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Formulae Sheets For Physics 2016 1 PDF
Formulae Sheets For Physics 2016 1 PDF
P h y si cs
S h e e t f or
www . c o n c e p t s - o
f - p h y s i c s . c om
u
Speed of light
Planck constant
Gravitation constant
Boltzmann constant
Molar gas constant
Avogadros number
Charge of electron
Permeability of vacuum
Permitivity of vacuum
Coulomb constant
Faraday constant
Mass of electron
Mass of proton
Mass of neutron
Atomic mass unit
Atomic mass unit
Stefan-Boltzmann
constant
Rydberg constant
Bohr magneton
Bohr radius
Standard atmosphere
Wien
displacement
constant
c
h
hc
G
k
R
NA
e
0
Projectile Motion:
3 108 m/s
6.63 10 34 J s
1242 eV-nm
6.67 10 11 m3 kg 1 s
1.38 10 23 J/K
8.314 J/(mol K)
6.023 1023 mol 1
1.602 10 19 C
4 10 7 N/A2
y = ut sin 12 gt2
g
y = x tan
x2
2u2 cos2
2u sin
u2 sin 2
u2 sin2
T =
, R=
, H=
g
g
2g
x = ut cos ,
R1
B
a0
atm
b
1.097 107 m 1
9.27 10 24 J/T
0.529 10 10 m
1.01325 105 Pa
2.9 10 3 m K
Banking angle:
v2
rg
= tan ,
Notation: ~a = ax + ay | + az k
q
Magnitude: a = |~a| = a2x + a2y + a2z
~
a ~b
~
a
ax bz )
| + (ax by
m~a0 ,
v2
r
mv 2
r
Fcentrifugal =
~r/ t,
~vinst = d~r/dt
~aav =
~v / t
~vB
l
l cos
g
W =
Kinetic energy: K = 12 mv 2 =
p2
2m
Potential energy: F =
v2
mg
ay bx )k
1.2: Kinematics
ac =
s = ut + 12 at2 ,
+tan
1 tan
~b
v = u + at,
mv 2
r ,
Conical pendulum: T = 2
az by ) + (az bx
v2
rg
fkinetic = k N
1.1: Vectors
~a ~b = (ay bz
F~BA
MECHANICS
Cross product:
F~ = m~a
d~
p
dt ,
Centripetal force: Fc =
F
me
mp
mn
u
u
1
40
u cos
8.85 10 12 F/m
9 109 N m2 /C2
96485 C/mol
9.1 10 31 kg
1.6726 10 27 kg
1.6749 10 27 kg
1.66 10 27 kg
931.49 MeV/c2
5.67 10 8 W/(m2 K4 )
u sin
u2 = 2as
~
F~ dS
Ugravitational = mgh,
Uspring = 12 kx2
W
t
Pinst = F~ ~v
F or m u l a e
S h e e t f or
P h y si cs
www . c o n c e p t s - o
P
Pxi mi ,
mi
mr 2
xcm =
R
R xdm
dm
m1
ring
m2 r
m1 +m2
2r
4. Semicircular disc: yc =
4r
3
6. Solid Hemisphere: yc =
m1 r
m1 +m2
h
3
3r
8
2r
4r
3
~vcm =
Impulse: J~ =
mi~vi
,
M
p~cm = M~vcm ,
F~ dt =
~acm
disk
shell
2
1
2
2
2 mr m(a +b )
12
mr 2
sphere
rod
hollow
solid rectangle
Ik
Radius of Gyration: k =
r
2
3r
8
F~ext
=
M
p~
y
x
I/m
~ = ~r p~,
Angular Momentum: L
~ =
Ic
d
cm
Torque: ~ = ~r F~ ,
2
1
12 ml
h
3
r
2
5. Hemispherical shell: yc =
2
2
5 mr
m2
r
C
3. Semicircular ring: yc =
2
2
3 mr
1. m1 , m2 separated by r:
2
1
2 mr
f - p h y s i c s . c om
~
dL
dt ,
~ = I~
L
!
y
P ~
F
~
r x
= I
O
~ ~ext = 0 =) L
~ = const.
Conservation of L:
P~
P
Equilibrium condition:
F = ~0,
~ = ~0
Kinetic Energy: Krot = 12 I! 2
Dynamics:
F~ext = m~acm ,
p~cm = m~vcm
2
2
1
1
~
K = 2 mvcm + 2 Icm ! , L = Icm !
~ + ~rcm m~vcm
~cm = Icm
~,
1.7: Gravitation
Before collision After collision
Collision:
m1
m2
v1
m1
m2
v10
v2
v20
(v10 v20 )
1,
e=
=
0,
v1 v2
F F
m2
Potential energy: U =
GM m
r
Gravitational acceleration: g =
completely elastic
completely in-elastic
m1
2
Gravitational force: F = G mr1 m
2
GM
R2
2h
R
h
R
t,
!
t,
!=
=
d
dt ,
d!
dt ,
~v = !
~ ~r
mg0 = mg
mg
m! 2 R cos2
m! 2 R cos
~a =
~ ~r
= !t + 12 t2 ,
Moment of Inertia: I =
mi ri 2 ,
!2
I=
!0 2 = 2
r2 dm
Escape velocity: ve =
GM
R
2GM
R
F or m u l a e
S h e e t f or
P h y si cs
www . c o n c e p t s - o
vo
Keplers laws:
a
Compressibility: K =
Poissons ratio:
1
B
F/A
l/l ,
B=
P
V
F
A
, =
1 dV
V dP
lateral strain
longitudinal strain
1
2
D/D
l/l
Acceleration: a =
d2 x
dt2
Time period: T =
2
!
k
mx
=
= 2
!2 x
Surface energy: U = SA
k
m
Displacement: x = A sin(!t + )
p
Velocity: v = A! cos(!t + ) = ! A2
pair = 2S/R,
x2
Capillary rise: h =
U
K
0
Total energy: E = U + K = 12 m! 2 A2
Simple pendulum: T = 2
Physical Pendulum: T = 2
1
k1
2S cos
rg
Hydrostatic pressure: p = gh
v2
v1
Viscous force: F =
dv
A dx
I
mgl
Equation of continuity: A1 v1 = A2 v2
l
g
Torsional Pendulum T = 2
1
keq
psoap = 4S/R
Kinetic energy K = 12 mv 2
Springs in series:
Elastic energy: U =
f - p h y s i c s . c om
Poiseuillis equation:
Volume flow
time
I
k
1
k2
Terminal velocity: vt =
k1
pr 4
8l
r
l
)g
k2
k2
k1
~
A
2r 2 (
9
~2
A
~1
A
x1 = A1 sin !t,
x2 = A2 sin(!t + )
x = x1 + x2 = A sin(!t + )
q
A = A1 2 + A2 2 + 2A1 A2 cos
tan =
A2 sin
A1 + A2 cos
Visit www.concepts-of-physics.com
to buy IIT JEE Physics (1978-2015:
38 Year) Topic-wise Complete Solutions. Foreword by Prof HC Verma.
F or m u l a e
P h y si cs
www . c o n c e p t s - o
Waves
f - p h y s i c s . c om
2
2L
@2y
@x2
2
1 @ y
v 2 @t2 .
3
2L
v= ,
k=
y = f (t
x/v),
+x;
1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0
y
A
y = A sin(kx
x
2
t/T ))
q
3
T
4. 1st overtone/3rd harmonics: 1 = 4L
q
5
T
5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics: 2 = 4L
T
,
n =
2 2
/2
y = f (t + x/v),
Sonometer: /
1
L,
T, /
p1 .
n
2L
y2 = A2 sin(kx
!t + )
y = y1 + y2 = A sin(kx !t + )
q
A = A1 2 + A2 2 + 2A1 A2 cos
Standing Waves:
x/v)
x/v), p0 = (B!/v)s0
A2 sin
tan =
A1 + A2 cos
2n,
constructive;
=
(2n + 1), destructive.
2A cos kx
S h e e t f or
Intensity: I =
A
2 2 B
2 2
v s0
p0 2 v
2B
vgas =
p0 2
2v
/4
p1 = p0 sin !(t
y1 = A1 sin(kx
!t),
y2 = A2 sin(kx + !t)
x/v),
n + 12 2 , nodes; n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
x=
n2,
antinodes. n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0
/2
v
2. Allowed freq.: L = (2n + 1) 4 , = (2n + 1) 4L
, n=
0, 1, 2, . . .
3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: 0 =
v
4L
3v
4L
F or m u l a e
S h e e t f or
P h y si cs
www . c o n c e p t s - o
5v
4L
Path dierence:
f - p h y s i c s . c om
d
S2
A
N
A
N
A
Phase dierence:
x=
v
2L
2v
2L
3v
2L
2n,
constructive;
=
(2n + 1), destructive,
1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0
v
Allowed freq.: L = n 2 , = n 4L
, n = 1, 2, . . .
2. Fundamental/1st harmonics: 0 =
P
y
S1
dy
D
x=
n ,
n+
1
2
constructive;
destructive
Intensity:
p
I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos ,
p
p
p 2
Imax =
I1 + I2 , Imin =
I1
p 2
I2
l2 + d
l1 + d
Resonance column:
Fringe width: w =
Optical path:
D
d
x0 = x
l2 + d =
3
4
v = 2(l2
l1 )
x/v),
p = p1 + p2 = 2p0 cos
! = (!1 + !2 )/2,
p2 = p0 sin !2 (t
!(t
! = !1
!2
x = 2d =
n ,
n+
1
2
constructive;
destructive.
x/v)
x/v)
(beats freq.)
Doppler Eect:
Resolution: sin =
v + uo
=
0
v us
1.22
b
I0
aE0
r
x
v ),
sin !(t
I = I0
r
v ),
I=
I0
r2
Visit www.concepts-of-physics.com
to buy IIT JEE Physics (1978-2015:
38 Year) Topic-wise Complete Solutions. Foreword by Prof HC Verma.
F or m u l a e
S h e e t f or
P h y si cs
www . c o n c e p t s - o
Optics
1
f
f - p h y s i c s . c om
= (
1)
1
R1
1
R2
i
f
Lens formula:
normal
Laws of reflection:
i r
incident
(i)
reflected
1
v
1
u
1
f,
v
u
m=
Plane mirror:
d
1
1
1
=
+
F
f1
f2
(i) the image and the object are equidistant from mirror (ii) virtual image of real object
d
f1 f2
d
f1
f2
Spherical Mirror:
O
f
u
1
v
3. Magnification: m =
Eyepiece
Objective
1
u
v
u
1
f
Compound microscope:
Refractive index: =
Snells Law:
sin i
sin r
real depth
apparent depth
c
v
incident
1 i
2
1
Apparent depth: =
reflected
2. Resolving power: R =
d0
d I
O
1 1
sin A+2 m
,
sin A2
= (
1)A,
i0
r0
Astronomical telescope:
m
0
2
v
1
2 1
=
,
u
R
m=
O
u
L = fo + fe
1
1.22
A>0
= (y
1)A
2. Angular dispersion: = (v
Dispersive power: ! =
v r
y 1
Cauchys equation: = 0 +
1. Mean deviation:
fo
fe ,
general result
for small A
fe
3.4: Dispersion
2 sin
1. In normal adjustment: m =
A,
refracted
d
d0
Deviation by a prism:
1
d
v D
u fe
fo
r
2. Resolving power: R =
= i + i0
fe
D
(y
1)A + (0y
r )A
(if A and i small)
A
A0
1)A0 = 0
1 v
2 u
F or m u l a e
S h e e t f or
P h y si cs
www . c o n c e p t s - o
f - p h y s i c s . c om
n : number of moles
a
V2
(V
F
A
=Y
W = p V,
W =
b) = nRT
Wisothermal = nRT ln
Thermal expansion: L = L0 (1 + T ),
A = A0 (1 +
T ), V = V0 (1 +
T ),
U+
K = C + 273.16
Q=
= 2 = 3
V2
pdV
V1
V2
V1
Wisobaric = p(V2 V1 )
p1 V 1 p2 V 2
Wadiabatic =
1
Wisochoric = 0
l
l
T1
Q1
W
Q2
T2
vp v
vrms
3kT
m
8kT
m
3RT
M
8RT
M
2kT
m
T2
COP =
Entropy:
Q2
W
Q2
Q1 Q2
Q
T ,
S=
Const. T :
Sf
S=
Adiabatic process:
4.3: Specific Heat
Si =
Q
T,
Rf
Q
T
Varying T :
Q = 0, pV
Conduction:
Q
t
Tf
Ti
= constant
T
x
KA
x
KA
Thermal resistance: R =
Q
n T
Q
n T
Rseries = R1 + R2 =
1
A
p
1
Rparallel
Cv = R
1
R1
1
R2
1
x
x1
K1
x2
K2
K1
K2
x1
x2
(K1 A1 + K2 A2 )
A2
K1
A1
U = nCv T
Kirchho s Law:
emissive power
absorptive power
Ebody
abody
K2
= Cp /Cv
Cv =
S = ms ln
Q
m T
W
Q2
Specific heat: s =
T1
Q1
= Eblackbody
E
n1 Cp1 + n2 Cp2
n1 Cv1 + n2 Cv2
mT = b
m
Stefan-Boltzmann law:
Newtons law of cooling:
Q
t
= eAT 4
dT
dt
bA(T
T0 )
F or m u l a e
S h e e t f or
P h y si cs
www . c o n c e p t s - o
5.3: Capacitors
Capacitance: C = q/V
5.1: Electrostatics
Coulombs law: F~ =
1 q1 q2
40 r 2 r
~ r) =
Electric field: E(~
q1
1 q
40 r 2 r
Electrostatic potential: V =
~ ~r,
E
q2
+q
d
~
E
~
r
r2
1 q1 q2
40 r
Electrostatic energy: U =
dV =
f - p h y s i c s . c om
Spherical capacitor: C =
40 r1 r2
r 2 r1
q +q
r1
1 q
40 r
V (~r) =
~
r
1
~ d~r
E
Cylindrical capacitor: C =
20 l
ln(r2 /r1 )
r2
r1
p
~
+q
A
C1
C2
B
1 p cos
40 r 2
Potential of a dipole: V =
V (r)
Capacitors in series:
p
~
Er
Field of a dipole:
p
~
Er =
1 2p cos
,
40
r3
E =
~ U=
Pot. energy of a dipole placed in E:
1
C2
Drift speed: vd =
Q2
2C
= 12 QV
0 KA
d
1 eE
2 m
i
neA
~
E
0,
for r < R
E
E=
1 Q
,
for r R
2
40 r
O
R
(
1 Q
40 R , for r < R
V
V =
1 Q
,
for
r
R
40 r
O
C2
1
Req
1
R1
1
R2
A
R1
R1
R2
R1
Wheatstone bridge:
R2
20 r
C1
A
~
p~ E
1
C1
~ ~ = p~ E
~
Torque on a dipole placed in E:
EP =
1 p sin
40 r 3
qx
1
40 (a2 +x2 )3/2
1
Ceq
B
R2
" G
R3
R4
V
Electric Power: P = V 2 /R = I 2 R = IV
0
F or m u l a e
S h e e t f or
P h y si cs
www . c o n c e p t s - o
ig G
Galvanometer as an Ammeter:
ig
S
ig G = (i
ig )S
R
A ig
y
x
w
d
Charging of capacitors:
q(t) = CV 1
~
B
Bi
ned
i
"
VAB = ig (R + G)
~
Energy of a magnetic dipole placed in B:
~
U=
~ B
Hall eect: Vw =
Galvanometer as a Voltmeter:
f - p h y s i c s . c om
t
RC
~ =
Biot-Savart law: dB
d~l
~
B
0 i d~l~
r
4 r 3
~
r
2
C
t
RC
q(t)
~
B
B=
0 i
4d (cos 1
cos 2 )
Peltier heat
charge transferred .
dF
dl
i1
0 i1 i2
2d
i2
d
Seeback eect:
T0
Tn
Ti
1. Thermo-emf: e = aT + 12 bT 2
3. Neutral temp.: Tn =
4. Inversion temp.: Ti =
Thomson eect: emf e =
H
Q
BP =
a/b.
T.
0 i
4a
~
B
0 ia2
2(a2 +d2 )3/2
2a/b.
Thomson heat
charge transferred
~
B
m = Zit =
0 i
2d
Eit
Amperes law:
where i is current, t is time, Z is electrochemical equivalent, E is chemical equivalent, and F = 96485 C/g is
Faraday constant.
~ d~l = 0 Iin
B
5.5: Magnetism
0 i
2a
N
l
0 N i
2r
~ + qE
~
Lorentz force on a moving charge: F~ = q~v B
~2
B
r=
mv
qB ,
T =
~1
B
~ r
B
B1 =
~
B
0 2M
4 d3 ,
B2 =
0 M
4 d3
~l
~
F
Bv
~ A
~
~ = iA
i
0 ni
2r ,
~ = H
~
Permeability: B
i = K tan
~ ~ =
~
Torque on a magnetic dipole placed in B:
~ B
Bh
Horizontal
~
F~ = i ~l B
d
N
2m
qB
i=
q
k
nAB
I
M Bh
F or m u l a e
S h e e t f or
P h y si cs
www . c o n c e p t s - o
RC circuit:
Z=
d
dt
Faradays law: e =
Lenzs Law: Induced current create a B-field that opposes the change in magnetic flux.
Z=
~
v
(1/!C)2 ,
tan
t
L/R
=
L
Z=
R
!L
e0 sin !t
R 2 + ! 2 L2 ,
tan
L
e=
1
!CR
LCR Circuit:
= Li,
1
!C
e0 sin !t
R2
~
B
di
L dt
LR circuit:
Self inductance:
f - p h y s i c s . c om
!L
R
e0 sin !t
R2 +
resonance =
1
!C
!L
1
!C
q
1
2
!L ,
tan
1
!C
1
!C
!L
!L
R
1
LC
e
0.63 R
e
i
L
R
Transformer:
t
L/R
e1
e2 ,
e 1 i1 = e2 i2
e1
N1
i1
N2
i2
e2
p
Speed of the EM waves in vacuum: c = 1/ 0 0
N1
N2
i0
0.37i0
L
R
= M i,
e=
B2
20
di
M dt
Alternating current:
t
T
i = i0 sin(!t + ),
T = 2/!
RT
Average current in AC: i = T1 0 i dt = 0
RMS current: irms =
h R
1 T
T
i2 dt
i1/2
i0
p
2
i2
t
T
Energy: E = irms 2 RT
Capacitive reactance: Xc =
1
!C
Inductive reactance: XL = !L
Imepedance: Z = e0 /i0
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to buy IIT JEE Physics (1978-2015:
38 Year) Topic-wise Complete Solutions. Foreword by Prof HC Verma.
F or m u l a e
P h y si cs
S h e e t f or
www . c o n c e p t s - o
f - p h y s i c s . c om
Modern Physics
N
N0
Population at time t: N = N0 e
N0
2
t1/2
V0
Stopping potential: Vo =
hc
e
hc
e
1
e
hc
e
de Broglie wavelength:
m = [Zmp + (A
= h/p
Z)mn ]
M
M ] c2
Z)mn
Uf
mc2
En =
En =
13.6Z 2
eV
n2
a0 = 0.529
A
0 h2 n 2
,
mZe2
rn =
n2 a 0
,
Z
Output
nh
2
E1 = h
Grid
Triode Valve:
Cathode
Filament
Plate
E2
h
E1
R Output
h
E1
Absorption
Emission
1
1
1
2
= RZ
n2
m2
transition
min
Vp
Vg
Vg =0
ip
Vg
Vp =0
ip =0
hc
eV
K
Ie
Ic
Current in a transistor: Ie = Ib + Ic
min
Moseleys law:
Transconductance of a triode: gm =
Amplification by a triode: =
X-ray spectrum:
Vp
ip
Ib
= a(Z
b)
and
Ic
Ib ,
parameters of a transistor: =
= 1
Transconductance: gm =
Ic
Ie ,
Ic
Vbe
Logic Gates:
6.3: The Nucleus
Nuclear radius: R = R0 A1/3 ,
Decay rate:
dN
dt
R0 1.1 10
15
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
AND
AB
0
0
0
1
OR
A+B
0
1
1
1
NAND
AB
1
1
1
0
NOR
A+B
1
0
0
0
XOR
+ AB
AB
0
1
1
0
F or m u l a e
S h e e t f or
P h y si cs
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37.
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40.
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42.
f - p h y s i c s . c om
Electromagnetic Induction
Alternating Current
Electromagnetic Waves
Electric Current through Gases
Photoelectric Eect and Wave-Particle Duality
Bohrs Model and Physics of the Atom
X-rays
Semiconductors and Semiconductor Devices
The Nucleus