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Diff Gas
Diff Gas
Flux, J AZ
if C = P/RT
= AB A1
J AZ
= AB A1
z 2 z1
RT (z 2 z1 )
Substitute in values:
AX
(82.057)(298)(0.2)
kgmol/m2s
Equimolar Counterdiffusion
J AZ
=
PCO2 =
456 mmHg
II
PCO2 =
76 mmHg
P = 1.0132x105 Pa
z2 z1 = 0.10 m
R = 8314.3 m3 Pa/kgmol K
)(
PB 2 PB1 (1 0) (1 0.0231)
=
= 0.988 atm
PB 2
1 0
ln
ln
P
(1 0.0231)
B1
D AB P
(PA1 PA2 )
NA =
RT (z 2 z1 )PBM
PBM =
(0.250 10 )(1.0)
4
NA =
(82.057)(293)(0.1524)(0.988)
We can assume a pseudo-steady state condition because the level drops slowly. Now, both NA
and z are variables.
DAB P
(PA1 PA2 )
NA =
RT (z 2 z1 )PBM
Assuming a cross-sectional area of 1 m2, the level drops dt in dz seconds, and the leftover kgmol
of A is PAdz/MA:
dz 1
N A 1 = A
M A dt
Rearranging and integrating:
tF
A zF
D AB P
(
)
zdz
=
P
P
A
1
A
2
0 dt
M A z0
RTPBM
tF =
A (z F2 z 02 )RTPBM
2M A D AB P(PA1 PA2 )
4 r1 r2
RT
P p A, 2
where
N A is the molar rate of material A leaving
R is the ideal gas constant
the drop
T is the system temperature
r1 and r2 are two radial points away from
pA,1 is the partial pressure of A at point 1
the sphere center
pA,2 is the partial pressure of A at point 2
DAB is the diffusion coefficient P is the total
system pressure
Starting with this equation, derive the following approximate equation for the molar flux at the particle
surface, NA,1
2 DAB
(cA,1 cA,2 )
N A,1
D1
where
D1 is the diameter of the spherical drop
cA,1 is the molar concentration of material A at the surface of the drop
cA,2 is the molar concentration of material A far from the drop
Assume point 1 is at the drops surface
Assume point 2 is very far away from the drop, so r2 >> r1
N A 1 1 DAB P P PA2
N
D P P PA2
=
A = AB ln
ln
4 r1 r2
RT
4r1
RT
P PA1
P PA1
Now multiply the equation by 1/r1, rewrite the radius as 2/D on the right
side, substitute for surface flux, NAs, and PBM:
Stagnant B
r2
r1
Diffusing
A
PB 2 PB1
PA1 PA2
NA
and N AS =
=
2
P
ln (P PA2 )
4r1
ln B 2
PB1
P PA1
2 D AB PA1 PA2
So we rewrite the equation as: N AS =
DRT
PBM
PBM =
Assume low vapor pressure, so PA1, PA2 << P and use a Taylor Series approximation ln(x) = x-1:
P PA2
P PA2 P PA2
1
is approaching 1, so ln
P PA1
P PA1 P PA1
P PA1
P PA1
P
Lastly, PA1 = CA1RT and PA2 = CA2RT:
Now,
so PBM P.
2D AB P
2D AB
2D AB
(PA1 PA2 ) =
(C A1 RT C A2 RT ) =
(C A1 C A2 )
RTD PBM
RTD
D
where CA1 = concentration at surface of the drop and CA2 = concentration far from the drop 0
N AS =
PBM =
) (
5
1.01325 10 74
PB1
NA =
6
5
D AB P
(PA1 PA2 ) = 6.92 10 1.01325 10 5 = 9.68 10 8 kgmol A/m2s
RT (r1 r0 )PBM
(8314.3)(318)(0.002) 1.0129 10
T
DAB(52.6C) = DAB(0C) 2
T1
2
m /s
Now solve for N A :
P2
= (5.16 x 10-6 m2/s)(325.75/273.15)1.75 = 7.023 x 10-6
P1
N A 1 1 DAB P P PA2
=
ln
4 r1 r2
RT
P
P
A1
)(
N A D AB P P PA2
=
ln
4r1
RT
P
P
A1
NA
7.023 10 6 1.01325 10 5 1.01325 10 5 133.322
= 4.34736 x 10-11 kgmol/s
=
ln
5
(8314)(325.75)
4 (0.1)
1.01325 10 0
Now solve for NA = N A /A = (4.34736 x 10-11 kgmol/s)/(4r12) = 3.46 x 10-8 kgmol/m2s
NA
D P P PA 2
= AB A1
2
RTr
PBM
4r
and
NA =
A dV
M A dt
dV
Volume of the sphere, V = 4 r 3 so the derivative of volume is:
= 4r 2
3
dr
Plug this volume derivative into molar flux equation for dV:
A 4r 2 dr
NA =
M A dt
Now set N A equal in each equation:
A 4r 2 dr
D P P PA2
1
= AB A1
2
M A dt
RTr
PBM
4r
Separate variables and integrate both sides:
t
r
A r 2 RT PBM
A RT PBM
t
=
dt
=
rdr
0 M A DAB P (PA1 PA2 ) 0
2M A D AB P (PA1 PA2 )
(b) Now use the equation to find the time in seconds:
PA1 = 3840 Pa
PA2 = 0 Pa
P = 1.01325 x 105 Pa
MA = 92.14 kg/kgmol
Solve for PBM:
PA1 PA 2
= 99392.6 Pa
(
P PA 2 )
ln
P PA1
uniformly to 0.0305m at the right end. Calculate the molar flux of ammonia. The diffusivity is DAB = 0.230 x
10-4 m2/s.
.061m
.0305m
1.22m
=
=
2
A
RT dL
RT dL
0.000271 L - 0.001321 L + 0.001611
Now separate and integrate both sides:
1.22
NA
D AB
dL =
RT
0.000271 L - 0.001321 L + 0.001611
2
PA 2
PA1
dPA
R = 8314 m3 Pa/kgmol K
T = 298.15 K
N A = 1.24 x 10-10
N A (1514.8) =
=
(8314)(298.15)
RT
kgmol/s
Now solve for NA:
1.24 10 10
NA = N A /A =
at any point along the length, L
1 ( 0.025L + 0.0610)2 tan 60 !
4
( )
1 = 972.8 kg/m3
2 = 988.1 kg/m3
Meth =46.05
Mwater = 18.02
X B1 = 1 X A1 = 1 0.0732 = 0.9268
X B 2 = 1 X A2 = 1 0.0277 = 0.9723
0.9723
X
B1
D AB C avg
0.740 10 9 (50.6)(0.0732 0.0277 )
(x A1 x A2 ) =
NA =
= 8.99 10 7 kgmol/m2s
(z 2 z1 )x BM
(0.002)(0.949)
Calculate XBM:
Xw1 = 1-0.02 = 0.98
Xw2 = 1-0.1 = 0.9
1 991.7
1
961.7
3
C avg = 1 + 2 =
+
= 54.435 kgmol/m
2 M 1 M 2 2 17.9806 17.9031
X BM =
X B 2 X B1
0.9 0.98
=
= 0.939432
ln( X B 2 X B1 ) ln(0.9 / 0.98)
1/ 2
1/ 2
D AB = 1.173 10 16 (M B )
For 50C:
D AB = 1.173 10 16 (M B )
T
298
1/ 2
= 1.173 10 16 (2.6 18.02 )
= 1.277 10 9 m2/s
0.6
0.6
BV A
(0.8937 )(0.0740)
T
323
1/ 2
= 1.173 10 16 (2.6 18.02 )
= 2.251 10 9 m2/s
0.6
0.6
BV A
(0.5494)(0.0740)
59.5
2
DCa2+ = 2.662 10 7 + = 2.662 10 7
= 0.792 10 5 cm /s
n+
2
76.3
2
DCl = 2.662 10 7 = 2.662 10 7
= 2.031 10 5 cm /s
n
1
n+ + n
2 +1
2
!
D AB
=
=
= 1.335 10 5 cm /s
5
5
n+ / D + n / D+ 2 / 0.792 10 + 1 / 2.031 10
) (
NA =
D AB (C A1 C A2 ) 0.727 10 9 (0.2 0)
=
= 3.63 10 9 kgmol/m2s
z 2 z1
0.04
)(
N2
2.0 atm
DAB (C A1 C A 2 )
(z2 z1 )
S PA
CA can be related to the permeability: C A =
where S is the solubility
22.414
Diffusion of gas through a solid:
NA =
PA1 PA2
1
NA =
L
L
22.414
1
+ 2
PM 1 PM 2
1
= (2.0 0)
22.414
0.001
0.008
+
12
1.52 10 12
0.0152 10
= 1.256 10 12 kmole/m2s
0 atm
NA =
z 2 z1
4.0
0.002
It is desired to calculate the rate of diffusion of CO2 gas in air at steady state through a loosely packed bed
of sand at 276K and a total pressure of 1.013 x 105 Pa. The bed depth is 1.25m and the void fraction is
0.30. The partial pressure of CO2 is 2.026 x 103 Pa at the top of the bed and 0 Pa at the bottom. Use a of
1.87.
P = 2.026 x 10 Pa
= 1.87
PA1 = 2.026 x 103 Pa
= 0.30
PA2 = 0 Pa
T = 276K
5
N A = 1.609 10 6 mol/m2s
1.25m
)
P2 = 0 Pa
On Figure 5.3-5 Unsteady State Conduction in a Large Flat Plate when X = 0.685, m = 0, n = 0
c
c = 0.0275 kgmol/m3
Y = 0.275 =
0.1
On Figure 5.3-5, when X = 0.658, m = 0, n = 0.00254/0.00508 = 0.5: (n is not 0 now because not at center)
c
c = 0.0172 kgmol/m3
Y = 0.172 =
0.1
(b)
If the thickness is halved, X becomes:
10
X = D AB t 2 = 4.72 10 (36000)
= 2.632
X1
(0.00254)2
Relative position, n = 0, m = 0
c
c = 0.0002 kgmol/m3
Y = 0.0020 =
0.1
7.1-5 Unsteady State Diffusion in a Cylinder of Agar Gel Radially and Axially
A wet cylinder of agar gel at 278K containing a uniform concentration of urea of 0.1 kgmol/m3 has a
diameter of 30.48mm and is 38.1mm long with flat parallel ends. The diffusivity is 4.72 x 10-10 m2/s.
Calculate the concentration at the midpoint of the cylinder after 100h for the following cases if the cylinder
is suddenly immersed in turbulent pure water.
(a) For radial diffusion only
(b) Diffusion occurs radially and axially
Assume surface resistance is negligible; assume k = 1.0 because properties are similar
T = 278 K
C0 = 0.1 kgmol/m3
C1 = 0 for pure water
D = 4.72 x 10-10 m/s
Time, t = 100h = 360000 seconds
c k c
0 1.0 c
c
Y= 1
=
=
c1 k c0 0 1.0 0.1 0.1
(a)
r1 = 0.01524 m
r0 = 0 m (center line)
D AB t 4.72 10 10 (360000)
=
= 0.731601
0.01524
r12
Relative position at midpoint of the cylinder, n = 0/0.1524 = 0
Relative resistance, m 0 because kc is assumed to be very large
X=
t = 3000 seconds
DAB = 4x10-9 m2/s
C0 = 0.01 kgmol.m3
Kk c
D AB
D AB t =
(2.0)(2 10 7 )
4 10
(4 10 )(3000) = 1.095
9
For x = 0.01:
0.01
= 0.457
2 D AB t 2 4 10 -9 (3000)
From the chart 5.3-3 Unsteady State Heat Conducted in a Semi-Infinite Solid with Surface Convection:
C C0
C 0.01
C = 2.04x10-2 kgmol/m3
1 Y =
=
= 0.26
C1 / K C0 0.1 / 2 0.01
For x = 0
x
0
=
=0
2 D AB t 2 4 10 -9 (3000 )
From the chart 5.3-3 Unsteady State Heat Conducted in a Semi-Infinite Solid with Surface Convection:
C C0
C 0.01
C = 3.48x10-2 kgmol/m3
1 Y =
=
= 0.62
C1 / K C0 0.1 / 2 0.01
This is the same value as Ci. To calculate CLi:
C Li = KC i = (2.0) 3.48 10 2 = 6.96 10 2 kgmol/m3
=
Y=
D AB t 3.72 10 6 t
X= 2 =
= 0.005766t
x1
0.254 2
Relative position, n = 0 at the center
Relative resistance, m = 0 because kC is large
From Chart 5.3-5, Unsteady State Heat Conduction in a Flat Plate: X = 0.75 = 0.005766t
Time, t = 130.073 hours
y BM =
ky =
k y'
y BM
y B 2 y B1
1 0.9
=
= 0.95
ln( y B 2 y B1 ) ln(1.0 / 0.9)
6.78 10 5
2
=
= 7.138 10 5 kgmol/m s mole fraction
0.95
ky
7.138 10 5
= 3.569 10 5 kgmol/m2 s atm
P
2.0
Now we can calculate the vaporization rate, NA:
N A = k y ( y A1 y A2 ) = 7.138 10 5 (0.10 0) = 7.138 10 6 kgmol/m2s
or
5
N A = k G (PA1 PA2 ) = 3.569 10 (0.2 0) = 7.138 10 6 kgmol/m2s
k G y BM P = k y y BM
kG =
A value of kG was experimentally determined to be 1.08 lbmol/h ft2 atm for A diffusing through stagnant B.
For the same flow and concentrations it is desired to predict kG and the flux of A for equimolar
counterdiffusion. The partial pressures are PA1 = 0.20 atm, PA2 = 0.05 atm, P = 1.0 atm abs total. Use
English and SI Units.
k G' P = k G PBM
Solve for PBM:
P P
0.2 0.05
PBM = A1 A2 =
= 0.872853 atm
P PA2
1 0.05
ln
ln 1 0.2
P
P
A1
X BM =
X B 2 X B1 (1 0) (1 0.65 )
=
= 0.619
X B2
(1 0)
ln
ln
X
(1 0.65 )
B1
k x'
(X A1 X A2 ) = 0.20 (0.65 0) = 0.210 lbmol/ft2 hr
X BM
0.619
To find the ratios, set up the following:
k x kc
1
1
= ' =
=
= 1.616
'
k x k c X BM 0.619
So k x = 1.616 k x' = 1.616 (0.2) = 0.323 lbmol/ft2 hr; and
NA =
k x0 k c0 1 X A1 1 0.65
= ' =
=
= 0.565
X BM
0.619
k x'
kc
So k x0 = 0.565 k x' = 0.565(0.2) = 0.113 lbmol/ft2 hr
In a wetted-wall tower an air H2S mixture is flowing by a film of water that is flowing as a thin film down a
vertical plate. The H2S is being absorbed from the air to the water at a total pressure of 1.50 atm abs and
30C. A value for kc of 9.567 x 10-4 m/s has been predicted for the gas-phase mass transfer coefficient. At a
given point, the mole fraction of H2S in the liquid at the liquid-gas interface is 2.0(10-5) and PA of H2S in the
gas is 0.05 atm. The Henrys law equilibrium relation is PA (atm) = 609xA (mole fraction in the liquid).
Calculate the rate of absorption of H2S. Hint: Call point 1 the interface and point 2 the gas phase. Then
calculate PA1 from Henrys Law and the given xA. The value of PA2 is 0.05 atm.
P = 1.50 atm
PA1 = 609 (CA1) = 609(2 x 10-5) = 0.01218 atm
PA2 = 0.05 atm
T = 30 C = 303.15 K
kc = 9.567 x 10-4 m/s
XA1 = 2 x 10-5
Henrys Law: PA = 609XA
R = 82.057 x 10-3 m3 atm/kgmol K
kc' P
= kG' P
RT
k G' =
9.567 10 4
= 3.846 10 5 kgmol/m2s atm
3
82.057 10 (303.15)
PAi = 74.0 Pa
air = 1.932x10-5 Pa s from Appendix A
= 1.114 kg/m3
R = 8314 m3 Pa/kgmol K
1.932 10 5
N Sc =
=
= 2.506
D AB (1.114) 6.92 10 6
Calculate the Reynolds number:
D (0.02 )(0.80 )(1.114)
N Re =
=
= 922.6
1.932 10 5
Hence, the flow is laminar. We will use Figure 7.3-2 for laminar flow streamlines:
D
0.02
N Re N Sc
= (922.6)(2.506)
= 33.02
L 4
1.10 4
Using Figure 7.3-2 with rodlike flow:
C A C A0
= 0.55
C Ai C A0
If CA0 = 0,
C A C A0
CA 0
7.3-7 Mass Transfer from a Pipe and Log Mean Driving Force
Use the same physical conditions as in problem 7.3-2, but the velocity in the pipe is now 3.05
m/s. Do as follows:
(a) Predict the mass transfer coefficient kc (Is this turbulent flow?).
(b) Calculate the average benzoic acid concentration at the outlet. [ Note: in this case,
Eqs. (7.3-42) and (7.3-43) must be used with the log mean driving force, where A is
the surface area of the pipe.]
(c) Calculate the total kgmol of benzoic acid dissolved per second.
1.829 m
Pure Water
T = 26.1C
v = 3.05m/s
0.00635 m
1.22 m
= 996 kg/m3
= 8.71 x 10-4 Pa s
T = 26.1C
DAB = 1.245x10-9 m2/s
8.71 10 4
N Sc =
=
= 702.408
D AB (996) 1.245 10 9
Calculate the Reynolds number:
D (0.00635)(3.05)(996)
N Re =
=
= 22147
8.71 10 4
Calculate the Sherwood number:
0.83
0.33
N Sh = 0.23N Re N Sc = 0.000049487
Now calculate kc:
k ' 1.245 10 9
k' D
0.000049487 = c
N Sh = c
D AB
0.00635
(b)
CA1 = 0
CAi = 0.02948 (solubility)
CA2 = ?
So now we plug this into the log mean driving force equation:
(C A2 C A1 )
v(C A2 C A1 ) = A K C
C C A1
ln Ai
C Ai C A2
CA1 = 0, so it cancels out of the equation:
v(C A2 ) = A K C
Now plug in:
(C A2 )
C Ai
ln
C Ai C A2
(C A2 )
0.02948
ln
0.02948 C A2
(c)
Rate of benzoic acid dissolved = NA:
v(C A2 C A1 ) 3.05(0.001151 0)
NA =
=
= 1.11 10 7
2
A
(0.003175)
Because the solution is dilute, we can use the properties of water for the solution:
= 996 kg/m3
= 8.71 x 10-4 Pa s
Calculate the Schmidt Number:
N Sc =
D AB
8.71 10 4
= 702
(996) 1.245 10 9
N Re =
(0.24)(0.061)(996) = 17000
8.71 10 4
0.5
J D = 0.99 N Re,
L = 0.99(17000 )
= 0.00758
JD =
k c'
(N Sc )2 / 3
In this case, A is diffusing through stagnant B. We use the solubility for CA1 and CA2 = 0. Also, since the
solution is dilute, xBM 1:
k'
5.85 10 6
(0.02948 0) = 1.726 10 7 kgmol/m2s
N A = c (C A1 C A2 ) =
X BM
1.0
N Sc =
D AB
1.93 10 5
=
= 2.505
(1.113) 6.92 10 6
N Re =
(0.0254)(0.305)(1.113) = 446
1.93 10 5
N Sh = 2 + 0.552(N Re )
N sh = k c'
Now solve for kG:
D
D AB
k c' = N sh
(N Sc )1/ 3 = 21.0
D AB
6.92 10 6
= (21.0)
= 5.72 10 3 m/s
D
0.0254
k c'
5.72 10 3
k =
=
= 2.163 10 9 kgmol/s m2 Pa
RT (8314)(318)
Since the gas is dilute, k G kG. Using that we can solve for the flux:
N A = k G (PA1 PA2 ) = 2.163 10 9 (73 0) = 1.599 10 7 kgmol/m2 s
'
G
Mw = 18 kg/kgmol
CA1 = 0.02948 kgmol/m3
= 8.71 x 10-9 Pa s
0.999468
1
X
X
A1
B1
Calculate Schmidt Number:
N SC =
D AB
8.71 10 4
=
= 702
996 1.245 10 9
N Re =
(0.137)(0.152)(996) = 23812.5
8.71 10 9
Calculate JD:
J D = 0.99 N Re
0.5
0.5
= 0.99(23812.5)
= 0.06416
Calculate K c:
2 / 3
2 / 3
K C' = J DN SC
= (0.06416)(0.152)(702)
Calculate Flux:
= 1.2346 10 5 m/s
0.152 m
P = 202600 Pa
R = 8314.34 m3 Pa/kgmol K
T = 325.6 K
Mw = 28.8 kg/kgmol
Correct DAB:
T
D AB (325.6 K ,202.6kPa ) = o
T
Calculate and :
1.75
P
o
P
T
325.6
= o = 0.0171cP
T
273
325.6
=
273
202.6
101.3
= 3.51182 10 6 m2/s
0.768
1.75
M wP
(28.8)(202600) = 2.155 kg/m3
=
(8314.34 )(325.6)
RT
(a)
Calculate NRe:
N Re =
(0.152)(1.524)(2.155) = 25495.5
1.958 10 5
0.2
J D = 0.036N Re
= 0.036 (25495.5)
1.958 10 5
= 2.58722
D AB (2.155) 3.51182 10 6
K C'
KC = 0.003827 m/s
(2.58722)2 / 3
0.004732 =
1.524
'
K
0.003827
KG = C =
= 1.41366 10 9 kgmol/m2 Pa s
RT (8314.34 )(325.6)
N SC =
JD =
'
C
2/3
N SC
= 0.004732
(b)
Dp = 0.0127 m
Calculate Reynolds and Schmidt Numbers:
D p (0.0127 )(1.524)(2.155)
N Re =
=
= 2130.21
1.958 10 5
1.958 10 5
N SC =
=
= 2.58722
D AB (2.155) 3.51182 10 6
N SH =
K C' D p
D AB
KG =
K C' (0.0127 )
46.0164 =
3.51182 10 6
KC = 0.012725 m/s
K C'
0.012735
=
= 4.70 10 9 kgmol/m2 Pa s
RT (8314.34 )(325.6)
3
298 0.8718 10
Told new
Calculate the area of the column:
A = D 2 = (0.0667 ) = 3.494 10 3 m2
4
4
Now use the area and volumetric flow to find the velocity:
v = V / A = 5.514 10 7 / 3.494 10 3 = 1.578 10 4 m/s
Calculate the Schmidt Number:
8.71 10 4
N Sc =
=
= 702.6
D AB (996.7 ) 1.245 10 9
Calculate Reynolds number:
D p (0.006375) 1.578 10 4 (996.7 )
N Re =
=
= 1.150
8.71 10 4
Calculate JD:
1.09
(N Re )2 / 3 = 1.09 (1.150)2 / 3 = 2.277
JD =
.436
Then, assuming kc = kc for dilute solutions,
k c'
k c'
2/3
C Ai C A2
where CAi = 0.02948 (the solubility)
CA1 = 0
A = 0.01198 m2 (the surface area of the bed)
V = 5.514x10-7 m3/s
CA2 = 2.842 x 10-3 kgmol/m3
)(
Pure water at 26.1C is flowing at a rate of 0.0701ft3/h through a packed bed of 0.251-in.
benzoic acid spheres having a total surface area of 0.129 ft2. The solubility of benzoic acid in
water is 0.00184 lbmol benzoic acid/ft3 solution. The outlet concentration is cA2 is 1.80 x 10-4
lbmol/ft3. Calculate the mass transfer coefficient kc. Assume dilute solution.
= 0.8718 x 10-3 Pa s
= 996.7 kg/m3
= 0.0701 ft3/hr
A = 0.129
(C A2 C A1 )
C C A1
ln Ai
C Ai C A 2
where CA1 is the inlet bulk flow concentration, CA2 is the outlet bulk flow concentration, and CAi is the
concentration at the surface of the solid (which in this case equals the solubility)
Material Balance on the bulk stream: N A A = v(C A2 C A1 )
So now we plug this into the log mean driving force equation:
(C A2 C A1 )
v(C A2 C A1 ) = A K C
C C A1
ln Ai
C Ai C A2
CA1 = 0, so it cancels out of the equation:
(C A2 )
v(C A2 ) = A K C
C Ai
ln
C Ai C A2
We can now plug in given numbers:
1.80 10 4
(0.0701) 1.80 10 4 = (0.129)K C
0.00184
ln
4
0.00184 1.80 10
KC = 0.0559 ft/hr
N Sc =
c
c D AB
6.947 10 4
= 215
(994) 3.25 10 9
Now calculate k L:
c g
2 D AB
k =
+ 0.31N Sc 2 / 3
2
Dp
1/ 3
'
L
1/ 3
4
(9.806) = 2.29 10 4 m/s
2 3.25 10 9
2 / 3 (994 1.13) 6.947 10
(
)
k =
+
0
.
31
215
1 10 4
994 2
)(
A A A + B B B = 0
A A + B B ( A + B ) = 0
A + B B and = A + B
A A + B B A A + B B ( ) = 0
A A + B B ( A A + B B ) = 0
NA =
CD AB
)(
1 + X A1
4.062 10 2 0.15 10 4 1 + 1.0
ln
=
ln
= 2.112 10 4 kgmol A/m2s
1 + X A2
0.002
1+ 0
(b)
Substitute X A2 =
NA
in for XA2:
k1' C
NA =
(4.062 10 )(0.15 10 ) ln
=
2
NA
CD AB
0.002
ln
1 + X A1
1+ N A '
k1 C
1 + 1.0
N
1 + A
5.63 10 3 4.062 10 2
)(
2
4
= 1.004 10 kgmol A/m s
CA 1
k1'
k1'
= 2 exp z
k i t + 1 2 exp z
+ ki t
erf
erf
C
D AB
D AB
2 tD AB
2 tD AB
For z1=0m:
CA 1
= 2 exp[0] erf 1 10 4 1 10 5 + 1 2 exp[0] erf 1 10 4 1 10 5
1.0
C A = 12 exp[0] 2 + 12 exp[0] 0 = 1.0 kgmol/m3
)]
)(
[(
)]
)(
For z2=0.004m
CA
=
1.0
(
(
(1 10
(1 10
) erf
0.004
(1 10 )(1 10 ) +
) 2 (1 10 )(1 10 )
) erf
0.004
+ (1 10 )(1 10 )
) 2 (1 10 )(1 10 )
1 10 4
exp
0
.
004
2
1 10 9
2 exp 0.004
(
(
)
)
4
9
110 4
1
C A = 1 2 exp 0.004
2
+
2
9
110 9
For z2=0.01m
CA 1
(1 10 4 ) erf
0.01
= 2 exp 0.01
9
5
9
1.0
(
)
1
10
(
)(
)
2
1
10
1
10
(
(
(
(
1 10 4
exp0.01
1 10 9
1 10 4
1
C A = 2 exp 0.01
1 10 9
C A = 0.0.0423kgmol/m3
1
(1 10 )(1 10 ) +
4
1 10 5
) erf
0.01
)
) 2 (1 10 )(1 10 ) + (1 10 )(
) 1.9998 + exp0.01 (1 10 ) 0 = (0.042329)(1.9998)
)
(1 10 )
(b)
The total amount, Q, of A absorbed up to time t is represented by:
D AB ' 1
k ' t k 't
'
Q = c A0
e
k t + 2 erf k t +
k '
(1 10 )
9
Q =1
4 '
Q = 0.0332 kgmol/m
1
2
)(
110 4 1105
N B = 12 N A
N A = CD AB
A2
dx A
dx
+ x A ( 12 N A )
N A dz = CD AB
dz
1 xA 2
0
x A1
1 x A 2 2
ln
1 x A1 2
N
For a slow reaction, x A2 = ' A . Plugging into the flux equation and replacing C with P/RT:
k1C
NA =
NA =
2CD AB
2 PD AB 1 N A RT 2k1' P
ln
RT
1 x A1 2
(d)
Plugging in the values, we get:
2 1.01325 10 5 0.2 10 4 1 N A (8.314)(298) 2 0.53 10 2 1.01325 10 5
NA =
ln
(8.314)(298)0.0013
1 0.97 2
2
4
N A = 1.76 10 kgmol/m s
)(
((
)(
))
For unsteady-state diffusion through a spherical geometry where we are looking at average temperature and
time, Figure 5.3-13 (page 377) can be used. So, to find the radius, r, we need to find Y, and X, where:
C C ave 0 0.001
Y= 1
=
= 0.025
C1 C0
0 004
Because A reacts instantly, we know that C1=0. From the graph for a sphere at Y, X=0.32
Solving for r:
D t
7.5 10 9 (2)
r = 0.000217 m
X = 0.32 = AB
=
r12
r12
[(
'
kt = (35s-1)(0.010s) = 0.350
CA0 = Solubility*Pressure = (2.961x10-7 kgmol/m3 Pa)( 101.32 kPa) = 3.00x10-2 kgmol CO2/m3
Q = 3.00 10 2
1
2
XB
0.4
=
= 0.667
(1 X A ) 1 0.4
XB
0.6
At point 2: X B' =
=
= 0.667
(1 X A ) 1 0.1
XC
0.2
X C' =
=
= 0.333
(1 X A ) 1 0.4
1
1
D AM = '
=
= 2.635 10 5 m2/s
'
0.667
0.333
X
XB
+ C
(2.02 10 5 ) +
(6.75 10 5 )
D AB
D AC
Calculate PiM:
Pi1 = P PA1 = 1.0 0.4 = 0.6 atm
Pi 2 = P PA2 = 1.0 0.1 = 0.9 atm
P Pi1
0.9 0.4
PiM = i 2
=
= 0.740 atm
Pi 2 ln 0.9
ln
0.4
Pi1
Now solve for NA:
D AM P
(2.635 10 5 )(1.0) (0.9 0.6) = 8.74 10 5 kgmol A/m2s
(PA1 PA2 ) =
NA =
(82.057)(298)(0.005)(0.740)
RT (z 2 z1 )PiM
At point 1: X B' =
xC1
0.15
0.05
x B1
+
+
5
5
(
)
(
)
1
.
64
10
1
08
5
.
456
10
1
0
.
8
(
)
(
)
D
1
x
D
1
AB
A
1
AC
A
1
Calculate CAM:
P
202.6 10 3
C=
=
= 68.0647 mol/m3
RT (8314)(358)
C A1 = Cx A1 = (68.0647 )(0.8) = 54.45mol/m3
C A2 = Cx A2 = (68.0647 )(0.2) =13.61mol/m3
C AM =
68.0647 13.61
C C A1
ln
C C A2
D AM C
1.9878 10 5 (68.0647 )
(
NA =
C A1 C A2 ) =
54.45molm 3 13.61molm 3 = 4.68 10 4
2
4
(
)
(
)(
)
z
z
C
0
.
004
0
29
.
4605
kgmole/m s
2 10
1
AM
N A = 4.68
((
) (
))
1.01325x105 Pa and 373K. The pore radius is 60 A (angstrom). Calculate the Knudsen diffusivity, DKA, of
H2 .
P = 1.01325x105 Pa
T = 373K
r = 60 angstroms = 6.0x10-9
MA(H2) = 2.016
DKA
= 97.0r
MA
= 97.0 60 10
373
2.016
= 7.92 10 6 m2/s
A gas mixture at a total pressure of 0.10 atm abs and 298K is composed of N2 (A) and He (B). The mixture
is diffusing through an open capillary 0.010m long having a diameter of 5x10-6 m. The mole fraction of N2
at one end is XA1 = 0.8 and at the other is XA2 = 0.2. The molecular diffusivity DAB is 6.98x10-5 m2/s at 1 atm,
which is an average value based on several investigations.
(a) Calculate the flux NA at steady state.
(b) Use the approximate equations for this case.
L = 0.010m
r = 2.5x10-6 m
P = 0.10 atm
T = 298 K
XA1 = 0.8
XA2 = 0.2
DAB = 6.98x10-5 m2/s
MA = 28.02 kg/kgmol
MB = 4.003 kg/kgmol
R = 8314.3 m3 Pa/kgmol K
(a)
1
T 2
273 2
4 2
= 97.0 2.5 10 6
DKA = 97.0r
= 7.91 10 m /s
M
28
.
02
A
In an open system with no chemical reaction, the ratio of NA/NB is constant:
NB
MA
28.02
=
=
= 2.645
NA
MB
4.003
Now we can solve for the flux factor, :
N
= 1 + B = 1 + 2.645 = 1.645
NA
Now we can solve for the transition region NA:
D P 1 x A2 + D AB / DKA
N A = AB ln
RTL 1 x A1 + D AB / DKA
(6.98 10 )(1.013 10 )
5
(
(
)(
)(
)
)
)(
DK = 97.0r
M
A
DKA = 97.0 5 10
2
298
2
= 0.001582 m /s
28.02
DKB = 97.0 5 10
2
298
2
= 0.004185 m /s
4.003
(b)
For the transition region, flux is calculated using:
D P 1 x A2 + DAB DKA
N A = AB ln
RTL 1 x A1 + DAB DKA
For P = 0.001:
1 ( 1.6457 )0 + 6.98 10 2 (0.001582)
6.98 10 2 (0.001)
2
7
NA =
ln
= 6.21 10 kgmol/m s
2
( 1.6457)(0.082157)(298)(0.1) 1 ( 1.6457)1 + 6.98 10 (0.001582)
For P = 0.1:
1 ( 1.6457 )0 + 6.98 10 2 (0.001582)
6.98 10 2 (0.1)
2
5
NA =
ln
= 1.321 10 kgmol/m s
2
( 1.6457)(0.082157)(298)(0.1) 1 ( 1.6457)1 + 6.98 10 (0.001582)
For P = 10:
1 ( 1.6457 )0 + 6.98 10 2 (0.001582)
6.98 10 2 (10 )
2
5
NA =
ln
= 1.68 10 kgmol/m s
2
( 1.6457)(0.082157)(298)(0.1) 1 ( 1.6457)1 + 6.98 10 (0.001582)
(
(
)
)
(
(
)
)
(
(
)
)
(c)
Lower limit is representative of Knudsen diffusion and the upper limit is representative of molecular
diffusion.
) (
X
0.195
0.150
0.100
0.065
0.050
0.040
R
1/R
X (1/R)avg (X)( 1/R)avg
1.51 0.663 0.045 0.745
0.0335
1.21 0.826 0.050 0.969
0.0485
0.9 1.11 0.035 1.260
0.0441
0.71 1.41 0.015 2.055
0.0308
0.37 2.70 0.010 3.203
0.0320
0.27 3.70
-Total =
0.1889
p A = Hx A
0.21 = 3.38 10 4 x A
x A = 4.80 10 6 molfrac or 0.000835 parts O2 to 100 parts water
A gas mixture at 1.0 atm pressure abs containing air and CO2 is contacted in a single-stage mixer
continuously with pure water at 293K. The two exit gas and liquid streams reach equilibrium. The inlet gas
flow rate is 100kgmol/hr, with a mole fraction of CO2 of yA2=0.20. The liquid flow rate entering is 300kgmol
water/hr. Calculate the amounts and compositions of the two outlet phases. Assume that water does not
vaporize to the gas phase.
Given: L0 = L' = 300kgmol / h
H ' = H / P = 0.142 10 4 / 1.0 = 0.142 10 4 mol frac gas / mol frac liquid
y A1 = H ' x A1
0.142 10 4 x A1
Total Material Balance:
x
y
x
y
L' 2 + V ' 1 = L' 1 + V ' 2
1 x2
1 y1
1 x1
1 y2
4
x A1 = 1.41 10 , y A1 = 0.20
4
0.142 10 x A1
x A1
0
0.2
+ 80
300
+ 80
= 300
4
x
1
0
.
142
10
x
1 0
1 0.2
A1
A1
x A0 = 0
V N +1 = 30.0kgmol / h
L0 = 90.0kgmol / hr
y A1 =
0.030
= 0.00101
29.73
x AN =
0.27
= 0.00300
90.27
*Since the liquid flow does not vary significantly, the operating line is assumed to be straight.
Plot the operating line and equilibrium line and step off stages. 5.2 theoretical stages required.
x A0 = 0
V N +1 = 30.0kgmol / h
L0 = 90.0kgmol / hr
y A1 =
0.030
= 0.00101
29.73
x AN =
0.27
= 0.00300
90.27
L
L
90.0
= 0 =
= 1.20
mV mV1 2.53 29.73
A = A1 A2 = 1.20(1.19) = 1.195
LN
90.27
AN =
=
= 1.19
mV N +1 2.53 30.0
y mx 0
1 1
0.01 2.53(0)
1
1
ln N +1
1 + ln
1
+
A A
y1 mx 0
0.00101 2.53(0) 1.195 1.195
N=
=
= 5.04 stages
ln A
ln 1.195
A1 =
(1 x A ) iM = 1
k x' /(1 x A ) iM
k y' /(1 y A ) iM
1.967 10 3 / 1.0
= 1.342
1.465 10 3 / 1.0
Plotting this, we get yAi=0.183 and xAi=0.247. Use these new values to re-estimate slope:
(1 y Ai ) (1 y AG )
(1 0.183) (1 0.380)
=
= 0.715
ln[(1 y Ai ) /(1 y AG )] ln[(1 0.183) /(1 0.380)]
(1 x AL ) (1 x Ai )
(1 0.100) (1 0.247)
(1 x A ) iM =
=
= 0.825
ln[(1 x AL ) /(1 x Ai )] ln[(1 0.100) /(1 0.247)]
k x' /(1 x A ) iM
1.967 10 3 / 0.825
slope = '
=
= 1.163
k y /(1 y A ) iM
1.465 10 3 / 0.715
(1 y A ) iM =
Plotting this, we get yAi=0.197 and xAi=0.257. Use these new values to re-estimate slope:
(1 y Ai ) (1 y AG )
(1 0.197) (1 0.380)
=
= 0.709
ln[(1 y Ai ) /(1 y AG )] ln[(1 0.197) /(1 0.380)]
(1 x AL ) (1 x Ai )
(1 0.100) (1 0.257)
(1 x A ) iM =
=
= 0.820
ln[(1 x AL ) /(1 x Ai )] ln[(1 0.100) /(1 0.257)]
k x' /(1 x A ) iM
1.967 10 3 / 0.820
slope = '
=
= 1.160
k y /(1 y A ) iM
1.465 10 3 / 0.709
This is essentially the same slope so use the interfacial values obtained before.
(1 y A ) iM =
k x'
1.967 10 3
NA =
( x Ai x AL ) =
(0.257 0.100) = 3.78 10 4 kgmol / sm 2
(1 x A ) iM
0.820
xAL=0.10,
yAG=0.380,
y Ai y *A 0.197 0.052
=
= 0.923
x Ai x AL 0.257 0.100
From the previous example:
k y'
1.465 10 3
and
=
(1 y A )iM
0.709
yAi=0.197,
xAi=0.257
m' =
(1 y *A ) (1 y AG )
k x'
1.967 10 3
=
(1 x A )iM
0.820
(1 0.052) (1 0.380)
= 0.733
ln[(1 y ) /(1 y AG )] ln[(1 0.052) /(1 0.380)]
1
1
1
=
+
K y' /(1 y A ) *M k y' /(1 y A ) iM k x' /(1 x A ) iM
(1 y A ) *M =
*
A
1
1
0.923
=
+
K y' = 8.90 10 4
3
3
K / 0.773 1.465 10 / 0.709 1.967 10 / 0.820
'
y
K y'
(1 y A ) *M
( y AG
8.90 10 4
y )=
(0.380 0.052) = 3.78 10 4 kgmol / sm 2
0.773
*
A
492 28.64
= 0.07309lbm / ft 3
460 + 77 359
G =
L = 0.99708(62.43) = 62.25lbm / ft 3
v = / = 0.8937 / 0.99708 = 0.8963 centistokes
From Table 10.6-1 for 1-in Pall Rings: Fp=56ft-1.
Pflood = 0.115Fp0.7 = 0.115(56) 0.7 = 1.925H 2 O / ft packing height
For Figure 10.6-5 for Random Packing: (G L / GG )( G / G ) 0.5 = (2.0)( 0.07309 / 62.25) 0.5 = 0.06853
From Figure 10.6-5 for 0.06853 and 1.925, the ordinate=1.7.
Capacity parameter equation from ordinate: (To find volumetric flow)
0.5
0.5
0.5
p
1.7 = vG [ G /( L G )] F v
0.05
0.07309
= vG
(56) 0.5 (0.8963) 0.05
(62.25 0.07309)
vG = 6.663 ft / s
GG = v G G = 6.663(0.07309) = 0.4870lbm /(sft 2 )
50% Flooding:
GG = 0.5GG = 0.2435lbm and for the liquid: G L = 2.0(0.2435) = 0.4870lbm / sft 2
New capacity parameter: 0.5(1.7) = 0.85
From Figure 10.6-5 for Random Packing at 0.85 and 0.06853: 0.18 inches of water/ft
feedrate
1140
1
=
lb / s
lbm /(sft 2 ) = 1.6427 ft 2
gas flow rate 3600
0.2435
2
2
AC = 1.6427 ft = ( / 4) D
D = 1.446 ft
A tray tower is to be designed to absorb SO2 from an air stream by using pure water at 293K. The entering
gas contains 20 mol% SO2 and that leaving 2mol% at a total pressure of 101.3kPa. the inert air flow rate is
150kg air/hm2, and the entering water flow rate is 6000kgwater/hm2. Assuming an overall tray efficiency of
25%, how many theoretical trays and actual trays are needed? Assume that the tower operates at 293K.
Calculate the molar flow rates:
150
6000
V'=
= 5.18kgmol inert air / hm 2
L' =
= 333kgmol inert water / hm 2
29
18.0
From Figure 10.6-7 (drawing of tower trays): y N +1 = 0.2 , y1 = 0.02, x 0 = 0
Overall Material Balance:
x
y
x
y
L' 2 + V ' 1 = L' 1 + V ' 2
1 x2
1 y1
1 x1
1 y2
xN
0.02
0
0.2
+ 5.18
333
+ 5.18
= 333
1 0
1 0.2
1 0.02
1 xN
x N = 0.00355
For a portion of the tower:
y n +1
x
0.02
0
= 333 n + 5.18
333
+ 5.18
1 0
1 0.02
1 y n +1
1 xn
Choose several y points arbitrarily and plot the operating line.
Plot the equilibrium data from Appendix A.3.
Step off trays from bottom to top: 2.4 theoretical trays
Number of trays with 25% efficiency =0.25(2.4)= 9.6 trays
10.6-3 Minimum Liquid Flow Rate and Analytical Determination of Number of Trays
A tray tower is absorbing ethyl alcohol from an inert gas stream using pure water at 303K and 101.3 kPa.
The inlet gas stream flow rate is 100.0 kgmol/h and it contains 2.2 mol% alcohol. It is desired to recover
90% of the alcohol. The equilibrium relationship is y=mx=0.68x for this dilute stream. Using 1.5 times the
minimum liquid flow rate, determine the number of trays needed. Do this graphically and also using the
analytical equations.
Given:
y1 = 0.022
V1 = 100.00 kgmol / h
x2 = 0
m = 0.68
0
0.22
0.03235
0.002244
'
L'min
L'min = 59.24kgmol / hr
+ 97.8
= Lmin
+ 97.8
1 0
1 0.22
1 0.03235
1 0.002244
Solve for L and x:
L' = 1.5L'min = (1.5)(59.24) = 88.86
x1
0
0.22
0.002244
+ 97.8
88.86
x1 = 0.0218
+ 97.8
= 88.86
1 0
1 0.22
1 0.002244
1 x1
Plot the operating line with several points. The solution is dilute, so the line is straight.
Step off trays: 4 trays.
Flow Rates:
V1 = 100.0
L2 = L' = 8886
A = A1 A2 = 1.355
Calculate N:
y mx 2
1
N=
ln 1
ln A y 2 mx 2
0.022 0
1
(1 1 / A) + 1 / A =
ln
(1 1 / 1.335) + 1 / 1.335 = 4.04
ln 1.335 0.002244 0
Acetone is being absorbed by water in a packed tower having a cross-sectional area of 0.186 m2 at 293K
and 101.32 kPa (1 atm). The inlet air contains 2.6 mol% acetone and outlet 0.5%. The gas flow is
13.65kgmol inert air/h. The pure water inlet flow is 45.36 kgmol water/h. Film coefficients for the given
flows in the tower are: k y' a = 3.78 10 2 kgmol/sm3molfrac and k x' a = 6.16 10 2 kgmol/sm3molfrac.
Equilibrium data are given in Appendix A.3.
a) Calculate the tower height using kya.
b) Repeat using kxa
c) Calculate Kya and the tower height.
Given:
y1 = 0.026
L' = 45.36kgmol / h
y 2 = 0.005
V ' = 13.65kgmol / h
x2 = 0
From Appendix A.3 for acetone-water and xA=0.0333 mol frac: p A = 30.760 = 0.0395atm
y = 0.0395
Equilibrium line: y A = mx A
0.0395 = m(0.0333)
y = 1.186x
Plot:
x
L' 2
1 x2
y
y
+ V ' 1 = L' 1, + V ' 2
1 y1
1 y2
1 x1
x1
0
0.026
0.0055
+ 13.65
45.36
x1 = 0.00648
+ 13.65
= 45.36
1 0
1 0.026
1 0.0055
1 x1
Plot the operating line.
Approximate the slope at y1 and x1 using trial and error:
k x' a /(1 x) iM
k x' a /(1 x1 ) i 6.16 10 2 /(1 0.00648) i
slope = '
= '
=
= 1.60
k y a /(1 y) iM
k y a /(1 y1 )
3.78 10 2 /(1 0.026)
y1*=0.0077
Using new points yi1=0.0154 and xi1=0.0130 continue trial and error:
(1 y Ai ) (1 y AG )
(1 0.0154) (1 0.026)
(1 y A ) iM =
=
= 0.979
ln[(1 y Ai ) /(1 y AG )] ln[(1 0.0154) /(1 0.026)]
(1 x AL ) (1 x Ai )
(1 0.00648) (1 0.0130)
(1 x A ) iM =
=
= 0.993
ln[(1 x AL ) /(1 x Ai )] ln[(1 0.00648) /(1 0.0130)]
k ' a /(1 x) iM 6.16 10 2 / 0.993i
Recalculate the slope: slope = x'
=
= 1.61
k y a /(1 y) iM
3.78 10 2 / 0.929
Repeat this process for y2 and x2:
k ' a /(1 x) iM
k ' a /(1 x1 ) i
6.16 10 2 /(1 0) i
slope = x'
= 'x
=
= 1.62
k y a /(1 y) iM
k y a /(1 y1 )
3.78 10 2 /(1 0.005)
The slope changes very little. Plotting this line we get: y2*=0.0, yi2=0.0020, and xi2=0.0018
Using the interfacial concentrations:
( y y i1 ) ( y 2 y i 2 )
(0.026 0.0154) (0.005 0.002)
( y yi ) M =
=
= 0.00602
ln[( y1 y i1 ) /( y 2 y i 2 )] ln[(0.026 0.0154) /(0.005 0.002)]
Calculate the flow rates:
V'
13.65 / 3600
V1 =
=
= 3.893 10 3 kgmol / s
1 y1
1 0.026
V1 + V2
V Av =
V'
13.65 / 3600
2
V2 =
=
= 3.811 10 3 kgmol / s
1 y2
1 0.005
3.893 10 3 + 3.81110 3
= 3.852 10 3 kgmol / s
2
45.36
L' = L1 = L2 = L Av =
= 1.260 10 2 kgmol / s
3600
VAv =
a)
V
3.852 10 3
( y1 y 2 ) = k y' az ( y y i ) M
b) ( xi x) M =
( xi1 x1 ) ( xi 2 x 2 )
(0.0130 0.00648) (0.0018 0)
=
= 0.00368
ln[(xi1 x1 ) /( xi 2 x 2 )] ln[(0.0130 0.00648) /(0.0018 0)]
L
1.260 10 2
( x1 x 2 ) = k x' az ( xi x) M
'
=
+
'
2
K y a /(1 y ) *M k y a /(1 y ) iM k x a /(1 x) iM
K y a / 0.983 3.78 10 / 0.979 1.16 10 2 / 0.993
c) (1 y ) *M =
(y y )M
( y1 y1* ) ( y 2 y 2* )
(0.026 0.0077) (0.005 0)
=
=
= 0.01025
*
*
ln[( y1 y1 ) /( y 2 y 2 )] ln[(0.026 0.0077) /(0.005 0)]
V
3.852 10 3
( y1 y 2 ) = K y' az ( y y * ) M
y1 = 0.20
y 2 = 0.02
x2 = 0
x1
0
0.02
4 0.2
2
+ 6.53 10 4
4.2 10 2
x1 = 0.00355
+ 6.53 10
= 4.20 10
1 0
1 0.2
1 0.02
1 x1
Operating Line:
y
x
4 0.2
2 0.00355
4
4.2 10 2
+ 6.53 10
= 4.20 10
+ 6.53 10
1 x
1 0.2
1 0.00355
1 y
Set y=0.04, x=0.000332. Choose other values of y and plug in for x.
Plot equilibrium data from Appendix A.3 and the operating data.
Repeat the following calculations for different y values. For y=0.2:
V'
6.53 10 4 '
V1 =
=
= 8.16 10 4
1 y1
1 0.2
Gy =
0.2
6.53 10 4 29 kgair / s +
64.1kgSO2 / s
1 0.2
Gy =
= 0.3164kg / sm 2
2
0.0929m
Similarly for liquid flow:
0.00355
4.20 10 2 18 +
64.1
2
L'
4.2 10 '
1 0.00355
Gx =
= 8.241
L1 =
=
= 0.04215
2
1 x1 1 0.00355
0.0929m
k x' a = 0.152Gx0.82 = 0.152(8.241) 0.82 = 0.857 , k y' a = 0.0594G y0.7 Gx0.25 = 0.0594(0.3164) 0.7 (8.241) 025 = 0.04496
Interface Compositions: Estimate the slope of PM by trial and error: Final yi=0.1685 and xi =000565
(1 y Ai ) (1 y AG )
(1 x AL ) (1 x Ai )
= 0.816
(1 x A ) iM =
= 0.995
ln[(1 y Ai ) /(1 y AG )]
ln[(1 x AL ) /(1 x Ai )]
k ' a /(1 x) iM
slope = x'
= 15.6
k y a /(1 y) iM
Calculate (1-y), (1-y)iM, and (y-yi)
V
8.16 10 4
Integrate: f ( y ) =
=
= 6.33
0.04496(0.0929)
k y' aS
(0.8)(0.0315)
(1 y )( y y i )
0.816
(1 y ) iM
After repeating for each y value from y1 to y2, numerically integrate to get z=1.588m.
(1 y A ) iM =
Predict HG, HL, and HOL for absorption of CO2 from air by water in a dilute solution in a packed tower with
1 in metal Pall rings at 303K (30C) and 101.32kPa pressure. The flow rates are Gx=4.069 kg/sm2 (3000
lbm/h ft2).
From Appendix A.3-18 for CO2 at 1atm: p A = 1.86 10 3 x A y A = p A / 1.0 = 1.86 10 3 x A
From Appendix A.3-3 for air at 303K: = 1.866 10 5 kg / ms and = 1.166kg / m 3
From Table 6.2-1 for CO2 at 276.2K: DAB = 0.142 10 4 m 2 / s
1.75
303
4
2
Correct the diffusivity to 303K: D AB = 0.142 10
= 0.167 10 m / s
276.2
1.866 10 5
Calculate the Schmidt No: N Sc =
=
= 0.958
D (1.166)(0.1670 10 4 )
From Table 10.6-1 for 1 in metal Pall rings to 1 in. Raschig rings: f p = 1.34
4
HG = H y =
f 0.660 6.782 0.678
p
0.35
0.35
HG = H y =
f 0.660 6.782 0.678
p
3
From Appendix A.2-4 for water at 303K: = 0.8007 10 kg / ms and = 995.68kg / m 3
At 298K: = 0.8937 10 3 kg / ms
From Table 6.3-1 for CO2 in water at 25C: D AB = 2 10 9 m 2 / s
0.8937 10 3 303
9
2
Adjust to 303K: D AB = 2.00 10 9
= 2.27 10 m / s
3
0.8007 10 276.2
0.8007 10 5
Calculate the Schmidt No: N Sc =
=
= 354.3
D (995.68)(2.27 10 4 )
0.3
0.357 N Sc 0.5
Gx /
HL = Hx =
f 372 6.782 / 0.8937 10 3
p
0.3
0.5
3
0.357 354.3 4.069 / 0.8007 10
= 0.2306m
HL = Hx =
3
1.34 372 6.782 / 0.8937 10
For dilute air: V = G y / MW = 0.5424 / 28.97 = 0.01872kgmol / sm2
H OL = H Ox = H L + ( L / mV ) H G