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Functional Worksheet I
Functional Worksheet I
Miliyon T.
April 26, 2016
1. Let ( X, d) be a metric space. Show that d( x, y) |d( x, z) d(y, z)| for all x, y, z in X.
Proof. Since d is a metric we have
d( x, z) d( x, y) + d(y, z)
d( x, z) d(y, z) d( x, y)
(1)
Similarly,
d(y, z) d(y, x ) + d( x, z)
d(y, x ) d( x, z) d(y, z)
(2)
The result follows from (1), (2) and the axiom of symmetry.
2. Let ( X, d1 ) and (Y, d2 ) be a metric spaces. Show that the Cartesian product Z = X
Y is a metric space with metric d(z1 , z2 ) = d1 ( x1 , x2 ) + d2 (y1 , y2 ) where z1 = ( x1 , y1 )
and z2 = ( x2 , y2 ).
Proof. Very simple to show.
3. Let ( X, d) be a metric space.
a) Show that ( X, d1 ) is also a metric where d1 ( x, y) =
d( x,y)
.
1+d( x,y)
d( x, y)
d( x, z) + d(z, y)
1 + d( x, y)
1 + d( x, z) + d(z, y)
d(z, y)
d( x, z)
+
1 + d( x, z) + d(z, y) 1 + d( x, z) + d(z, y)
d( x, z)
d(z, y)
+
1 + d( x, z) 1 + d(z, y)
= d1 ( x, z) + d1 (z, y)
{ xn } converges to x in ( X, d) lim d( xn , x ) = 0
n
d( xn , x )
=0
1 + d( xn , x )
{ xn } converges to x in ( X, d1 )
lim d1 ( xn , x ) = lim
n
4. Let ( X, d) be a metric space. Show that any non-empty subset A of X is open iff it is
the union of open balls.
Proof. () Suppose A is open. By definition if x A, then there is B ( x ) A.
For each x A B ( x ) A and hence x A B ( x ) A. Moreover, A x A B ( x )
because for each x A there is a ball in x A B ( x ). Therefore, A = x A B ( x ).
() Every open ball is an open set, the union of open set is open hence A is open.
5. Let X be the space of all ntuples x = ( x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) of real numbers. Define
d( x, y) = max | xi yi |,
i
where y = (y1 , y2 , . . . , yn ).
(m)
xm = ( 1 , , n )
Since { xm } is Cauchy, for every > 0 there is an N such that
(m)
d( xm , xr ) = max | i
i
Then we have
(m)
| i
(r )
i | <
(m, r > N )
(3)
(r )
i | <
(2)
{ i , i , . . .}
(4)
is a Cauchy sequence of real numbers. Since R is complete the sequence in (4) con(m)
verges say, i i as m .
Using these n limits, we define x = ( 1 , . . . , n ) Rn .
From (3), with r ,
d( xm , x ) <
This shows that Rn is complete w.r.t d.