
[33]

nhng sau c hai nhm khc thc hin li vo nm 1937, nhm th nht gm H. Miller v JW

Strange ca cng ty EMI,[34] v nhm th hai gm H. Iams v A. Rose ca cng ty RCA.[35] C hai nhoms
thnh cng trong vic truyn hnh nh tuy "rt m nht" vi tm kim loi bc selen ca Campbell-Swinton. Mc
d nhng ngi khc th nghim s dng ng tia m cc nh mt thit b nhn, tng s dng chng
nh mt my pht l mt tng hon ton mi vo lc . [36] ng m cc quang u tin s dng mt tia m
cc nngc John B. Johnson (ngi ra khi nim ting n Johnson) v Harry Weiner
Weinhart ca Western Electric pht trin. ng ny tr thnh mt sn phm thng mi vo nm 1922. [cn dn
ngun]

Nm 1926, k s ngi Hungary Klmn Tihanyi thit k mt h thng truyn hnh s dng y cc yu t
in t vi cc ng cathode thu v pht, v s dng cc nguyn tc ca "lu tr nng lng" trong cc ng
dng pht hoc thu. [37][38][39][40] Cc vn v nhy sng thp dn n cng in u ra thp t thit b
pht s c gii quyt vi s ra i ca cng ngh lu tr nng lng ny cai Klmn Tihanyi bt u t
nm 1924.[41] Gii php ca ng l mt ng camera c tch ly v lu tr in tch ("quang in t") trong cc
ng trong sut mi chu k qut. Thit b ny c m t ln u tin trong mt ng dng sng ch Tihanyi np
ti Hungary thng 3 nm 1926 cho mt h thng truyn hnh c ng t tn l "Radioskop". [42] Sau nhiu ci
tin bao gm mt ng dng bng sng ch nm 1928, [41] bng sng ch ca Tihanyi c tuyn b v hiu
ti Vng quc Anh vo nm 1930, [43] v do , ng chuyn qua ng k cho cc bng sng ch ca mnh
ti Hoa K. Mc d sng ch mang tnh t ph ca ng c a vo thit k ca "iconoscope" ca RCA
vo nm 1931, bng sng ch ti M cho ng pht tn hiu ca Tihanyi ch c cp vo thng 5 nm 1939.
Cc bng sng ch cho ng nhn tn hiu ca ng c cp thng 10 nm trc . C hai bng sng ch
ca Tihanyi c RCA mua trc khi chng c ph duyt.[38][39] Lu tr nng lng vn l mt nguyn
tc c bn trong vic thit k cc thit b hnh nh truyn hnh cho n ngy nay.[42]
Ngy 25 thng 12 nm 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi trnh din mt h thng truyn hnh vi phn gii 40 dng
s dng mt mn hnh CRT ti Trng trung hc cng nghip Hamamatsu ti Nht Bn. y l my thu truyn
hnh hon ton in t u tin. Takayanagi khng ng k bng sng ch cho h thng ny.[44]
7

Ngy 7 thng 9 nm 1927, ng camera tch hnh nh ca Farnsworth truyn hnh nh u tin, mt ng
thng n gin, ti phng th nghim ca Fansworth ti 202 Green Street, San Francisco.[45][46] Vo ngy 3
thng 9 nm 1928, Farnsworth pht trin h thng y t chc mt bui trnh din trc bo ch.
[46]

Nm 1929, h thng c ci thin hn na bng cch loi b mt my pht in ng c, do h

thng truyn hnh ny khng c b phn c hc no na. [47] Nm , Farnsworth truyn hnh nh trc tip
u tin ca con ngi vi h thng ca mnh, nh kch c 3 1/2 inch c v Elma ca ng ("Pem") vi i mt
nhm (c th do b chiu n qu sng).[48]

Vladimir Zworykin trnh din truyn hnh in t (1929)

Trong khi , Vladimir Zworykin cng ang th nghim vi ng tia m cc to ra v hin th hnh nh. Trong
khi lm vic cho Westinghouse Electric vo nm 1923, ng bt u pht trin mt ng camera in t. Nhng
trong ln trnh din nm 1925, hnh nh b m, hnh tnh, c tng phn thp v xu. [49] ng hnh nh
Zworykin khng pht trin c g ngoi mc ch th nghim. Nhng RCA, cng ty mua li bng sng ch
Westinghouse, khng nh rng bng sng ch v cng ngh tch hnh nh ca Farnsworth nm 1927
c nh ngha rng n mc n loi tr bt k thit b hnh nh in t khc. Do vy RCA, trn c s ng
dng bng sng ch ca Zworykin ca nm 1923, n kin bng sng ch chng li Farnsworth vi l
do vi phm bn quyn. Vn phng Bng sng ch ti M khng ng vi RCA trong mt quyt nh nm
1935, l do sng ch ca Farnsworth sm hn ca Zworykin. Farnsworth tuyn b rng h thng Zworykin ca
nm 1923 s khng th to ra mt hnh nh in t thch thc bng sng ch ca mnh. Zworykin nhn
bng sng ch vo nm 1928 cho mt phin bn ng dng bng sng ch ca mnh nm 1923, nhng vi
vic truyn hnh nh mu.[50] ng cng chia ng dng ban u ca mnh thnh cc n bn quyn khc nhau
trong nm 1931.[51] Zworykin khng th hoc khng sn sng gii thiu bng chng ca m hnh lm
vic c da trn sng ch ca chnh ng vo nm 1923. Trong thng 9 nm 1939, sau khi thua kin ta n
v quyt tm tip tc thng mi ha thit b truyn hnh, RCA ng tr Farnsworth 1 triu USD trong
khong thi gian mi nm, ngoi vic thanh ton tin giy php, c s dng bng sng ch ca
Farnsworth.[52][53]

Nm 1933 RCA gii thiu mt ng camera ci tin, da trn nguyn tc lu tr nng lng ca Tihanyi.
[54]

c Zworykin t tn l Iconoscope, ng mi c nhy sng khong 75.000 lux, do c khng nh

l nhy hn thit b tch hnh nh ca Farnsworth. [cn dn ngun] Tuy nhin, Farnsworth khc phc vn nng
lng vi my tch hnh nh ca mnh thng qua vic pht minh ra "multipactor" mt cch hon ton c o,
thit b m ng bt u nghin cu vo nm 1930, v trnh din vo nm 1931. [55][56] ng nh ny c th khuch
i tn hiu theo bo co ti 60 ln hoc tt hn [57] v cho thy trin vng rt ln trong tt c cc lnh vc in
t. Khng may multipactor c vn : n pht tn hiu vi tc khng t yu cu. [58]
Ti Berlin Radio Show vo thng 8 nm 1931, Manfred von Ardenne trnh din trc cng chng v mt h
thng truyn hnh s dng mt mn hnh CRT cho c truyn v nhn. Tuy nhin, Ardenne cha pht trin
mt ng qut m ch s dng mn hnh CRT nh mt my qut bay ti ch qut slide v phim. [59] Philo
Farnsworth trnh din ln u tin trn th gii mt h thng truyn hnh ton in t, s dng mt my nh
trc tip, ti Vin Franklin Philadelphia vo ngy 25 thng 8 nm 1934, v trong mi ngy sau . [60][61]
Nh pht minh ngi Mexico Guillermo Gonzlez Camarena cng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong giai on
s khai truyn hnh. Th nghim ca ng vi TV (lc u gi l telectroescopa) bt u vo nm 1931 v
dn n mt bng sng ch cho "h thng tun t 3 mu" (truyn hnh mu) trong nm 1940. [62]
Ti Anh i ng k thut EMI do Isaac Shoenberg ng k vo nm 1932 mt bng sng ch cho mt thit b
mi m h gi l "Emitron", [63][64] n tr thnh cc trung tm ca cc my quay c thit k cho BBC. Ngy 2
thng 11 nm 1936, mt dch v pht thanh truyn hnh 405 dng s dng cc Emitron khi ng ti trng
quay Alexandra Palace. Tn hiu c truyn t mt ct c bit xy dng trn nh mt thp ta nh
Victorian. N c dng xen k trong mt thi gian ngn cng vi h thng c hc Baird trong cc studio,
nhng h thng mi t ra ng tin cy hn v r rng vt tri. y l dch v truyn hnh nt cao thng
xuyn u tin ca th gii.[65]
Cc iconoscope ca M kh n, nhiu nhiu tn hiu, ng tht vng khi so snh vi nt cao ca h thng
qut c hc sn c.[66][67] Cc nhm ca EMI di s gim st ca Isaac Shoenberg phn tch cch iconoscope
(hoc Emitron) to ra mt tn hiu in t v kt lun rng hiu qu thc s ca n ti a ch t 5% ca l
thuyt.[68][69] H gii quyt vn ny bng cch pht trin v cp bng sng ch vo nm 1934 cho hai ng
my nh mi c mnh danh super (siu) Emitron v CPS Emitron. [70][71][72] Cc siu Emitron nhy cm hn 10
ti 15 ln so vi Emitron v ng iconoscope ban u, v trong mt s trng hp, t l ny l cao hn ng
k.[68] Chng c s dng cho mt phng s pht thanh truyn hnh ngoi tri ca BBC ln u tin, vo
Ngy nh chin nm 1937, khi cng chng c th xem truyn hnh quay cnh nh vua t mt vng hoa ti
i k nim.[73] y l ln u tin con ngi c th pht sng mt khung cnh ng ph trc tip t my
quay c ci t trn nc ta nh ln cn, bi v Farnsworth cng nh RCA u cha th lm nh vy cho
n khi Hi ch New York ton cu c t chc nm 1939.

Qung co cho th nghim truyn hnh ca RCA ti New York City nm 1939

Mt khc, trong nm 1934, Zworykin chia s mt s bn quyn sng ch vi cng ty c c cp php

Telefunken.[74] "Iconoscope hnh nh" ("Superikonoskop" c) c sn xut nh kt qu ca s hp tc
ny. ng ny l c bn ging vi cc siu Emitron. [cn

dn ngun]

Vic sn xut v thng mi ha cc siu

Emitron v iconoscope hnh nh chu u khng b nh hng bi cuc chin bng sng ch gia Zworykin
v Farnsworth, v Dieckmann v Hell c u tin c cho vic pht minh ra my tch hnh nh, sau khi
np n xin cp bng sng ch cho Lichtelektrische ca Bildzerlegerrhre fr Fernseher (quang in hnh nh
Dissector Tube cho Television) c vo nm 1925, [75] hai nm trc khi Farnsworth lm tng t Hoa
K.[76] Nhng iconoscope hnh nh (Superikonoskop) tr thnh tiu chun cng nghip cho truyn hnh cng
cng chu u t nm 1936 cho n nm 1960, khi n c cc ng Vidicon v plumbicon thay th. Thit b
ny l i din ca ng in t truyn thng chu u cnh tranh vi truyn thng M i din bi cc orthicon
hnh nh.[77][78] Cc cng ty ca c Heimann sn xut Superikonoskop cho Olympic Berlin nm 1936, [79][80] sau
Heimann cng sn xut v thng mi ha n vo nm 1940-1955, [81] cui cng cng ty H Lan Philips sn
xut v thng mi ha cc iconoscope hnh nh v multicon t nm 1952 ti nm 1958. [78][82]
Truyn hnh ti M vo lc bao gm cc th trng khc nhau vi cc quy m khc nhau, cnh tranh bng
ni dung chng trnh v s thng tr ca cc cng ngh khc nhau, cho n khi tha thun c thc hin v
cc tiu chun c chun ha trong nm 1941. [83] RCA ch s dng iconoscopes trong khu vc New York,
nhng dng thit b tch hnh nh ca Farnsworth ti Philadelphia v San Francisco.[84] Vo thng 9 nm 1939,
RCA ng tr tin bn quyn cho Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation trong mi nm tip theo
c s dng cc bng sng ch ca Farnsworth. [85] Vi hip nh lch s ny, RCA tch hp phn ln
u vit ca cng ngh Farnsworth vo h thng ca h.[84]
Nm 1941, Hoa K thc hin pht truyn hnh vi 525 dng.[86][87]
Tiu chun truyn hnh 625 dng u tin trn th gii c thit k Lin X vo nm 1944, v tr thnh
mt tiu chun quc gia vo nm 1946. [88]Vic pht sng u tin trong tiu chun 625 dng c thc hin

10

nm 1948 ti Matxcva.[89] Khi nim 625 dng cho mi khung hnh sau c quy chun trong cc tiu
chun CCIR ca chu u.[90]
Nm 1936, Klmn Tihanyi m t cc nguyn tc ca mn hnh plasma, h thng hin th mn hnh phng u
tin.[91][92]

Truyn hnh mu
Tp tin:Peacock NBC presentation in RCA color.JPG
Hnh nh mu knh ca NBC,qung b truyn hnh "mu RCA".

tng c bn ca vic s dng ba hnh nh n sc to ra mt hnh nh mu sc c th nghim

gn nh ngay khi TV en-trng ln u tin c to ra. Trong s cc xut c cng b sm nht cho
truyn hnh l xut ca Maurice Le Blanc vo nm 1880 cho mt h thng mu sc, bao gm c nhng ln
cp u tin trong cc ti liu truyn hnh v s dng qut khung hnh, mc d ng khng a ra chi tit
thc t.[93] Nh pht minh Ba Lan Jan Szczepanikc cp bng sng ch cho mt h thng truyn hnh mu
trong nm 1897, bng cch s dng mt t bo quang in selen my pht v mt nam chm in iu
khin mt tm gng dao ng v mt lng knh di chuyn ti my thu. Nhng h thng ca ng khng cha
phng tin phn tch quang ph ca mu sc my thu, v do vy khng th lm vic nh cch ng m t [94].
Nh pht minh Hovannes Adamian, cng th nghim vi truyn hnh mu vo u nm 1907. ng th
nghim truyn hnh mu u tin[95], v c cp bng sng ch ti c ngy 31 thng 3 nm 1908, bng
sng ch 197.183, sau Anh, vo ngy 1 thng 4 nm 1908, bng sng ch 7219, Php (bng
sng ch 390.326) v Nga vo nm 1910 (bng sng ch 17.912). [96]
Nh pht minh ngi Scotland John Logie Baird trnh by h thng truyn hnh mu u tin trn th gii
vo ngy 3 thng 7 nm 1928, s dng a qut my pht v nhn c hnh nh vi ba vng xon ca
khu , mi xon c vi cc b lc cho mt mu c bn khc nhau; v ba ngun nh sng ti my thu, vi
mt b chuyn mch thay i mu minh ha [97]. Baird cng pht sng truyn hnh mu u tin ngy 4
thng 2 nm 1938: ng gi mt hnh nh 120 dng qut t Crystal Palace Studio Baird ti mt mn chiu ti
nh ht Dominion London.[98]
Tivi mu qut c hc cng c Bell Laboratories trnh din vo thng 6/1929 s dng ba h thngt bo
quang in hon chnh, b khuch i, ng glow, v cc b lc mu sc, vi mt lot cc gng chng ln
nhng hnh nh mu , xanh l cy, v mu xanh vo mt hnh nh y mu sc.
John Logie Baird mt ln na i tin phong vi h thng hybrid u tin. Nm 1940, ng cng khai th hin
mt hnh mu kt hp mt mn hnh mu en v trng truyn thng vi mt a mu lun phin. Thit b ny
to ra mu c nt kh su, nhng sau c ci thin hn na vi mt tm gng gp ng dn
nh sng thnh mt thit b hon ton thc t ging nh mt mn hnh iu khin ln thng thng. [99] Tuy
nhin, Baird khng hi lng vi thit k ny, v ngay t nm 1944 ng bo co cho mt y ban ca chnh
ph Anh rng s c mt thit b hon ton in t tt hn na.
Nm 1939, k s ngi Hungary Peter Carl Goldmark gii thiu mt h thng c in ti CBS, trong c
mt b cm bin Iconoscope. H thng mu CBS tun t l mt phn c hc, vi mt a gm cc b lc mu
, xanh dng v xanh da tri quay trn bn trong my quay truyn hnh vi tc 1.200 vng/pht, v mt
11

a quay tng t pha trc ng b vi ng tia m cc bn trong my thu. [100] H thng ny ln u tin
trnh din trc y ban Truyn thng Lin bang (FCC) vo ngy 29 thng 8 nm 1940, v c ph cp trn
bo ch vo ngy 4 thng 9.[101][102][103][104]
CBS bt u th nghim s dng truyn hnh mu ngay t 28 thng 8 nm 1940, v th nghim truyn
hnh mu trc tip vo thng 12. [105] NBC (thuc s hu ca RCA) thc hin kim tra truyn hnh mu u tin
vo 20 thng 2 nm 1941. CBS bt u thc nghim truyn hnh mu hng ngy t 1 thng 6 nm 1941 [106],
mc d cc h thng mu khng tng thch vi cc my thu hnh en trng lc . V khng c my thu hnh
mu bn cho cng chng ti thi im trn, nn cc thc nghim truyn hnh mu ch dnh cho cho cc k s
RCA v CBS v mi bo ch quan st. Production War Board tm dng vic sn xut cc thit b pht thanh
truyn hnh v cho mc ch dn s t ngy 22 thng 4 nm 1942 n 20 thng 8 nm 1945, hn ch bt k
hot ng sn xut tivi mu cho cng chng ni chung. [107][108]
Ngay t nm 1940, Baird bt u lm vic trn mt h thng hon ton in t m ng gi l " Telechrome".
Telechrome ban u s dng hai sng electron nhm vo hai bn ca mt tm pht-pho. Cc tm pht-pho
c phn b sao cho cc electron t cc khu sng ch bn vo mt bn ca khun mu. Bng cch s
dng pht-pho mu lc, lam v , c th thu c mt hnh nh mu tuy cn hn ch. ng cng trnh din
mt h thng s dng cc tn hiu n sc to ra mt hnh nh 3D (gi l "lp th" vo thi im ). Mt
bui trnh din vo 16 thng 8 nm 1944 l v d u tin ca mt h thng truyn hnh mu thc t. Nghin
cu Telechrome c tip tc v k hoch gii thiu mt phin bn dng ba-sng cho mt hnh nh y
mu sc c thc hin. Tuy nhin, ci cht khng ng lc ca Baird vo nm 1946 kt thc pht trin
ca h thng Telechrome ny.[109][110]
Khi nim tng t c ph bin thng qua cc thp nin 1940 v thp nin 50, s khc bit ch yu
trong cch ti kt hp cc mu sc c to ra bi ba khu sng. Cc ng Geer tng t nh khi nim ca
Baird, nhng s dng kim t thp nh vi cc cht ln quang ng li trn mt bn ngoi ca thp, thay v
khun mu 3D nh ca Baird th Geer da trn mt b mt phng. Cc Penetron s dng ba lp pht-pho
trn mi nh v tng sc mnh ca cc chm tia chm ti cc tng trn khi v nhng mu sc.
Cc Chromatron s dng mt tp hp cc dy tp trung chn cc pht-pho mu c sp xp trong cc
ng sc dc trn ng.
Mt trong nhng thch thc k thut ln nht ca vic pht sng truyn hnh mu l mong mun tit kim
bng thng: truyn hnh mu cn bng thng gp ba ln so vi tiu chun en trng hin c, v khng s
dng mt lng qu mc bng tn v tuyn. Ti Hoa K, sau khi nghin cu, y ban H thng truyn hnh
quc gia[111] thng qua h thng mu sc tng thch tt c cc thit b in t, do RCA pht trin, trong
m ha cc thng tin mu sc ring bit khi cc thng tin v sng v lm gim phn gii ca cc thng
tin mu tit kim bng thng. Nhng hnh nh sng vn tng thch vi cc my thu hnh en trng vi
phn gii gim nh hin c, trong khi TV mu c th gii m cc thng tin thm trong cc tn hiu v to ra
mt mn hnh mu vi phn gii gii hn. Mn hnh phn gii cao nhng ch c mu en-trng v mt
hnh nh phn gii thp nhng c mu sc kt hp trong no to ra mt hnh nh phn gii cao
dng nh c mu sc. Tiu chun NTSC i din cho mt thnh tu k thut ln.

12

Mc d tt c cc mu sc in t c gii thiu M vo nm 1953 [112], do gi cao v s khan him ca

cc thit b lp trnh mu sc nn th trng kh chp nhn n. Vic pht sng truyn hnh mu u tin ti M
(1954 Tournament of Roses Parade) din ra vo ngy 1 thng 1 nm 1954, nhng trong thi gian mi nm
sau hu ht chng trnh pht sng quc gia v gn nh tt c cc chng trnh a phng, vn dng trng
en. Cho n gia nhng nm 1960, TV mu bt u bn c vi s lng ln, mt phn do s chuyn i
mu sc trong nm 1965, vi thng bo rng hn mt na ca cc chng trnh gi vng s c truyn hnh
mu trong ma thu nm . Ton b gi vng c truyn hnh mu ch mt nm sau .
TV mu u tin hoc dng chn ng hoc cc phin bn trn bn kh cng knh v nng n, v vy
trong thc t chng vn ti mt ni c nh. Vic gii thiu TV Porta-Color GE tng i nh gn v trng
lng nh vo ma xun nm 1966 lm cho vic xem truyn hnh mu tr nn linh hot v thun tin hn.
Nm 1972, ti M doanh thu ca TV mu cui cng vt qua doanh thu TV en trng. Cng trong nm
1972, chng trnh en trng cui cng pht ban ngy c chuyn sang pht mu, dn n kt qu l
ton b chng trnh ti n M u pht mu.
Truyn hnh mu chu u khng c chun ha nh dng PAL cho n nhng nm 1960, v chng
trnh pht sng mu ch xut hin t nm 1967. n thi im , nhiu vn k thut trong cc TV mu i
u c gii quyt, v s pht trin ca TV mu chu u l kh nhanh chng.
Vo gia nhng nm 1970, cc trm pht sng en trng ch cn mt vi trm dng tn s UHF cao ti cc th
trng nh, v mt s t cc i chuyn tip pht li vi cng sut thp trong cc th trng nh hn nh cc
im ngh mt. Vo nm 1979, nhng trm pht cui cng trn cng chuyn sang truyn hnh mu v ti
nhng nm u thp nin 1980 truyn hnh en trng chuyn qua th trng dng TV nng lng thp, TV
xch tay nh, hoc s dng nh mn hnh video trong cc thit b tiu dng vi chi ph thp hn. n cui
nm 1980, ngay c cc th trng ny cng chuyn sang s dng TV mu.

Truyn hnh k thut s

Truyn hnh k thut s (DTV) l vic truyn ti m thanh v video bng cch x l tn hiu k thut s v ghp
knh, ngc li hon ton vi cc tn hiu knh analog c s dng bi truyn hnh analog. TV k thut s
c th h tr nhiu hn mt chng trnh trong cc bng thng cng knh [113]. y l mt dch v mi i din
cho s pht trin quan trng u tin trong cng ngh truyn hnh k t khi truyn hnh mu trong nhng nm
1950[114].
TV k thut s gn cht vi s ra i ca my tnh hiu sut cao r tin. Mi cho n nhng nm 1990 TV k
thut s mi tr thnh i tr.[115]
Vo gia nhng nm 1980, khi cc cng ty in t tiu dng Nht Bn i u vi s pht trin ca cng ngh
HDTV, cc nh dng analog MUSE do NHK, mt cng ty Nht Bn, xut c xem nh l mt ngi dn
u th trng e da lm lu m cc cng ty in t M. Cho n thng 6 nm 1990, tiu chun MUSE ca
Nht Bn, da trn mt h thng tng t, l chun i u trong s hn 23 chun k thut khc nhau c
xem xt lc . Sau , mt cng ty M, General Instrument, chng minh tnh kh thi ca mt tn hiu truyn
hnh k thut s. Bc t ph ny l c tm quan trng n ni thuyt phc FCC tr hon quyt nh ca
mnh v mt tiu chun ATV, ch n khi mt tiu chun da trn k thut s c th c pht trin.

13

Vo thng 3 nm 1990, khi mt tiu chun k thut s c tnh kh thi tr nn r rng, FCC mi thc hin
mt s quyt nh quan trng. u tin, cc y ban tuyn b rng cc tiu chun ATV mi khng nhng phi
l mt tn hiu analog tng cng m cn c th cung cp mt tn hiu HDTV chnh hng vi phn gii t
nht phi gp i phn gii ca hnh nh truyn hnh hin c. Sau , m bo rng nhng ngi xem
khc khng mun mua mt b truyn hnh k thut s mi c th tip tc nhn c chng trnh pht sng
truyn hnh thng thng, FCC quyt nh cc tiu chun ATV mi phi c kh nng truyn song song trn
cc knh khc nhau. Cc tiu chun ATV mi cng cho php cc tn hiu DTV mi c da trn cc nguyn
tc thit k hon ton mi. Mc d khng tng thch vi cc tiu chun NTSC hin c, cc tiu chun DTV
mi s c th kt hp nhiu ci tin.
Cc tiu chun cui cng c thng qua bi FCC khng yu cu mt tiu chun duy nht cho cc nh
dng qut, h s co, hay s dng ca phn gii. Kt qu ny l kt qu ca mt cuc tranh chp gia cc
ngnh cng nghip in t tiu dng (vi s tham gia ca mt s i truyn hnh) v cc ngnh cng nghip
my tnh (vi s tham gia ca cc ngnh cng nghip in nh v mt s nhm li ch cng cng) tranh ci
xem qu trnh qut l xen k hay tun t s l ph hp nht cho thit b hin th HDTV k thut s tng thch
mi.[116] Phng php qut xen k, vn c thit k c bit cho cng ngh mn hnh CRT analog c, qut
dng chn u tin, sau nhng dng l. Tuy nhin qut xen k khng lm vic mt cch hiu qu trn cc
thit b mn hnh hin th mi nh mn hnh tinh th lng (LCD), vn ph hp hn vi mt t l lm mi mn
hnh thng xuyn hn theo kiu tun t. [116] Phng php qut tun t, l nh dng m cc ngnh cng
nghip my tnh lu c p dng mn hnh hin th my tnh, qut tt c cc dng theo th t, t trn
xung di. Qut tun t c hiu lc tng gp i s lng d liu c to ra cho mi mn hnh hin th so
vi qut xen k bng cch hin th mn hnh 60 ln mt giy, thay v hai ng qut trong 1/30 giy. Cc
ngnh cng nghip my tnh cho rng qut tun t l tt hn hn bi v n khng to ra s "nhp nhy" trn
cc tiu chun mi ca thit b hin th nh l cch qut xen k. N cng cho rng qut tun t cho php kt
ni d dng hn vi Internet, v vic chuyn i sang nh dng ny c gi r hn khi so vi chuyn i sang
nh dng qut xen k. Ngnh cng nghip phim cng c h tr chc nng qut tun t bi v n cc
chng trnh chuyn i quay sang cc nh dng k thut s d dng hn. V phn mnh, cc ngnh cng
nghip in t tiu dng v cc i truyn hnh cho rng qut xen k l cng ngh duy nht c th truyn ti
nhng hnh nh cht lng cao nht sau (v hin ti) c tnh kh thi, ln ti 1.080 dng trn mi hnh nh
v 1.920 im nh trn mi dng. Cc i truyn hnh cng a chung qut xen k bi h lu tr mt s
lng ln cc chng trnh c nh dng xen k vn khng d dng tng thch vi nh dng tun t.
Chuyn tip truyn hnh k thut s bt u trong nhng cui thp k 2000. Tt c cc chnh ph trn th gii
thit lp thi hn ngng pht analog trong nhng nm 2010s. Ban u, t l chp nhn thp. Nhng ngay sau
, ngy cng c nhiu h gia nh chuyn i sang TV k thut s. Vic chuyn i d kin s c hon
thnh trn ton th gii vo gia n cui nhng nm 2010s.

Truyn hnh thng minh

S ra i ca truyn hnh k thut s to iu kin cho TV thng minh ra i. Mt TV thng minh, i khi c
gi l TV kt ni hoc hybrid TV, l mt b truyn hnh hay set-top box c tch hp Internet v tnh nng Web
2.0, l mt v d ca s hi t cng ngh gia cc my tnh, TV v hp set-top. Bn cnh cc chc nng

14

truyn thng ca b truyn hnh v hp set-top c cung cp thng qua cc phng tin truyn thng pht
thanh truyn hnh truyn thng, cc thit b ny cng c th cung cp truyn hnh Internet, truyn thng tng
tc a phng tin trc tuyn, ni dung over-the-top, cng nh truyn thng a phng tin theo yu cu, v
truy cp Internet ti nh. Nhng TV ny c ci t sn mt h iu hnh. [117][118][119][120]
TV thng minh c khc bit vi cc Internet TV, IPTV hoc vi TV Web. Internet TV ch vic tip nhn ni dung
truyn hnh qua internet thay v bng cc h thng truyn thng - trn mt t, truyn hnh cp v truyn hnh
v tinh (mc d Internet cng thng qua cc ng truyn ny). Truyn hnh giao thc Internet (IPTV) l mt
trong cc tiu chun cng ngh truyn hnh Internet ang ni ln c cc i truyn hnh s dng. Truyn
hnh Web (WebTV) l mt thut ng c s dng cho cc chng trnh c mt lot cc cng ty, c nhn
sn xut pht sng trn truyn hnh Internet.
Mt bng sng ch u tin c ng k vo nm 1994 [121] (v m rng vo nm sau)

[122]

cho mt h thng

truyn hnh "thng minh", lin kt vi cc h thng x l d liu, thng qua phng tin ca mt mng li k
thut s hoc analog. Ngoi vic c kt ni vi mng d liu, mt li im quan trng l kh nng t ng
ti v phn mm cn thit hay dng, theo nhu cu ca ngi dng, v x l cc nhu cu ca h.
Cc nh sn xut TV ln cng b ch sn xut TV thng minh, cho cc TV trung cp v cao cp trong nm
2015.[7][8][9] TV thng minh c k vng s tr thnh hnh thc thng tr ca truyn hnh ca cui nhng nm
2010s.

Truyn hnh 3D
Truyn hnh ni 3D c trnh din ln u tin vo ngy 10 thng 8 nm 1928, do John Logie Baird thc hin
trong nh xng ca cng ty mnh ti 133 Long Acre, London. [123] Baird i tin phong trong mt lot cc h
thng truyn hnh 3D bng cch s dng cc k thut ng c in v ng catt. TV 3D u tin c sn xut
vo nm 1935. S ra i ca truyn hnh k thut s trong nhng nm 2000 ci thin rt nhiu i vi TV 3D.
Mc d TV 3D kh ph bin xem phng tin truyn thng 3D ti nh nh trn a Blu-ray, cc chng
trnh truyn hnh 3D hu ht tht bi trong vic n vi cng ng. Nhiu knh truyn hnh 3D bt u vo u
nhng nm 2010s b ng ca vo gia nhng nm 2010s.

H thng pht truyn hnh

Truyn hnh mt t

A modern high gain UHF Yagi television antenna. It has 17 directors, and 4 reflectors shaped as a corner reflector.

Chng trnh truyn hnh c pht sng bi cc i truyn hnh, i khi c gi l "knh truyn hnh", cc
i c cp php bi chnh ph ca h pht sng trn cc knh truyn hnh c giao trong bng tn

15

truyn hnh. u tin, pht sng truyn hnh trn mt t l cch duy nht c th c phn phi rng ri, v
bi v bng thng b hn ch, ch c mt s lng nh ca cc knh c sn, quy nh ca chnh ph l chun
mc.
Ti M, y ban Truyn thng Lin bang (Federal Communications Commission (FCC))cho php cc trm pht
sng qung co bt u t thng 7 nm 1941, nhng phi cam kt chng trnh dch v cng cng nh mt
yu cu cho mt giy php. Ngc li, Anh Quc chn mt con ng khc nhau, p t mt khon ph
bn quyn truyn hnh v ch s hu ca thit b thu truyn hnh ti tr cho cc British Broadcasting
Corporation (BBC), trong c dch v cng cng nh l mt phn ca Royal Charter (Hin chng Hong
gia) ca mnh.
WRGB tuyn b l i truyn hnh lu i nht trn th gii, truy tm ngun gc ca n dn n mt trm thc
nghim c thnh lp vo ngy 13 thng 1 nm 1928, n c pht sng t cc nh my General Electric
Schenectady, NY, di tn gi l W2XB[124]. N c ph bin v c gi l "WGY Television". Sau vo
nm 1928, General Electric bt u mt c s th hai, c s ny nm thnh ph New York, n c tn gi
W2XBS v ngy nay c bit n vi ci tn l WNBC. Hai i th nghim trong khun mu v khng c
chng trnh thng thng, cng nh nhn c s iu hnh bi cc k s trong cng ty. Nhng hnh nh
ca mt con bp b Felix Cat xoay trn mt bn xoay c pht sng trong 2 gi mi ngy trong nhiu
nm cng nh cng ngh mi ang c cc k s th nghim.
Ngy 02 thng 11/1936, i BBC bt u dch v truyn hnh thng xuyn cng khai u tin trn th gii
c nt cao t Victoria Alexandra Palace pha bc London [125]. Do , i ny tuyn b y l ni u tin
pht sng truyn hnh nh chng ta bit ngy nay.
Vi s ph bin ca truyn hnh cp trn khp Hoa K trong thp nin 1970 v thp nin 80, chng trnh
pht sng truyn hnh mt t b suy gim, vo nm 2013 ngi ta c tnh rng ch c khong 7% h gia
nh M s dng ng-ten [126][127]. Mt s gia tng nh trong s dng truyn hnh cp bt u vo khong nm
2010 dnh cho chng trnh pht sng truyn hnh k thut s mt t, trong cung cp cht lng hnh nh
nguyn s trn din tch rt ln, v cung cp dch v thay th CATV cho truyn hnh hu tuyn.
Tt c cc nc khc trn th gii cng ang trong qu trnh chuyn i ca mt trong hai dch v truyn hnh
mt t analog hoc chuyn i sang truyn hnh k thut s mt t.

Truyn hnh cp
Bi chi tit: Truyn hnh cp

Coaxial cable used to carry cable television into subscribers' residences.

16

Truyn hnh cp l mt h thng cc chng trnh truyn hnh pht sng phi tr tin thu bao qua cc tn
hiu tn s radio RF v tuyn truyn qua cp ng trc hoc xung nh sng qua si cp quang. iu ny
tri ngc vi truyn hnh mt t analog, trong cc tn hiu truyn hnh c truyn qua khng gian
bng sng v tuyn v c nhn bi mt ng-ten gn lin vi truyn hnh. chng trnh FM radio,
Internet tc cao, dch v in thoi, v cc dch v phi truyn hnh tng t cng c th c cung cp
thng qua cc loi cp.
T vit tt CATV thng c s dng cho truyn hnh cp. Lc ban u n c ly tn cho truy cp
truyn hnh cng ng hoc Community Antenna Television, t ngun gc truyn hnh cp ca nm 1948:
khu vc nhn c gii hn bi khong cch t my pht hoc ni ln "ng-ten cng cng" c xy
dng, v cp chy t chng ti cc nh ring. Ngun gc ca truyn hnh cp thm ch cn lu i
hn cc chng trnh pht thanh c phn phi bng cp mt s thnh ph chu u nhng nm
1924.
Truyn hnh cp trc l analog nhng k t nhng nm 2000, tt c cc nh khai thc cp chuyn
sang hoc ang trong qu trnh chuyn i sang truyn hnh cp k thut s.

Truyn hnh v tinh

Tp tin:Dishing out the truth.JPG
DBS satellite dishes installed on an apartment complex.

Truyn hnh v tinh l mt h thng cung cp chng trnh truyn hnh s dng tn hiu pht sng t v
tinh chuyn tip truyn thng. Cc tn hiu c nhn thng qua mt ng-ten parabol ngoi tri thng
c gi l cho thu truyn hnh v tinh v mt khi downconverter nhiu thp (LNB). Mt my thu v
tinh sau gii m chng trnh truyn hnh mong mun xem trn TV. Ngi nhn c th lp mt hp
set-top bn ngoi, hoc tch hp sn trong b chnh TV. Truyn hnh v tinh cung cp mt lot cc knh v
dch v, c bit l cc khu vc a l m khng nhn c tn hiu truyn hnh mt t hoc truyn hnh
cp.
Cc phng php ph bin nht ca vic nhn l truyn hnh trc tip pht sng v tinh (DBSTV), cn
c gi l "trc tip n nh" (DTH) [128]. Trong cc h thng DBSTV, tn hiu c truyn t mt v tinh
pht sng k thut s hon ton trc tip trn sng Ku [129]. H thng truyn hnh v tinh c bit n nh
h thng truyn hnh ch nhn. Cc h thng nhn tn hiu analog truyn trong quang ph C-band t loi
v tinh FSS, v yu cu s dng cc cho thu ln. Do cc h thng ny c bit danh l h thng "cho
thu", v cng t hn v t ph bin.[130]
Cc tn hiu truyn hnh v tinh pht sng trc tip l tn hiu analog trc v sau l tn hiu k
thut s, c hai u i hi mt thit b tip nhn tng thch. Cc tn hiu k thut s c th bao gm
truyn hnh nt cao (HDTV). Mt s truyn thng v cc knh truyn hnh c t do pht hay t do
xem, trong khi nhiu knh truyn hnh khc i hi mi thu bao phi tr tin[131].
Nm 1945 mt nh vn nh khoa hc vin tng ngi Anh Arthur C. Clarke xut mt h thng
thng tin lin lc trn ton th gii n s hot ng bng thit b ca ba v tinh u cch nhau trong qu

17

o ca tri t[132][133] c cng b trn tp ch Wireless World s ra thng 10 nm 1945 ca v ng

ginh c Huy chng Franklin Stuart Ballantine ca Vin trong nm 1963. [134][135]
Cc tn hiu truyn hnh v tinh u tin t chu u n Bc M c chuyn tip qua v tinh Telstar
trn vng bin i Ty Dng vo ngy 23 thng 7 nm 1962 [136]. Cc tn hiu c nhn v pht sng
Bc M v cc nc chu u v c theo di bi hn 100 triu ngi. [136] Ra mt vo nm 1962, v tinh
Relay 1 l v tinh u tin truyn tn hiu truyn hnh t M n Nht Bn [137]. Cc thng tin v tinh a
tnh u tin, Syncom 2, c a ra vo ngy 26 thng 7 nm 1963. [138]
V tinh truyn thng thng mi u tin trn th gii, c gi l Intelsat I v bit danh "Early Bird",
c phng ln qu o a tnh vo ngy 6 thng 4 nm 1965 [139]. Cc mng quc gia u tin ca v tinh
truyn hnh gi l Orbita, c to ra bi Lin X vo thng 10 nm 1967, v c da trn cc nguyn
tc s dng cc v tinh Molniya hnh elip cho vic pht sng li v cung cp cc tn hiu cho trm truyn
hnh mt t downlink[140]. Cc v tinh thng mi Bc M u tin thc hin truyn hnh a tnh l ca
Canada Anik 1, m c a ra vo ngy 09 thng 11 nm 1972 [141]. ATS-6, th nghim th gii u
tin cho mc ch gio dc v Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), c a ra vo ngy 30 thng 5 nm
1974[142]. N c truyn vi tn s 860 MHz s dng bng rng iu ch FM v c hai knh m thanh.
Cc mng truyn ti c tp trung vo cc tiu lc a n , nhng th nghim c th nhn c tn
hiu Ty u s dng nh xy dng cc thit b k thut thit k truyn hnh UHF c s dng. [143]
Vic u tin trong mt lot cc v tinh a tnh Lin X thc hin Truyn ti trc tip truyn hnh, Ekran 1,
c a ra vo ngy 26 thng 10 nm 1976 [144]. N s dng mt tn s 714 MHz UHF downlink
truyn i c th c nhn c vi cc cng ngh truyn hnh UHF hin ti hn l cng ngh vi sng. [145]

My thu truyn hnh (ti vi)

Bi chi tit: My truyn hnh
Ti vi, my thu truyn hnh, vit tt l TV, l mt thit b kt hp mt b thu sng, mn hnh hin th, v loa cho
cc mc ch ca vic xem truyn hnh. c gii thiu vo cui nm 1920 dng c hc, b truyn hnh
tr thnh mt sn phm tiu dng ph bin sau Th chin th II dng in t, s dng ng tia cathode. Vic
b sung cc mu sc pht sng truyn hnh sau nm 1953 tng thm s ph bin ca my thu hnh nm
1960, v mt ng ten ngoi tri tr thnh mt tnh nng ph bin ca cc cn nh cc vng ngoi . Cc
b truyn hnh khp ni tr thnh thit b hin th cho cc phng tin truyn thng u tin c ghi
nhn trong nm 1970, nh VHS v DVD sau . y cng l thit b hin th cho th h u tin ca my tnh
gia nh (v d, Timex Sinclair 1000) v video game console (v d, Atari) trong nm 1980. TV k t cui nhng
nm 2010 mn hnh LCD s dng c bit l mn hnh LED-backlit LCD (mn hnh LED ny c s dng
ch yu) v OLED.[3][4][5] [146] [147] TV LED c cho l s b TV OLEDs thay th trong tng lai gn.[6]

Cng ngh mn hnh

Quay a
H thng u tin l h thng c hc m s dng mt a quay to ra hnh nh. Chng thng c mt
phn gii v kch thc mn hnh thp v khng ph bin vi cng ng.

18

Cng ngh CRT

A 14-inch cathode ray tube showing its deflection coils and electron guns

Cc ng cathode (CRT) l mt ng chn khng cha mt hoc nhiu sng electron (mt ngun ca cc
electron hoc cc pht electron) v mt mn hnh hunh quang c s dng xem hnh nh. [25] N c mt
tc dng l y nhanh v lm chch hng cc chm electron (s) vo mn hnh to ra cc hnh nh.
Cc hnh nh c th i din cho dng sng in (dao ng), hnh nh (tivi, mn hnh my tnh), mc tiu radar
hoc nhng ngi khc. Cc CRT s dng mt tm knh s tn, rng, su (tc l di t pha trc mt mn
hnh cho n cui pha sau), kh nng, v tng i d v. Nh mt vn ca an ton, mt mn hnh
thng c lm bng thy tinh ch dy trnh c cc va p v ngn chn hu ht cc kh thi X-ray,
c bit l CRT c s dng trong sn phm tiu dng.
Trong b truyn hnh v mn hnh my tnh, ton b khu vc pha trc ca ng c qut nhiu ln v c h
thng trong mt mu hnh c nh gi l raster. Mt hnh nh c to ra bng cch kim sot cng ca
mi tia trong ba chm electron, cho mi mu c bn (, xanh l cy, v mu xanh) vi mt tn hiu video nh
l mt ti liu tham kho.[148] Trong tt c cc mn hnh CRT hin i v TV, cc chm tia b b cong bi lch
t, mt t trng khc nhau c to ra bi cun dy v iu khin bng mch in t xung quanh c ng,
mc d lch tnh in thng c s dng trong dao ng, l mt loi cng c chn on. [148]
Cng ngh DLP

The Christie Mirage 5000, a 2001 DLP projector.

Digital Light Processing (DLP) l mt loi cng ngh my chiu s dng mt thit b k thut s Micromirror.
Mt s DLPS c mt TV tuner, v thit b ny c mt loi mn hnh TV. Ban u n c pht trin vo nm
1987 bi Tin s Larry Hornbeck ca Texas Instruments. Trong khi cc thit b hnh nh DLP c pht minh
bi Texas Instruments, my chiu DLP u tin da c gii thiu bi Digital Projection Ltd vo nm 1997.
Digital Projection v Texas Instruments c c hai gii thng Emmy trao nm 1998 cho cc cng ngh
my chiu DLP. DLP c s dng trong mt lot cc ng dng hin th t mn hnh tnh truyn thng vi

19

mn hnh tng tc v cng ng dng chng vo cc dch v truyn thng bao gm y t, an ninh, v cc ng
dng cng nghip.
Cng ngh DLP c s dng trong my chiu DLP trc (ch yu thit b chiu c lp cho cc lp hc v
cc doanh nghip), DLP TV chiu pha sau, v cc du hiu k thut s. N cng c s dng trong khong
85% k hoch in nh k thut s, v trong sn xut ph gia nh mt ngun nng lng trong mt s my in
hiu chnh cc loi nha thnh cc i tng 3D rn.[149]
Plasma

A 103" diagonal plasma display panel by Panasonic

Mt bng iu khin mn hnh plasma (PDP) l mt loi mn hnh phng thng thng v rng truyn hnh
c kch thc 30 inch (76 cm) hoc ln hn. Chng c gi l "plasma" s c hin th bi cng ngh s
dng t bo nh c cha cht kh tch in ion ha, hoc nhng cht c bit trong cc bung thng c
gi l n hunh quang.
LCD
Bi chi tit: LCD

A generic LCD TV, with speakers on either side of the screen.

TV mn hnh tinh th lng (TV LCD) l my thu hnh s dng cng ngh mn hnh LCD to ra hnh nh. TV
LCD mng hn v nh hn so vi ng tia cathode mn hnh(CRT) kch thc mn hnh tng t, v c th
sn xut cc kch c ln hn nhiu (v d, 90 inch ng cho). Khi gim c cc chi ph sn xut, th cho ra
i s kt hp ca cc tnh nng c mn hnh LCD cho my thu truyn hnh thc t.
Nm 2007, TV LCD vt qu doanh s ca TV CRT-da trn ton th gii ln u tin, [cn dn ngun] v
con s bn hng ca h so vi cc ngnh cng ngh khc tng mnh. TV LCD nhanh chng c i th
cnh tranh ln trn th trng mn hnh ln, bng iu khin mn hnh plasma v pha sau l my chiu TV.

20

Trong gia nhng nm 2010 mn hnh LCD tr thnh mn hnh ph bin nht, bi n nay, n vn c
sn xut v mua bn rng ri nht.[146][147]
Mn hnh LCD cng c nhng nhc im ring. Cc cng ngh khc gii quyt nhng im yu , bao
gm OLED, FED v SED, nhng n nm 2014 nhng cng ngh ny khng c a vo sn xut trn din
rng.
OLED
Bi chi tit: OLED
OLED TV

OLED (diode pht sng hu c) l mt diode pht sng (LED), trong cc lp quang in pht x l mt tm
phim ca hp cht hu c pht ra nh sng p ng vi mt dng in. y l lp bn dn hu c nm
gia hai in cc. Ni chung, t nht l mt trong nhng in cc trong sut. OLED c s dng to ra
mn hnh k thut s trong cc thit b nh mn hnh TV. N cng c s dng cho mn hnh my tnh, h
thng di ng nh in thoi di ng, tr chi cm tay console v PDA.
C hai i tng ch yu ca OLED: nhng i tng da trn cc phn t nh v nhng i tng s dng
polymer. Thm cc ion di ng OLED to ra mt t bo in ha pht quang hoc LED, trong c mt
ch hot ng hi khc nhau. Mn hnh OLED c th s dng hoc l ma trn th ng (PMOLED) hay ma
trn t ng ng gii quyt cc n. OLED ma trn t ng (AMOLED) i hi mt transistor backplane
mng mng chuyn tng im nh ring hoc tt, nhng cho php phn gii cao hn v kch thc
mn hnh ln hn.
Mt mn hnh hin th OLED khng c n nn. V vy, n c th hin th mu en su v c th mng hn v
nh hn so vi mt mn hnh tinh th lng (LCD). Trong iu kin nh sng mi trng xung quanh thp nh
mt cn phng ti mt mn hnh OLED c th t c mt t l tng phn cao hn so vi mn hnh LCD,
cho d mn hnh LCD s dng n hunh quang cathode lnh hoc n nn LED.
OLED c cho l s thay th cc cng ngh mn hnh khc trong tng lai gn. [6]

phn gii mn hnh

Comparison of 8K UHDTV, 4K UHDTV, HDTV v SDTV resolution

LD

21

Truyn hnh Low definition hoc LDTV cp n h thng truyn hnh c phn gii mn hnh thp hn so
vi cc h thng truyn hnh nt tiu chun 240p nh vy (320 * 240). Chng c s dng trong cc thit
b truyn hnh cm tay.
SD
Truyn hnh nt tiu chun SDTV hoc cp n hai phn gii khc nhau: 576i, vi 576 dng xen k
ca phn gii, c ngun gc t cc PAL v SECAM h thng chu u pht trin; v 480i da trn h thng
truyn hnh quc gia M h thng Committee NTSC.
HD
Truyn hnh nt cao (HDTV) cung cp mt phn gii cao hn ng k so vi truyn hnh nt tiu
chun. HDTV c th c truyn trong cc nh dng khc nhau:

1080p: 1920 1080p: 2.073.600 im nh (~ 2,07 megapixel) mi khung

1080i: 1920 1080i: 1.036.800 im nh (~ 1,04 MP) cho mi trng hoc 2.073.600 pixel (~ 2.07
MP) cho mi khung hnh. phn gii CEA phi tiu chun tn ti mt s nc nh 1440 1080i: 777.600
pixels (~ 0,78 MP) cho mi trng hoc 1.555.200 pixel (~ 1,56 MP) cho mi khung hnh

720p: 1280 720p: 921.600 pixels (~ 0,92 MP) cho mi khung hnh.
UHD
Truyn hnh nt siu cao (cn gi l Super Hi-Vision, Ultra truyn hnh HD, UltraHD, UHDTV, hoc UHD)
bao gm 4K UHD (2160p) v 8K UHD (4320p), l hai nh dng video k thut s c NHK Science &
Technology Research Laboratories xut v c Lin minh Vin thng quc t (ITU) chp thun.

Kinh doanh
Ngi tiu dng Bc M mua mt TV mi trung bnh by nm mt ln, v cc h gia nh c trung bnh 2.8
chic TV. Tnh n nm 2011, 48 triu b truyn hnh mi nm c bn vi gi trung bnh l $ 460 v kch
thc ca 38 inch (97 cm). [152] Trong nm 2014, hu ht cc TV LCD bn ra l ch yu LED-backlit hin th
LCD. Cc nh sn xut TV ln thng bo v vic ngng sn xut CRT, RPTV, plasma v LCD thm ch hunh
quang-backlit trong nm 2014.[150]
Worldwide large-screen television technology brand revenue share in
Q2 2013
Manufacturer

DisplaySearch[151]

Samsung Electronics

26.5%

LG Electronics

16.3%

Sony

8%

22

Panasonic

5.3%

TCL

5.1%

Others

38.8%

Note: Vendor shipments are branded shipments and exclude OEM sales for all vendors

Worldwide LCD Television market share in 2013

Manufacturer

Statista[152]

Samsung Electronics

20.8%

LG Electronics

14%

TCL

6.5%

Sony

6.3%

Hisense

4.8%

Others

38.8%

Ni dung
Chng trnh
Bi chi tit: Chng trnh truyn hnh
Vic chng trnh truyn n cng chng c th xy ra nhiu cch khc nhau. Sau khi sn xut, bc tip
theo l cho ra th trng v cung cp nhng sn phm bt c th trng no m l s dng n. iu ny
thng xy ra hai cp :

Original Run hoc First Run: mt nh sn xut to ra mt chng trnh bng mt hoc nhiu giai on
v hin th n trn mt trm pht sng hoc mng m tr tin cho nhng chng trnh ny hoc c giy
php c cp bi cc nh sn xut truyn hnh lm nh vy.

Hp tc pht sng: y l thut ng c s dng rng ri m t tp qun thnh lp chng trnh

(ngoi chy ban u). N bao gm chy th cp trong nc v cc vn v ln chy u tin m cn c
s dng quc t v c th khng c qun l bi cc nh sn xut c ngun gc. Trong nhiu trng hp,
cc cng ty khc, cc i truyn hnh, hoc c nhn ang tham gia lm cng tc cung cp, ni cch khc,
bn cc sn phm vo th trng m h c php bn kt hp bi hp ng ca ch s hu quyn tc gi,
trong hu ht cc trng hp sn xut.

23

Chng trnh u tin ang tng v cc dch v thu bao bn ngoi nc M, nhng rt t cc chng trnh
sn xut trong nc c cung cp thng tin v ni a free-to-air (FTA) ni khc. Tuy nhin thc t ny
ang tng ln, thng trn cc knh truyn hnh k thut s FTA-only hoc vi thu bao u tin xut hin
trn FTA.
Khng ging nh M, FTA chiu lp li mt chng trnh ca mng FTA thng ch xy ra trn mng. Ngoi
ra, cc chi nhnh t khi mua hoc sn xut cc chng trnh ngoi mng li m khng tp trung vo chng
trnh a phng.

Th loi
Cc th loi truyn hnh bao gm mt lng ln cc loi chng trnh gii tr, thng tin, v gio dc ngi
xem. Cc th loi vui chi gii tr sn xut t tin nht thng l th loi phim truyn hnh di tp v kch tnh.
Tuy nhin, th loi khc, chng hn nh cc th loi lch s phng Ty, cng c th c chi ph sn xut cao.
Ph bin cc th loi gii tr vn ha bao gm cc chng trnh hnh ng theo nh hng nh cc b phim
truyn hnh cnh st, ti phm, trinh thm, kinh d. ng thi, cng c nhng bin th khc ca th loi phim
truyn hnh, chng hn nh nhng phim truyn hnh y hc v nhng b phim di tp opera x phng (soap
operas). Cc chng trnh khoa hc vin tng c th ri vo mt trong hai dng th loi phim truyn hnh
hay th loi hnh ng, ty thuc vo vic h nhn mnh cu hi trit hc hay mo him cao. Phim hi l mt
th loi ph bin bao gm tnh hung hi (sitcom) v chng trnh hot hnh cho ngi ln nh South Park.
Cc hnh thc t tn km nht ca Cc th loi chng trnh gii tr l cc game show, talk show, show truyn
hnh, v truyn hnh thc t. Gameshow yu cu th sinh tr li cc cu hi v on cc cu ginh chin
thng v ot cc gii thng. Talk show c cuc phng vn vi cc din vin ng phim, truyn hnh, ngi
sao m nhc v ngi ni ting. Show truyn hnh c mt lot cc ngh s biu din m nhc v cc ngh s
khc, chng hn nh din vin hi v o thut, c MC hoc ngi qun l gii thiu. C mt s im trng
gia mt s talk show v show truyn hnh bi v nhng show ny thng c mn trnh din ca cc ban
nhc, ca s, din vin hi, v cc din vin khc gia nhng on phng vn. Truyn hnh thc t cho thy
nhng ngi "bnh thng" (khng phi din vin) phi i mt vi nhng thch thc hay kinh nghim khc
nhau, t b bt gi bi cnh st (COPS) hoc gim cn bt thng (The Biggest Loser). Mt phin bn bin
th ca chng trnh thc t miu t nhng ngi ni ting lm cc hot ng thng ngy (The Osbournes,
Cha Hood Snoop Dogg) hoc lm lao ng chn tay (The Simple Life).
Cc chng trnh truyn hnh gi tng cho php mt s hc gi truyn hnh v pht thanh truyn hnh cc
nhm vn ng tranh lun u l "truyn hnh c cht lng" bao gm hng lot cc chng trnh nh Twin
Peaks v The Sopranos. Kristin Thompson cho rng mt s trong nhng phim truyn hnh mang c im ca
nhng vic trin lm cng c tm thy trong cc b phim ngh thut, chng hn nh ch ngha hin thc
tm l, s phc tp trong li thoi, v ct truyn r rng. Chng trnh truyn hnh khng gi tng m mt s
hc gi truyn hnh v pht thanh truyn hnh cc nhm vn ng tranh lun l "cht lng truyn hnh " bao
gm mt lot cc vn nghim tc vh phi thng mi nhm vo mt lot cc i tng thch hp, chng
hn nh cc chng trnh phim ti liu v chng trnh v quan h cng chng.

Ti tr
24

TV tnh trn 1000 ngi trn ton cu

1000+

100200

5001000

50100

300500

050

200300

No data

Trn khp th gii, vic pht sng TV c ti tr bi chnh ph, qung co, cp php (mt hnh thc thu),
ng k thu bao, hoc s kt hp ca tt c cc yu t trn. bo v cc khon thu, cc knh truyn hnh
thu bao thng c m ha m bo rng ch cc thu bao nhn c cc m gii m xem cc tn
hiu. Knh khng c m ha c gi l min ph hoc FTA (free to air).
Trong nm 2009, th trng TV ton cu c 1,217.2 triu TV cho cc h gia nh vi t nht mt h gia nh c
mt TV v tng doanh thu l 268.9 t EUR (gim 1,2% so vi nm 2008). [153] Bc M c nhng th phn
doanh thu truyn hnh ln nht vi 39%, theo sau Chu u (31%), chu -Thi Bnh Dng (21%), chu M
Latin (8%), v chu Phi v Trung ng (2%).[154]
Trn ton cu, cc ngun thu truyn hnh khc nhau chia thnh 45% -50% doanh thu qung co truyn hnh,
40% -45% ph thu bao v 10% ngn sch cng.[155][156]

Qung co
Bi chi tit: Qung co truyn hnh
Tm nh hng rng ln ca truyn hnh lm cho n tr thnh mt phng tin mnh m v hp dn i vi
cc nh qung co. Nhiu i v knh truyn hnh bn cc khong thi gian pht sng cho cc nh qung co
("nh ti tr") ti tr cho chng trnh ca h.[157]
Ti M
K t khi ra i M vo nm 1941,[158] qung co truyn hnh tr thnh mt trong nhng phng tin
qung co hiu qu nht, c sc thuyt phc, v ph bin nht ca nhiu loi sn phm, c bit l hng tiu
dng. Trong nhng nm 1940 v nhng nm 1950, chng trnh truyn hnh ch do cc nh qung co ny
sn xut. iu ny cho php cc nh qung co sng to cc ni dung tt ca chng trnh truyn hnh. C l
do cc v b bi chng trnh trong nm 1950, [159] cc i truyn hnh chuyn sang qung co theo kiu tp
ch, gii thiu nhiu on qung co ngn vi nhiu nh qung co khc nhau.

25

Gi qung co ti M c xc nh ch yu bi thng k ca Nielsen. Thi gian trong ngy v ph bin

ca knh xc nh on phim qung co c gi bao nhiu. V d, n c th c gi khong 750,000 USD cho
mt block 30 giy qung co thng mi trong thi gian rt c bit ca chng trnh American Idol, trong khi
cng mt lng thi gian cho chng trnh Super Bowl c th c gi vi triu USD. Ngc li, cc khung thi
gian t c xem nh bui sng sm v bui chiu cc ngy trong tun, thng c bn vi s lng ln
cho nh sn xut infomercials mc gi thp.
Trong nhng nm gn y, cc chng trnh tr tin hoc qung co thng mi tr nn ph bin, thng
l di 30 pht hoc mt gi. Mt s cng ty dc phm v cc doanh nghip khc thm ch cn to ra ci
gi l video "tin tc" cc mt hng pht sng (t ni b trong ngnh), v tr tin cho gim c chng trnh
h lng ghp pht sng cc on video qung co gin tip ny.[160]
Mt s chng trnh TV cng km qung co vo chng trnh ca h, bt u trong cc b phim [161] v c
bit n nh l nh v sn phm. V d, mt nhn vt c th ung mt loi soda nht nh, i n mt chui
nh hng c bit, hoc li xe mt loi xe nht nh ca hng xe. (iu ny i khi rt tinh t, vi chng trnh
c cung cp bi cc nh sn xut xe vi chi ph thp hn.) i khi, mt thng hiu c th hoc nhn hiu
thng mi, hoc m nhc ca mt ngh s hay nhm nhc nht nh c s dng. (iu ny khng bao
gm cc khch mi xut hin ca cc ngh s ngi thc hin chng trnh.)
Anh
C quan gim st truyn hnh qun l qung co truyn hnh ti Anh. Hn ch ca n c p dng k t
nhng ngy u ca truyn hnh thng mi c ti tr. Mc d vy, c mt ng trm truyn hnh, Roy
Thomson, coi cc giy php pht sng nh l mt "giy php in tin" [162]. Gii hn ch r: cho php ba
knh truyn hnh quc gia thng mi ln nh l ITV, Channel 4 v Five c th pht trung bnh cc qung co
ti a by pht mi gi (tm pht trong gi cao im). Cc i truyn hnh khc ch c pht trung bnh
khng qu chn pht qung co mi gi (mi hai pht trong gi cao im). iu ny c ngha rng nhiu
chng trnh truyn hnh c nhp khu t M c thi gian tm dng bt thng m cc cng ty ca Anh
khng th tn dng cc khong ngt on ny, vn dnh cho qung co thng xuyn hn ti M. Khng c
qung co no c chn vo trong qu trnh ngt qung ca mt s chng trnh b cm qung co hoc
chng trnh c di d kin ngn hn 30 pht. Danh mc ny bao gm bt k chng trnh tin tc, phim
ti liu, v cc chng trnh cho tr em; thm vo , cc qung co c th khng c pht sng trong mt
chng trnh c thit k v tip nhn pht sng trong cc trng hc hoc trong bt k dch v pht thanh
truyn hnh tn gio hoc trong mt bui l chnh thc ca Hong gia, hoc dp l no . C quan ny cng
phn chia ranh gii r rng thi gian gia cc chng trnh v qung co.
Knh BBC hin nay ang c theo di nghim ngt vi yu cu l knh truyn hnh phi thng mi. Knh
ny khng c php pht qung co trn truyn hnh Anh, mc d n c nhiu knh qung co c ti
tr bn ngoi nc Anh. Phn ln ngn sch ca n n t ph bn quyn truyn hnh (xem di y), hp
tc pht sng v vic bn ni dung pht sng cho cc i truyn hnh khc.
Ireland

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y ban pht thanh truyn hnh ca Ireland (BCI) (ting Ireland: Coimisin Craolachin na hireann) [163] gim st
qung co trn truyn hnh v i pht thanh ton Ireland, bao gm c cc i truyn hnh t nhn v nh
nc. C mt s hn ch da trn qung co, c bit l lin quan n vic qung co ru. Qung co ru
b cm cho n sau 7 gi ti mi ngy. i truyn hnh Ireland tun th lut pht thanh truyn hnh c y
ban pht thanh truyn hnh ca Ireland v Lin minh chu u ban hnh. Ti tr ca chng trnh thi s b
cm hon ton.
Tnh n ngy 1 thng 10 2009, trch nhim ca BCI ang dn c chuyn giao cho cc Broadcasting
Authority ca Ireland.
ng k
Mt s knh truyn hnh c ti tr mt phn t thu bao; Do , cc tn hiu c m ha trong pht sng
m bo rng ch c cc thu bao thanh ton c quyn xem cc chng trnh truyn hnh tr tin hoc
knh chuyn ngnh. Hu ht cc dch v thu bao cng c ti tr bi qung co.

Thu hoc giy php

Dch v truyn hnh mt s quc gia c th c ti tr bi mt giy php hoc mt hnh thc nh thu,
ng ngha vi vic qung co ng mt vai tr t hoc khng c vai tr g c. V d, mt s knh c th thc
hin khng c qung co tt c v mt s rt t, bao gm:

Australia (ABC)

Nht Bn (NHK)

Na Uy (NRK)

Thy in (SVT)

Vng quc Anh (BBC)

Hoa K (PBS)

an Mch (DR)
Knh BBC pht ti Vng quc Anh khng c qung co truyn hnh v c ti tr bi mt giy php truyn
hnh hng nm c cc ta nh nhn chng trnh pht sng truyn hnh trc tip tr tin. Hin nay, c
tnh c khong 26,8 triu cc h c th gia nh Anhtrong nc s hu TV, vi khong 25 triu bn quyn
truyn hnh ti cc h gia nh c hiu lc t nm 2010. [164] Chi ph cp giy php truyn hnh ny do chnh ph
quy nh, nhng BBC khng phi chu kim sot ca chnh ph.
Hai knh truyn hnh BBC chnh c theo di bi gn 90% dn s mi tun; tng th t mc 27% tng s
ngi xem,[165] mc d thc t cho thy 85% h gia nh l a knh, vi 42% trong s ny c quyn truy cp
vo 200 knh truyn hnh min ph thng qua qua v tinh v 43% s h gia nh c quyn truy cp vo 30
knh hoc hn thng qua Freeview.[166] Cc giy php cho php by knh truyn hnh BBC pht m khng
qung co hin c gi 139,50 mt nm (khong 215 USD) khng ph thuc vo s tivi s hu. Khi cng mt

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s kin th thao c pht trn BBC v cc knh thng mi khc, i BBC lun lun thu ht ca s ng
khn gi, cho thy rng khn gi thch xem truyn hnh khng b gin on bi qung co.
Ngoi thng tin qung co ni b, Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) khng c qung co; qung co
trn knh ny b cm theo o Lut ABC nm 1983 [167]. ABC nhn c ti tr t chnh ph c ba nm mt
ln. Trong ngn sch lin bang nm 2008/09, ABC nhn c 1,13 t AUD. [168] Cc qu cung cp cho truyn
hnh, i pht thanh, thng tin trc tuyn, v u ra quc t ca ABC. ABC cng nhn c tin t nhiu ca
hng ABC ca n trn khp nc c. Mc d c ti tr bi chnh ph c, nhng s c lp bin tp ca
ABC c m bo thng qua php lut.
Php, cc knh truyn hnh chnh ph ti tr c qung co, nhng nhng ngi s hu b truyn hnh
phi tr tin thu hng nm ("la redevance audiovisuelle").[169]
Ti Nht Bn, NHK c tr bi chi ph bn quyn (c bit n trong ting Nht l l ph tip nhn (
Jushinry)). Cc lut pht sng quy nh kinh ph NHK rng bt k trang b truyn hnh NHK u phi tr tin.
L ph c chun ha, c gim gi cho nhn vin vn phng v sinh vin i lm, v cho cc c dn ca qun
Okinawa.

Tm tt lch s pht trin v xu hng pht trin ca Tivi:

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