C1.

STABILITY DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

1. General Requirements
Stability shall be provided for the structure as a whole and for each of its ele
ments.
Any method that considers the influence of second-order effects (including P-
and P- effects), flexural, shear and axial deformations, geometric imperfections,
and member stiffness reduction due to residual stresses on the stability of the
structure and its elements is permitted. The methods prescribed in this chapter
and
Appendix 7, Direct Analysis Method, satisfy these requirements. All component
and connection deformations that contribute to the lateral displacements shall b
e
considered in the stability analysis.
In structures designed by elastic analysis, individual member stability and stab
ility
of the structure as a whole are provided jointly by:
(1) Calculation of the required strengths for members, connections and other ele
ments
using one of the methods specified in Section C2.2, and
(2) Satisfaction of the member and connection design requirements in this specif
ication
based upon those required strengths.
In structures designed by inelastic analysis, the provisions of Appendix 1, Inel
astic
Analysis and Design, shall be satisfied.
2. Member Stability Design Requirements
Individual member stability is provided by satisfying the provisions of Chapters
E, F, G, H and I.
User Note: Local buckling of cross section components can be avoided by the
use of compact sections defined in Section B4.
Where elements are designed to function as braces to define the unbraced length
of columns and beams, the bracing system shall have sufficient stiffness and
strength to control member movement at the braced points. Methods of satisfying
this requirement are provided in Appendix 6, Stability Bracing for Columns and
Beams.
3. System Stability Design Requirements
Lateral stability shall be provided by moment frames, braced frames, shear walls
,
and/or other equivalent lateral load resisting systems. The overturning effects
of
drift and the destabilizing influence of gravity loads shall be considered. Forc
e
transfer and load sharing between elements of the framing systems shall be consi
dered.
Braced-frame and shear-wall systems, moment frames, gravity framing
systems, and combined systems shall satisfy the following specific requirements:
3a. Braced-Frame and Shear-Wall Systems
In structures where lateral stability is provided solely by diagonal bracing, sh
ear
walls, or equivalent means, the effective length factor, K, for compression memb
ers
shall be taken as 1.0, unless structural analysis indicates that a smaller value
is appropriate. In braced-frame systems, it is permitted to design the columns,
beams, and diagonal members as a vertically cantilevered, simply connected truss
.
User Note: Knee-braced frames function as moment-frame systems and should
be treated as indicated in Section C1.3b. Eccentrically braced frame systems
function as combined systems and should be treated as indicated in Section
C1.3d.

3b. Moment-Frame Systems

In frames where lateral stability is provided by the flexural stiffness of conne
cted
beams and columns, the effective length factor K or elastic critical buckling st
ress,
Fe, for columns and beam-columns shall be determined as specified in Section C2.
3c. Gravity Framing Systems
Columns in gravity framing systems shall be designed based on their actual lengt
h
(K = 1.0) unless analysis shows that a smaller value may be used. The lateral st
ability
of gravity framing systems shall be provided by moment frames, braced
frames, shear walls, and/or other equivalent lateral load resisting systems. P-
effects due to load on the gravity columns shall be transferred to the lateral l
oad resisting
systems and shall be considered in the calculation of the required strengths
of the lateral load resisting systems.
3d. Combined Systems
The analysis and design of members, connections and other elements in combined
systems of moment frames, braced frames, and/or shear walls and gravity frames
shall meet the requirements of their respective systems.
C2. CALCULATION OF REQUIRED STRENGTHS
Except as permitted in Section C2.2b, required strengths shall be determined usi
ng
a second-order analysis as specified in Section C2.1. Design by either secondord
er
or first-order analysis shall meet the requirements specified in Section C2.2.
1. Methods of Second-Order Analysis
Second-order analysis shall conform to the requirements in this Section.
1a. General Second-Order Elastic Analysis
Any second-order elastic analysis method that considers both P- and P- effects
may be used.
The Amplified First-Order Elastic Analysis Method defined in Section C2.1b is
an accepted method for second-order elastic analysis of braced, moment, and
combined framing systems.
1b. Second-Order Analysis by Amplified First-Order Elastic Analysis
User Note: A method is provided in this section to account for second-order
effects in frames by amplifying the axial forces and moments in members and
connections from a first-order analysi