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Real Analysis Test 1
Real Analysis Test 1
REAL ANALYSIS I
November 29, 2015
Name
ID No
1.
Miliyon Tilahun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GSR/1401/08
Problems
Give the precise answer for each of the following questions neatly on the space provided.
1. Let (X, d) be a metric space and let A be a subset of X.
(a) What is meant by A is an open set?
Definition 1.1. The set A is open if every point of A is an interior of A.
(b) Define a Cauchy sequence (xn ) in (X, d).
Definition 1.2. A sequence {xn } is Cauchy if for every > 0 there exists an N N such that
m, n > N
d(xm , xn ) < .
Workout Problems
Show all the necessary steps clearly and neatly on the space provided.
1. Let Pn denotes the set of all polynomial functions of degree less than or equal to n,
f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + + an xn
where n is fixed positive integer and the coefficients, a0 , a1 , . . . , an are all integers. Prove that Pn is
countable.
Proof. For each pair of integers (n, m) N N, let Pnm denote the set of polynomials of degree m in
which
|a0 | + |a1 | + + |am | = n
Pnm is finite for each n, m N. Hence
P =
{Pnm : (n, m) N N}
d is a metric.
(ii) Symmetry:
d1 (x, y) = ln(1 +d(x, y)) = ln(1+ d(y, x)) = d1 (y, x)
|
{z
}
d(x,y)=d(y,x)
(iii) Triangle inequality: For all x, y and z in X, we observe the following inequality
1 + d(x, y) 1 + d(x, z) + d(z, y)
(1)
:=d1 (x,z)
:=d1 (z,y)
Therefore,
d1 (x, y) d1 (x, z) + d1 (z, y)
Using (i),(ii) and (iii), we conclude that d1 is indeed a metric on X.
4. Let (X, d) be a metric space and let A be a subset of X.
(a) Show that A is open iff the compliment Ac is closed.
Solution. () Suppose A is open.
Let x be a limit point of Ac . Then every neighborhood N of x contains a point of Ac . Then x is
not an interior point of A (x N ( A). Since A is open, this implies x Ac . Hence, Ac contains
all of its limit points(since x was arbitrary). Therefore Ac is closed.
() Suppose Ac is closed.
Let x A. This implies x
/ Ac and x is not a limit point of Ac (Ac is is closed). Then there
exists a neighborhood N of x such that Ac N = . Hence N A. Therefore, A is open(by
definition).
3
d(pn , p0 ) < .
d(xn , x) < .
nN
d(yn , y) < .
(xn x)2
d(xn , x) < .
d(xn , x) <
.
2
(2)
and
n N2
d(yn , y) <
.
2
d(pn , p0 ) =
d(pn , p0 ) < .
Therefore, pn p.
n+1
3/2
(b) Show that sin(n
), ln( n ) (0, 0) in the metric space (R2 , d).
Solution. Let pn =
sin(n
3
2
), ln( n+1
)
and p0 = (0, 0).
n
3
2
d(pn , p0 ) < .
d(sin(n
n N2
d(ln(
and
3
2
), 0) <
.
2
n+1
), 0) < .
n
2
n+1 2
))2 + (ln(
))
n
r
q
n+1 2
3
(sin(n 2 ))2 + (ln(
))
n
3
n+1
), 0)
= d(sin(n 2 ), 0) + d(ln(
n
< + = .
2 2
d(pn , p0 ) =
(sin(n
3
2
)
(0, 0).
Therefore, sin(n3/2 ), ln( n+1
n
d(pn , p0 ) < .