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Bearing Design PDF
Bearing Design PDF
SECTION 22
22.39
FIGURE 1 Shaft and 6-spoked bearing system having three rotor masses. (Product Engineering.)
22.1
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DESIGN ENGINEERING
SI values
P
IS
IR
A
ES
L
R
CR
(44,480 N)
(1040.6 cm4)
(12.5 cm4)
(45.2 cm2)
(68,900 MPa)
(25.4 cm)
(30.5 cm)
(8.9 cm)
(1.02 cm)
Symbols
A spoke cross-section area, in
CS distance, neutral axis to extreme ber (of spoke), in
CR distance, neutral axis to extreme ber (of ring), in
ER , ES elasticity moduli (ring and spoke), psi
RR1 axial loading in inclined spokes, lb; ( for upper two, for lower
two)
FR2 axial loading in vertical spokes, lb; ( for top, for bottom)
FT tangential load at OD of inclined spokes, lb; (clockwise on left side,
counterclockwise on right side)
IR outer-ring moment of inertia about neutral axis pependicular to plane
of support, in4
IS spoke moment of inertia about neutral axis perpendicular to plane of
support, in4
k spring rate with respect to outer shell, lb/in
L spoke length, in
M max bending moment (6-spoked support) in outer ring at OD of
vertical spokes, in-lb; ( at inner-ber upper point and outer-ber
lower point)
max bending moment at OD of all spokes in 4-spoked support
P bearing radial-load, lb
R ring radius, in
T axial loading in outer ring at OD of vertical spokes in 6-spoked
support; all spokes in 4-spoked support ( at upper points, at
lower points)
denotes tension
denotes compression
2
SI values
(cm2)
(cm)
(cm)
(kPa)
(N)
(N)
(N)
(cm4)
(cm4)
(N/cm)
(cm)
(Nm)
(N)
(cm)
lb (N)
nd (a) the maximum bending moment in the outer ring of the support, (b) the
axial loading in the outer ring, (c) the total stress in the outer ring at the top vertical
spoke, Fig. 2, (d) the total axial loading in one of the inclined spokes, (e) the
bending moment in the spoke at the hub, and (f) the spring rate of the spoked
bearing support. Use the free-body diagram, Fig. 3, to analyze this bearing support.
Calculation Procedure:
1. Find the maximum bending moment in the outer ring of the 6-spoke bearing
support
Use the relation
22.3
IS
IR
R
L
ES
abscissae parameter, Fig. 4
ER
where the symbols are as shown above. Substituting, we nd the parameter 144,
from:
25
0.3
12
10
1
1
1.45 PR 1.45(10,000)(12)
2. Determine the axial loading in the outer ring at the outside diameter (OD)
Find T, the axial loading from Fig. 4 for the 144 parameter as
10T
1.55
P
Substituting,
DESIGN ENGINEERING
1.55P (1.55)(10,000)
1550 lb (6894 N)
10
10
3. Compute the total stress in the outer ring at the top vertical spoke
Use the relation
M(CR / IR)
T
(0.4) 1550
1740
820 lb (3647 N)
P
10
10
Also,
10FT
(1.47)(P) (1.47)(10,000)
1.47 FT
1470 lb (6539 N)
P
10
10
22.5
CS
FR1
(3.5) 820
(14,700)
IS
A
25
7
2060 120 2180 lb / in2 (15,020 kPa)
Related Calculations. Figure 5 gives values for 4-spoke bearing supports. Use
it in the same way that Fig. 4 was used in this procedure.
With more jet aircraft being built, an increase in the use of aero-derivative gas
turbines in central-station and industrial power plants, wider use of air conditioning
throughout the world, and construction of larger and larger electric motors, the
DESIGN ENGINEERING
spoked bearing support is gaining greater attention. The procedure presented here
can be used for any of these applications, plus many related ones.
In calculations for spoked bearings the rings are assumed supported by sinusoidally varying tangential skin-shear reactions. Spokes are also assumed pinned to
the ring but rigidly attached to the hub.
This procedure is the work of Lawrence Berko, Supervising Design Engineer,
Walter Kide & Co., as reported in Product Engineering magazine. SI values were
added by the handbook editor.
N
N
hp
hp
Rated work
hp
ft
Poundal
USCS
or
s
8.8
gal
head sp gr
min
3960
ft3
lb
1
or
min ft2 33,000
gal
lb
1
USCS
USCS
USCS
USCS
SI
SI
USCS
SI
1
g
981
1
lb
32.174
g
P
dyn s2
cm
SI
kg s2
m
System
USCS
Formula or value
lb s
ft
2
dyn
Pressure head
Force
ft
s2
m
s2
dyn s2
cm
Gram mass
Gravitational constant
Metric slug
Kilogram mass
Symbol
Slugs
Unit
Mass
Name
22.7
gs
cm2
cP
Mass
Length Time
Mass
Unit volume
Mass
Unit volume
lb ft
Unit
Density
Torque
Name
TABLE 1 (Continued )
Symbol
981 P
1 dyn s
cm2
1
P
100
slugs lb s
2
ft s
ft
slugs
178.69 P
1 unit of
ft s
lb min
4,136,000 P
in2
poundal s
14.88 P
ft2
lb
s2 slugs
ft3 ft
ft3
g
s2
cm3 cm
hp 33,000 5250
rpm 2
rpm
Formula or value
SI
USCS
SI
USCS
System
BEARING DESIGN AND SELECTION
22.8
Length time
Mass
Dimensionless
Reynolds number
cP
Viscosity of water at a
temperature of 20C
Fluidity
Dimensionless
cSt
Area
Time
cm2
St,
s
Specic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
NR
NR
v
vd vd
velocity of fluid
density
pipe diameter
absolute viscosity
kinematic viscosity
Absolute value
SI and USCS
SI
Z 1 cP
Absolute value
SI
SI
USCS and SI
absolute viscosity
density
1P
Density
1
St
100
For conversion of SUS units into centistokes
When SUS 100 cSt 0.226 SUS. 195 /
SUS.
When SUS. 100 cSt 0.220 SUS. 135 /
SUS.
22.9
Dimensionless
Dimensionless
Dimensionless
ft or m
Unit
Dimensionless
Name
TABLE 1 (Continued )
Ne
Symbol
0.214
0.316
NR
64
NR
NR
64
NR
laminar flow
turbulent flow
laminar flow
turbulent flow
64
NR
Grade or roughness of pipe is immaterial
d
l
g
Absolute value
Absolute value
Absolute value
SI and USCS
1
v2
d 2g
velocity, ft / s or m / s
pipe dia., ft or m
pipe length, ft or m
gravity constant, ft / s2 or m / s2
flow coefficient
System
Absolute value
Formula or value
Ne 2320 Reynolds number which
represents the separation point between
laminar and turbulent ow
For NR 2320, turbulent ow
For NR 2320 laminar ow
From NR 1920 to 4000, instability ow
22.10
Dimensionless
Dimensionless
Dimensionless
NR
0.316
laminar flow
turbulent flow
p
n
D
c
D n
c
p
bearing diameter
bearing clearance
bearing diameter
shaft diameter
absolute viscosity
unit pressure
revolutions per time unit
NR 100vd
v velocity, cm / s
d pipe dia., cm
NR
0.054
64
NR
Absolute value
Absolute value
Absolute value
22.11
Bearing constant
Example
Name
TABLE 1 (Continued )
Dimensionless
Dimensionless
Unit
Sz
Symbol
Zn
p
Z absolute viscosity, cP
n rpm
p unit pressure, lb / in2
Sz
S 1,000,000
n
p
1,000,000Zn
4,136,000 100 p
A absolute viscosity,
lb min / in2
n rpm
p lb / in2
Z absolute viscosity, cSt
Zn
For
36,
p
S 0.00242 36 0.087
Note: Burwells charts show maximum
allowable pressure at s 0.267 but
reasonably high pressure and minimum
coefcient of friction at range
S 0.080 to S 0.50
(See ASME Transactions 1942, p. 457.)
Formula or value
Absolute value
Absolute value
System
22.12
22.13
Moment arm
A 2 in (5.08 cm)
B 1.50 in (3.81 cm)
C 4.00 in (10.16 cm)
Driver 1.75 in (4.45 cm)
Angle, deg
alpha 55
beta 48
tau 45
Determine the bearing loads resulting from gear action using the total force directly.
Use a combined numerical and graphical solution.
Calculation Procedure:
FIGURE 7 Typical gear set for which the bearing loads are computed. (Product Engineering.)
22.14
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22.15
with the given torque on the driver of 100 lb / in (11.3 Nm), we have, FT
2(100) / 1.75 114 lb (508 N). Then, the torque on the center shaft D(FT)
2(114) 228 lb / in (25.8 Nm).
The gear loads are computed from FA (percent torque on shaft)(2)(torque on
center shaft, lb / in)(sec of pressure angle on the gear) / D, where FA gear load, lb
(N), on gear A, Fig. 7. Substituting using the given and computed values, FA
0.4 (2)(228)(sec 20) / 2 97 lb (431.5 N). Likewise, for gear B using a similar
relation, FB 0.6 (2)(228)(sec 20) / 1.5 195 lb (867.4 N). Further, FC, for gear
C 114 (sec 20) 121.5 lb (540 N).
2. Collect the needed data to prepare the graphical solution
Assemble the data as shown in Table 2.
3. Prepare the couple diagram, Fig. 8
When all the data are collected, draw the couple diagram, Fig. 8. When drawing
this couple diagram it is important to note that: (a) Vectors representing negative
couples are drawn in the same direction but in opposite sense to the forces causing
them; (b) The direction of the closing should be such as to make the sum of all
Gear or
bearing
Distance from
X, in (cm)
A
I
B
C
II
1.5 (3.81)
0
3.5
5.00
7.00
Force lb (N)
97 (431.5)
PI
195 (867.4 N)
121.5 (68.7)
PII
SI Values
1148 lb-in.
608 lb-in.
621 lb-in.
145.5 lb-in.
Couple lb / in
(Nm)
Angular
position
145.5 (16.4)
115
0
202
165
0
621 (70.2)
608 (68.7)
7 PII
(129.7 Nm)
(68.7 Nm)
(70.2 Nm)
(16.4 Nm)
FIGURE 8 Couple vector diagram for the gear set in Fig. 7 (Product Engineering.)
DESIGN ENGINEERING
couples equal to zero. Thus, the direction of PII is the direction of bearing reaction.
The bearing load has the same direction but is of opposite sense.
In Fig. 8, the vector PII measures 1149 lb / in (129.7 Nm) to scale. Therefore,
the reaction on the bearing II is PII 1148 / 7 164 lb (729.7 N) at 11.5.
4. Construct the force vector diagram
The value of PII found in step 3 is now used to construct the force vector diagram
of forces acting at point X, Fig. 9. Drawing the closing line gives the value and
direction of the reaction on bearing I. The force vectors are drawn in the usual way
in their respective directions and sense. Then, the loading on bearing I is PI 184
lb (818.4 N) at 27.5.
Related Calculations. The principles used in this procedure to obtain loads on
bearings supporting the center shaft in Fig. 7 can be applied to obtain loads on
bearings carrying shafts with any number of gears. It is limited, however, to those
cases which are statistically determinate.
Bending-moment and shear diagrams can now be constructed since the magnitude and direction of all forces acting on the shaft are known. To calculate the
bearing loads resulting from gear action, both the magnitude and direction of the
tooth reaction must be known. This reaction is the force at the pitch circle exerted
by the tooth in the direction perpendicular to, and away from the tooth surface.
Thus, the tooth reaction of a gear is always in the same general direction as its
motion.
Most techniques for evaluating bearing loads separate the total force acting on
the gear into tangential and separating components. This tends to complicate the
solution. The method given in this procedure uses the total force directly.
Since a force can be replaced by an equal force acting at a different point, plus
a couple, the total gear force can be considered as acting at the intersection of the
shaft centerline and a line passing through the mid-face of the gear, if the appro-
SI Values
164 lb
121 lb
195 lb
184 lb
97 lb
(729.5 N)
(538.2 N)
(867.4 N)
(818.4 N)
(431.5 N)
FIGURE 9 Force vector diagram for the gear set in Fig. 7. (Product Engineering.)
22.17
priate couple is included. For example, in Fig. 7, the total force on gear B is
equivalent to a force FB applied at point X plus the couple b FB. In establishing
the couples for the other gears, a sign convention must be adopted to distinguish
clockwise and counterclockwise moments.
If a vector diagram is now drawn for all couples acting on the shaft, the closing
line will be equal (to scale) to the couple resulting from the reaction at bearing II.
Knowing the distance between the two bearings, the load on bearing II can be
found, the direction being the same as that of the couple caused by it.
The load on bearing I is found in the same manner by drawing force vector
diagram for all the forces acting at X, including the load on bearing II found from
the couple diagram.
This procedure is the work of Zbigniew Jania, Project Engineer, Ford Motor
Company, as reported in Product Engineering. SI values were added by the handbook editor.
SI Values
1600 lb-in.
1.625 in.
8 in.
1.00 in.
3.00 in.
4.00 in.
3.50 in.
2100 lb
1970 lb
718
(180.8 Nm)
(4.128 cm
(20.3 cm)
(2.54 cm)
(7.62 cm)
(10.16 cm)
(8.89 cm)
(9341 N)
(8763 N)
(3194 N)
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1600 lb / in (181 Nm). The tangential and separating forces at the point of tooth
contact are 1970 lb (8763 N) and 718 lb (3194 N) respectively. Use numerical and
graphical analysis methods.
Calculation Procedure:
SI Values
1575 lb
525 lb
1 in.
3 in.
2100 lb
(7006 N)
(2335 N)
(2.54 cm)
(7.62 cm)
(9341 N)
SI Values
1575 lb
1800 lb
525 lb
280 lb
4 in.
3.5 in.
22.19
(7006 N)
(8006 N)
(2335 N)
(1245 N)
(10.16 cm)
(8.89 cm)
FIGURE 12 Load diagram for sheave dive shaft using ctitious forces. (Product Engineering.)
If applied in the opposite direction, the limiting side load becomes 4200 lb
(18,682 N) ( 2400 1800), since it acts to nullify rather than to complement the
ctitious force in producing bearing load. Recalling the principles of polar diagrams, it is now apparent that a circle of 2400 lb (10,675 N) equivalent radius,
RAL, would result in a polar diagram, Fig. 13, of permissible side loading for the
design life of Bearing A. The validity of this solution and operation is understood
by noting that the equivalent radius is always the resultant of the ctitious force,
RA and the rotating vector which represents the applied side load.
3. Analyze the other bearing in the system using a similar procedure
We will repeat the same procedure for Bearing B, Fig. 10, which has a design life
(either assumed or given by the manufacturer) compatible with the 3750 lb (16,680
N) maximum rated load. When superimposed on one another, these diagrams give
a conned realm of loading (k-l-m-n), Fig. 13.
Using the chosen scale, it is now possible to conveniently measure load limitations in any direction. When dividing the torque transmitted at the sheave, namely
7880 lb / in (890 Nm), Fig. 10, by any maximum indicated side load, the corresponding minimum sheave diameter is obtained.
4. Analyze the shaft stresses based on desired bearing life
Now that the side-load limitations, based on desired bearing life, have been established, the imposed shaft stresses can be analyzed. Consider the stress to be critical
under Bearing B. For safe loading limit, the maximum equivalent bending will be
taken as 7200 lb / in (814 Nm). The equation for combined bending and torsion is:
Mc 12 M 12 M 2 T 2
Substituting known quantities,
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SI Values
2400 lb
(10,675 N)
280 lb
(1245 N)
1800 lb
(8006 N)
(2.54 cm = 5338 N)
FIGURE 13 Polar diagram of sheave drive showing side forces. (Product Engineering.)
22.21
DESIGN ENGINEERING
Calculation Procedure:
22.23
DESIGN ENGINEERING
Calculation Procedure:
22.25
22.26
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22.27
DESIGN ENGINEERING
proportional to the shaft surface speed, the dR value gives an approximate measure
of the bearing power loss and temperature rise.
Related Calculations. Use this general procedure to select shaft bearings for
any type of regular service conditions. For unusual service (i.e., excessively high
or low operating temperatures, large loads, etc.) consult the specic selection procedures given elsewhere in this section.
Note that the PV value of a sliding bearing can also be expressed as PV L /
(dl) dR / 12 LR / (12l). The bearing load and shaft speed are usually xed
by other requirements of a design. When the PV equation is solved for the bearing
length l and the bearing is too long to t the available space, select a bearing
material having a higher allowable PV value.
22.29
allowable mean bearing pressure, lb / in2 [ranges from 25 to 2500 lb / in2 (172.4
to 17,237.5 kPa) for normal service and up to 8000 lb / in2 (55,160.0 kPa) for severe
service], on the projected bearing area, in2 ld; d shaft diameter, in. Thus, for
this bearing, assuming an allowable mean bearing pressure of 400 lb / in2 (2758.0
kPa), l L / (Pd) 2000 / [(400)(1)] 5 in (12.7 cm).
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The coefcient of friction for oil-lubricated bearings ranges from 0.005 to 0.030,
depending on the lubricant viscosity, shaft rpm, and mean bearing pressure. Given
a value of 0.020, h (0.020)(2000)(1)(60) / 3000 0.8 Btu / min, or H
0.8(60 min / h) 48.0 Btu / h (14.1 kW).
3. Compute the bearing wall area
The wall area A of a small sleeve-type bearing, such as a pillow block tted with
a bushing, is A (10 to 15)dl / 144, where A bearing wall area, ft2; other symbols
as before. For larger bearing pedestals tted with a cast-iron or steel bearing shell,
the factor in this equation varies from 18 to 25.
Since this is a small bearing having a 1-in (2.5-cm) diameter shaft, the rst
equation with a factor of 15 to give a larger wall area can be used. The value of
15 was chosen to ensure adequate radiating surface. Where space or weight is a
factor, the value of 10 might be chosen. Intermediate values might be chosen for
other conditions. Substituting yields A (15)(1)(5) / 144 0.521 ft2 (0.048 m2).
22.31
Calculation Procedure:
DESIGN ENGINEERING
22.33
Calculation Procedure:
DESIGN ENGINEERING
load RT is the sum of the belt, shaft, and pulley loads, or RT 720 145 865
lb (3847.7 N).
7. Compute the required radial capacity of the bearing
The required radial capacity of a bearing RC
(865)(1.340)(1.32)(2.0)(0.86) 2630 lb (11,698.8 N).
RTLOBS
Calculation Procedure.
C. Mischke, Bearing Reliability and Capacity, Machine Design, Sept. 30, 1965.
22.35
Calculation Procedure:
DESIGN ENGINEERING
FIGURE 19 (a) Bearing load capacity factors; (b) bearing friction factors. (Products Engineering.)
22.37
and other equipment. Use the procedure given here when choosing porous-metal
bearings for any of these applications.
The method given here was developed by Professor W. T. Rouleau, Carnegie
Institute of Technology, and C. A. Rhodes, Senior Research Engineer, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.
DESIGN ENGINEERING
22.39
FIGURE 21 Oil-lm thickness for minimum power loss in a hydrostatic thrust bearing. (Product Engineering.)
Calculation Procedure:
DESIGN ENGINEERING
FIGURE 22 Constants and equations for modied square hydrostatic bearings. (Product Engineering.)
22.41
FIGURE 23 Constants and equations for circular-sector hydrostatic bearings. (Product Engineering.)
DESIGN ENGINEERING
22.43
Calculation Procedure:
DESIGN ENGINEERING
With a downward external load imposed on the plate such that the lower lm
thickness h2 is reduced to 0.004 in (0.102 mm), the upper lm thickness will become 0.006 in (0.152 mm), since h1 h2 0.010 in (0.254 mm) a constant for
this bearing. If the lubricant ow rate is held constant at 2.0 in3 / s (32.8 cm3 / s),
then Kq 36 from Fig. 27, since a / L 0.5. With these constants, the load equation
becomes Ls 0.0205 / h3, and the inlet-pressure equation becomes pi Ls / 560.
Using these equations, compute the upper and lower loads and inlet pressures
for h2 and h1 ranging from 0.004 to 0.002 and 0.006 to 0.008 in (0.102 to 0.051
and 0.152 to 0.203 mm), respectively. Tabulate the results as shown in Table 9.
Note that the allowable load is computed by using the respective lm thickness for
the lower and upper parts of the plate. The same is true of the lubricant-inlet
pressure, except that the corresponding load is used instead.
Thus, for h2 0.004 in (0.102 mm), Ls2 0.0205 / (0.004)3 320,000 lb
(1,423,431.0 N). Then pi2 320,000 / 560 571 lb / in2 (3937.0 kPa). For hk
0.006 in (0.152 mm), Ls1 0.0205 / (0.006)3 95,000 lb (422,581.1 N). Then pi1
95,000 / 560 169.6, say 170, lb / in2 (1172.2 kPa).
The load difference Ls2 Li1 the bearing load capacity. For the lm thicknesses considered above, Ls2 Ls1 320,000 95,000 225,000 lb (1,000,850.0
N). Load capacities for various other lm thicknesses are also shown in Table 9.
4. Determine the bearing stiffness
Plot the net load capacity of this bearing vs. the lower lm thickness, Fig. 28. A
tangent to the curve at any point indicates the stiffness of this bearing. Draw a
tangent through the origin where h2 h1 0.005 in (0.127 mm). The slope of this
22.45
FIGURE 28 Net load capacity for a double-direction thrust bearing. (Product Engineering.)
DESIGN ENGINEERING
22.47
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DESIGN ENGINEERING
Related Calculations. Use this procedure for the selection of gas bearings
where the four charts presented here are applicable. The data summarized in these
charts result from computer solutions of the complex equations for hybrid gas
bearings. The work was done by Mechanical Technology Inc., headed by Beno
Sternlicht.