Master 2008 PDF

1222 CCS
Using the CCS C Compiler

for Rapid Development of
Microcontroller Applications
2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
1222 CCS
Slide
Class Objective
When you finish this class you will:
Be able to use your C knowledge and
write applications using CCS C
Know the ways the CCS C Compiler
speeds up development time
Develop new application and coding
ideas
2008 Custom Computer Services Inc.,, Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 1222 CCS
Slide
Agenda
O
Compiler Overview
Design Goals, Compiler Products
Compiler Methodology
Differences to Common C
Data Types
Programming Details
Required setup, Interrupts
Built-In Functions
GPIO, Delays, Serial (Asynch, I2C, SPI)
Slide
Agenda
Hands-on Labs
O
O
O
Lab 1: 0 to blinky LED in 60

seconds
Lab 2: The CCS IDE Debugger
Lab 3: Stopwatch using
interrupts
Lab 4: A/D
Slide
Compiler Overview
Design Goals
O
O
O
O
Ease of use compile and go!

Quick development time (with
built-in functions,
drivers/libraries, extensive
examples)
Easy PIC MCU to PIC MCU
migration
Optimization comparable vs.
assembly
Slide
CCS Command Line Compiler

O
Product Line:
PCB Baseline PIC MCUs

PCM Mid-Range PIC MCUs
PCH PIC18 Family PIC MCUs
PCD PIC24/dsPIC30/dsPIC33 Family
PCX PIC32 Family
Integrates into
O Linker
O
MPLAB
IDE
Cant create relocatable objects
Linux and Windows versions
Slide
PCW Windows IDE

O
O
O
O
O
O
O
C Aware Editor
Debugging (using a CCS ICD)
Integrated RTOS
Linker and Re-locatable objects
Document Generator
Statistics
Flow Chart Editor
Slide
CCS Support Policy

O
E-Mail / Phone Support

Duration is Unlimited!
Updates (new devices, drivers)

Requires Maintenance Contract
Maintenance can be extended at any
period
O
O
Large Customer Base

Rapid Releases
Average once per week
Slide
CCS ICD
O
O
O
In-Circuit Programmer/Debugger
Serial & USB
Control Software
Windows and Linux
O
O
CCS PCW IDE for debugging

ICD cable is compatible with
Microchip MPLAB ICD2
Slide
10
CCS Development Kits

O
A combined package that gives a

user:
C Compiler
Prototyping Board
ICD
Tutorial Book and Examples
Relevant Parts and Cables
Slide
11
Compiler
Demonstration
Hands On Lab #1
Blinky LED
Lab 1 Objectives
O
O
O
Hands-on experience with

compiler
Use tools and development
board
Use CCS Project Wizard
Create blinky-LED
Slide
14
Prototyping Hardware
O
PIC16F877A
ICD Connection
Pot on AN0
Button on RA4
LEDs on RA5, RB4 and RB5
RS232 driver and mini-connector
Header to all GPIO
Slide
15
Lab 1: Project Wizard

Project Wizard Overview
O
O
Creates an initial framework

Assists in the initial
configuration of internal
peripherals
Configuration screen for all
internal peripherals
Windows IDE Only
Slide
16
2008 Custom Computer Services Inc.,, Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Class 1222 CCS
Slide
17

Step 1 Start Compiler IDE
O
Start the CCS Compiler IDE

Double click on the icon labeled PIC
C Compiler
Slide
18

Step 2 Start Project Wizard
O
Start the Project Wizard

File -> New -> Project Wizard
Slide
19

Step 3 File Name Dialog
O
O
File name: C:\masters\1222\Lab1\lab1.c

Press Save
Slide
20

Step 4 Configuration
O
You will now be in the Project

Wizard Dialog
In the General Section:
Select 16F877A under Device
Set oscillator to 20000000 Hz
Select High Speed Osc under fuse
Slide
21
Slide
22

Step 5 Enter Code
O
O
Press the OK button in the Project Wizard

Inside main(), find the line marked:
//TODO: USER CODE
Replace this line with the following code:

while(TRUE)
{
delay_ms(500);
output_toggle(PIN_B5);
}
Slide
23

Step 6 Compile Code
O
Compile Code
Compile -> Compile
Slide
24

Step 7 Compile Results
O
Inspect the output window for

compile results
You should get 0 Errors
Slide
25

Step 8 Load HEX
O
Load HEX file with CCS ICD

Click on the Program Chip icon on
the Compile ribbon, select ICD
Slide
26
Lab 1 Hints
O
O
O
LED will blink at 1Hz rate

Follow handout
Verify:
Correct PIC MCU Selected

Correct FUSEs selected
Correct #use delay() specified
Fix any compile errors
Bored? Try Extra Credit
Slide
27
Compiler
Methodology
Differences to Common C
O
Case in-sensitive
#case will make it case sensitive
Variables not initialized to zero

#zero_ram inits all variables to 0
O
O
const places variable into ROM

By default, const strings cannot be
parameter
SomeFunc(Hello) is usually illegal
#device PASS_STRING=IN_RAM
#device ANSI
Slide
29
ANSI Non-Compliance
O
No fopen(), fclose(), etc

fprintf() supported, methodology a
little different
printf() formatting string must be

known at compile time
Recursion not allowed on all PIC
MCUs
Slide
30
Data Types
PCB/PCM/PCH
short
1bit
char
Unsigned 8bit
int
Unsigned 8bit
long
Unsigned 16bit
long long Unsigned 32bit
float
MCHP 32bit
double
NO SUPPORT
PCD
1bit
Unsigned 8bit
Signed 16bit
Signed 32bit
Signed 64bit
IEEE 32bit
IEEE 64bit
Slide
31
Data Types
O
#type can change default size
#TYPE SHORT=8, INT=16, LONG=32
Optimization Tips
Use only one float type

Use int as much as possible
Non-standard data types
int1
int8
int32
int48*
float32 float48*
__address__
int16
int64*
float64* (PCD ONLY)
Slide
32
Fixed Point Decimal

O
Decimals with integers, not floats!

Faster, Smaller
100% precision
O
O
Stores value in 10y power

Declaration:
[type] _fixed(y) [declarator]
int16 _fixed(2) money
Slide
33
Fixed Point Examples

O
int16 _fixed(2) money;

Range: 0.00 to 655.35
O
O
O
O
money = 20.50;
money += 5;
//adds 5.00
money += value;
printf(%w, money);
Slide
34
RAM Allocation
O
RAM is allocated first come, first

served in this order:
1. globals
2. static
3. local
O
O
O
Call tree determines which RAM can

be reused
User can force RAM placement
Structure/Array cannot be larger than
bank
Slide
35
const vs. rom

O
const has two modes:

#device CONST=ROM DEFAULT
#device CONST=READ_ONLY
O
O
O
O
const is always read-only

rom places variable in ROM
rom writable if supported by PIC MCU
Examples
const int lookup[16]={0...15};
const char string[]=Hello;
rom char *cptr = Hello;
Slide
36
Borrowed from C++

Reference Parameters
O
Pass address, not value

More Efficient for large structures
Values can be changed in function
Declare reference parameters with &

void Inc(int &i) {
i++;
}
O
Many times compiler will inline
Slide
37
Borrowed from C++

Default Parameters
O
Default value passed to function

if no value specified
int1 Get(char *c, int time=200);
Get(&c);
time will be 200
Get(&c, 500);
time will be 500
Slide
38
Borrowed from C++

Function Overloading
O
O
O
Multiple functions, same name

Different parameters
Example:
Three different functions called Inc
int Inc(int *i);
long Inc(long *l);
float Inc(float *f);
Slide
39
In-Line Assembly
O
#asm
#endasm
O
O
Ends an assembly block
_return_
Starts an assembly block
Assign return value

May be corrupted by any C code
after #endasm
Supports all opcodes

C variables can be accessed
Automatic banking
#asm ASIS - disables autobanking
int find_parity (int data)

{
int count;
#asm
movlw
0x8
movwf
count
movlw
0
loop:
xorwf
data,w
rrf
data,f
decfsz count,f
goto
loop
movlw
1
addwf
count,f
movwf
_return_
#endasm
}
Slide
40
Output Files
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
HEX Compiled Application

COF Debug Application
ERR Compile output messages
LST C to Assembly comparison
SYM Memory Map
STA Statistics
TRE Call Tree
Slide
41
Programming
Details
Required Setup
Pre-processor
O
Design Goal: All in front of you

Everything is in the source code
No linker scripts
Pre-processor commands
change compiler-behaviour:
Methodology
ROM/RAM placement
Library configuration
Slide
43
#device
O
Loads personality for the target PIC

MCU
#device PIC18F4520
Can be used to alter low-level

specifics
#device ICD=TRUE
O
O
PIC MCU header files have #device

If creating multiple compilation units
(linking), must be defined in each
file.
Put it in a common include file
Slide
44
#fuses
O
Define the configuration bits

#fuses HS, NOWDT, NOLVP
To get list of valid fuses:

In IDE, use View Valid Fuses window
Header file for the device has list
To get a description of each fuse:

In IDE, use View Valid Fuses window
fuses.txt
Slide
45
#use delay
O
Configure the built-in libraries for the

clock speed for your target
#use delay(clock=value)
O
O
value is system clock speed, after PLL

Only needed if using the following:
Serial
Delay
For multiple clock speed applications,

you can define this more than once
Slide
46
Programming
Details
Memory Placement
#byte / #word
O
Force location of RAM

int val;
#byte val=0xA0
Overlaying variable onto SFR:

#byte STATUS=0x03
#word TMR1=0x0E
Repeat, but using getenv():

#byte STATUS=getenv(SFR:STATUS)
Slide
48
#bit
O
#bit ident=X.b
Declares boolean at address X, bit b
Examples:
O
O
#bit CARRY=STATUS.0
#bit CARRY=getenv(BIT:C)
Dont forget:
Compiler will pack int1 variables
You can use struct to pack bits
Slide
49
#org
O
Fix placement in ROM
#org start, end
Place following function/constant in

specified program memory
#org 0x400,0x4FF
SomeFunction() { /*code*/ }
#org 0x500, 0x5FF
const someStruct[] = { }
Slide
50
Hands On Lab #2
Debugging a Calculator
Application
Lab 2 Objectives
O
Learn basic debugging use
Breakpoints
Watches
ROM and RAM view
Peripheral Status
Learn advanced debugging use

Logging
1Wire RS232 on RB3
Slide
52
Lab 2: CCS IDE Debugger

Step 1 Close All Open Files
Slide
53

Step 2 Load Example Code
O
Load Example Code

File->Open
C:\masters\1222\Lab2\lab2.c
Slide
54

Step 3 Start Debugger
O
Start Debugger
Debug -> Enable Debugger
Slide
55

Debugger GUI Overview
Slide
56

Step 4 Load Target Code
Compile Project
Compile -> Compile
Project will be loaded
Press GO
Slide
57

Step 5 1-Wire RS232
O
#use rs232(debugger)
1-Wire RS232 using RB3
1-Wire Monitor in Debugger:
Slide
58

Step 6 1-Wire RS232
O
Using the Monitor, experiment

with the application
Application is a simple calculator
Slide
59

Step 7 Breakpoints
O
O
Press STOP
Add a Breakpoint to line 63
printf(\r\nThe result is %lu, result)
Put cursor on Line 63, Press + on
Break Tab
Slide
60

Step 8 Watching
O
Open Watch Tab, Press +
Slide
61

Step 9 Watch Dialog
O
O
Enter result into Expression Field

Press Add Watch
Slide
62

Step 10 Break Logging
O
Logs an expression at breakpoint

Breakpoint doesnt stop execution
Enter result into Break Log
Press GO
Slide
63
BREAK TIME!
Programming Details
addressmod
Pop Quiz
You need to store 128 values

but your PIC MCU only
has 80 bytes of RAM.
What do you do?
Slide
66
addressmod
O
Application defined storage

What is normal storage?
O
O
typemod, on steroids!
Can be used on any data type
Pointers, structs, unions and arrays
const and rom not allowed
ISO/IEC TR 18037 (Embedded C)
Slide
67
addressmod Syntax
O
addressmod(identifier,[read,write,]start,end)
identifier is the new qualifier

read(int32 addr, int8 *ptr, int8 len)
write(int32 addr, int8 *ptr, int8 len)
O
O
The IO method to access this memory

Optional
start/end are the memory range
Slide
68
addressmod Declaration
addressmod(nv, read_nv, write_nv,
0, NV_SIZE);
void read_nv(int32 addr,
int8 *ram, int8 n)
{ /* read n from addr */ }
void write_nv(int32 addr,
int8 *ram, int8 n)
{ /* write n from ram */ }
Slide
69
addressmod Usage
nv NVBuffer[8192];
nv NVID;
nv *NVPtr;
#locate NVID=0
NVBuffer[i]=55;
*NVPtr++ = 0;
Slide
70
addressmod Ideas
O
O
External RAM / Flash

Character/Grahic LCD access
thru a multi-dimensional array
Debug/trap critical variables
Slide
71
Programming Details
Interrupts
Pop Quiz
What does your ISR

need to do?
Slide
73
Interrupt Service Routine

O
CCS C provides an ISR

Saves status and scratch registers
Checks enable/flags, goes to user
ISR function for that flag
Clears interrupt flag (if needed)
Restores status/scratch registers
Slide
74

API
O
enable_interrupts(INT_*)
enable_interrupts(GLOBAL)
enable_interrupts(INT_TIMER0)
O
O
O
disable_interrupts(INT_*)
clear_interrupt(INT_*)
interrupt_active(INT_*)
Slide
75

API
O
#int_*
The following function will be processed

for that interrupt
#int_timer0
void isr_timer0(void)
{
//HANDLE TIMER0 OVERFLOW
}
Slide
76

Special Identifiers
O
#int_global
Function overrides CCS ISR
User must save and restore all
registers altered by their ISR (W,
STATUS, scratch used by compiler,
etc.)
#int_default
Traps unknown interrupt
Slide
77

Options
O
These keywords may follow #int_*:
high (PIC18) Interrupt is high priority

fast (PIC18) Same as high, but no save
fast (PCD) Uses shadow registers
level=(0..7) (PCD) sets interrupt level
noclear ISR will not clear interrupt flags
#device HIGH_INTS=TRUE
Must set to use high/fast ISR on PIC18
Slide
78
Lab #3
Interrupts
Lab 3: Objectives
O
O
O
O
Learn how to use the CCS ISR

Learn how the CCS built-in functions
control the Timer0 and GPIO
Implement a stop watch that measures
button press time.
Open C:\masters\1222\Lab3\lab3.c
Complete the lines marked TODO
Slide
80
Lab 3 Hints
O
O
Handout has help and finished example

TIPS:
Press F1 to get compiler help manual
#int_timer0
O
Following function is called on a Timer 0 overflow
setup_timer_0(RTCC_DIV_256)
O
Configures Timer 0 to use a divide by 256 prescalar
enable_interrupts(int_xxx)
O
O
INT_TIMER0 Enable Timer 0 Interrupt

GLOBAL Enables Global Interrupt
input(PIN_XX)
O
O
Returns TRUE if PIN_XX is high, else returns FALSE

Button is RA4, or PIN_A4 in CCS
Bored? Try the Extra Credit
Slide
81
Programming
Details
Built-In Functions
Built-In Functions
O
Compiler provides functions to:

Control Peripherals (A/D, Serial, etc)
Perform logic optimized to PIC
O
O
Internal to compiler, not linked

Simplify PIC MCU to PIC MCU
migration
Follow any errata workarounds
Slide
83
Easy PIC MCU Migration

#if defined(__PIC18__)
#include <18F4520.h>
#elif defined(__PIC14__)
#include <16F877A.h>
#endif
#fuses HS, NOWDT, NOLVP
#use delay(clock=20000000)
Void main(void) {
while(TRUE) {
output_toggle(PIN_C0);
delay_ms(500);
}
}
Slide
84
getenv()
O
O
Assists in making portable code

Returns chip information
Program Memory Size
Bulk Erase Size
Configuration Bits Set
Options can be conditionally compiled:

#if getenv(ADC_CHANNELS) > 0
setup_adc_ports(NO_ANALOGS);
#endif
Slide
85
Device Database and Editor
Slide
86
Dont forget Drivers and

Examples!
O
Drivers provided for complex features or

external peripherals
EEPROMs, LCDs, USB, FAT, etc
O
O
O
Many example programs provided to

showcase built-in functions/drivers
Always kept up to date with latest
peripherals
Before you start a project, examine the
libraries and example programs CCS
provides you to reduce your development
time
Slide
87
Built-In Functions
General Purpose Input / Output
O
O
output_high(PIN_XX)
output_low(PIN_XX)
Sets the pin to desired level
PIN_XX (ex PIN_C0, PIN_B5, etc) are
defined in the device header file
output_toggle(PIN_XX)
Toggle high/low state of the pin
bool=input(PIN_XX)
Read value of pin
Slide
88
Built-In Functions
O
output_X(value)
Sets the port X (A to J) to the desired
value
byte=input_X()
Read value of port X
O
O
set_tris_X(value)
val = get_tris_X()
Get/Set the tristate setting
Slide
89
Built-In Functions
O
#use standard_io(X)
Output functions set TRIS to output
Input functions set TRIS to input
This is the default operation
#use fast_io(X)
Compiler does not alter TRIS
#use fixed_io(port_outputs=pins)
#use fixed_io(d_outputs=PIN_D7)
Slide
90
Built-In Functions
Bit Manipulation
O
bool=bit_test(var, bit)
Returns the value of the specified bit
O
O
bit_clear(var, bit)
bit_set(var, bit)
Set/clear the specified bit
The above bit_XXX() functions

use the PIC MCUs bit operation
opcodes for maximum efficiency
Slide
91
Built-In Functions
Delays
O
O
O
delay_cycles(x)
delay_us(x)
delay_ms(x)
Uses a series of loops and NOPs
Timing based on #use delay()
Multiple #use delay() allowed
Slide
92
//1 second delay @ 125kHz
void Delay1s125khz(void) {
delay_ms(1000);
}
//1 second delay @ 8MHz
Void Delay1s8Mhz(void) {
delay_ms(1000);
}
Slide
93
Built-In Functions
Serial Libraries
Pop Quiz
You need to add another

serial port to your project,
but you have used all of the
PIC MCUs peripherals.

What do you do?
Slide
95
UART
O
Powerful UART library built into

compiler
#use rs232(baud=xxxx, xmit=PIN_XX,
rcv=PIN_XX, stream=yyyyy)
TX/RX pins can be any pins
Many more options exist
O
Enable bit, parity, collision detection,

open-collector mode, etc.
Timing is based on #use delay()

Slide
96
UART (Continued)
O
Standard C I/O, last #use rs232()

printf(string, )
char=getc()
putc(char)
Standard C I/O, streams:

fprintf(stream, string, )
char=fgetc(stream)
putc(char, stream)
O
O
bool=kbhit(stream)
setup_uart(newBaud, stream)
Dynamically change the UART
Slide
97
Dual UART Example

#use rs232(baud=9600, xmit=PIN_C6, rcv=PIN_C7,
stream=HW_UART)
#use rs232(baud=9600, xmit=PIN_D0, rcv=PIN_B0,
stream=SW_UART, disable_ints)
fprintf(HW_UART, HELLO HARDWARE UART\r\n);
fprintf(SW_UART, HELLO SOFTWARE UART\r\n);
if (kbhit(HW_UART)) {
c=fgetc(HW_UART);
fputc(c,SW_UART);
}
if (kbhit(SW_UART)) {
c=fgetc(SW_UART);
fputc(c,HW_UART);
}
Slide
98
printf() Redirection
O
printf() can be redirected to a

user-defined function
Example:
void LCDPut(char c);
printf(LCDPut, %U, val);
Slide
99
2
I C
O
O
Library
Multiple I2C channels on any I/O pins

#use i2c(master, sda=pin_XX,
scl=pin_XX, address=YY,
stream=id)
The SDA and SCL pins can be any pins
Slave Mode is HW MSSP only
Address Is only needed in slave mode
Slide
100
2
I C
O
Library (Continued)
i2c_start()
Can also be used to send a re-start signal
char=i2c_read(ack)
Ack is an optional parameter
O
O
ack = i2c_write(char)
bool=i2c_available()
Can only be used with a hardware MSSP
i2c_stop()
Slide
101
SPI
O
O
Configurable SPI library

#use spi(parameters)
HW or SW pins
Multiple streams
Clock rate and clock mode
configurable
in = spi_xfer(STREAM_SPI, out)
Slide
102
Built-in Functions
A/D Converter
A/D Converter
O
setup_adc(mode)
Configure and the ADC; mode varies
for each type
setup_adc_ports(config)
Configure the pins for analog or
digital mode
#device ADC=X
Assign the ADC result size
Slide
104
A/D Converter (Continued)

O
set_adc_channel(channel)
Set the channel for subsequent reads
val = read_adc(mode)
ADC_START_ONLY Start a conversion
ADC_READ_ONLY Read last
conversion
ADC_START_AND_READ Full cycle
adc_done()
Returns TRUE if conversion is done
Slide
105
A/D Converter Example

//INIT
#device ADC=10
setup_adc(ADC_CLOCK_INTERNAL );
setup_adc_ports(AN0);
//APPLICATION
int16 result;
set_adc_channel(0);
read_adc(ADC_START_ONLY);
/* do something while A/D is busy */
while (!adc_done());
result=read_adc(ADC_READ_ONLY);
Slide
106
Getting Help
So many peripherals,
how do I get help?
1.
2.
In PCW, Press F1 for context

sensitive help
Look for section labeled
Functional Overviews
Slide
107
Lab #4
Analog to Digital
Conversion
Lab 4
O
O
O
O
Read A/D conversion

Convert A/D result to 0 to 5 using
float
Light LEDs based upon voltage
Slide
109
Lab 4 Hints
O
O
O
Handout has help, finished example

ADC Troubles?
Did you enable A/D with setup_adc()?
Did you set the channel?
Is A/D correct, but fixed() math wrong?
Verify readings using debugger
Bored? Try Extra Credit
Slide
110
Class Summary
Class Summary
Leaving this class you should:
Be able to use your C knowledge and
write applications using CCS C
Know how to use the CCS software to
load your code onto a PIC MCU and
debug it
Know the ways the CCS C Compiler
speeds up development time with built-in
functions, drivers, example files and
context sensitive help
Slide
112
Q&A
Thank You!
Please fill out evaluation
form.
Appendix
Frequently Asked
Questions
Why do I get out of ROM error,

when there is ROM left?
O
O
O
A function must fit into one bank

On 14-bit this is 2K
Split large functions, and main(),
into several smaller functions
This is good programming practice
any way!
Slide
116
How Can I Reduce Code

Space?
O
O
O
O
O
Use int1 or bit fields for flags

Use fixed point decimal, not float
Divide large functions
Avoid ->, move structure to local
Use access bank mode
#device *=8
read_bank(b,o), write_bank(b,o,v)
Slide
117
Why is My Math Clipped at

8-bits?
O
Examine the following code:

val16=val8 * val16;
The optimizer will use the

smallest data type for math, in
this case int8
Typecasting forces math into
proper mode:
val16=(int16) val8 * val16;
Slide
118
Appendix
Programming Details
Miscellaneous
addressmod Block
O
#type default=qualifier
Following declarations will use this
qualifier
If qualifier blank, goes back to default
#type default=nv
char buffer[8192];
#include <memoryhog.h>
#type default=
Slide
120
Pre-Processor Miscellaneous
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
__pcb__
__pcm__
__pch__
__pcd__
Returns the version of specified compiler
__date__
__time__
Time/Date project was compiled
#id CHECKSUM
#id value
Place this value (or checksum) into ID location
Slide
121
Bit Arrays
O
Array of bits:
int1 flags[30]={FALSE};
flags[i] = TRUE;
if (flags[10]) { /* some code */ }
O
O
Bits are packed

Pointers not supported
Slide
122
String Parameters
O
O
O
String can be function parameter

LCDPuts(Hello);
Example (RAM):
#device PASS_STRINGS=IN_RAM
void LCDPuts(char *str);
Example (Const RAM):

#device PASS_STRINGS=IN_RAM
#device CONST=ROM
void LCDPuts(const char *str);
Example (ROM):
void LCDPuts(rom char *str);
Slide
123
#import
O
O
O
Import various files into project.

#import(File=name, Type)
Type = Relocatable (.o, .cof)
only and except specifies what C
symbols
Type = HEX (.hex)
range parameter specifies range
Type = RAW
location gets or sets location

size parameter gets size
Slide
124
Appendix
Output Files
Output Files
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
HEX Compiled Application

COF Debug Application
ERR Compile output messages
LST C to Assembly comparison
SYM Memory Map
STA Statistics
TRE Call Tree
Slide
126
SYM Memory Map

O
First section is RAM memory map

005-014
main.buffer
na
main.index
O
O
na indicates no RAM
Following sections include:
Other Input files
ROM memory map
PIC MCU / Compiler Settings
Slide
127
STA Statistics
Review ROM/RAM/Stack used.
O Statistics for each function:
Page ROM % RAM Functions:
---- --- --- --- ---------0
26
0
1 @delay_ms1
0
284
1
3 ee_reset
O
Slide
128
STA Statistics
Statistics for each segment:
Segment
Used
Free
---------------00000-00006
4
4
00008-000B2
172
0
000B4-03FFE
15826
378
O
Slide
129
TRE Statistics
O
Review call tree

Function Name - Segment/ROM RAM
project
main 0/84 Ram=0
init 0/194 Ram=1
RELAY_INIT 0/16 Ram=0
RELAY1_OFF (Inline) Ram=0
@delay_ms1 0/26 Ram=1
Segment will be ? if it wont fit
Slide
130
Out of ROM
O
Full output:
Out of ROM, A segment or the program is too
large: XXXXXX
Seg w-x, y left, need z
Seg 0-3ff, 12C left, need 12F
Tips:
Be aware of processor segment size

Seg 0-3FF, 3FF left, need 412
Optimize code
Split large functions
Reduce stack usage (allows more CALLs)
Slide
131
How Can I Reduce Code

Space?
O
O
O
O
O
Use int1 or bit fields for flags

Use fixed point decimal, not float
Divide large functions
Avoid ->, move structure to local
Use access bank mode
#device *=8
read_bank(b,o), write_bank(b,o,v)
Slide
132
Out of RAM
O
O
O
Full error message:

Not enough RAM for all
variables
Review SYM file
Tips:
Be aware of PIC MCU bank size
Use bit flags
Use local variables (not global)
Slide
133
Appendix
Other Built-In Functions
Internal Data EEPROM

Access internal data EEPROM
O v = read_eeprom(address)
O write_eeprom(address, v)
O
Slide
135
Read / Write Program Memory

O
O
O
Treat program memory like data

EEPROM
v=read_program_eeprom(a)
write_program_eeprom(a, v)
Size of v depends on architecture
O
O
O
read_program_memory(a, ptr, num)

write_program_memory(a, ptr, num)
erase_program_memory(a)
Slide
136
Built-In Functions
Byte Manipulation
O
int8=make8(variable, offset)
Returns one byte from variable
O
O
int16=make16(i8MSB, i8LSB)
int32=make32(iMSB..iLSB)
Returns the combined value
swap(value)
Swaps nibble, saves to value
Slide
137
Timers
O
setup_timer_X(mode)
Mode contains configuration info, such as
prescalar, postscalar, period, etc.
setup_timer_1(T1_INTERNAL | T1_DIV_BY_4);
O
O
set_timerX(new_count)
current_count=get_timerX()
Set/Get Timer count
Word Safe
Slide
138
Capture / Compare / PWM

O
setup_ccpX(mode)
Mode contains configuration,
examine header for full options
setup_ccp1(CCP_PWM)
set_pwmX_duty(new_duty)
% = new_duty / (4 * period)
Slide
139
Peripheral Control
Parallel Slave Port
O
setup_psp(mode)
Mode is PSP_ENABLED or
PSP_DISABLED
O
O
O
O
full=psp_output_full()
avail=psp_input_full()
isOverflowed=psp_overflow()
psp_data
A variable mapped to the PSP I/O port
Slide
140
Built-In Functions
Miscellaneous
O
ext_int_edge(which, mode)
ext_int_edge(0, H_TO_L)
O
O
port_X_pullups(boolean)
setup_oscillator(mode, finetune)
finetune is optional
setup_oscillator(OSC_2MHZ)
Slide
141
Appendix
Fixed Memory Placement
#rom
O
O
O
Place raw data into program memory

#rom address={data.data}
Application Ideas:
Initialize the internal data EEPROM
Manually set configuration bits
Manually set ID location
Place strings into ROM
Slide
143
#inline and #separate

O
#inline
Makes following function inline
Best if used with reference parameters
#separate
Makes following function separate (called)
Generally you should let the

optimizer determine if a function
should be separate or inline
Slide
144
#locate
O
O
Force location of variable

#locate ident=X
Assigns the C variable ident to location X

X can be a literal, or variable identifier
If not specified, ident is treated as a byte
Compiler allocates X
Can be any structure or type (not const)
Slide
145
#locate examples
O
Overlaying variable onto SFR:

#locate STATUS=5
Repeat, but using get_env():

#locate STATUS=get_env(SFR:STATUS)
Overlaying two variables:

char buffer[512];
struct { /*protocol */} header;
#locate header=buffer+2
Slide
146
#byte and #bit

O
#byte ident=X
Same as #locate, but no allocation
#bit ident=X.b
Declares boolean at address X, bit b
Examples:
O
O
#bit CARRY=STATUS.0
#bit CARRY=get_env(BIT:C)
Slide
147
#rom
O
O
O
Place raw data into program memory

#rom address={data.data}
Application Ideas:
Place strings into ROM
Initialize the internal data EEPROM
Manually set configuration bits
Manually set ID location
Slide
148
#inline and #separate

O
#inline
Makes following function inline
#separate
Makes following function separate (called)
Disables stack overflow check
Generally you should let the

optimizer determine if a function
should be separate or inline
Slide
149
#org
Create segment, force code
into segment.
O #org start, end
O
Place following function/constant in

this segment
O
#org start
Continue previous segment
Slide
150
#org Example
O
Force following code into 0x100-0x1FF
#org 0x100, 0x1FF

void func1(void) {/*code*/}
#org 0x100
const cstring[]=Hello;
#org 0x100
//Valid Protoype
#seperate void func1(void);
Slide
151
#org
O
#org start, end DEFAULT

Forces all following
function/constants into this segment
#org DEFAULT
Terminate previous DEFAULT
#org start, end { }

Reserve ROM
Slide
152
#org Example 2
O
Force following code into 0x1000x1FF
#org 0x100, 0x1FF default

const cstring[]=Hello;
#org default
Slide
153
#org
O
View .STA to view current

segment usage:
Segment
0000-0003:
0004-00FF:
0100-01FF:
0200-07FF:
Used
4
250
190
1337
Free
0
2
66
199
Slide
154
#build
O
O
O
Can change reset and interrupt segment

#build(segment=start:end)
Valid segments:
reset the location of the reset vector
interrupt the location of the interrupt vector
memory external memory for CPU mode
Examples:
#build(reset=0x800, interrupt=0x808)
#build(memory=0x10000:0x1FFFF)
Slide
155
Appendix
Bootloader Example
Bootloader Overview
O
Two programs:
Loader
Application
Each program #orgd

to their own space
Loader in low memory
(0-7FF)
Application high
memory (800-end)
Slide
157
Bootloader/Application
Common Code
#define BOOT_END
(0x7FF)
#define APP_START
(BOOT_END+1)
#define APP_ISR
(APP_START+8)
#define PROGRAM_END
getenv(PROGRAM_MEMORY)
Slide
158
Bootloader Example
Loader Code
//prevent bootloader from using application
#org APP_START , PROGRAM_END { }
#int_global
void isr(void) {
//goto interrupt in application
jump_to_isr(APP_ISR);
}
void main(void) {
if (IsBootloadEvent())
Bootload();
#asm
goto APP_START
#endasm
}
Slide
159
Bootloader Example
Application Code
#import(file=loader.hex, range=0:BOOT_END)
#build(reset=APP_START,interrupt=APP_ISR)
#org 0,BOOT_END { }
#int_timer0
void timer(void) { /* do timer0 isr */ }
Void main(void)
/* code */
}
Slide
160
Appendix
RTOS
RTOS Basics
O
Multitasking thru time-sharing

Tasks appear to run at same time
O
O
Real Time
Task is in one of three states:
Running
Ready
Blocked
Slide
162
The CCS RTOS

O
O
O
Cooperative Multitasking
Tightly integrated with compiler
Supports ALL PIC MCUs with a
Timer
Available to IDE customers
Slide
163
RTOS Setup
O
#use rtos(timer=X,
[minor_cycle=cycle_time])
Timer can be any timer available
Minor_Cycle is rate of fastest task
Example:
#use rtos(timer=1, minor_cycle=50ms)
Slide
164
RTOS Tasks
O
#task(rate=xxxx,
[max=yyyy], [queue=z])
Following function is RTOS task
Will be called at specified rate
Max is slowest execution time, used
for budgeting
Queue defines RX message size
Slide
165
RTOS Start and Stop

O
rtos_run()
Starts the RTOS
Will not return until rtos_terminate()
rtos_terminate()
Stops the RTOS
Slide
166
#use rtos(timer=1)
#task(rate=100ms, max=5ms)
void TaskInput(void)
{ /* get user input */ }
#task(rate=25ms)
void TaskSystem(void)
{ /* do some stuff */ }
Slide
167
RTOS Task Control

O
O
rtos_enable(task)
rtos_disable(task)
Dynamic task control

Enable/Disable the specified task
Task is the function name
All tasks are enabled at start
Slide
168
RTOS Messaging
O
rtos_msg_send(task, char)
Sends char to task
avail=rtos_msg_poll()
TRUE if a char is waiting for this task
byte=rtos_msg_read()
Read next char destined for this task
Slide
169
RTOS Yielding
O
rtos_yield()
Stops processing current task
Returns to this point on next cycle
rtos_await(expression)
rtos_yield() if expression not TRUE
Slide
170
#task(rate=100ms, max=5ms)
void TaskInput(void) {
if (KeyReady())
rtos_msg_send(TaskSystem,
KeyGet());
}
#task(rate=25ms, queue=1)
void TaskSystem(void) {
Slide
171
RTOS Semaphores
O
Semaphore
Determine shared resource availability

A user defined global variable
Set to non-zero if used
Set to zero if free
rtos_wait(semaphore)
rtos_yield() until semaphore free

Once free, sets semaphore as used
rtos_signal(semaphore)
Release semaphore
Slide
172
RTOS Timing Statistics

O
overrun=rtos_overrun(task)
TRUE if task took longer than max
rtos_stats(task, rtos_stats)
Get timing statistics for specified task
typedef struct
int32 total;
int16 min;
int16 max;
int16 hns;
} rtos_stats;
{
//
//
//
//
total ticks used by task

minimum tick time used
maximum tick time used
us = (ticks*hns)/10
Slide
173
RTOS Application Ideas

O
O
User I/O
Communication Protocols
Slide
174
Trademarks
The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, Accuron, dsPIC, KeeLoq,
KeeLoq logo, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICSTART, PRO MATE, rfPIC and
SmartShunt are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in
the U.S.A. and other countries.
FilterLab, Linear Active Thermistor, MXDEV, MXLAB, SEEVAL, SmartSensor
and The Embedded Control Solutions Company are registered trademarks of
Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A.
Analog-for-the-Digital Age, Application Maestro, CodeGuard, dsPICDEM,
dsPICDEM.net, dsPICworks, dsSPEAK, ECAN, ECONOMONITOR, FanSense,
In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, ICEPIC, Mindi, MiWi, MPASM, MPLAB
Certified logo, MPLIB, MPLINK, mTouch, PICkit, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICtail,
PIC32 logo, PowerCal, PowerInfo, PowerMate, PowerTool, REAL ICE, rfLAB,
Select Mode, Total Endurance, UNI/O, WiperLock and ZENA are trademarks of
Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries.
SQTP is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A.
All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their respective
companies.
2008, Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
Slide
175

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1222 CCS

Using the CCS C Compiler

Lab 1: 0 to blinky LED in 60

Ease of use compile and go!

CCS Command Line Compiler

PCB Baseline PIC MCUs

Cant create relocatable objects

Linux and Windows versions

PCW Windows IDE

CCS Support Policy

E-Mail / Phone Support

Updates (new devices, drivers)

Large Customer Base

CCS PCW IDE for debugging

CCS Development Kits

A combined package that gives a

Hands-on experience with

Lab 1: Project Wizard

Creates an initial framework

Lab 1: Project Wizard

Start the CCS Compiler IDE

Lab 1: Project Wizard

Start the Project Wizard

Lab 1: Project Wizard

File name: C:\masters\1222\Lab1\lab1.c

Lab 1: Project Wizard

You will now be in the Project

Lab 1: Project Wizard

Press the OK button in the Project Wizard

Replace this line with the following code:

Lab 1: Project Wizard

Lab 1: Project Wizard

Inspect the output window for

Lab 1: Project Wizard

Load HEX file with CCS ICD

LED will blink at 1Hz rate

Correct PIC MCU Selected

Bored? Try Extra Credit

#case will make it case sensitive

Variables not initialized to zero

const places variable into ROM

No fopen(), fclose(), etc

printf() formatting string must be

#type can change default size

#TYPE SHORT=8, INT=16, LONG=32

Use only one float type

Non-standard data types

Fixed Point Decimal

Decimals with integers, not floats!

Stores value in 10y power

Fixed Point Examples

int16 _fixed(2) money;

RAM is allocated first come, first

Call tree determines which RAM can

const vs. rom

const has two modes:

const is always read-only

Borrowed from C++

Pass address, not value

Declare reference parameters with &

Many times compiler will inline

Borrowed from C++

Default value passed to function