Evernote Shared Notebook - Ethics

12/5/2015
Evernotesharednotebook:Ethics
Accountability
Itcanbeunderstoodaslegalandproceduralmechanismthroughwhichpublicservantsareboundto3
elements.
1. Answerability:Seekingjustificationforanaction.
2. Enforcement:Impositionofsanctionsorpenaltiesifthejustificationisfoundinadequate.
3. Responsiveness:Extenttowhichanactionwastakenforagenuinepublicneedoronlyfor
administrativeconvenience.
Themeasuresforenforcingaccountabilitycanbebothexternalandinternal:
InternalMechanisms
1. Departmentalenquiries.
2. Performanceappraisal.
3. Transfers
4. Suspension
Problemswithaccountability
Accountabilitybyitselfwillnotbeadequate.Asenseofresponsibilitytomaximisetheavailableresources
forthewelfareofthepeopleisneeded.Accountabilityrestrictsitselftoquantitativedimensionofactionsbut
doesn'tincorporatequalitativeaspect.Theaccountabilitycanimprovetheefficiencyofthesystembutnot
necessarilyitseffectiveness.Eventhoughadministrationmayadhereperfectlytothetenetsof
accountability,thefinaloutcomesmayleavealottobedesired.
Toensurequalitytheadministrationshouldregulateitselfandtakeresponsibilityfortheiractions.
InterventionfromGovt+Congenialsocialenvironment=>SUCCESS!
It'snotaboutdoingthingrightlybutalsoaboutdoingtherightthings.
Administration
Itcanbedefinedastheexerciseinvolvingthedirection,coordinationandcontrolofmanypersonsto
achieveanobjective.Itinvolves:
1. Groupeffort
2. Commonpredeterminedobjective
3. Predefinedsetofrelationships(hierarchy)
Thereare3dimensionstoadministration:
1. Resources:Human,financial,natural.
2. Theobjectivesaredeterminedinaccordancewiththeneedsofthepublicratherthantheavailable
resourcesalone.Themotiveisofservice.
3. Thelegitimacytoadministerisbasedonmandategivenbythepublicthroughtheirpolitical
representative.
Featuresofadmin:
1. Itoperateswithinandisguidedbyaspecificpoliticalsetup.Itdoen'tmeanpolitcisationof
administration.Thepoliticiansrepresentpeople'smandateandthereposingtheirfaithinthe
representative,therefore,programmesandactionstakenbypoliticiansinawaydenotesthewillofthe
peopleandadministrationdrivenbythedesiretoservethepublicgoodhastofollowthosepolicies.
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2. Conceptofneutrality.Permanentexecutiveshouldbevalueneutral.Nonpartisanship.Itshould
beflexibleenoughtoadapttotheideologyofpoliticalpartyinpowerbutstiffenoughnottoletpolitical
partydriftawayfromservingpublicgood.
3. Conditionofanonymity.Hecanbeheldaccountablebutnotresponsible.Theresponsibilityshallvest
withtheelectedministerasforinstanceinthecollectiveresponsibilityunderArticle75(3)ofConst.
4. ExternalFinancialControlFinancesareregulatedbylegislaturetherebyensuringscrutinyand
control.
5. ConsistencyofTreatmentEverycitizenshouldbetreatedequal.Uniformandconsistent.
Theoperationalenvironmentofadministrationisdynamicandanofficercannotbetrainedforall
eventuality.Theadministrationshouldincorporatesocialconcernsandvaluesinadmindecisionswithout
whichtherewillbesuboptimaldecisions.
ThewholeparadigmhastoshiftfromAdministrationCentric>CitizenCentric.
Publicvaluesdeterminetheendswhereasadministrativevaluesdeterminesthemeansandprocess.
Example:Templeconstruction.
Ifthepublicvaluesarenotcorrectorimmoralthenthewayoutistoneutralisingpublicopinionby
spreadingawarenesstocounterresistance.e.g.VoterEducationCampaign.Widowremarriage.
WhyneedforvaluesinPublicAdmin
Economicandsocialconstraint,ensuresoptimumandefficientuseofresources,subjecttodiversepolitical
setup,functionalandstructuralchange(globalisation,privatisation,internettechnologies,publicprivate
partnership).Therearemanychallengessuchas:
1. Absenceofprecedent
2. Thedebatebetweenvaluesandfacts.
3. Thebalancebetweenmeansandends.
Theabovedilemmacanberesolvedbygoingbacktotheveryfundamentalsofgovernmentwhichis
focussingonthekeyaspirationsofthesystem,representedbythevaluesofthepublic.Ifitisnotguided
thenitwilllosethetrustofthosewhorelyuponit(e.g.BritishRule).Thevaluesofpublicshouldfinddeep
resonanceintheadministrationprocess.
Importanttonotonlyselectmorallyuprightindividualsforpublicservicebuttoalsoensurethat
organisationstructureandculturepreserves,nurturesandreaffirmstherightvalues.Theabstractnatureof
valuesmakeitdifficulttoenforcethem.Thereisaneedtosystematicallyreinforcesuchvaluestilltheyform
asoundinternalcompasstoguidethethoughtsandactionsofthemembers.
Thedimensionsinvolvedinvaluedevelopmentare:
1. Institutionalchange:Improveitsworkingculture.Useofegovintitiativecanmakeanorganisation
moreconsistentandstandardisedandlessvulnerabletopossibleadverseinfluencesofhuman
interface.Similarlyawelldefinedsetofservicerulescanpromoteobjectivityinassessingtheconduct
oftheemployees.
2. BehavioralChanges:Appearanceofthevaluesintheexternalactionsofanindividualtowardshimself,
colleagueandpublic.
3. Attitude:Internalchangeswithinanindividualthataffecthisenvironment.Asdesirablebehvioursare
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reinforcedbyrewardingtheirappearanceorpenalisingtheirviolations,anindividualbecomesmore
inclinedtowardsinculcatingthemasconsistenpartofhisconduct.
4. Beliefintheirvlaues:Longtermgoalofvaluedevelopmentandreferstothestagewhenorgvalues
areinstinctivelyunderstoodandformthebasisforallactionsbyallmembersacrossallsituations.
Keyelementsinvaluedevelopment
Recruitment
Thequalityofgovtdependsuponthequalityofitsofficers.Therecruitmentpolicymustbeableto:
1. Identifynotonlyintellectualmeritbutalsotemperamentalqualities.
2. Paydueregardtothebackwardnessofcertainsectionsbutnotattheexpenseofmerit.
3. Determineanapplicantsmotivationalsuitabilityandcompatibilitywiththeservice.
4. Affixtheageofentryatsuchlevelsthatbehavioralandattitudinalchangescanbebroughtaboutwith
minimalresistance.
TrainingandDevelopment
Trainingreinforcesbehaviouralandattitudinaltraitsthatareconsideredimporantbyorganisation.Itshould
beundertakenatregularintervalstoensurethatorganisationvaluesremaincongruentwiththechanging
valuesystemsofsociety.Mostofthetrainingremainsrestrictedtoimpartingtechnical,jobrelatedskills.
Thisshouldbesupplementedwithemphaisondevelopingtheoverallpersonalityofanindividualand
fosteringaninternalmotivationtoinculcatedesirableattributes.
PerformanceAppraisal
Establishthequalityofbothourrecruitmentaswellastrainingpolicies.Itoveremphasisestheassessment
ofquantitativecriteria,sometimesattheexpenseofquality.Itiscriticaltopromotenotjustefficiencybut
alsoeffectivenesswithinadmin.
1. Itshouldfocusonnotjustoutputsbutalsoonoutcomes.Itcanbedonebydevelopingindicatorsthat
canassessqualitativeparametersofperformance.e.gOutcomebudgeting.
2. Thepossibilitythatasuperiormaymisusehisdiscretioncanberegulatedbyprovidingcrossvalidation
throughmeasuressuchas360degreereview.
3. Itshoulddistinguishbetweenbetterperformanceandunderperformancebyprovidingincentivesand
disincentives.Asimplemeasurewouldbetolinkpaywithperformance.Officerscanbeencouragedto
workfearlesslybyprovidingthemstabilityoftenureandbyrecognisingtheireffortsbyinstituing
awards.
4. Punishementprocessshouldbeswiftandnotdelayedduetodepartmentalenquiriesandconstitutional
safeguards
CodeofEthicsandCodeofConduct
Codeofethicsestablishesgeneralprinciplestoguideratherthandictatebehaviour.Suchprinciplesare
usuallysocialormoralandthuswideranginginscope.Thisalsorendersthemnonspecificandopento
interpretationmakingitdifficulttoprescribesanctionsiftheirnormsareviolated.
Acodeofconductisconsistentwiththeprinciplesofcodeofethics.However,ifpresribesmorespecific
guidelinesbyoutliningaclearsetofexpectationsregardingactionsthatareconsiderednecessary,
acceptableorprohibitive.Itismoreobjectiveandcanprovideforpenaltiesifitsprovisionsareviolated.In
situationswhereacodeofconductissilentorambiguous,acodeofethicsstillprovidesguidancethrough
itsfundamentalprinciples.
Leadership
Theleadershiproleofadminisimportantnotonlywithinadminbutalsotowardssocietybyvirtueofbeing
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custodiansofpublictrust.Whensocietyfaceschangesinitsvaluesystem,socialupheavalorconflictsof
interest,adminisexpectedtoprovideclarityanddirectionthroughitswordsandactions.Leadershipcan't
bebaseduponprofessionalcompetenceandauthorityalone.Itmustbesupplementedwithinappropriate
stepofpublicspiritedvaluesasrefletedthroughanindividualpersonality.
SafeguardingEthicalBehaviour
Aviolationofpublicservicevaluesmustbeidentifiedwithinadministrativeranksitself.Suchviolations
wouldonlybereportediftheconcernedindividualsareassuredthattheirownwelfarewouldnotbeunduly
compromised.InterestDisclosureBill(2010).
1. Makingdisclosureuptill5yearsofoccurenceofactionbeingcomplainedagainst.
2. Doen'trelatetoarmedforces,forceschargedwithmaintenanceofpublicorderandintelligence
agencies.
3. Thedisclosuremustcontaintheidentityofthecomplainantbuttheidentityshallnotberevealed
unlessitbecomesnecessarytodosoforthepurposesofseekinginformation.
4. Onlycorrectivemeasuresaretoberecommendedtotheconcernedauthority.
5. Topreventvictimisationorharassment,thecompetentauthoritymaydirecttheconcernedgoverment
departmenttoprovideprotectoinforthecomplainant.
6. Thebillalsoprovidesforpenaltiesfornegligentlyormalafidelyrevealingtheidentityofthe
complainantasalsoformakingfalseormalafidedisclosures.
EvaluatingDevelopmentofValues
Itisimportanttoevaluatetheimpactofvaluedevelopmentinitiativetodeterminewhethertheyare
producingdesiredresultsandwhetheranymodificationsarerequired.
Publicofficeisoftentreatedasaprivatespace,intendedprimarilytopursuepersonalagendas.Thereisa
needto:
1. Downsizetheroleofthestatethroughmeasuressuchasdisinvestment,PPP.Monopolywhetherinthe
marketorpublicserviceisdetrimentaltoeffectivefunctioningandleadstocorruptpracticesoftenat
thecostofcitizensmoney.
2. Developindicatorstoassesstheproductivityandsustainabilityofthepublicservices.Forinstance
throughcreationofpublicservicesmanagementcodeasenvisagedbythePublicServiceBill
Appraisal
Wegenerallyareavictimofwrongappraisal.Moreobjectiveappraisalmechanismbetterthedecision
makingandgoodrapportwithsubordinates.e.g.Amanagerseesemployeeschattingandlaughing
together.Hecanmake2inferences:subordinatesarecolludingagainsthimortakingwelldeservedrest.
Moretimetoobjectiveassessmentbeforepronouncingjudgmenttoavoidpoordecisions.Justnessand
equalitytobehaviouremanatesfromproperappraisal.
Weseethingsnotastheyarebuthowweare.Perceptiongoesthroughemotionalfilter.InthebookAsa
ManThinketh,JamesAllensaysthatweareaproductofourownthoughtsandbelief.
AptitudeforCivilServices
Degreeofaction
Apathy<Sympathy<Empathy<Compassion
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Apathy
Absenseofemotion/indifference(Anhedonis).Itmeanscompleteabsenceofaction.
Sympathy
1. Understandingofthedifficultiesandproblemsfacedbyothersi.e.thereispresenceofemotions.
2. Understandingnotaspertheperspectiveofothersbutonlyasperown'sperspective.
3. Thereisaresponseofpityandattempttolookdownuponotherswhoareindistress.
Empathy
1. Thismeansfeelinginto.Understandingthewaythepersoninthequestiondoes.
2. Thepersonhastohavethewarmthtodemonstrateempathy
3. Thepersonhastogenuineinhisfeelings
(a)Compassion
Literalmeaningistosuffer.Desiretomitigatethesufferingsofothers.Verbal+Actionorientedservice.It
involvesempathy+action.It'sthefeelingofempathyforothers.Moreinvolvedthansimpleempathy.It
givesrisetoactivedesiretoalleviatethesufferingsofothers.Itisthebasisfor'ahimsa'andisthekey
componentinwhatmanifestsinsocialcontextasaltruism.Involvesbothsensitivityandcommitmenttotryto
dosomethingtoreduceorpreventit.
Itrequires:
1. Beingattentivetoneedsofothers.
2. Willingnesstoexertselfcontrol
3. Selfawareness.
4. Skilfullyhelpingothers
5. Beingcalmandcomposed
6. Theuseofreasoning
Componentsofcompassion
1. Sensitivity:Beingattentiveenoughtonoticewhenothersneedhelp.
2. Empathy:Beingabletostepintotheshoesofothersandfeelandseethethingsfromtheir
perspective.
3. Motivation:Thedesireandcommitmenttobecaring,supportiveandhelpfultoothers.
4. Nonjudgmentalapproach:Notjudgingperson'spainanddistressbutsimplyacceptingandvalidating
theirexperience.
5. Distresstolerance:Theabilitytobeardifficultemotionswithinourselvesandinothers.
(b)Empathy
Itistheabilitytocomprehendanother'sfeelingsandreexperiencetheminoneself.Itisakindofinduction
processbywhichemotionsbothpositiveandnegativearesharedandwhichincreasesthechanceofsimilar
behaviourintheparticipants.Itisdefinedbybehaviourssuchas:
1. Givingfullattentiontosomeone.
2. Detectingandinterpretingnonverbalcues.
3. Acknowledgingothersperspective.
4. Understandinganother'sfeltexperience.
Thereare2typesofempathy:
1. AffectiveEmpathy:Sensationsandfeelingswegetinresponsetoother'semotions.Itinvolves
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mirroringwhatotherpersonisfeeling.
2. CognitiveEmpathy:Perspectivetakingandistheabilitytoidentifyandunderstandotherpeople's
emotions
Requirementsfordisplayofempathy
1. Intelligence
2. EffectivelisteningSocialisolationismoreduetohearinglossthanvisionloss.
3. ImaginationPeoplewithvividimageryarebetterplacedtoemphathise.
4. Personalinvolvementwithappropriatedetachment.
5. Unconditionalpositiveregardfortheindividualinquestion
6. Abilitytounderstandandusethenonverbalcues.
EmpathyinGovernance
1. Empathyallowstheleadersandadministratorsbecomemoreawareofthechangingenvironmentand
bewillingtoadoptanddothingsdifferently.Adaptabilityprovidesleadersanadvantageincross
culturalsituationsandpreventsthemfromoffendingemployees.
2. Empatheticadminaremorelikelytohaveanappropriatedegreeofopennessaboutdiversityand
differencesbetweencultures.Italsoplaysanimportantroleindevelopingtrustinadminemployee
relationship.
3. Ithelpsadminincreasetheircapacityandwillingnesstounderstandsituationsandaccepttheproposed
changesandopinionsofothers.
4. Itallowsadmintomakeworkenvironmentmoreenjoyableandproductive.
5. Itpromotessuperiorlisteningwhichinturnfacilitatesthedevelopmentofinterpersonalrelations.
6. Powertoreadbetweenthelinesandtakeappropriatedecisions.
7. Itreducesrelationshipbarriers.Relationshipsstemmingfromempathyarelikelytoenhancethe
perceptionofleadersintegrityandcredibility.
Empathypromotes
1. Intergroupinteraction.
2. Conflictmanagement
3. Emotionalcontrol
4. Socialawareness
5. Innnovation
6. Teamwork
7. Interpersonaltrust
8. Organisationalproductivity
(c)Tolerance
Itimplieslongsufferingsilence.It'sthecapacityfororthepracticeofrecognisingandrespectingthebeliefs
andpracticesofothers.Tolerancethereforeisafair,objectiveandpermissiveattitudetowardsthosewhose
opinions,practices,race,religionandnationalitydifferfromourown.Thetwocommondenominatorsof
toleranceare:
1. Needforrespectfulandfairattitudetowardsothers.
2. Thisattitudeisdirectedtowardsthosewhosebeliefsandopinionshappentobedifferentfromours.
Tolerancethereforeishavingrespectfortheotherperson'srighttoexpresstheirbeliefswhilemaintaining
respectforpersonevenifhehappenstodisagreewithownbeliefs.
Truetoleranceencouragesonopendebate.
Democraticgovernancetoleratebroadspectrumofbehavioursandthereforeinculcateinitscitizensgrater
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tolerancethanthetotalitarianregimesorgovernancewhichemphasizeonmaximumcontrol.
(d)Objectivity
Itreferstobasingouradviceanddecisionsonrigorousanalysisofevidence.Objectivityensures:
1. Civilservantstakedecisionsonthemeritofthecaseandtakeaccountofexpertandprofessional
advice.
2. Provideinformationandadviceincludingtheadvicetoministersonthebasisofevidenceandaccurately
presentopinonsandfacts.
3. Mustnotignoreinconvenientfactswhenprovidingadviceormakingdecisions.
4. Mustensuretheimplementationofthepoliciesoncethedecisionsaretaken.
(e)Integrity
ComesfromtheLatinwordIntegermeaningwholeorcomplete.Itmeanssoundnessofmoralprinciples.
Personmustbeconsistentacrosstimeandsituations.
Persons'innersenseofwholenessderivingfromhonestyandconsistentuprightnessofcharacter.
Apersonwithintegritydoesrightthingsforrightreasons.Integrityinvolvesbasingone'sactionsoninternally
consistentframeworkorprinciples.Peoplewithintegrityareguidedbyasetofcoreprinciplesthat
empowersthemtobehaveconsistentlytohighstandards.
Thecoreprinciplesofintegrityarethevirtuessuchas:
1. Compassion
2. Genorisity
3. Dependability
4. Honesty
5. Kindness
6. Objectivity
7. Trust
8. Wisdom
Thepreambleofourconstitutionmentionsthatthestatesanditsfunctionarieswillactwithintegrityand
ethicsbecausedishonestandunethicalstatecan'tpromoteanybasicprincipleslaiddowninthepreamble.
Article14specificallyprohibitsstatefromdiscriminating.Article38makesitmandatoryonpublicservants
tobehaveethically.
TypesofIntegrity
1. Intellectualintegrity:Itrequiresbeingwillingtostandupforyourbestjudgmentoftruthbywillingtoact
inaccordancewiththejudgmentwhentheneedarises.Itrequirescaringfortruthforitsownsake.
Whenwefailtostandupforourbestjudgmentoftruthwearesaidtolackintellectualintegrity.Persons
withIntellectualintegrityarewillingtopursuethetruth.Theydon'tjustgoalongwiththepopular
opinionorwhatisfashionableatthatpointintime.Itischaracterisedbyopennessandfairness.It
requiresonetoovercomeselfdeceptionandtemptationofferedbycommercialism.
2. Personal:Itconsistsoforganisingone'sdesires,commitments,volitions,valuesandactionsinsucha
waythatthereisnoconflictbetweenthem.Whenapersonpossessesapersonalintegritythenvarious
aspectsofhisselfarefullyintegrated.Itrequiresthatthepersonsubscribestosomeconsistentsetof
principlesandcommitmentsinthefaceoftemptationsandchallengesandupholdtheseprinciplesor
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commitmentsforwhatindividualstaketobetherightreasons.
3. Moral:Itrequiresanunconditionalandunwaveringcommitmenttosomeortheothermoralprinciples.
Wecan'thavemoralintegritywithouthavingpersonalintegrity.
ReasonsfordeclineinIntegrityinGovernance:
1. Theprocessofsocialisation.
2. Amoralfamilismandnepotismblindobediencetofamilialobligation.
3. Commodificationandrelativedeprivation.
4. Absenseornonvisibilityorrolemodels.
5. Arbitraryrewardandpunishment.
UtilityofIntegrityinGovernanceandPublicAdministration:
1. Itensuresthatadminandpublicfunctionariesdon'tmisusetheirofficialpositionbyusinginformation
acquiredinthecourseoftheirofficialdutiestofurthertheirprivategains.
2. Complywithlawandupholdtheadministrationofjustice.
3. Keepaccuraterecordsandhandleinformationasopenlyaspossiblewithinthelegalframeworkand
donotdiscloseofficialinformationwithoutauthority.
4. Alwaysactinawaythatisprofessionalanddeservesandretainstheconfidenceofallthosewithwhom
wearedealing.
5. Fulfilltheirdutiesandobligationsresponsiblyandmakesurethatpublicandotherresourcesareused
efficientlyandappropriately.
6. Dealwithpublicandtheiraffairsfairly,efficientlypromptly,sensitivelyandeffectivelytothebestoftheir
abilities.
7. Notacceptgiftsorreceiveanyotherbenefitswhichmightbeseentocompromiseyourpersonal
judgment.
Arousal:
Moderatearousalisthekeytosuccessandnothigharousal(leadstohastyandwrongdecisions)orlow
arousal(noeffort).
Attitude
Whenvaluesareappliedonconcreteobjectitbecomesattitudeorinotherwordsapplicationofvalues
becomesattitude.Ithasdefiniteshape.Weknowapersonmorethroughattitudethanvalueseventhough
valuesarecentraltoaperson'spersonality.
Attitudehelpinpredictingtheexactbehaviourofaperson.
Attitudesarelearned,enduringpredispositionstoresondconsistentlyeitherinfavourableorunfavourable
mannertowardsobjects,persons,eventsoraclassofobjects,eventsorpersons.
Againaproductofsocialisation,longlastingandconsistent.
Theycanbe+veorve.
Attitude=Belief+Emotion
Lastingevaluationofthevariousobjectsinoursocialworld.Attitudesareevaluativeandtheyarelasting.
Itreferstomentalorneuralstateofreadinessorganisedthroughexperienceandexertingadirective
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influenceuponindividual'sresponsetoallobjectsandsituations.
Attitudesareevaluativebecauseemotionsareinvolved.
Characteristics
1. Enduring:Integralcomponentofpersonality
2. Acquired:Developedthroughsocialisation.
3. SubjectObjectrelationship:Objectificationofvalues>attitude.Itcanneverbeobjectfree.e.g.Ihave
(subject)a+veattitudetowardsyou(object).
4. Theyhelpinevaluation.
5. Itcanbeexpressedbothverballyandnonverbally.
6. Wegettoknowandunderstandothersthroughtheirattitudesonly.
7. Attitudesaresubjectiveexperience.Eachindividual'sattitudedifferentfromothers.
8. Itconformstotheprincipleofconsistency.Wegenerallydon'thaveA1,A2attitudestowardsathingat
differentpointoftime.Inconsistencyinattitudesleadstomentaldissonance.
Structure
Belief(Cognitivepart):Ideasandbeliefformthebasisofdevelopmentofattitude.Thesebeliefsmaybe
wrongorright.Forexample,amanagergivinglesssalarytowomenmayemanatefromthebeliefthat
womenarenotcoequalofmen.Stereotypesprevalentinoursociety.Thereismorethinkinginterms
ofAbsoluteBlackorWhite.
Emotion:Feelingsandemotionsonehastowardstheattitudeobject.
Behaviour(ActionPart):Ourpredispositiontodisplaycertainbehaviourstowardstheattitudeobject.
These3componentsaregenerallyinconsonancewitheachother.However,intimeofconflicttheattitude
willveertowardsthecomponentwhichhasgreaterweight.
Attitude==rujhaanandnotactualbehaviour.Theactualactionperformedmaynotcorrespondto
behaviour.
Attitudesarereflectionofexperiences.
Example:
Belief:Womenarecoequal
Emotion:Respectforwomen
Behaviour:Includingwomeninworkforce.
Attitudecongruentbehaviourandattitudediscrepantbehaviour.
Environmentplaysagreatroleinshapingourfinalbehaviour.
Thereisoftenaclashbetweenattitudeandenvironment.Whichwillprevaildependsupontherelative
strengthorcostbenefitanalysis.
Attitudeshouldbebasedonobjectiverealityandnotdistortivereality.
Environment>AttitudeORAttitude>Environment(Government/SocietalAttitude)
Example:
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Ifthegovtpolicysupportswomenparticipationinlabourforceandyourattitudeisalsoinsyncwithgovt
policythenitleadsto+verewardfromgovtandgivesasenseofsatisfaction.
Ifthegovtpolicysupportswomenparticipationbutyouholdoppositeattitudetheneitheryouwillrefuse
andfacepunitiveactionorwillreluctantlyagree.
Ifthegovtdoesn'tsupportwomenparticipationandyouholdnegativeattitudestowardswomenthenitisa
dangerousscenario.
Ifthegovtdoesn'tsupportwomenparticipationandyousupportthenallowingwomenwillearnyouwrath
fromgovtbutwillgiveasenseofsatisfaction.
FunctionofAttitude
1. KnowledgeFunction:Ithelpstoorganiseandinterpretdiversesetofinformation.Itprovides
consistencyandclarityinourexplanationandunderstandingofevents.Thisisalsoknownas
understandingfunction.Itprovidesaframeofreference.Itmaynotprovideuswithafactuallycorrect
information.Economistswhoopposeliberalisation(attitude)wouldalwayseealiberalbudgetaspoor
budget.
2. EgodefensiveFunction:Itprotectsthelossofselfesteemandpromotionofselfesteem.Moreego
defensivemeanslessagreeableandnotopen.Freefromegodefensivemeansawareandawake.
Prejudicedattitudesareoftenusedasacrutchtobolsterselfesteemoftheholder.Theyaremore
usedbytheindividualswhoareinsecureandanxious.Ithelpsusmaintainourselfesteeminthe
momentsofembarrassmnet.Suchpersonisnotlikelytoacceptmistakeincaseofdebacle.Thiscan
bedonewaywithbyprovidinganenrichingandfacilitatingenvironmentthatencourageshimto
discusshisinnermostfeelings.Nonjudgmentalandnonevaluativeenvironmenthelps.Rewardingthe
person'spositivebehaviour.Themomenthedepartsfromegodefensivenesswerewardhim.This
strengthensfightagainstegodefensiveness.
3. ValueExperience:Ithelpstoestablishaperson'sselfidentitywhichportraystotheindividualaswell
astoothersthekindofpersonheis.Thiscanbechangedbydisturbingthehomeostasis>Create
identitycrisis.Example:LordBuddha.Changeisdifficultbutcanbebroughtaboutifthepersonis
seriouslydissatisfiedwiththeirexistingselfconcept.Anotheroptioncouldbemakingpeopleaware
thattheirattitudesandbehaviourpatternsdonotmatchwiththeirexistingvalues.
4. NeedSatisfactionFunction:Changeinneedwillchangetheattitude.Indianowbeinglookeduponas
SuperpowerbecauseofIndia'seconomicgrowthrateandopportunityforothercountries.Many
attitudesareformedasaresultofourpastrewardsandpunishmentsforsayinganddoingthings.
Onceformedtheseattitudesusuallycontinuetobeusefulinhelpingussatisfyourneedsorreachour
goals.Theseattitudeshelpusadjusttolifesituations.Theseattitudesarelikelytochangeifattitude
holdergetsconvincedthatnewattitudessuggestedtohimarelikelytomeethisneedsinamore
effectivemanner.Theseattitudesalsochangeiftheattitudeholder'sunderlyingneedshavechanged.
5. ImpressionMotivationFunction:Subordinatesstartscomingontimejusttohaveimpressionon
superior.Attitudescanallowustomanagehowothersperceiveus.Wegenerallyuseourattitudesto
leadotherstohaveapositiveviewofourselves.Whenwearemotivatedtoimpressothersmanytimes
weshiftourattitudesaccordingly.Itmayhappenthatcontinuingwithtimetheseattitudesmaybecome
anintegralpartourself.
1. Birthofachildunitesparents.
2. AustralianCricketattitudetowardsIndia.
3. WhenwhitesinS.Africarealisedthatdevelopmentwouldnottakeplacewithoutblacks>
apartheidabolished.
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4. Nationaldevelopmentisstillnotcommongoal.
5. Self>Family>Caste>Religion>Nation
HowtoChangeAttitude?
Attitudescanbechangedifapersonconsistentlyreceivestheinformationthatinvalidatestheirexisting
beliefstructure.Insuchsituationstheseindividualsarelikelytocorrecttheirexistingbeliefsystemand
establishamorelogical,cognitivestructure.
Itcan'tbechangedovernightasitistheproductofsocialisationandconsistsofdeepseatedvaluesand
emotions.Asuddenattempttoreversetheattitudemaybemetbyresistanceasachangeinattitudeleads
tomentaldissonance.
Example:Earthisround,thesexofachildisdeterminedbymenandnotwomen.
Howattitudeandbehaviourareinterlinked?
1.AttitudeRelevance:Greaterthevestedinterestoftheattitudeholderintheattitudeheldthestrongeris
thepossibilityofmanifestation.
2.Strongertheattitudethestrongeristheattitudebehaviourlinkandtheattitudeformedwithdirect
exposurewithattitudeobjectaregenerallymorestrongerthanthoseforrmedasaresultofindirect
exposure.
3.Specificattitudesaremuchbetterpredictorofbehaviourthangeneralattitude.
4.Wearelesslikelytodisplayourtrueattitudeifwebelievethatothersholdadifferentattituderegarding
thesameobjectandwehavehighregardforthoseothers.
Attribution
Wemustknowthemotivebehindaction.
Forexampleifonestaffpassessexistremarksagainstawoman.Asasenioritisourdutytoacertainfirst
thecauseforsuchbehaviour.Maybethesubordinatemayhavecomefromsuchsocietalbackground
wherethefreedomofwomaniscurtailedoritmaybethatheisdeliberatelyhurtingthefeelings.
Isitdeliberate/intentionalorignorance.
Asavisitortoahospitalyoufindthatthehospitalisunclean.Therecouldbetwopossibilities:
1. Laxityonhospitalstaff.
2. Patientsandtheirrelativesmightbelittering.
LesserthemisattributionmoretherationaldecisionRecallofNonCooperationMovement.Ifattributional
erroroccursthenthereisalwaysawrongdecisiononthecard.Weshouldobjectivelyappraisethe
situation.
Autonomy
Administrativeautonomyisessentialtoaddressrapidlychangingsituationsasalsotodealwithdynamic
natureoftheworkitself.
However,unregulatedauthoritymightbemisused.Article311ofconstitutionseekstosafeguardhonest
officersbyprovidingthattheycan'tberemovedbyanofficersubordinatetothatwhichappointedthem.
However,therealintentissignificantlycompromisedwhendishonestofficersuseitsprovisionstodelayor
evenescapejustice.
Inthisregard:
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1. Legislativeandconstitutionalprovisionsshouldbereviewedandrationalisedtoensurethatwhilethey
continuetoprotecthonestofficers,theydonotprovideundueimmunitytodishonestofficers.
2. Internalvigilanceshouldbeconductedinatimeboundmanner.
Behaviour
Whydowebehave?
Pleasuredrivesourbehaviour.Therearetwokindsofpleasurephysicalpleasureandintellectualpleasure.
Wevalueourintellectualpleasureoverphysicalpleasure.e.gCollectorevacuatingdisastervictimsduring
floods.
Agoodtraitwouldbetosubordinatephysicalpleasureovermentalpleasure.Hedonismdrivingforce.
Ifaparticularbehaviourresultsinhedonismthenwe'llcontinuethatbehaviour.
Behaviourisafunctionof(emotions,belief)andf(conscious,unconsciouschoices)
Homeostatisensuresequilibrium.
DriveXDirection=BehaviouralChange.
Typeofinterventiondependsuponthesituationanditcanbeatthelevelofbelief,emotionandbehaviour.
CareEthics:
Careethicsemphasizesonempathyandsympathy.Wehavegreaternaturalobligationtothosewithwhom
weareincloserrelationships.
e.gConsiderthatyourmotherandastrangeraredrowningandyouhavethetimeandcapacitytosave
onlyoneofthem.
Althoughthesituationistragicbutjusticeperspectivewouldtransecendpersonalconsiderationsi.e.lifeof
everyindividualisequallypreciousbutcareethicsrecognisetheoverridingcharacteroftheobligation
towardsmothersincemotherhasnurturedandcultivatedusasaperson.
Thusethicalinvestigationshallbeconductedinamannerwhichcanhelpuscreateandrogynoussocieyt
i.e.anequalopportunitysociety.
Change
Changecanbebroughtat3levels:
1. Individual:Throughindividualintervention.Identifytheindividualswhoareready.Fencesittersare
generallyreadytojumpintobandwagon.Convincethemtojoin.Thiswillsnowballintosocial
movement.Thesetofenlightenedgroupwouldmotivateotherstojoinit.
2. SmallGroups:Throughsocialpressure.
3. Institutions:Throughlawsoftheland
Timeperspectiveforachangecanbeshortterm,midtem,longterm(increasingawareness).
Ifchangeisabruptandsudden,peoplewillresist(GhadarmovementvsCivildisobedience,Non
CooperationMovement).Changehappenswhenpeoplearepreparedforitandnotwhenpolicymakers
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comeoutwithapolicyorthroughspendingmillionsofdollarse.gTheproblemofopendefecationdespite
constructionoftoilets.
Societyorapersonhasalotofinertiaandmakingaradicalcannotbeanovernightaffair.
Changewilloccurthroughdisturbanceinhomeostasis.Whenourequilibriumisdisturbedweseekfornew
equilibriumtogetbacktopleasuremode.
Theinterventioncancomeateither
1. Belief(persuasion)
2. Emotion(bygeneratingfear)
3. Behaviour(punitiveactionorreward)level.
Charvaka
ItistheschoolofIndianmaterialism.Outof4purusharthaKamaisregardedastheendandarthais
regardedasthemeans.DharmaandMokshaarealtogetherrejected.Theysaythatdeathisitselfis
liberation.Theypropagatetheethicsofeat,drinkandbemerry.
Theaimofthelifeshouldbetominimisepainandmaximisepleasure.
Adistinctioncanbemadebetweencrudeandrefinedmaterialist(charvaka).Vatsayayan,theauthorof
Kamasutrahasrecommendedaharmoniuscultivationof3valuesDharma,ArthaandKama(Trivarga).
CitizenCharter
CitizenEngagement:
Ithas4broaddimensions:
Informationdissemination:Accesstoinfohelpsinbetterparticipation,betterjudgethequalityof
servicesandknowhowtoseekredressalifthequalityisunsatisfactory.CitzencharterandRTIprovide
suchframework.
CapacityBuildingandcommunitymobilisation:Citizenparticipationdependsupontheefficacywith
whichneedsareidentified,prioritizedandpresented.Thisisachievedbycapacitybuildingand
communitymobilisation.
GrievanceRedressal:Itisnecessaryforthecitizentobelievethattheirparticipationisleadingtothe
desiredchange,withoutanyunduecostsbeingimposeduponthem.
Makeitpossibletoreportanydeviationsornoncompliancethatmayhavebeenobservedor
perceived.
Provideforsanctionsorpenaltiesagainsttheconcernedindividuals.
Protecttheinterestsandwelfareofthosewhoreportsuchgrievances.
Institutionalisation:Referstotheformalproceduresandprovisionsthatfacilitatecitizenengagement
andsatisfaction.Suchinstitutionalsupportprovidesincentivesforwideningthescopeofparticipation.
Itincludesmeasuressuchassocialaudit,participatoryplanningandbudgeting,expendituretracking
surveys,citizenreportcard.
Collectivism
Individualsactasamemberoflifelongandcohesivegroupororganisation.Peoplehavelargeextended
familieswhichareusedasprotectioninexchangeforunquestioningloyalty.
Conscience
Itisdefinedasthespecialactofthemindthatcomesintobeingwhentheintellectpassesjudgmentonthe
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meritofaparticularact.Itisanintellectualdecisionmadewithregardtomoralityofaction.
Itiswiderinscopethanlawsinceitenablesustointerpretthelawinthelightoftheprevailing
circumstancesanddeterminetheunderlyingethicaldimensions.
Insituationwherelawissilentthevoiceofconscienceassumessignifcance.Anindividualsconscience
helpsdeterminethemostappropriatecourseofactionbyrecognisingthemoralandethicaldimensionsthat
areinvolved.
1. Ithelpsindividualprogressbeyondproceduralcompliance.
2. Whenlawsbecomeoutdatedandrequirerenewal,consciencenotonlyhelpsinrecognisingtheneed
toinitiatetheprocessbutinalsoprogressingtowardsthemostsuitableform.
3. Ithelpsanindividualcreateanoptimalbalancebetweenthelegalremediesandprerogativesthatare
availabletohimalongsidetheuniversalityofestablishedvaluesandmorals.
Itsupplementstheroleoflawandrulesinprovidingforethicalgovernance.Inabsenceofconscienceone
mayadheretotheletterofthelawbutmayviolateitsspiritwithimpunity.However,italsodependsupon
andenhancesthediscretionarypowersofanindividual.
CorporateGovernance
AfterLPGtherulesandresponsibilitesofthegovernmentandprivatesectorhavebeenconverging.The
stateisincreasinglyplayingtheroleofaregulatorandfacilitatorandthefunctionsvacatedbyitare
providedbytheprivatesector.InthisrespectCorporateGovernancecanbeunderstoodastheprocesses
andmechanismsthatmaintainabalancebetweentheeconomicandsocialgoalsofacorporation.The
primarypurposeistoallowcompaniestocreatewealthlegallyandethically.
ItisbasedonthreetenetsProfitability,LegalityandEthicality.
Themainchallengearisesindomainswhentwoofthesearesatisfiedbutthirdiscompromised.e.g.
surrogateadvertisingislegalandprofitablebutcan'tbejustifiedonmoralgrounds.
Thusthegoalofcorporategovernanceistodevelopandsustainthebusinessmodelthatassuresthe
simultaneousfulfilmentofall3criteria.
Stakeholders
Shareholders:Theyarethetrueownersofacompany.Providecapitalandreposetrust.Maximise
shareholdervalueandprotecttheirwelfare.Smallinvestorsdon'tenjoysignificantcontroloverthe
workingofthecompany.Theyaregeographicallydispersedandsizeoftheirinvestmentissmall.
Workers:Mostvaluableassetofacompanysincethequalityofitsgoodsandservicesdependsupon
thequalityofitsworkforce.Theyshouldbetreatedasaninvestmentratherthanaliability.Cleanand
safeworkingenvironment,sustainablewages,medicalandinsurance.Tomotivateworkersitbecomes
importanttoencouragetheirparticipationindecisionmaking.e.gLabourassociations,joint
consultativemechanismwithmgt.ESOP
Management:TraditionallytheroleofmgtwasconfinedtotheactivitieslistedbyPOSDCORB
(Planning,Organising,Staffing,Directing,Coordinating,ReportingandBudgeting).Incontemporary
scenariothemanagementandleadershiparebecomingsynonymous.Theyareexpectedtoplaya
leadershiprole.Theyplayavitalroleindetermininghowacompanywouldrespondtoactivitiessuch
asgenderdiscrimination,taxevasion,insidertrading.
BoardofDirectors:Appointedbyshareholdersandtheydirectthemanagementandprovidebroad
longtermvisionandgoalsforthecompany.Thecompositionmustestablishabalancebetweenthe
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impartialityandexpertiseofitsdirectors.
Executivedirectors:Theyholdmanagementpositionsinthecompany.
NonExecutivedirectors:Theydon'tholdmanagementpositions
Thisensuresindependenceoftheboardpreventsconflictsofinterestsandconcentrationof
powerensuresimpartialityinenforcingaccountability.
Auditors:Appointedbyshareholders.Criticaltobeseenasindependenttoensureshareholdertrustin
thereliabilityofthereportsandfinancialhealthofthecompany.Suchaccountabilityisnoteasyto
ensureasvotingpowersareconcentratedwithonlyafewlargeshareholders.
Society:Membersofasocietymayormaynotbeconsumersofcompany'sproducts.Towardsits
consumerstheresponsibilityofthecompanyincludesfairpricing,standardisationinqualityand
quantity,techimprovement,awarenessoftheirrightsetc.Towardssocietyatlargethecompany's
responsibilitiesincludegeneratingemployment,adheringtoenvironmentalnorms,contributingto
taxationrevenues,participatingincommunitydevelopment.
4PillarsofCorporateGovernance:
1. Accountability
2. Fairness
3. Transparency
4. Independence
TopromotecorporategovernanceSEBIconstitutedK.M.Birlacommitteein1999andbaseduponits
recommendationsitintroducedclause49.
Theclausecovers:
1. BoardofDirectors:Ifchairmanexecutivethen2/3rdindependentdirectors,ifchairmannonexecutive
then1/3rdindependentdirectors.Codeofconductforalldirectors.
2. AuditCommittee:Independentandqualifiedauditcommittee,chairmanshallbeindependentdirand
2/3rdmembershallalsobeindependent.
3. Disclosure:Thecompanyshallprovideproactivedisclosureregardingitsaccountingstandards,risk
assessmentproceduresetc.conflictofinterestshouldbedisclosed.
4. Annualreportoncorporategovernance:Itshouldhighlightthenoncomplianceofanymandatory
provisions.
Corruption
AccordingtoTransparencyInternationalcorruptionisdefinedastheabuseofentrustedpowerforprivate
gain.
1. Itisaviolationofuniversallyacceptedmoralvaluesandstandards,iseconomicallywastefuland
inequitableanddeniescitizenstheirbasicrights.Itisdetrimentalfromtheperspectiveofmorality,
economyandequality.
2. Phenomenonwhereafewsuccessfullyexploitthemany.Ironically,thesystemforprocuringservices
throughcorruptmeansisregardedasmoreefficientandfairthantheregularsystemsofgovernment.
3. Althoughbribegiverandbribetakershouldbeperceivedasequallyculpablethefocusofmost
remediesisrestrictedtotheroleofbribetaker.Thisissobecausebringingininstitutionalchangeis
relativelyeasierthanacorrespondingsocialchange.
Formsofcorruption:
1. MonetaryvsnonMonetarycorruption
2. AccordingtorulesvsAgainsttherules.
3. ExternalvsInternalCorruption:Externalinvolvesmembersofthepublicandincludebriberyover
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tendersandcontracts,forgeryandfalseassessments.Internalmodesofcorruptionarerestrictedto
administrationandincludemisappropriationofpublicfunds,illegalgratificationthatisprovidedforout
ofturntransfersorpromotions,misuseofofficialresourcesforpersonalpurposes.
4. PettyvsGrandCorruption:Pettycorruptionreferstoisolatedinstancesthatarerestrictedintermsof
theirimpact.Grandcorruptionoccurswheretheinterestoftherulingregimearesubstitutedfor
nationalintereste.gPolicyformulationorlegislativeenactments.
Parameter
Whatisneeded
How?
Cultureforgiving,lenient
Zerotolerance
Socialstigma
Passivityfewcomplaints
Proactive
citizens
Transparency,whistleblowers,false
claimsact
Mediaandcivilsocietyspecific
interests
Impartiality,
equality
Selfregulation
Challengesofcorruption
Themostfundamentalchallengesofcorruptionisacceptanceofitsexistenceandtolerancetowardsit.Since,
eventhemostunforgiveableinstancesofcorruptionareforgivenandforgottenbysocietyandinstitutions
alike,corruptionemergesasalowriskhighreturnactivity.Thereisnoshortageofmechanismstocurb
corruption,suchmechanismscanbecircumventedbyutilisingthegainsappropriatedthroughcorruption
itself.
SocialNorms
Increasedexposureandawareness,broughtaboutbyglobalisationandthegrowthofthemedia,has
increasedpersonalaspiratinosandambitions.However,whileithasresultedinconsumerismand
materialistictendencies,ithasnotalwayscreatedacorrespondingimpactontheaptitudeandattitude
towardswork.Thepotentialofindividualslagbehindtheirrelativeaspirations,creatingsignifactdiscontent.
Corruptionthenemergesasaneasyalternativetobridgethegapbetweenaspirationsandrealities.
Inthisregardeducation,formalandinformalplaysanimportantroleinreducingthesenseofrelative
deprivationthatindividualsmaysuccumbto.
SpecialemphasishastobeplacedonIndianvaluesthatemphasizeselfrealisation,hardwork,sacrifice
andtheimportanceofone'sownwork.
PassivityandIndifference
Veryfewactuallyregisteracomplaintaboutanactofcorruption.Passivity.Needtomerelysecurea
serviceandinmanycasesthecitizendon'tmindpayingextraamountforfasttrackingtheservice.Itcan
alsobeattributedtogenuinefearandriskofchallengingtheestablishedpowerdynamics.
However,thegovernmentcaninitiatecorrectivemeasuresonlywhensuchviolationsarereported,it
becomesimportanttoencouragecitizenstoraiseprotestsorlodgecomplaints.Thiscanbeachievedby:
1. Providingtransparencyandstandardizationingovernmentaction.
2. Protectingthewelfareofthosewhomakesuchcomplaints.
3. Providingtangibleincentiveforparticipation.e.g.USFalseClaimsActwhichencouragescitizensto
scrutinizeactionsandreportdiscrepenciesbyrewardingthemwith1535%orrecoveredpenalties.
MediaandCivilSociety
Roleininforming,educatingandmobilisingpublicopinion.Integralpartofgovernanceandmustperform
theirfunctioninafairimpartialandequitablemanner.
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Civilsocietygroupsoftencollapseintosocialgroupingsbasedonlinkagesofcaste,religionandeconomic
status.Creationofselfservingsplintergroupswhichcompetewitheachotherandarenotreluctanttouse
anymeanstopromotetheirowninterests.
Themediaisvulnerabletothepressuresofcompetitionandalignsitselfwithspecificideologicalgroups
servingasthemouthpieceofsuchgroups.Ittendstoexaggeratetheirachievementsandoverlookthier
misconduct.Civilsocietyshould:
1. Seektopromoteequalitywithinandoutsideorganisationratherthanpromotinghegemonyof
dominantgroups.
2. Mediashouldperceiveitsroleasaninformatioproviderratherthananadjudicator.Developguidelines
forselfregulation.
PoliticalCorruption
Itiswidereachinginrange,scopeandimplications.Verylawofthelandmaybesystematically
manipulatedtoserveverynarrowinterests.
CoalitionPolitics:Regionalaspirations.Needtomaintainanelectoralmajorityoftennecessitates
overlookingthemisconductofelectoralpartnersormayevengiverisetolegislativehorsetrading.
Dilutionofprinicipleofcollectiveresponsibility.Correctivemeasuresinclude:
Collectivevisionandresponsibilityshouldbeassessedinlightofcommonminimumprogramme.
ThegovernmentshouldseekafreshmandateifgoalsofCMParerealigned.
Strengtheningtheantidefectionlaw.Mandatorytoseekreelectionwhenchangingpolitical
parties.
Antecedents:Whencandidateswithsuspiciousantecedentscontestelections,itdecreasespublictrust
inpolityandincreasesthechancesofmanipulationoflegislativeandinstitutionalmechanismsbeing
manipulatedtoservepoliticalinterests.Currentlythereisnoinvestigationintothebackgroundofthe
candidate.Electorateshouldbeabletochoosenotjustrepresentativesbutleadersandstatesman.
Disqualificationfacingchargesrelatedtograveoffences.
Acodeofconducttosupplementthecodeofethicsforministersandlegislatorsshouldbe
developed.Itwouldhelpenforcemeasuresrelatedtoprovisionssuchaspoliticaldonation,
conflictsofinterests,nepotism,involvementincommercialactivitiesetc.
FundingofElections:Hugecostsinvolvedincontestinganelectionoftentranslateintoreciprocal
relationshipwithfinancialdonors.Itleadstopreferentialtreatmentforafew.Controlling,disclosing
andauditingthefiinancesofpoliticalpartiesandelectoralcampaignsaresignificantwaystodetecand
curbcorruption.Althoughstatefundingofelctionsmaynotbefeasibleuntilbetterregulatory
mechanismforpoliticalpartiesaredevelopedpartialstatefundingmaybeconsidered.
Charisma:Despiteriseincorruptioninthepoliticalclass,itstillenjoysloyaltyandlegitimacyfromthe
people.Qualityofpoliticalactionsisassessedbytheabilitytosatisfypopulardemandratherthanin
themannerinwhichthestateisadministered.Charismaofindividualleadersandpoliticaldynasty,
explainingwhyrelativelyhighlevelsofcorruptionsaretolerated.Itfosterscorruptionin2ways
Preservingthestatusquoandinhibitingchanesinvaluesytem.
Institutionalisetheneedforloyaltytowardssuchleaders,inrecognitionoftheirinevitablereturnto
power.
Thisseverlyrestrictstherepresentativenatureofdemocracyanddivertsfocustowardsservingan
eliteminority.Suchtendenciescanbecurbedby:
Promotingparticipationinelections,especiallyamongsttheyouth.
Providingreservationstofacilitatetheentryofpreviouslyunrepresentedsections.
CorporateSocialResponsibility(CSR):
Thisisalsotakentoevadetaxes.
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Culture:
Itreferstothesumtotalofbehaviourpatterns,values,ethics,morals,attitudesandtraditionssharedand
transmittedamongthemembersofagivensociety.
Powerdistanceinourculture.
Decentralisation:
Dedication:
Itisinspiredbysenseofdutyandresponsibility.Evenifaformalagreementisabsenttheindividualwould
remainmotivatedtowardsthetaskandemployasignificantlengthofmeasuretoachievehisobjectives.
Thiscanbeachievedthroughinternalisingtheideaofpublicservice.Itensuresthattheindividualwould
remaincommittedevenifthesituationturnshostile.Itkeepstheofficerimmunetotemptationsand
hardships,derivingsatisfactionfromtheeffectivefulfillmentoftaskitself.
DelegatedLegislation:
Democratic:
Mindisundemocraticandauthoritarian.
Deontological:
Absolutism.Nomatterwhatthecircumstancerightisright.
Forexample:Bribegivingisbad.
Actionisvaluableintrinsically.Ithasinherentvalue.Actionisanendinitself.
RightispriortoGood.Asgoodresultmaynothavejustoneinterpretation.Onemayviewresultintermsof
pleasurewhileothersviewhappinessandpublicwelfareasgoodresult.
Determinism:
Ourbehaviourisdeterminedbycertainforcesbothwithintheindividualandoutsidetheindividual.
EnvironmentaldeterminismRewardsandpunishmentandsalary.
Discipline:
Amanagerisnotabletodisciplinesubordinatesbecausehehasnotbeenabletoconvincethemtorealise
thattheyneedthosebehaviouralchanges.It'sthefailuretopushthroughtheseneedseffectivelythat
leadstoindiscipline.
Efficiency:
Whatasystemisactuallycapableofproviding.Doingthingsright.
GovtofHaryanahandedoutRs.2andRs.1chequetoallfarmerswhosecropgotdestroyed.The
administrationwasabletoensurethattheprocedurewasdoneinmostefficientmanner.
Misplacedfocusonefficiencyisabaneforourgovernance.
Britishadministrationwashighlyefficienthoweveritdidnotservethepublicgood.Itappliedatrociouslaws
onpeopleandcausedmuchhardship.
Theintentionoffirst2FYPwaswelfarebuttheirimpactwasminimalbecauseitwasaonewaytraffic
followingtopdownapproach.
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Effectiveness
Whatasystemactuallyprovides.
Emotions:
Theseareoftwotypes:PositiveandNegative.NegativeEmotions:Generallynegativeemotionssuchas
fear,anxiety,insecurityandragepredominateoverpositiveemotionsanditisnecessaryforsurvival.It
ensuresselfpreservation,however,carriedtoextremeitleadstosocialconflict.Sinceprehistorictimesthe
tendencyofhumanhasbeentowardoffthreat.Perhapstheoriginoffireandthepracticeoflivingingroup
canbetracedbacktothefearofwildanimals.Thisbehaviourtendstodriveneedbasedbehaviourto
greedbasedbehaviour.Thetendencytohoardanitemduringinflationcomesfromanxietythatemanates
fromnegativeemotion.Needbasedbehaviourshouldbeprevalentovergreedbasedbehaviour.Wehave
todilutethenegativeemotionssothatitdoesn'tleadeveryonetopursuehisownpersonalgoalsleadingto
socialconflict.
Realityisneverperceivedasitisbecauseofemotioninvolved.
Decisionsshouldnotbetakenwhenemotionsarehighasobjectivitywillcomeandreasonwillnotprevail.
EmotionalIntelligence
Emotionsarepersonalexperiencesthatarisefromcomplexinterplayamongphysiological,cognitiveand
situationalvariables.Emotionisapsychologicalconcept.Allofusarebornwithacapacitytoexperience
emotions.Allemotionsarereactionstoevents.Emotionshaveanadaptivepurpose,theyincreasethe
abilityofaspeciestosurvive.Theyhelpusdirectourattentiontoimportantevents.Theyfacilitatesocial
communicationandhelpusexercisepowerandmaintenanceofstatus.
Ealieritwasthoughtthatemotionsmakeusinefficientandrepresentasignofweaknessbutinrecent
timesithasbeenwelldocumentedthatemotionsfacilitate:
1. Buildingthetrust.
2. Creativeexpression.
3. Makeuseffective
4. Motivateus.
5. Helparriveatgoodjudgment
6. Activateethicalvalues.
7. Providevitalinformationandfeedback
8. Enhancesreasoning
MayerandSaloveryintroducedtheconceptofemotionalintelligence.
IQ+EQ=>GeneralIntelligence
EQisthereflectionofanindividual'semotionalintelligence.
IQXEQXSQ=WellBeing
SQ=SpiritualQuotient
Emotionalintelligenceistheabilitytoperceiveandexpressemotions,assimilateemotionsinthought,
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understandandreasonwithemotionsandregulateemotionsinoneselfandtheothers.
ThepersonwithgoodEQis:
1. Highsenseofagreeableness
2. Highonopenness
3. Conscientousnessruleboundedness
4. NeuroticismLowlevelofanxiety
5. ResilienceTendencytobounceback
6. Socialisation
In1995Golemanwroteabook:
"EmotionalIntelligence:WhyitmattersmorethanIQ?"
Heattributed80%successonEQand20%onIQ
EmotionalIntelligence(Potential)>EQ(Measureofextenttowhichemotionalintelligencegetsmanifested
intobeahaviour)
MayerandSaloveygavetheconceptofEIin1990s.
WhatdoesEQconsistof?
1. Perceptionofemotion
2. Managementofemotion
3. Understandingofemotion
4. Emotionalfacilitationofthought
GolemandefinedEIascapacityforrecognisingourownfeelingsandthoseofothersformotivating
ourselvesandformanagingemotionswellinourselvesandinourrelationships.
HeidentifiedfollowingcomponentofEI
1. SelfAwareness:Itistheknowledgeaboutoneself(strengthandweakness).Itwillallowtheindividual
toutilisehisstrengthandavoidsituationsinwhichthelimitationsmightprovetobeahandicap.It
enablesustosetrealisticgoals.Thechancesthatgoalsareaccomplishedbecomeshigh.
2. SelfMotivation:Itistheenergiserofbehaviour.PushandpullforcesthatleadtoGoaldirected
behaviour.Motivationresultsin:
Goalcommitment
Diligence
Resilience
OptimisticOutlook
Helpskeepdepressogeniccognitionaway
3. SelfRegulation:Itmeansemotionalandbehaviouralcontrol.Itpreventsapersonfrombeinga
prisonerofownfeeling.Peoplewithhighselfregulationwillcarrryoutmoreobjectiveappraisalof
situationandtheirframeofreferencewillberealistic.Theywillbefairandjustinrelationshipwith
others.Theyarelikelytobegoodteambuildersandteamleaders.
4. Empathy:Needtocomeegocentricbehaviour.Itrequirespersontobenonjudgmental.Unconditional
positiveregardforsomething.Perspectiveofothersandfeelthethingsthewaytheotherfeel.
5. HandlingRelationship:Socialskillsthatallowemotionallyintelligentindividualstomanagetheir
relationshipeffectively.Theseskillsinclude
1. Patienceandtolerance
2. Senseofhumour:Abilitytoseethelightersideofthelife.
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3. SocialMemory:Abilitytoremembernames,facesanddates.
4. RecognitionofSocialEnvironment:Delicateperceptionofwhattosayanddoinagivensituation.
5. Highstresstolerance.
6. Selfconfidence
TherearescholarswhoconsiderEItobeconsistingof2kindsofcompetencies:
1. Personalcompetence:Itreferstotheabilitytounderstandourownfeelings,strengthsandweaknesses
andtheabilitytomanagethesefeelingseffectively.Itisreflectedintheformof:
1. Awarenessofone'semotionsandtheirimpact.
2. Emotionalselfcontrol.
3. Abilitytoadapttothechangingenvironment.
4. Integrity,honestyandtrustworthiness,achievementorientation.Willingnesstotakeinitiativesand
theabilitytoalwaysbeonthelearningcurve.
2. Socialcompetence:Itreferstotheabilitytounderstandwhatothersarefeelingandhavingtheskillsto
workeffectivelywithothers.Itisreflectedthrough:
1. Respectforothers.
2. Conflictmanagementskills.
3. Collaborativeapproach.
4. Senseofhumour
5. Appreciationofstrengthandweaknessesofothers.
EIinGovernance
Allgovernanceispeoplegovernanceandallserviceispublicservice.RelationshipsareDNAof
governance.Ifpublicfunctionariesfailtodeveloptrustingrelationshipwithotherpeople,therecanbeno
governance.
MaxWeberandF.W.Taylorviewedemotionsasahandicapinadministrativefunctioning.Webertalked
aboutdehumanisation.Taylorsaidthatmanisamachineandfocussedoneliminationoftimeandmotion
waste.Manwasturnedintoarobot.HumanRelationsMovementbyEltonMayo(Hawthorneexperiments).
Importanceofinformalgroupinanorganisation.Feelingofbondage,belongingtoagroup.
SaloveyandMeyerconsideredemotionsasassetsinadministrativefunctioning.
GuidedbyMaxWeber'sideasonbureaucracyithadbeenassumedthatefficiencyandeffectivenesswould
beharmedifhumanemotionsinfluencetherationalactionsofpublicadministrators.Impersonalityand
dehumanisationwereregardedasspecificvirtuesofbureaucracybecausetheywouldremovethedanger
ofirrationalbehaviourbyindividualbureaucrats.
F.W.Taylorconcentratedoneliminationoftimeandmotionwaste.Workersemotionalissuessuchas
boredomorfrustrationweredismissedasnegligibleconcerns.Theirideasweresubstantialtobureaucratic
managementformostofthelastcentury.
However,inthe2ndhalfoflastcenturythenotionthatthegovernmentandadministrativeprocessesmight
beimprovedbylookingatemotionalcontentinrelationalworkratherthanfocussingsolelyonrationality
andsciencecamemoretoforefront.
EltonMayothroughhisexperimentsdemonstratedthatthemostsignificantfactorinfluencing
organisationalproductivitywastheinterpersonalrelationshipsdevelopedonthejobandnotonlythepayand
workingconditions.Wheninformalgroupidentifiedwiththemanagementtheproductivityincreased.
Mayo'sworkresultedinhumanrelationsmovementinindustryanditsimpactwasalsofeltintheworkingof
thegovernmentandadministrativemachinery.
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Todayitiswellrecognisedthateveryjobhasatechnicalandhumanfaceandforjobsuccessand
satisfactionhumanfacecan'tbeignored.Thisisapplicableforgovernmentfunctioningassuchgovernance
encompassesasetofrelationshipsbetweengovernmentandcitizensandthatdevelopingtrusting
relationscallsforthedisplayofsocialandinterpersonalskills.Inthelightofthesedevelopmentsthe
contemporaryapproachtoadminemphasisesonemployeeempowerment,networkingandcollaboration
andcitizenfocusandithasbeenfirmlyunderstoodthatthesuccessofpublicfunctionariesatworkis
contingentonhoweffectivelycantheydisplaytheirEmotionalIntelligence.EIallowspublicfunctionaries
andbureaucrats:
1. Achievemoreamicableworkenvironment.
2. Reducetheroleambiguityandroleconflict.
3. Achievebettercommunicationwithintheorganisationandbetweentheorganisation.
4. Usegroupdynamicstoachievecollaborationsandforbuildingbondsandrelationships.
5. Reducetheintrapersonalandinterpersonalandintergroupconflictwithintheorganisationand
individuals.
6. Improvesocialcapital.Itreferstothebondofmutualrespectandcareamongthemembersofa
collective.Whenpublicadministratorsinvestinsocialcapitaltheyearncurrencyintheformof
increasedtrustingovernancce.EIallowsforbuildingupofsocialcapitalwithpeers,stakeholders,
media,citizens,superiorsandsubordinates.
7. EIindividualshavetheabilitytousewinwinmodelsfornegotiations.Furthertheycaneasilybecomea
changecatalyst.
8. Theyarecapableofbettertimeprioritisation,multitasking,commitmentandconscientiousness.
9. EIintelligentpublicadminareabletomakebettersenseofambiguousandcontradictorymessages
andrecognisetheimportanceofdifferentelemensinthesituation.
10. EIleadersandpublicfunctionariesbringbestoutoftheirsubordinatestherebyimproveorganisation
performanceandproductivity.
HowtoImproveEQ?
1. Beliefrestructuring.
2. Reeducation
3. Resocialisation
4. Emotionalregulation
TechniquesofimprovingEQ
1. SensitivityTraining:Helpsthepersontoknownhislimitationsandhowhislimitationsaffecthis
interpersonalties.Improveinterpersonalcompetenceandsocialcompetence.
2. RolePlaying:Helpsusunderstandchallengesassociatedwithotherrolesbetter.Harnessandexpress
hiscreativity.Helpsinreleasepentafeelingsandemotions.
3. AssertivenessTraining:Toexercisecontrolledaggression.Itteachesthetechniquesof
gamesmanshipsothatweareabletospeakoutonissuethatmattertous.
4. Egobuildingbehaviour:Promotingindividualselfesteem
5. Shameattackingexercises.
6. RelaxationtechniquesexercisesMeditation,yogaetc.
7. AngerManagement
8. AnxietyManagement
9. AttentionFocusTraining
10. CommunicationTrainingforverbaleffectivenssandnonverbalcues(eyecontact)
DevelopmentofEmotionalIntelligence
Theprocessofdevelopmentstartsrightfromthebirth.Variousinstitutionsinvolvedare:
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1. Familyinformalagencyofsocialisation.Ifthesepracticesaredemocraticthenitwillleadto
developmentofhighlevelofEI.Unfortunatelymostofthepracticesareauthoritarian.Thereisno
roomfordiscussion.Thefirst5yearsarethemostformativeyears.Parentsserveastherolemodel
byshapingtheirrewardandpunishment.
2. SchoolsTeachersasrolemodel.Textbooksandpeers.Textbooksshouldpromotesecularvalues.
3. MediaIndirectsocialisation.Itprovidesobservationlearning.Increaseincrimeagainstwomen.
Mediaoftenhighlightsnegativenewsandassuchthereisaperceptionthatitisdangeroustobe
uprightandhonest.
4. Religiousinstitutions.
5. Placeofwork
Ethics:
IrespectmyparentsbecausesocietysaysitsoEthics
Notfollowingethicswillbring:
Disapproval
Isolation
Banishment
Althoughmostoftheethicsaresocietalinnaturebutmanyofthemdoarepersonal.Webehavehonestly
notbecauseoffearoflaw.
Ethicsrefertotherulesfordecidingcorrectconduct.Theyarewellfoundedstandardsofrightandwrong
thatprescribewhathumansoughttodousuallyintermsofrights,obligations,benefitstothesociety.
Ethicstendtobecodifiedintoaformalsystemorasetofruleswhichareexplicitlyadoptedbythepeople.
Itprovidesameansofevaluatinganddecidingamongthecompetingoptions.
Societyrequiresacodeofethicstoprovideforsocialorderandforsettlingconflictsbetweencompeting
values.
Differentethicsstandards:MedicalethicsvsLegalethics.
Individualmoralcodeisusuallyunchangingandconsistentacrosscontextbutcanchangeifthereisa
radicalchangeinvaluesandbeliefsystem.
Itisdefinedasthescienceofconduct.Itisconcernedwithnormsorstandards.Itisnotabouttheway
worldisbutaboutthewaytheworldoughttobe.Itisconcernedwithvaluesandideals.Itisdifferentfrom
otherareasofenquiry.Traditionaltheoriesandconventionshavebeenrevisedandreformedin
contemporarytimes.Itisasphereofinvestigationwhichisvibrantanddynamic.
Itcanalsobecalledasthescienceofmoralsormoralphilosophybecauseittriestoexaminemoral
conceptssuchasright,good,virtue,justiceandsoon.
Moralityisasubsetofethicsi.e.ethicaldeliberationhelpusconceptualisethehighestidealsoflifeand
moralityisconcernedwithspecificprinciplesofactions.Ethicsisconcernedwithanideallifeorthegood
lifewhilemoralitywithrightconduct.
Somethingcanbeethicalyetmoral.
ChallengestoEthics/Morality:
Egoism:Therearenomoralrequirements.Allwecandoistoserveourownselfinterestandnotthe
interestsofothers(altruism).
Religion
Culture
Moralityisintegraltohumanlife.Wecan'tthinkofalifewithoutmoralvalues.
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Socrates:Unexaminedlifeisnotworthlivingcorrectly.Hepreferrredtodieratherthanlivealifewherehe
wasnotallowedtoquestion.
InthedialogueCrito,CritorequestsSocratestoescapefromtheprisonbutSocratesarguesthatinjustice
shallnotbeansweredwithinjusticeandrefusestoescape.Hesaysthatitismoreimportanttoliveajust
lifethanmerelytolive.Hismainarguments:
1. Astateismoreimportantthananindividual.
2. Bybeingamemberofastateoneisunderanagreementtoobeyitslaws.
3. Weoughtnottohurtanyone.Byescapingfromprisonhewouldbebreachingthelawandhurtingthe
state.
IndianPerspective
ThehumanexistenceandobjectiveoflifeisexplainedwiththereferencetothetheoryofPurushartha:
Dharma:Virtue,Justice
Artha:Economicwellbeing
Kama:Sensualpleasure
Moksha:Liberation,empowerment.
Itisbeneficialtobemoral.Itisinourselfinteresttobemoral.
ThomasHobbesdescribedalifewherepeoplehadnotcometogethertocooperateinanethicalmannerin
hisfamousbookLeviathan.Peoplekeptfightingwitheachother.
ExpectationofPeople
Expectationofpeoplechangewithtime.Earlierpeopleusedtovoteoncastelinesbuttodaytheydemand
infrastructure,healthandschools.
Ethicsdistinguishesitselffromreligionbyseekingreasonsratherthanauthoritytojustifyitsprinciples.The
centralpurposeofethicsistoformulateprinciplesofconductandvaluesoridealssuchasgood,truth,
right,virtue,justiceetc.whichareintrinsicallyvaluable.
TheseareENDinitselfandnotMEANSforanything.
Religionhasplayedanimportantroleinmorallearningandthereisnoreligionwithoutmoralvalues.
Moralityactsuponreligionandmakesitpureandrefined.
Ethos:
Referstowhatisthecurrentstatusofworkculture.Itmaynotalwaysbeincongruencewithwhatis
expectedofit.Itreferstothecredibilitythattheworkcultureenjoysintheperceptionsofsuch
stakeholders.Itimplieswhatis,thusshowcasingtheexistingstateofaffairs.Workethicsontheotherhand
defineswhatshouldbeandenvisagesanoptimalbalancebetweenthevaluesoftheorganisationand
thoseofthepublic.
Improvingworkethosrequires5broadshifts:
1. Control>Commitmentmanagement:Involvinggreaterpartcipation,internalandexternalingoal
settinganddecisionmaking.
2. Processfocus>Outcomefocus.
3. Providing>Enabling.Empoweringnonstateagenciesandthepublicthemselvestogenerate
provisioningoftheservices.
4. Centralisation>Decentralisation.Delegationofmoretasksaswellastheauthoritytoperformsuch
tasks.
Thereare4determinantsofethics
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1. Action:Itcanbeevaluatedasrightorwrong.e.gTellingthetruthisevaluatedasrightactwhereas
lyingasawrongact.Howeversomeactsmaybemorallyneutralandmaynotbeevaluatedasrightor
wronge.g.ChoiceofMusic(unlessyouarefondofobsceneandvulgarsongs).Againsomeactscan
besuperogatory(highlyaltruisticact).Theseactsmaygobeyondthecallofduty.Theoriesthat
emphasiseonprinciplesofactionsarecalleddeontologicalaccordingtowhichprinciplesofactions
haveinherentvalue(endinthemselves).ThemostfamousexponentisKant.
2. Consequence:Ethicaltheoriesthattakeconsequenceintoconsiderationstodeterminetherightness
orwrongnessofanactarecalledteleological.
3. Character:Theoriesthatemphasizemoreonthecharacteroftheagentthantherulesarecalledvirtue
ethicse.gAristotle'sethics.
4. Motive:Forapropermoralevaluationmotiveoftheagentmustbetakenintoaccount.
Otherdeterminantsofethicsare:
Custom:Ithascontributedsignificantlyinevolutionofsociety.Actionsinsyncwithcustomaretermed
asethical.Customisgroupmoralitywhereitisexternallyimposedandisnotinherenttoanindividual.
Conscience:Countertogroupthereisaninherentbelief.Individualformulationhasitssourcein
conscience.Arationalvoicecomingfromwithin.Variousviewpointsrelatedtoconscienceare:
Itisthevoiceofrationality.
ItisthevoiceofGod.
Itisthevoiceofcustomitself:Individualisnotborninvoid.Thekindofsocialisation/
naturalisationthatoneissubjectedtoleadstosuchvoice.However,beyondapointthisviewis
limitedfortherewouldhavebeennodissentingvoicethen.
Ithastheinherentcapabilitytoreflect,explore,examine,investigate,nottakethingsforgranted.
Thevoiceofconscienceisnotthefinalanswer.Itismerelyacapabilitytoreflect.
ContinenceandIncontinenceAristotle.
Peoplemayknowwhatisrightbutwouldendupdoingexactlyoppositetoitincontinent.
Crisisofconscience.
Viewsonhomosexualityiscrisisofconscience.
Somethinkerssaythatconsciencceislikerationalintuition.It'sanaturalfacultyineveryhuman
being.Similarlythereisamoralfacultywhichleadsustodecidewhatiswrongandright.
Intuition:IthasmoralsenseandAstheticsense(beautycomponentdecideswhatisrightorwrong).
Law:Ethicaldiscourseandlegaldiscoursearedifferent.Throughlawweknowtosomeextentwhatis
wrong/right.Itismotivatedbycarrotandstickapproach.Itleadstoexternalenforcementofnorms
andvalues.Itdoesn'tallowtogrowasahumanbeing.Thereshouldbeavoluntaryengagement.Self
condemnation,selfpraiseareguidingfactors.
Pleasure
4ExternalSanctions
1. Nature
2. Society
3. Religion
4. PoliticalLaws.
Fear:
Mildfearappealworkbetterthanthestrongfearappeals.Strongerfearappealscanresultindefencive
avoidance.Thetargetgroupmightinsulateitselfinordertoavoidthemessagesissuedbythesourceand
mayreducehislevelsoftrustinthesource.
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Appealstofeararelikelytobeeffectiveiftheyarefollowedbyspecificrecommendationsabouthowa
changeintheattitudeorbehaviourislikelytopreventthenegativeconsequencesdescribedinfear
provokingmessages.
Governance:
Itisthedefinedasthemannerinwhichpowerisexercisedinthemanagementofacountry'ssocialand
economicresourcesfordevelopment.Thispowerisreflectedthrough3aspects:
1. Theformofpoliticalregime.
2. Theprocessesandinstitutionsbywhichauthorityisexercised.
3. Thecapacityofthegovttodesign,formulateandimplementpolicies.
Goodgovernance:
AccordingtoWorldBankthereare5basicattributesofgoodgovernance:
1. InvolvementofState,MarketandCivilSociety:Themarketcreateseconomicopportunitiesforthe
peoplewhilecivilsocietyfacilitatesparticipationinsocialandeconomicactivities.Ifeitherofthese
agenciesisunableorunwillingtoprovideaservice,theresponsibilityforthesameshallvestwiththe
state.
2. Governanceisdemocraticinnature.Theinvolvementofmultiplestakeholders.
3. Governanceisinherentlypoliticalparadigm.Sincetheresourcesultimatelybelongtothepublic,the
bestjudgewouldbecitizenthemselves.
4. Governanceismoreabouttheprocessthantheoutcome.Theobjectivesaredeterminedbythe
mandateofthepeople,theycan'tbechanged.However,themannerinwhichtheyaretobeachieved
canalwaysbeimproved,emphasizingtheimportanceoftheprocessorthemeans.
5. Governanceisaneutralterm.Itisneitherstaticnorunidirectionalbutdynamiccontinuum.Whatis
expectedofthegovernmentfirstisthatitprogressesintherightdirectionandsecondthatitdoessoat
thepacecommensuratewiththechangingaspirationsofthepeople.
GovernmentDeficit:
Traditionallythefunctioningofgovernmenthasbeencharacterisedby4principaldeficits:
1. Deficitofalternatives.Sincethestateitselfisthesoleproviderofmostessentialservicesandthe
citizensdonothaveanyexitoptions.
2. Adeficitofinformation.Lackofawarenessamongthecitizensregardingtheirentitlements.
3. Deficitofparticipation.Citizensaredisinclinedtowardsengagingwiththegovtbutalsobecauseofthe
absenceofinstitutionalmechanismtopromoteparticipation.
4. Deficitofaccountabilityduetolackofstrongmonitoringmechanism.
FeministEthics:
Feministsarguethattraditionalethicsarebiasedagainstwomen.Thestructureofhumansocietyhas
remainedandrocentrici.e.menhaveoccupiedthecentralpositionwhilewomenhavebeenleftatperiphery.
Menareregardedasendswhilewomenaretreatedasmeans.Womenareoftenreferredassecondsex
becauseoftheirsecondarystatus.
Theyhavenotbeenrecognisedasequaltomenevenbyprominentmoralthinkers.
1. Aristotlejustifiestheexclusionofwomenfrompoliticalactivity.
2. EvenLordBuddhawasagainsttheentryofwomeninBuddhistCouncils.
3. AccordingtoRousseauawomanshouldnotbebrilliant.Abrilliantwifeisaplaguetoherfamily.
4. Kantclaimedthatwomenonlyhavetheabilitytosenseandnotofreason.
5. Neitzschestatedthatequalrightsforwomenareevidenceofasocietyindecline.
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Thediscriminationandsubordinationofwomenhavebeenjustifiedonbiologicaldifferencesbetweenmen
andwomen.Feministsdistinguishbetween'sex'and'gender'.'Sex'referstobiologicaldifferenceswhereas
'gender'referstodifferencesthatareimposedbysocialnorms(cultural,religion,economic,political).
AsSimonedeBeauvoirsaysoneisnotborn,butismadeawoman
Kohlberg'stheoryofmoraldevelopmentarguesthatwomenvaluerelationshipratherthanjustice.
FemaleCareandAttachment|MaleAbstractionandDetachment.
Hierarchy
Theconceptofjointfamilyandcastesystemleadingtoappreciationofhierarchy.Hiearchyisinherently
undemocratic.Itcompartmentalisessocietyintodifferentsilosandtheirgoalsareseenasmutually
incompatible.Moreover,thereishiearchywithinhierarchyinoursystem.Wevaluepostsand
positionsrahterthanwhatisbeingdoneatthisposte.gIncompetentCivilServantvsTalentedCobbler
Homeostasis
Homeostatisensuresequilibrium.Anydeparturefromhomeostatisispainful.Itleadsto'identitycrisis'and
'valuecrisis'.
Identity
Subjectivenaturegivesusouruniquenessandthatis'identity'.Althoughtheprocessofsocialisationmay
besamebutthewayweinterpretitmaybedifferent.
IndianValues
1. Collectivism.Thereisahighpreferenceforbelongingtolargersocialframeworkinwhichindividuals
areexpectedtoactinaccordancewiththegreatergoodofone'sdefined"ingroups".Ingroupisnot
badbutingroupismisbad.Thisalsoresultsbecauseoflimitedresources.Ifonedoesn'tindulgein
ingroupismonebecomesanoutcaste.Wepursuetheendsofonegroupevenatthecostof
organisation.Moreinsecurepeoplewillhavemoreingroupism(minority,Indiansabroad,same
language).
2. Tremendousrespectforparentsandcareofchildren.Familialobedience.
3. Fatedrivensociety.
4. Powercomesthroughpositionandnotachievement(Pappu)
5. Highneedfordependence,affiliation.
6. Notaperformanceandachievementorientedsociety.
7. Therearetwoaxisofpower,moneyandpolitics.
8. Highpeerapprovalneeds(smoking,drinking).
9. Empoyeremployeerelationshipisgovernedbyloyaltybytheemployee.Hiringandpromotion
decisionsarebasedonrelationship.
10. Weareveryhighonmasculinecultures(assertiveness,materialism,ambitionandpower).Welove
todisplayourwealth,title,power.Thepreferenceforshowingoffisveryhigh(anyposhDelhilocalty)
andsuccessandachievementsarevalidatedbymaterialgains.
11. WehavelowUncertaintyAvoidanceIndex.
12. Wearealongtermpragmaticculture.Theconceptofkarmadominatesourreligophilosophicalthougth.
Wetypicallyforgivelackofpuntualityandhaveageneralcomfortwithdiscoveringthefatedpathaswe
goalong.
13. WehaveExternalLocusofControl(ELC)whichmeansthatthingswhichIcontrolisnotinmyhands.
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Everythingispredetermined.WehaveinternalisedELCwhereasindemocracyInternalLocusof
Controlshouldbestrengthened.Forexample,duringBritishrulethereligiousgurusblamedallillson
Kalyug.
14. Wehaveapreferenceforcharismaticleadershipandbelievethatsuchleaderwouldbeapanaceatoall
illsthatweface.SomekindofGodmenneededtopushpeople.
15. Wehaveinternalisedhelplessnessandleaveeverythingtofate.EntireIndianpoliticsrunsonthis
premiseofkeepingpeopledisempowered>dependency>easytomanoeuvre>votebank
16. Everybodyseemstoknowoneortheotherpolitician.Wehaveacultureofpersonalisedrelationship
17. Parochialmindset.
18. Wedonotconsidertimetobeapreciouscommodity.Thereisoftenatendencytodelegatethetaskto
nextbirth!Playingtotheexactplandoesn'tcometousnaturally.
19. Immediategainsdominateourconsciousnessoverlongtermgains.
Impartiality:
Withthechangeinregimethereischangeinprioritiesandfocusofthegovernmentwithearlier
programmesseeingthelightofthedayandnewprogrammesbeingintroduced.Inthisdynamicsituation
howtoensurepartiality.Alsotherearisessituationwheretherulingpartyatthecentremaybedifferent
frompartyinthestateandthecivilservanthastotreadafinelineasnottobeseenfavouringoneparty
overanother.
Impartialityistobeseenintwocontext:
1.PublicImpartiality:Apublicservantwillserveasaninstrumentofgovernment.Provideserviceswithout
discriminatingonthebasisofcaste,religionandgender.Givedueregardtothediversityofthenation.
2.Political:Principleofworkingwithoutreservationandwithdevotionforthesuccessofeverygovernmentt.
Advantages
1. Providesprofessionalismandpermanenceasopposedtoreluctancetochange
2. Itassuresthepublicthattheircurrentaspirationswillbefaithfullyservedbythegovt.
3. Theelectedministersareassuredofloyaltyofthecivilservants.
4. Theofficersthemselvesenjoyhighmoralesincetheybelievetheywillberewardedfortheirmeritand
notfortheirpoliticalconsiderations.
AbsoluteNeutralitycan'tbereal?
1. Severalwelfareprogrammeshavehighgestationperiodandtakelongtohaveanyconsiderable
impact.Itisnotpossiblefortheprogrammetobearfruitwithinthetermof1politicalleadership.A
certainlevelofcommitmenttowardssuchprogrammesisunavoidableotherwiseneutralitymay
degenerateintodisinterest.
2. Offerfreeandfrankadviceonpolicymattersusingthepowersofdelegatedlegislationtoensure
optimalutilisationofresources.
Individualism:
Stressputonpersonalachievementandindividualrights.Peopleareexpectedtostandupforthemselves
(eveninprestigiouscollegestudentsworkparttimeatMcDonalds).
Integrity
IndianPerspective
Itcanbeunderstoodasselfrealisationaswellastheintegrationoftheindividualwiththeideal.Ithas
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elementsofbothinternalandexternalintegrity.Itcanbeunderstoodthroughtheconceptionofbondage
andliberation.
Bondage=miseryandpain
Liberation=Perfectionandempowerment.Integrationofindividualwiththeideal.
Amoralaspirantshallrestraintthehorsesofsenseorgansfromrunningwildandstrivetofollowthepathof
virtue.Itisastatewithoutcravingforunjust,sensualandbodilypleasure.Itisalifefreefromanger,greed,
arroganceanddelusion.Itisalifeof'loveandcompassion'and'friendlinessandgenerosity'
InternationalRelations
Article51and253>Justandhonorablerelationswithothernations.
Nationalinterestsshouldtakeprecedenceoverinternationalinterestsinthecaseofconflict.
Sovereigntyofanationcan'tbecompromised.Itisaunanimouslyacceptedprinciplesininternational
relations.UNdeclarationonprinciplesofinternationallawandcooperationstatesthatallnationsshall
enjoysovereignequality.Theyshallbeconsideredequalmembersofinternationalcommunity
notwithstandingdifferencesofpolitical,socialandeconomic.
Inincreasinglyinterconnectedandinterdependentworldmanyissuestranscendnationalboundaries.
Giventhecomplexityoftheseissuesthesedemandsupranationalgovernanceandconsensus.However,
evenaninternationalorganisationcan'tenforcemeasuresuponanationasdoingsowoulddisregardits
sovereignty.Thispresentsadilemma.
Nationalaspirationsarebasedupontheculturalandsocioeconomicbackgroundofanation.Thusforan
internationalexchangetobemeaningfulitbecomesimportanttounderstandthedifferentvaluesystems
thatareinvolvedanddevelopsolutionsbasedoncommonalitiesratherthanaggravatingitbyimposing
conflictingvalues.
India'smoralstandoninternationalmattersisveryhigh.Wereleased91,000prisonersofwarduring1971.
Oursoftpowerisincreasingbeyondmilitarypower.IndianserialslikeSaasBhiKabhiBahuThiispoplar
eveninAfghanistan.WeareguidedbythedoctrineofPanchsheel.IndiarevokedPOTAandTADA
whereasUScontinueswithitspolicyonGuantanamoBay.
HumanRightsGuantanamoBayandAbuGhareb
WMDWeaponsofMassDestruction
UNDeclarations(1970)providesthefollowingbroadprinciplestogoverninternationalrelations:
1. Sovereignequalityofallstates.
2. Rightofselfdeterminationenjoyedbyallpeople.
3. Prohibitionofuseofforceandpeacefulsettlementofdisputes.
4. Noninterferenceindomesticaffairsofotherstates
5. Thedutytocooperatewithothernationstomaintaininternationalpeace.
Theapplicationofsuchprinciplesdemandstheexistenceandconstantadherencetothehighestethical
traditionsininternationalrelations.
Broaddimensionsininternationalrelationsinclude:
UniversalityofValues:Allvaluesarenotuniversalandevenavaluesuchasdemocracycan'tbe
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assumedtobeuniversallyadvantageous.Furthereveniftwoormorenationsagreeuponavalue,
theymaynotnecessarilyadheretoitorpromoteitinasimilarmanner.Therefore,manyinternational
exchangessubstitutemoralitywithpracticalityonthejustificationthatmoralnormsarenotuniversal.
However,theredoexistlargeareasofinternationalrelationssuchastradewhereacommon
consensuscouldbefostered.
Security:Maintainingsecurity,domesticandinternational,mayrequiretheuseofforceorthe
developmentofdeterrents.Althoughtheirintentionsmaybejustified,suchexercisesoftendegenerate
intoashowofdominance.
ForeignAid:Itbecoemsundesirablewhen:
Itimposesfurtherobligationsuponthereceivingnations.
Itpushesthereceivingnationintoastateofdependence.
Thusthethrustofforeignaidshouldbeenablingthereceivingnationtostabiliseitsmechanismsof
governanceandreestablishequitablerelations.
Trust:Trustinanothernationisseverelydepletediftherightofselfdeterminationiscompromised.
Skewedcompositionofcertainorganisationcreateanenvironmentwhereinvariablynarrowinterests
dominate.Suchtrustdeficitcanbeaddressedthroughmutualdialogue,anunderstandingof
respectivevaluesystemsandaspirations,betterinformationsharing.
Reciproity~QuidProQuo
Indiashouldleverageitscultureandtradepower.
Inpromotingcoordialinternationalrelations3principlesdeserveconsideration:
1. PrincipleofStature:Thisestablishesatacithierarchywherethoseatthetopdirectandregulatethe
activitiesoftheothers.Thisstaturecouldcomebyvirtueofitslegitimacy,economicormilitary
superiorityorevenitsmoralstanding.Theadvantageisthatitpromotesorderandstabilityand
reducesthepossibilityofopenconflict.However,theconstantneedtoadheretothedirectivesof
hierarchymaycreateresentmentandevenconflictwithinthelowerrankingmembers.
2. PrincipleofReciprocity:Thisrewardscontrbutionsandpenalisesselfinterestthatcomesatanexpense
ofothers.Thiscreatesanegativedimension,whereanydiagreementorconflictwouldbefurther
retaliatedagainstrathethanbeingresolved.
3. PrincipleofIdentity:Seekstoestablishidentitiesforitsmembersaspartofalargercommunity.It
emphasizesnotselfinterestbutthedesirabilityofcontributingtocollectiveobjectives.Theproblem
howeveristhatitpresumestheexistenceofadequatesocioeconomiccapabilitiesandalsoimplicitly
excludesnonmembersfromanysuchconsiderations.
Laws:
Lawisanimpersonalinstrument.
Lawsandrulesaregenerallyhistoricallyorientedandinherentlyincomplete.Theydon'tanticipatefuture
trajectory.Thejudgmenthastobefinallyexercisedbyhumansonly.Followinglawinletterandspirit.What
islegallypermissiblemaynotbemorallydefensible.
Situationalethics.
Example
RighttoDieissue.Sec309ofIPCmakesitillegal.In1986BombayHCstruckdownSec309.In1987
AndhraHCupheldsec309.In1994inRathinamvsUOISCupheldthat309contravenesArticle
21.However,in1996inGianKaurvsStateofPunjabSCheldSec309valid.
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ArunaShabaugCase.
Lawcanbedefinedasabodyofrulesthatisinstitutedandenforcedbyasovereignpoliticalauthority.The
purposeisto:
1. Protectrightsofpeople.
2. Regulateactivitiesofmembers
3. Provideforimpositionofpenalties.
Regulationstranslatelawintoaction.
Rulesarenotnecessarilybasedonpoliticalauthorityandmayevenbeconfinedtoaparticularcontextas
suchtheycan'tdemandobedienceunlessanindividualvoluntarilyagreestoabidebythem.
Lawshelpin:
1. Definingtherangeandscopeofadminactions.
2. Providingasetofobjectivecriteriaagainstwhichtoassesstheadequacy,desirabilityandlegalityofa
particularaction.
3. Safeguardingcitizensfromanarbitraryorwilfulmisuseofauthority.
Shouldtheletterofthelawbealwaysfollowed?Impositionofemergencywaslegalbutwasitmorally
correct?
Westicktorulesandlawbecausedeviancefromlawinvitespunishmentandmayhaveimpacton
careerwhereastakingamorallycorrectactionmaynothavetangiblebenefit.
Limitations
1. Inherentlyincomplete.Reactiontopastexperiencesandmaynotbeveryusefulindealingwith
changingsituationsorinanticipatingfutureproblems.Thereisalwaysapossibilitythatalawmaybe
silentoncertainissues.
2. Prescribeonlytheminimumexpectedstandards.
3. Presenceofalawisitselfnotenough.Enacting,interpretingandimplementingrequiresacertain
degreeofidealism.Lawscanalwaysbeamendedretrospectivelyorotherwisetoservespecific
interests.
4. Themandatesoflawmaynotbealwaysmorallytenable.Slavery,apartheid.Thereisalwaysachance
ofconfrontatinobetweenthetwo.
Lawsvsconscience.
DeontologicalapproachandTeleologicalApproach.
EthicsandLaw
Lawsareformulatedtopromotesocialharmony,wellbeingandtoresolveconflictsofinterest.However,
somelaws(e.gslavery)canbeunethical.
Physicalsanctionsenforcelawbutessentiallyitisthesanctionofconscienceandreputationthatenforce
morality.
Isthereautonomyofethics?
Leadership:
Leadersshouldhavetheabilitytocauseachangewithoutcausingconflict.
Greatleadersarethosewhochangeenvironmentwiththeirattitudee.g.MahatmaGandhishowedthat
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nonviolencecanbeeffectivetoolofpersuasion.
Legitimacy:
LocusofControl:
Bureucraticapathyisduetoexternallocusofcontrol.Thecivilservantsactlikeapawnandisbeingpulled
throughastringbyotherpowercentres.
MetaEthics:
Thephilosophicalstudyofmoralconceptscanbecalledmetaethics.
Ethicsisafirstorderenquiryintotheevaluationofhumancharacterandconductontheotherhandmeta
ethicsisthesecondorderenquirywhichinvestigatestheconceptsofethicsratherthaninvestigate
practicalissuesofwhattodo.
Thefollowingquestionsarecentraltometaethics:
1. SematicQuestions:What'sthemeaningofmoraltermssuchasgood/ought/right.
2. LogicalQuestions:Howtoascertainvalidityofmoralarguments.
3. OntologicalQuestions:Whethertherearemoralfacts?
4. EpistemologicalQuestions:Isthereanysuchthingasmoralknowledge?
Morality:
Helpsindecidingwhatisrightandwhatiswrong.IrespectmyparentsbecauseIbelievethatIshould
respectbecausethey'vebeenthroughmythickandthin.Moralsarethevaluesthatprovidebehavioural
rulesbywhichwemakedecisionsbetweenrightandwrong.Theareaboutwhatisgoodandwhatis
bad.Wejudgeothersmorestronglyonmoralsthanonvalues.Apersoncanbedescribedimmoralbut
thereisnowordforpersonsnotfollowingvalue.Likevaluesmoralsarerelativelyconsistentandstableand
canhaveexistencebothatpersonalorsociallevel.
Atsocietallevel,moralityistheacceptedstandardsofbehaviourwithinthesocietyatagivenpointof
time.Moralshavegreatersocialelementthanvalues.Ourmoraljudgmentsexpressourvaluesbutnotall
expressionofourvaluesareourmoraljudgements.
Behavingnotaccordingto:
Moral>Guilt
Ethics>SocietalFear
Attitude>Dissonance
Values>Conflict
Wetrytobehavesothatthisuneasinesscanberemovedbychangingbehaviourorvalues.
ReligionandMorality
Allrelgionhavemoralprinciplesembeddedinit.ThewordreligioniscoinedfromLatinword'religion'which
meanstobindtogether.Oneinterpretationistobindindividualwithdivineandanotherinterpretationis
connectingpeopleresultinginacommunitylife.
EveryreligionneednothaveGodasitscentralframeworke.gBuddhism,Jainism.
IntheisiticreligionthequestionofrightorwrongisdecidedbythecommandofaGod.Itiswrittenin'black
andwhite'andnottobequestionedorchallenged.
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Godissubjecttomoralorder.
MoralnihilismreferstotheLifewithoutmorality.
MoralRelativism:
Itisoftheviewthattherearenouniversallyvalidmoralprinciples.Therearetwoformsofmoralrelativism.
1.Subjectivism
1. Beautyliesintheeyeofthebeholder.
2. Accordingtoitmoralityisnotindependentofpersonalpreferences.Accordingtothisethical
statementsarestatementsofpersonalopinionandthereisnoobjectivewaytodeterminewhich
ethicalprincipleisthebest.Somethingcanbewrongforonepersonandrightforanother.Itisakinto
sayingthateveryonehasdifferentethicaltastes.
3. Thisviewrunsintoproblemwhenappliedtopracticessuchasslavery,childmarriage,untouchability
andsatisystem.
2.CulturalRelativism
1. Accordingtothisrightandwrongarerelativetoone'sculture.Thereisnouniversalethicalprinciple
thattranscendscultureandethicalbeliefsdifferfromsocietytosociety.Someethicalsocieties
acceptpolygamywhileothersmonogamy.Itbelievesthatethicstranscendsindividualopinionandright
andwrongarerelativetoculture.Thereisnosingleoverridingstandardwhichshalltakeprecedencefor
allculturetofollow.Customistheking.
2. Theproblemwiththisisthatitisnotpossibletodrawculturalboundary.Apersonatatimemaybelong
todifferentcultureintermsofreligion,race,languageetc.anditisnoteasytoascertaintowhat
cultureonebelongsto.
Neutrality:
Howtostayvalueneutral.Wecannothaveabsoluteneutrality.
Administrationshouldbepoliticalneutralandnotprogramneutral.Trytomaximisethewelfarefromsuch
programmesandifthereisachangeingovernmentthenbringoutthepositiveaspectsandincontinuing
themwithlittlealteration.Politicalexecutivedonothavecompleteunderstandingofgroundrealities.
Theycan'tprovidefinerdetails.Onlythepermanentexecutiveprovidesuchfactsanddetails.Thus
administrationbecomesintegralpartoflegislativeprocess.Thereshouldbeaconvergenceofpolicies
(B.K.Chaturvedireport).
NolanCommitteeReport:
1. Selflessnessactinpublicinterest.
2. Integrityresistoutsideinfluence
3. Objectivitychoicesbasedonmerit
4. Accountabilitydirectives
5. Opennessrestrictinfoonlyforpublicinterest.
6. Honestydeclareanyprivateinterests.
7. LeadershipLeadbyexample
Nepotism:
Benefittoone'sfamilyincorruptway.
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Norms:
Normsaresetsofrulesagreedbymembersofsociety.Itmaybejustorinsanedevoidofanyethical
basis.e.g.NaziatrocitiesagainstJews.Nanzingmassacre.Untouchabilitypractice.
Normsmaygoagainstindividualchoice.Cultureswherenormshaveethicalbackingleadtobetterdecision
andadministration.
IncountrieslikeIndiatheindividualchoiceshavesuccumbedtoNorms.
Forexamplewehaveinstitutionalsafeguardsandplentyofrulesandregulationsyetcorruptionisendemic.
Thisisbecausenormsfavourcorruptionandgenderinequality.
Peoplecomelatebecausethereisanormforlatecominginoursociety.Processofsocialisationwhich
stressesthatoneshouldobeythenormsratherthandefyingthemleadstothisculture.
Theprocessofchangingnormsstartsfrominterventionatsmallgroup.Macrolevelinterventionhasno
meaningunlessthereisinterventionatbottom2levels.
Organisational/AdministrativeCulture:
Changesinorganisationstructureandworkingmuststartwiththechangeinitsculture.
Workculturecanbedefinedasthesystemofindividuallyandcollectivelyacceptedmeaningsofwork
operatingwithinacontextatagiventime.Itisbasedonvalues,individual,organisationandsocietythat
constituteanorganisationenvironment.
Itisinformalandabstractyetitexercisespowerfulinfluenceontheconductoftheemployeesinadditionto
andsometimesoppositiontoformalrules.Itthusbecomesapotentinfluencetoencourageethical
conduct,discourageitorencourageit.
Theworkcultureisinfluencedbycultureofasocietyasadminisultimatelyapartofsocietyitself.
ThefoundingphilosophyofIndianadminarebasedon2fundamentalsources:TheconstitutionofIndia
andthepreindependenceBritishrule.LegacyofBritishadminwascentralisationofauthorityandimmunity
topopulartheconstitutionenvisagesdemocraticsuperiorityandpredispositiontowardsawelfarestate.
Personneladmintechniques,hierarchy,devolutionofpowers.
Socialisation:Processthatadoptsnewentrantstotheexisitingorganisationalculture.Suchorientation
occurthrough3stages:
1.Preentry:Selectioncriteria.
2.Orientation:LBSNAA
3.Inservicetraining.
Featuresofadminworkculture:
Levelofdiscretion
High.Itispersonalandnotpublic
OutcomeOrientation
Low.Proceduralcompliancefocus
PeopleOrientation
Low.
Mechanismofcontrol
High.Reactive,inhibitinitiativetaking.
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SenseofIdentity
Low.Valueofworkunderstated.
RecognitionofMerit
Low.Senioritybasis.
CommunicationPattern
Low.Excessiveredtapism
CharacteristicsofIndianculture:
1. Rigidhierarchyandexcessiveredtapism.
2. Resistancetochangewithaninclinationforconformitywithexistingprocedures.
3. Lackofemphasisontimelinessleadingtopoortimemanagement.
4. Emphasisonpersonalrelationsratherthanprofessionalrelations.
5. Lackofbeliefintheimportanceofone'sworkoreventhevalueofhardworkitself.
6. Personalaspirationstakingprecedenceoverpublicinterest.
7. Absenceofeffectiveteamwork.
SocialbaseofAdministration
1. InegalitariansocietyPromotesdominance.Theinterestsofdifferentgroupscomeintoconflict.Itis
theinterestofdominantgrouporinfluentialgroupthatwillultimatelyfindreflectioninthefinaldecision.
2. Emphasisonhierarchy.
3. AuthoritarianIndividualthoughtdiminishes.Centralisation.
4. Selfservingattitude
5. Splintergroupsleadstolackofteamwork.Insteadofdevelopinguniversalvaluesandnorms,
administrativefocusshiftstowardsrationalisingparticularisticbehaviour.
6. Lackofconsensus.
7. Tendencyofdelegation.Blaminggodandcircumstancesforfailurewhichleadstolackofaccountability.
8. Undemocratic
9. NonparticipativeHeadoffamilybeingdefactoassignedtheroleofkeydecisionmaking.Teamwork
suffers.Centralisationofauthority,tendtoavoidindependentthoughtandrefertosuperiorsformost
oftheirdecisions.
10. LoyaltyfactorPromotesimprudentloyaltiesoftenattheexpenseofcollectivevalues.Thisisthe
factorthatallowsexternalconsiderationstoentertheworkingoftheorganisationandexplainwhy
someagents,despitenotholdinganypositionofauthorityexertsomuchinfluenceuponthesystem.
11. Blindobedience.Reveringthesuperiorandilltreatingthesubordinates.Disregardforsoicalneedsif
theycomeintoconflictwithpersonalaspirationsdespitethefundamentalmandatetoservepublic
interest.
12. Atendencytoacquiremorebenefitfromtheorganisationthanthecorrespondingcontributionsmadeto
it.
13. Preservingauthoritybyfavouringmediocrityandmarginalisingmerit.
14. DeificationofauthorityLeadstopersonalisationandevenprivatizationofauthorityinsharpresponseto
legal,rationalandinstitutionalauthority.Thekeyfunctionariesenjoyunrestricted,unregulatedand
arbitrarypowers,oftenattheexpenseoftheestablishedlawsandinstitutionsofthesystem.This
promotesa"codeofsilence"whereanymalpracticeissilentlyignoredratherthanbeingreportedand
actedupon.
15. Colonialrigidityandinsensitivityonthepartofadministrationinaneraofparticipationand
decentralisation.
16. Theabsenceofprogressiveandmeaningfulmeasuresthatarecapableofproducingthedesiredresults
ratherthanonlycosmeticgestureandappeasementofsocietymomentarily.
Wehaverigid,staticandlacksflexibility.
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PoliticsandWorkCulture
1. Closerelationshipmakesvulnerabletopoliticisation.
2. Emergingtrendofcoalitionpolitics.
3. Delayinconsensus>inertia,inflexibilityandunresponsiveadministration.
Judiciaryandadmin
1. Overburdenedjudiciary.Deniesaccesstojusticetocitizens.Insulatesadminfromjudicialcontrol.
Reducespeopleorientation.
2. Judicialactivism.Intrudesuponadmincompetenceandexpertise.Affectsoutcomeorientationand
senseofidentitywithinadmin.
Media
1. Playstheroleofwatchdog.Enhancesoutcomeandpeopleorientation.However,tendencyofjumping
onconclusion,mediatrial,paidstringoperationandpaidnews.Highlightingonlythefailureofadmin
andnotgivingduecoveragetoitssuccess.eg.Police
ParochialMindset
Narrowmindset.
Patronage:
Highestlevelsofbureucracyevenafter30yearsofservicearemiredinseekingpatronage.Therotruns
deepengulfingeverystrataofdemocracy.
Performance:
Performanceistheresultofmotivationandabilities.
Fundamentalproblemofgovernmentisthattheperformanceisseeninquantitativeoutcomeandthe
qualityaspectofit.
Persuasion
Techniqueofbringingaboutanattitudeorbehaviouralchangeofthetargetgroupinintendeddirection.
WhosayswhattoWhomthroughWhatmeans.
Communicationisnotwhatsourcesaysbutwhatreceiverunderstandsandthereforeitisalwaysreceiver
centric.
Successfulcommunicationoccurswhenthereceivernotonlydecodesandunderstandsthemessageas
desiredbythesourcebutalsoactsuponthemessageinthemannerasintendedbythesource.
Hinderance
1. Generation
2. Gender
3. Language
4. ITskills
5. Semantic,interpersonalandphysicalbarrier.
Thediscrepancybetweentheintendedandperceivedmeaningislikelytobelowwhenthefieldof
experienceofthesourceandreceiveroverlaps.
Iftheinstruction/messageisinsyncwiththeexperienceofsubordinatesthemessagewillbebetter
receivedandactedupon.
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Gandhiji'sfieldofexperienceoverlappedwiththoseofthemasses.
EQandnotIQplaysimportantrole.
MakecommunicationIDEAcentricandnotWORDcentric.
Themeaningofthewordisnotinthewordbutratheritisinthemindoftheindividual.Thereceiverwill
filteroutthoseinfowhichisnotaccordingtoitsvaluesystem.
Attention,comprehension,retentionandactiononthemessage.
CharacteristicsofSource
1. Credibility>Extenttowhichwebelieveinthesourcewhatthesourcesaysbelievabilityinthesource.
Itisshapedbytwofactors
1. Expertness>Decidedbyknowledgebase.Wearelesslikelytoquestiontheissuesraisedby
crediblesourcewhentheyarecontentiousasweareconvincedthatthesourceknowsmorethan
whatweknow.
2. Trustworthiness>Truthfulnessofthesource.Judgedbyevaluatingthedegreeofvestedinterest
thesourcehasinpersuadingus.
2. Power>Potentialtoinfluencethebehaviourofthetargetgroupinthedesireddirection.Greateristhe
powerofthesourceoverreceiverthemorelikelythatthereceiverwilldisplaythebehaviour(civil
societyadvocatingforreformsvsSCguidelines)
3. Attractiveness>Anattractivecommunicationbringsaboutmoreattitudechangethanlessattractive
communicator.Oneimportantdimensionisphysicalattractiveness.Apartfromphysical,wegenerally
likepeoplewhoarehighonthetraitsofopennessandagreeableness.
Weforgetthenameovertimeandonlythemessageremains.Overtimetheinfluenceofthecredible
sourcesomewhatdeclines.
MessageCharacteristics
Zoneofacceptance.Zoneofpersonlargerforpowerfulandattractivepeople.
Forapersuadertobringaboutanattitudechangeitisessentialthatheisawareaboutthezoneof
acceptanceandrejectionofhistargetgroupandisabletoplacemessagesinthezoneofacceptanceand
thusincreasingthechancesoftheiracceptance.
Whetherthesourceshoulddrawtheconclusionfortheaudienceoflettheaudiencearriveattheirown
conclusiontoalargeextentdependesuponaudiencecharacteristics.
Pleasantformofdistractionwhichpositivelyreinforcetheaudienceenhancesthepersuasivenessofthe
message.
Emotionalandfactualappealsareeffectiveinbringingaboutattitudeandbehaviourchangeofthetarget
group.
*Galileo,Socrates,Copernicusspoketherightthingsyettheyfounddifficultiesbecauseaudiencewasnot
receptiveandirrational.
Ifthemessageissuescanenlisttheparticipationoftheaudiencethenitislikelytobemoreeffectively
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receivedthanwhenitdoesn'tenlisttheparticipation.
MediumCharacteristics
Thechannelsselectedforthetransmissionofthemessageshouldbe:
1. Compatiblewiththemessage.
2. Shouldbecompatiblewithaudiencecharacteristics.
ReceiverCharacteristics
1. SelfEsteem:Peoplewithhighselfesteemaredifficulttopersuadeincomparisontopeoplewithlow
selfesteem.
2. Intelligence:Peoplewithhighintelligencearelesslikelytobepersuadedwiththeargumentsnotbased
onsoundlogic.Incontrastlessintelligentpeoplearemorelikelytobeswayedbyemotionalappeals
notbaseduponsoundlogicandnotsupportedbyfactualdata.
3. Gender:Womenaremoreeasilypersuadedincomparisontomenandtheyhavelesserpersuasive
powerthanmen.Menhavesubjugatedwomentoextremedependence.Patriarchalviewpointof
society.
Exposure,Attention,RetentionandInterpretationofthemessage.
Toensurethatthemessageisretaineditisessentialthatitisrepeatedmanytimesandisdesignedina
mannerthatitbecomeseasilycomprehensibleandrecallable.
PersuasiveMessage>HighElaboration>CentralRoute>CarefulProcessingofinformationisdone>
Degreeofattitudechangedependsonthequalityofargumentspresented.
PersuasiveMessage>LowElaboration>PeripheralRoute>CarefulProcessingofinformationisNOT
done>Degreeofattitudechangedependsuponthepersuasivecues.
e.g.AdvertisementisdonethroughPeripheralRoute.
Case:IfyouasanadministratorisgiventhechargeofshiftingthelocationofaTemple.
Inabovecasebothcentralandperipheralroutecanbeuses.
Central:Fearappeal,morenumberofdevotees.
Peripheral:Comforttopriests,morespacious
Ifthemessageisinteresting,importantandpersonallyrelevant>Attitudechangewouldoccur.
Ifthemessageisuninteresting,uninvolvingthenitwouldnotleadtoanychange.
Attitudechangethatoccursthroughcentralrouteismoredesirablebecause:
1. Itismoreresistanttothelaterattemptsatpersuasion.
2. Attitudeschangedthroughcentralroutelastlongerthanthosechangedthroughperipheralroute.
3. Attitudeschangedthroughcentralroutearemorerelatedtobehaviour.
4. Centralrouteisallaboutintrinsicmotivationandperipheralrouteisaboutextrinsicmotivation.
Waystoresistpersuasion
1. Derogationofthesource.
2. Byforewarninganindividualthatheisabouttobecomeatargetofpersuasion.
3. Immunisationbygivingsmalldosesofcounterattitudinalmessagesothattheyareinapositionto
repulse/defendstrongerattackthatcomeslateron.
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Pleasure:
Pleasureofwho:Individual>EgoismEveryone>Altruism,Universalism.
Allpleasuresarenotsame.Thereisaconceptofrefinedpleasure.IntellectualPleasure>BodilyPleasure.
ThisisalsoreflectedintheUtilitarianphilosophyofGreatesthappinessformaximumnumber.
Benthamsaysthatnaturehasplacedmankindunderthegovernanceof2sovereignmastersPleasure
andPain.
HedonisticCalculusofPleasure:Intensity,Duration,Certainty,Propinquity(nearness),purity(quantumof
pain),extent(accessibility)
Hedonistictreadmill.
It'sbettertobeahumanbeingdissatisfiedthanapigsatisfied.
Manisarationalpersonandnotnecessarilyapassionateone.
PowerDistance
Itistheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersoforganisationsandinstitutionsacceptandexpectthat
powerisdistributedunequally.Culturesthatendorselowpowerdistanceexpectandacceptpowerrelations
thataremoreconsultativeanddemocratic.Peoplerelatetooneanotherasequalregardlessoftheirformal
positions.Highpowerdistanceleadstoautocraticandpaternalisticattitude.Subordinatesacknowledgethe
powerofotherssimplybaseduponwheretheyaresituated.
Indiascoreshighonpowerdistancedueto:
1. Familialobedience.
2. Highdependencyorientation.
3. Workersprefertobedirectedclearlytotheirfunctionsandwhatisexpectedofthem.
4. Topdowncommunicationishighlydirectiveandnegativefeedbacknevergoesuptheladder.
5. Conformityorientation.
6. Senseofbeingcontrolledofferspsychologicalsatisfactiontothepeople(RelianceonGodmystical
powers).
Whatitleadsto?
1. Lackofintiativetaking.
2. Achievementorientationisreduced.
3. Independentbehaviourislessfrequentlydisplayed.
4. Submissiveness
5. Upwardcommunicationextremelydistorted.
6. Superiordoesn'tknowwhat'shappeningtohisdepartment.
7. Howtokeepsuperioringoodmoodistheprimemotiveofsubordinates.
8. Professionalrelationshipistransformedintopersonalisedrelationshipwhichbelittlesprofessionalism,
perpetratescorruptionandnegativeattitude
9. Formationof"InGroups"intheorganisation.
10. Loyaltytotheindividualandnotinstitution.
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11. Statusquoismaintainedandnotchallenged(Copernicusexample).
12. Appeasement.
13. Playsafetendency.
14. Decisiontakenbysomeoneelseisacceptedwithoutanyquestionmark.
15. Inertiainthesystem.
Precedent:
Politiciansandbureaucratsshouldkeepinmindthattheyshouldnotsetanywrongprecedent.Itwillhave
adverseimpactonlowerladderofgovernmentassubordinatesaretemptedtoemulatehigherofficials.
PublicService:
Itreferstotheclassandthetasksofofficialswhoactasdelegatesofelectedofficials.Theelected
representativeembodythelegitimacytodefinepublicinterestwhilethepublicserviceensuresthatpublic
interestisservedandpublictrustismaintained.Itexistsoutsidetheprivatesphere.Itinfluencesandgets
influencedbythevaluesofthepublic.
3basictenetsforapublicserviceaccordingtoUNCodeofConduct:
1. Apublicofficeisanofficeoftrust.Dutytoactinpublicinterest.Theultimateloyaltyshallbetopublic
interestsofcountry.
2. Fairandimpartialinperformanceoffunctions.Nodiscrimination,preferentialtreatment.
3. Performefficientlyandinaccordancewiththelaw.Publicresourcesshouldbeadministeredinthe
mostefficientandeconomicalmanner.
FoundationalvaluesforCSare:Seekingpublictrustandmaximisepublicwelfare.Valuesofpublic
trustmustbereflectedintheadministration.However,publictrustisoftencompromisedandthereresults
abreachoftrust.
Meritwithoutethicwillnotensuregoodgovernance.eg.UPAgovernment,Naziregime.
CitizenParticipation
Govtalonecan'tassessalldemandsofthesociety.Tryandgetcitizensparticipateintheadministration.
Feedbackmechanism.Theagencythatgetsimpactedmostshouldscrutinisegovernmentpolicyandthat
agencyisCITIZEN.Itdilutesthemonopolyofthegovernmentbyprovidingmultiplicityofinstitutions.Butwill
thefeedbackonlyensurebetteradministration?Notnecessarily.Thegovthastoactonthefeedback.
Tolessentheburdenonthegovernmentitcallsforallowingthecitizentoprovideserviceforthemselves.
e.gResidentWelfareOrganisation,CivilSociety.
However,theonusofdevelopinganinstitutionalchangestillvestswithadministration.Therefore,unless
administrationinculcatesandconsistentlydisplaysanappropriatesetofpublicservicevalues,public
welfarecan'tbeensured.
Prioritisingonevalueoveranother.Mostfundamentalpublicservicevalueisdedicationtopublicservice.
QualityofPublicService
Determiningthequalityofservicesisdifficultsincetherearenomeasurablephysicalortangibleattributes.
TheconceptofSERVQUALattemptstoconceptualisethequalityofservicedeliveryto5keyattributes
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representedbyacronymRATER
1. Reliability:Transparencyandconsistencyinservicedelivery.
2. Assurance:Competenceofserviceprovider
3. Tangibles:Physicalvalidationofaservice.
4. Empathy:Elementofcourtesyinthedeliveryofserviceandthepresenceofappropriategrievance
redressalmechanism.
5. Responsiveness:Providingservicesinatimeboundandconvenientmanner.
Howeverpublicservicesbytheirnatureareasymmetricalintermsofinformation,powerandparticipation.
Thestateenjoysapositionofpredominancewiththecitizensbeingperceivedasmerebeneficiariesofgovt
actions.Suchasymmetryarisesbecause:
1. Publicservicelackscompetition.Theproviderdoesnotneedtoenticethecustomersandthe
customersthemselvesdonothaveanyalternatives.
2. Therelationshipbetweentheserviceproviderandthecustomeriscomplexandindirect.Paymentfor
theservicesisnotmadedirectlyandsocustomercontrolisweak.Thisresultsinadmincentred
approachwherethequalityofservicesisdependentmoreonadminconveniencethanonpublic
necessity.
3. Fundingforpublicservicesisprovidedinatimeboundmannermakingitdifficulttocorrectany
mismatchesthatmayarisebetweenthedemandsofthepublicandthesupplyfromthestate.
4. Difficulttoaccess,lowinqualityandlackanelementofinnovation.Thismakesthemunresponsiveto
thechangingneedsofadiverseclientele.
5. Lackproperinformationsharingamongdifferentstakeholders.Multipleslevelsofpaperworkandlackof
consensusabouttheintendedoutcomes.
6. Feedbackmechanismisveryweak.Lackofcitizenparticipation.
7. Wegenerallypostponeaproblemratherthantacklingit.
Howtoimprove?
1. Movebeyondtheconfinesofaccountabilityandinculcateanelementofresponsibilityinadministrative
working.
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2. Improvedtransparencyandinformationsharing.
3. Feedbackmechanism.
InternalMechanisms
1. CodeofethicsandCodeofconduct.
2. Personnelmanagement
3. Whistleblowerprotection.
Externalmechanisms
1. Capacitybuilding.
2. Citizenengagement.
3. Socialaccountabilitywaysthroughwhichsocietalactorscanengagewithastatetoimprove
accountabilityingovernanceandservicedelivery.Themostprominentcharacteristicsofsocial
accountabilityisitsemphasisonashiftfromvotetovoicei.eintegratingcitizenvoiceandconcernsin
everydayworkinganddecisionmakingprocess.
PublicChoiceTheory:
Providepeoplechoice.Nonstateactors.
Punishment:
Itcanbebothinternalandexternal.
Justificationforpunishment:
1. DeterrentTeleologicalperspective.Herethepunishmentismeanstocrimefreesociety.
2. RetributivePunishmentisanend.
3. ReformativeTakeshumanitarianviewofcrime.Wickedness/viciousnessissomethingaccidental.
Socialisationandnurturingmayheeltheperson.
GandhijiHatethesinandnotthesinner.
Crimebecauseoflackofvalueorientededucation.Whilecommittingcrimeonemaynotthinkofcrime.
Itisnotseverityofpunishmentbutcertaintythatwouldactasdeterrent.
Rights
Individualgoodandsocialwelfarecan'tberealisedunlesswehavetheconceptofrights.Rightscomprises
ofclaims,immunities,entitlement,libertyandpower.Priortohumanmadeinstitutionweallhaveinherent
naturalrightonaccountofbeingpartofcosmos.Wecanunderstandhumanrights,womenrightsetc
againstthisbackdrop.
Theseareintegraltoindividualsgoodlifeandsocialwelfare.
NaturalRights
Wearebornwithinherentnaturalrights.Institutionalprovisionsarederivativesofsomefundamentalrights.
Naturalrightsarederivedfromnaturallaw.Theyarenotcreatedbyanyagencyorinstitutione.gtheright
tolife.
Menhadnaturalrightsevenbeforetheoriginofthestate.ThesearerightsgiventousbyGod.
MoralRights
ClashbetweenLegalandMoral.Incaseofconflictbetweenmoralityandthelawweoughttoobeythe
morallawandtheconflictshouldberesolvedbylegalreform.Thistraditionwouldnothaveproblemwith
voluntarypassiveeuthanasiaandinsomeformsofsuicide.Furtheritisnotrighttokillapersontosave
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livesofothers.
HumanRights
Autonomyisnotwithoutsenseofresponsibility.Infringementuponothersrightswouldnotbeperpetratedif
onepracticesselfregulation.ManylegalinstitutionshaveincorporatedHumanRightselement.International
BillofHumanRightsdeclaresthateveryhumanbeingisintrinsicallyvaluable.
Theserightsarepossessedbyvirtueofbeinghumani.e.independentofanyinstitution.Theyareuniversal
andinalienable.Humanrightsshalltakeprecedenceandshallneverbeignoredevenincaseswhere
societystandstobenefit.Humanrightsareessentiallymoralrightssincehumanrightsareentitlements
thathumanbeingsoughttohavebecausetheyarehumans.
Criticism
1. Theygiveprimacytoindividualoverthesociety.ScholarslikeMarxmaintainsthattheconceptof
humanrightsisinherentlyindividualisticandegoistic.
2. Accordingtolegalpositivist(legallawsalone)theonlyhumanrightsareactuallylegalrights.
3. AccordingtoBenthamhumanrightsoutsidethelawsarenonsenseonthestilts.
RightsandDuties
Rightsanddutiescanbeunderstoodascorrelatives.Ordinarilyeveryrightbringsanobligationwithit.Ifwe
havearighttofreespeechthenthestatehasadutytoallowustospeak.
Schopenhauer:
1. Hegivestheconceptofcosmicwill.Everythingthatisunfoldingisexpressionofthatwill.
2. Itmaysuggestanegativeandpessmisticworldview.Heisoftendescribedasthephilosopherof
passivismsincehemaintainsthathumansaredrivenbyacosmicwillandnotbyreason.Thecosmic
willcontrolsusandeverythingintheuniverse.
3. Accordingtohimatruemoralpersondoesn'tactoutofdutyorreason.He'scriticalofKant'sethics.A
moralpersonaccordingtohimisonewhoisfilledwithuniversalcompassionandactsontheprinciple
injurenooneandhelpeveryoneasmuchasyoucan.
Sevottam:
Itisa7stepmodelforexcellenceinservicedeliverybaseduponcitizencentricapproach.Itencorporates
3broadparameters:
1. CitizenCharters:Seekstoestablishandpromotetheexpectedservicestandardswithinthe
governmentorganisations.
2. GrievanceRedressal:Notonlydesignandimplementanappropriategrievanceredressalmechanism
butalsotoidentifygrievanceproneareasandpreventtheirreoccurance.
3. Servicedeliverycapabilitiestobeenhancedthroughinfrasupport,betterhumanresource
managementandtheuseoftechtoprovideconvenienceandstandardizationinservicedelivery.
7targetsare:
1. Timeliness
2. Effectiveness
3. Responsiveness
4. Courteousbehaviour
5. Information
6. Empathy
7. Stakeholders
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SocialInfluence
Itreferstoeffortsbyoneormorepersontochangeattitudesorperceptionofoneormoreothers.Itis
expressedthrough3modes:
Conformity
Itisgroupinfluenceinaction.Itisatypeofsocialinfluenceinwhichindividualschangetheirattitudesof
behaviourinordertobecomeconsistentwiththeexistingnorms.Socialnormsaretherulesindicatinghow
theindividualsareexpectedtobehaveinspecificsituations.Normsmaybeexplicitorimplicit.Weconform
tonormsfor3reasons:
1. Theneedtobelikedbyotherswhoseacceptancewedesire.
2. Theneedtobecorrectinourjudgmentsoractions.
3. Selfcategorisation:Likeotherswewanttoplaceourselvesinsomeortheothercategoryandgroup
membershipfacilitatesthis.Weidentifywithourgroupinordertomaintainselfconceptandmore
dependentwearemorewewilldisplayconformityorientation.
Factorsinfluencingconformity
1. Groupsizeislarge
2. Unanimity
Traitsofnonconformers
1. Highselfefficacy.
2. Selfreliance.
3. Highselfconfidenceegostrength.
4. Socialmaturity.
5. Naturalness.
6. Abilitytoexpressthemselves.
7. Highsenseofsecurity.
8. Lowlevelofanxiety.
Traitsofconformersare
1. Submissiveness
2. Highlevelofinsecurityandanxiety
3. Narrowandlimitedworldview
Compliance
Formofsocialinfluenceinvolvingdirectrequestsfromonepersontoanother.Techniquesofcompliance
restonfollowingprinciples:
1. FriendshipandLiking:Wecomplywithrequestsfromfriendsorpeoplewelike.Techniquesbasedon
likingare:
Selfenhancingtechnique:+venonverbalcues,improvingone'sappearance,associatingwith+ve
events.
Flattery,agreeementwiththetargetperson
Ingratiation:Inducingthetargetpersontodeveloplikingforusandthenchanginghisbehaviourin
thedesireddirection
2. Commitmentandconsistency:Oncewehavecommittedourselvestoapositionoractionwearemore
willingtocomplywitharequestforbehaviourthatareconsistentwiththatposition.Therearetwo
techniques:
Footinthedoortechnique:Aprocedureofgainingcomplianceinwhichtherequestersbeginwith
asmallrequestandwhenitisgrantedtheyescalatetothelargerrequest.
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LowBallTechnique:Atechniqueforgainingcomplianceinwhichanofferoradealischangedto
makeitlessattractivetothetargetpersonafterthepersonhasacceptedite.gCarsalesman
3. Reciprocity:Wecomplywiththerequestsfromsomeonewhohasprovideduswithafavour.Two
techniques:
DoorintheFaceTechnique:Requestersbeginwithalargerequestandwhenititrefusedthey
retreattoasmalleronethatistheonewhichwasactuallydesired.eg.AskingforRs.10000from
parentswhenyouactuallyrequireRs.500
That'snotallTechnique:Requestersofferadditionalbenefittothetargetpersonbeforetheyhave
decidedtocomplyorrejectwithspecificrequest.Thesmallextraconcessionincreasesthe
pressuretoreciprocate.
4. Scarcity:Wetrytosecureopportunitiesthatarescarceorlimited.
Playingithardtoget:Increasingcompliancebysuggestingthatpersonortheobjectisscarceto
obtain.
Deadlinetechnique:Targetpersonsaretoldthattheyhaveonlylimitedtimetotakeadvantageof
someoffer.
5. Wearewillingtocomplywithrequestsfromsomeonewhoisalegitimateauthority.
Obedience
Aformofsocialinfluenceinwhichonepersonobeysdirectorderfromanotherpersontoperformsome
action.Weoftenobeycommandsfromauthorityfiguresevenwhensuchpersonshavelittlepowerto
enforcetheirorders.
MilgramDestructiveObedience
Reasonsforobedience:
1. Transferofresponsibility:Iwasonlycarryingouttheorders.
2. VisiblebadgesFacedwithobviousremindersofwhoisincharge
3. Grudualescalationofauthorityfiguresorders.
Ordinarypeoplearewillingalthoughwithsomereluctancetoharmaninnocentstrangeriforderedtodoso
bysomeoneinauthority.
ResistingDestructiveObedience
1. Whenthesubordinatesareconvincedthatitisthemandnottheauthoritiesthatareresponsiblefor
harmproduced.
2. Iftheyareencouragedtoquestiontheexpertiseandthemotivesoftheauthorityfigures.
CommonlyusedtacticsforInfluenceinGovernance:
1. RationalPersuasion:Occurswhenagentuseslogicalargumentsorfactualevidencetoinfluence
others.
2. Inspirationalappealsareusedwhentheagentsmakearequestoraproposalthatisdesignedto
arouseemotionsinthetargetgroups.
3. Consultation:Whentheagentsaskthetargetgrouptoparticipateinplanningandactivity.Consultation
strengthenthemembercommitmentortargetgroupcommitment.
4. Personalappealsareusedwhentheagentsaskthetargetgrouptodoafavouroutoffriendship.
5. Coalitiontacticsareusedwhentheagentsseektheaidandsupportofotherstoinfluencethetarget.
6. Pressuretacticsandthreats.
7. Legitimisingtacticsoccurwhentheagentsmakerequestbasedontheirpositionandauthority.
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Thetacticsofmakingthetargetgroupchangeitsattitudesandperceptioniniintendeddirectionsarecalled
asinfluencetacticsandthedegreeofchangeobtainediscalledsocialinfluence.
Socialisation:
Anindividualisbornasocial.Apersonstartswiththeblankslateinlife.Itisawellknownfactthatinitial3
yearsoflifearethemostimportantyearsinaperson'slife.Itteachessocialvaluessothatanascent
biologicalinfantbecomesasharing,productiveandparticipativememberofthesociety.Socialexistence
givesusuniqueness.Wegetourmoralvaluesfromtheprocessofsocialisation.Thevaluesofcooperation,
collaborationandworkingtogetherisnurturedthroughthisprocess.
Throughsocialisation:
1. Cultureistransmittedfromonegenerationtonext
2. Individualdevelopshispersonalitybylearningthecontentsofhisculture.
Theprocessofsocialisationtakesplacethrough:Family,parents,school,peergroups,media,religionand
occupationofparents.Socialisationensuresthatneedbasedbehaviourdoesnotdegenerateintogreed
basedbehaviour.Valueinculcationandindoctrinationofculturethroughsocialisation.
Eventhoughsocialisationprocessissimilarthewayanindividualperceivesandinterpretesmayleadto
differentvalueheirarchy.
Stereotypes:
Preconceivednotionsinmindeg.Girlsareweakinmathematics.
Stoics:
1. InGreekitmeansVerandah.ThinkersusedtoassembleatPorch.
2. PhilosopherwasZenoofcitium.
3. Suchthinkersbelievethatnatureorcosmosisthehighestlevelofunitywhichisguidedbyitsinherent
logic(logos).Itseekstoachieveasenseoftranquility.ItsphilosophyissimilartothatofBG.
4. Incasetheeffortsresultinfailureoneshouldremainstoic.
5. Bothepicureansandstoicsemphasizeontranquility.Thedifferenceisfortheepicureansthepleasure
isthegoaloflifebutforthestoicspleasureisamatterofindifference.
6. Stoicsbelieveinacosmosguidedbyreason.Theirformulaforhappinessistoliveinaccordancewith
nature.Stoicdutyisthedutyofacitizenoftheworld.
7. Everythingthathappensisgovernedbythehighestreason.
8. Astoicalhasbecomeanexpressiontoindicateacceptanceofmisfortunewithoutanycomplaint.
Teleological:
Circumstantial,dependsonconsequences.GoodispriortoRight.Actionisnotanend,resultisan
end.UtilatarianismisoneformofTeleologicalapproach.
1. Bribepaidtoministerforabridgewhichotherwisewouldnothavebeenpaid.Itwasdonewithgood
intentionandhasledtohasslefreetravelandhasservedpublicgood.
2. Terroristfiringbulletsandononehandsecurityguardsfiringbullets.Theactisthesamebutintentions
aredifferent.Thereforemotiveismoreimportantthanaction.
Transparency:
Itreferstotheavailabilityofinformationnotonlytothepublicbutalsoamongthegovernmentagencies
involvedinthedeliveryofaservice.Itenableseasyaccesstoinformation.Traditionally,information
sharingwasrestrictedtoaunidirectionalflow,movingfromthegovernmenttowardsthepublic.Voiceof
citizensshouldnotbeheardafter5years.Itresultsingreaterscrutinyandpressure.Votetovoice
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integratecitizenvoiceinadminprocesses.
Trust:
Publictrustisconservedbyindividualholdingresponsiblepositionitself.
UncertaintyAvoidanceIndex(UAI):
Peopleinculturewithhighuncertaintyavoidancetendtominimisetheoccurenceoftheunknownby
implementinglawsandregulationsbycarefulplanning.
IndianshavelowUAI.Thereisacceptanceofimperfectionandnothinghastogoexactlyasplanned.Rules
areinplaceonlytobecircumventedandonereliesonjugaad.Adjustmentisthekeyvirtue.Creatingan
inventivesolutiontounsurmountableproblems.
Value:
1. Valuesrepresentpersonalbeliefsaboutthemodesofconduct.Valuescanbedefinedasbroad
preferencesconcerningappropriatecoursesofactionsoroutcomes.
2. Theseareabstractidealsnottiedtoanyobjectanddoesn'thaveanyshapee.gPeace,Honestyetc.
3. Theyserveasinternalguidesandhaveevaluativeelement.Theyareglobalandstronglyentrenchedin
ourpersonalities.
4. Byapplyingvalueswemakesubjectivejudgmentsaboutathing.
5. Weacquirevaluesasaprocessofsocialisation.
6. Valuesarenotinborn.Iftheyhadbeeninbornthennotrainingwouldhavebeenrequired.Theyhave
tobeinculcated.
7. Wehaveavaluehierarchy.ValuePyramid.
8. Thereareintrinsicandinstrumentalvalues.Intrinsicvaluesaresomethingthatisvaluedpurelyfor
itselfe.gHedonism(tendencyofanindividualtoseekpleasureandavoidpain).Instrumentalvalues
impliessomethingthatisvaluedbecauseitisameanstoachievesomethingonotherend.Theyplay
animportantroleinTeleologicalsystemwheremoralchoicesarethosewhichleadtobestpossible
consequences.
9. Intrinsicvaluesareobjectiveinnature.Eventhoughsocialisationprocessissimilarthewayan
individualperceivesandinterpretesmayleadtodifferentvalueheirarchy.Thereisalsoaconceptof
terminalvalues(Moksha).
10. Valuesappliedtoobjectsbecomeattitudese.gIvaluehonestybecauseIhavea+veattitudetowards
whistleblowers.
11. Whatwillnotchangeareintrinsicvaluesbutwhatwillchangeisinstrumentalvalues.
VirtueEthics:
It'sacompletelydifferentapproachtoethics.
e.gAlieisawrongnotbecauseofitsconsequences,notbecauseitviolatesrulesbutbecauseitisnot
whatavirtousandhonestpersonwoulddo.
Itfocusesonwhatsortofpeopleweshouldstrivetobeandnotwhatthingsweshoulddo.
Itcapturesmoreofwhatisimportant.Beinganhonestpersonismoreimportantthannottellinglies.
Thenotionofcharacterismoreimportantconcept.
Encouragesustothinkaboutmoralheroesandsaints:Jesus,MotherTeresa,MartinLutherKing,
MahatmaGandhi.
Aristotle:TwokindsofknowledgeTheoreticalandPractical.Ethicalknowledgeisaformoflatter.
HegivestheconceptofEudaimoniahappinessorwellbeingorlivingthebestkindoflife.
Toliveagoodlifeistolivealifeofpracticalreasons.
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ImportanceofEmotionalintelligence
1. They knowhow to motivate themselves and the motivation is often the biggest difference
betweensuccessandfailure.Eveniftheyfeelincrediblynervousbeforeabigpresentation,theyhave
learnt to calm themselves andproject an aura of confidence. When they are faced with obstructive
people,theyknowwhentoholdtheirtemperincheckandwhentoloseit.Theyareawareoftheirown
emotionsandabletomanagethem.
2. Itisthedistinguishingfactorthatenablesustohavewholesome,warmrelationshipsratherthancold
anddistantcontacts.
LegalFramework,Laws,Rules,RegulationsforEthicalBehavior
PreventionofCorruptionAct,1988
1. Needforsanction
1. Inordertopreventharassmenttohonestofficers,itwasmandatedthatnocourtshalltake
cognizanceofoffenceswithoutthepermissionoftheauthoritycompetenttoremovethe
chargedpublicservant.
2. IthasbeenstipulatedthatnocourtshallstaytheproceedingsundertheActonthegrounds
ofanyerrororirregularityinthesanctiongranted,unlessintheopinionofthecourtithasled
tofailureofjustice.
2. Immunitytobribegiver:Italsoprovidedthatthestatementbybribegiverwouldnotsubjectthe
bribegivertoprosecution.Itwasconsiderednecessarytograntsuchimmunitytothebribegiver,
whomighthavebeenforcedbycircumstancesintogivingabribe.
3. Trialbyspecialjudges:Allcorruptionrelatedoffencescouldonlybetriedbyspecial
judges.Proceedingsofthecourthavetobeheldonadaytodaybasis.
4. Possessionofassetsdisproportionatetotheknownsourcesofincomeisanoffence.
WeaknessesinthePreventionofCorruptionAct,1988
1. Additionofmoreoffences
1. There are four types of misconducts not explicitly covered under the Act but which are
nonethelessverydamaging.
2. The first is gross perversion of the Constitution and democratic institutions, including, wilful
violationoftheoathofofficeoutofpartisanconsiderationsorpersonalgains.Inmostsuch
cases,theremaybenoillegalconsideration,noranyformofmonetarygratificationinvolved.
3. Thesecondisabuseofauthorityundulyfavoringorharmingsomeone,withoutanymonetary
consideration.Insuchcases,oftenpartisaninterests,nepotismandpersonalprejudicesplay
arole.
4. Third, obstruction or perversion of justice by unduly influencing law enforcement agencies
andprosecution.Againinmostsuchcases,partisanconsiderations,nepotismandprejudice,
andnotpecuniarygainorgratification,maybethemotive.
5. Finally, squandering public money, including high flying lifestyles, superfluous security
hasbecomemorecommon.
2. Collusivebribery
1. It provides immunity to a bribegiver if he gives a statement in the court. However, the Act
does not differentiate between coercive and collusive corruption. The negative impact of
collusivecorruptionismuchworse.
2. The conviction rates in coercive corruption are more than in collusive corruption. Getting
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convictionincollusivecasesisextremelydifficultasboth,thebribegiverandthebribetaker
colludeandarebeneficiariesofthetransaction.
3. So the Act should be amended to list collusive bribery as a separate offence. In all such
cases if it is established that public interest has suffered, then the court shall presume that
the public servant and the beneficiary of the decision committed an offence of collusive
bribery.Thepunishmentforallsuchcasesofcollusivebriberyshouldbemuchhigher.
3. SanctionforProsecution
1. It provides that previous sanction of the competent authority is necessary before a court
takes cognizance of the offences. The objective is to prevent harassment to honest public
servants.
2. However,nosuchsanctionshouldbeneededwhenpublicservantshavebeentrappedred
handedorincasesofpossessingassetsdisproportionatetotheirknownsourcesofincome.
3. In many cases, the issue of the validity of sanctions gets raised after the prosecution has
advanced all evidences and this leads to inordinate delays. The law should be amended
thatthiscouldonlybedoneatthefirststage,evenbeforeframingofchargesbythecourt.
4. Currentlytheprotectionofsanctiondoesn'textendtoapersonifatthetimeofcognizanceof
the offences by the court, he/she has retired. The law should be amended so that retired
publicservantscanalsogetthesamelevelofprotection,asaservingpublicservant.
4. RecoupingLosses
1. Whenpublicservantscauselosstothestatebytheircorruptacts,theyshouldbemadeto
payback.Thisshouldbeputinthelaw.Adequatesafeguardsshouldbetheresothatbona
fidemistakesarenotpenalized.
5. ConfiscationofProperties
1. The Act provides for confiscation of assets of public servants in excess of their known
sourcesofincome.However,theprovisionhasprovedinadequatebecausesuchforfeitureis
possibleonlyonconviction.
2. Anothershortcomingisthattheprocedureforattachmentcanstartonlyafterthecourthas
taken cognizance of the offence. In actual situations, this may be too late as the accused
maygetenoughtimetohideit.
3. The third weakness is that the government has to authorize the filing of a request seeking
attachment.
4. While seeing the property, the 'relatives' of the civil servant should also be seen and the
burdenofproofshouldbeonthemthatsuchpropertywastransferredforbonafidereasons
only.
5. Benami transactions should be prohibited altogether and such properties confiscated.
Existing Act provides for such confiscation but since 1988, Rules have not been framed by
thegovernmenttowardsthispurpose!Sosuchconfiscationiscurrentlynotpossible.
6. SpeedingupTrials
1. Toensurespeedytrialofcorruptioncases,theexistingprovisionsare:
AllcasesundertheActaretobetriedonlybyaSpecialJudge.
Theproceedingsofthecourtshouldbeheldonadaytodaybasis.
NocourtshallstaytheproceedingsundertheActonthegroundsofanyerroror
irregularityinthesanctiongranted,unlessintheopinionofthecourtithasledto
failureofjustice.
1. Howeverinordinatedelayhasbeenseeninsuchtrials.Amajorcauseisthetendencyofthe
accused to obtain frequent adjournments. There is also a tendency to challenge almost
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every interim order passed by the trial court, in the High Court and later, in the Supreme
Courtandobtainingstayofthetrial.
2. Suchtypesofopportunitiestotheaccusedneedtoberestrictedbythelaw.Alegalprovision
needstobeintroducedfixingatimelimitforvariousstagesoftrial.Adjournmentsshouldbe
givenonlyforcompellingreasons.
CodeofEthics
IntegrityPacts
1. Itisanagreementbetweenthepublicagencyinvolvedinprocurementandthebidderthatthe
biddersshallnotindulgeinanycorruptpracticetosecurethecontractinquestion.Foritspart,
thepublicagencycommitstoalevelplayingfieldandfairplay.
2. Theyareoverseenandscrutinizedbyindependent,outsideobservers.
CodeofEthicsforCivilServices
1. IssueswithcurrentConductRules
1. ThecodeofbehaviorasenunciatedintheConductRules,whilecontainingsomegeneral
normslikemaintainingintegrityandabsolutedevotiontodutyandnotindulginginconduct
unbecomingofagovernmentservant,isgenerallydirectedtowardscatalogingspecific
activitiesdeemedundesirableforgovernmentservants.TheseConductRulesdonot
constituteaCodeofethics.TheCodeofEthicsshouldenunciatethequalitiesandbehavior
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desiredinacivilservant.
2. Thepresentcodesofconductarenotdirectandtothepoint.Theyarelengthy,complexand
areeitherfullofvaguesermonsortoospecificwithoutdatedprescriptions.Acodeofethics
shouldbetothepoint,smallandeasilyunderstood.
3. ThecodeofethicsshouldalsodealwithconflictofinterestwhichtheConductRulesdonot
addressadequately.
4. Italsocontainssomeoutdatedandimpracticalrulessuchas
1. NoClassIofficershallwithoutprevioussanctionofthegovernment,permithisson,
daughterorotherdependent,toacceptemploymentinanycompanywhichhas
dealingswiththeGovernment.Posttheeconomicreforms,privatesectorhasgrown
rapidlyandnowvirtuallyallmajorcompanieshavedealingswiththegovernment.
2. TransactionsoverRs.20,000havetobereportedtothegovernmentwithinamonth.
Inflationhasrenderedthislimitimpractical.
3. Allpropertytransactionshavetobereportedtothegovernment.
2. DesirablepropertiesoftheCodeofEthics
1. Itshouldhaveaclearstatutarybackingandanindependent,effectivemonitoring
mechanism.TheCivilServicesAuthoritymaybeentrustedwiththistaskofauditingand
evaluatingthemeasurestheorganizationshavetakentoupholdthecivilservicevalues.
2. Attheapexlevel,thereshouldbeaclearandconcisestatementofthevaluesandethical
standardswhichshouldreflectpublicexpectations.
AllegiancetotheidealsenshrinedintheConstitution.
Apoliticalfunctioning.
Goodgovernancetobetheprimarygoal.
Dutytoactobjectivelyandimpartially.
Accountabilityandtransparencyindecisionmaking.
Maintenanceofhighestethicalstandards.
Ensuringeconomyandavoidanceofwastageinexpenditure.
Provisionofhealthyandcongenialworkenvironment.
Commitmenttothecitizensconcernsandpublicgood.
Empathyforthevulnerableandweakersectionsofsociety.
3. Atthesecondlevel,thebroadprincipleswhichshouldgovernthebehaviorofacivilservant
maybeoutlined.
1. Integrity:Civilservantsshouldbeguidedsolelybypublicgoodindischargingtheir
duties.
2. Impartiality:Civilservantsincarryingouttheirofficialwork,includingfunctionslike
procurement,recruitment,deliveryofservicesetc,shouldtakedecisionsbasedonmerit
alone.
3. Commitmenttopublicservice:Civilservantsshoulddeliverservicesinafair,effective,
impartialandcourteousmanner.
4. Opentoaccountability:Civilservantsareaccountablefortheirdecisionsandactionsand
shouldbewillingtosubjectthemselvestoappropriatescrutinyforthispurpose.
5. Devotiontoduty:Civilservantsmaintainabsoluteandunstintingdevotiontowardstheir
dutiesandresponsibilitiesatalltimes.
6. Exemplarybehaviour:Civilservantsshalltreatallmembersofthepublicwithrespectand
courtesyand,atalltimes,shouldbehaveinamannerthatupholdstherichtraditionsof
thecivilservices.
4. Atthethirdlevel,thereshouldbeaspecificCodeofConductstipulatinginapreciseand
unambiguousmanner,alistofacceptableandunacceptablebehaviorandactions.
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Solution
Sinceoursocietyisdiverse,therecan'tbejustasingleideal.Insteadofidealsolutionwerequirean
optimalsolution.
Areethicalandmoralvaluesstaticordynamic,universalorculturespecific,mutableor
immutable?
1. Inlifethereisnothingblackorwhitebutshadesofgrey.Behaviourisdynamicbutvaluesare
consistent.
2. Ethical,moralvaluesarerelativelyconsistent.Theyaredeterminantsofone'sidentity.Ethicalvalues
giveusaframeofreferencefordealingwithobjectsandeventsinthesocialworld.
3. Wecan'tchangeouridentitynowandthenorelseitwillleadtoidentitycrisis.Identitybuildinginvolves
time,costandlabourinvestment.Changeisnotaneasyprocess.Itleadstolotsofturmoiland
disruptions.
4. Innoindividualthereisonevaluebutavalueofhierarchy.Someareatthetopandsomeareatthe
bottom.Socialisationmaynotbeabletoensurethatonesetofvaluesassumestopimportance.
RaisedinthesamefamilyyetBuddhaandDevaduttahaddifferentsetsofvaluehierarchy.
5. Whatweplaceatthetopbecomescoreofouridentityanddifficulttochange.However,thereisa
constantchangeinthevaluesdowntheorderandtheyarerelativeyeasytoreplaceorchange.
ValuePyramid
Valuesarerelativelyconsistentbutnotstaticbecauseourenvironmentisdynamicandconstantlychanges.
Valuesareglobalandallencompassing.
Twopersonmaybedemonstratinghonestydifferently:
1. Notpayingbribe
2. Ensuringdishonestarepunished
3. Whistleblowing.
Thusdespitesamevaluesthemeanstoachievethegoalsaredifferent.
Basicpillarsandstructureofourvaluesremainunaltered.Changesthatweseeareinbehavioursandnot
invalues.
However,somevaluesmaygoundergotransformationonvertime.
Valuesserveasadhesiveandbindthesocietytogether.Socialintegrationiscommongoalofallsocieties
acrossworld.
IndividualismUSAandCollectivismIndia
Somesetsofvaluesdifferandtheseaddresstheneedsofaparticularculturespecifically.
Staticvaluescutacrossgenerationofcultureswhereasdynamicculturefacilitatesadjustmentinsociety.
Whatwillnotchangeisintrinsicvaluesbutwhatwillchangeisinstrumentalvalues.
LawvsEthics,MoralityandValues
Lawisanimpersonalinstrumentwhereasvalues,ethicsandmoralhavepersonalorientation.Manya
timeswebehavemorallyandethicallyevenwithoutknowingalaw.Everylawmaynothaveethical
basis.Ethicsarebetterinstrumenttoprotectmankindthanlaws.Lawmaynotcovereverybehaviour.To
coverlooseendswehavemoralsandethics.
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Supposewewanttohiresomeoneforawork.TherearetwocandiatesAandB.Aiscompetentbutpoor
commitmentlevelwhereasBislesscompetentbuthasexemlarycommitment.
TheNirmalBharatAbhiyanlaunchedhasnotbeenmuchsuccessfulinitsearlieravatar.Therearedeep
rootedprejudicedinthesociety.Caste,religiousconcernsinusingtoilet.
Weshouldnotunnecessarycriticisegovernment.Everygovernmentworkswithinasocialsettingandthe
successofthegovernmentpoliciesverymuchdependontheiracceptanceinsociety.Awellintentioned
policybutoutoftunewithsocietalmindsetmayendupasafailureeg.NirmalBharatAbhiyan,Women
rightsinproperty,Increasingchildsexratio.
MilgramExperiment
Theconceptofmotivationfocusesonwhat'moves'behaviour.Motivationisalsousedforpredicting
behaviour.Astudentsworkshardifshehasastrongneedforachievement.Motiveisoneofthe
determinantofbehaviour.
Theearliestexplanationofmotivationreliedontheconceptofinstinct.Itdenotesinbornpatternthatare
biologicallydeterminedratherthanlearned.Itreferstoanurgetodosomething.Hunger,thirstandsex
comesunderthiscategory.
Homeostasis.
Therearetwotypesofmotives
1. Biological
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2. Psychosocial:Thesearelearnedfromanindividual'sinteractionwithvariousenvironmentalfactors.
Theseincludeneedforachievement,affiliation,power,curiosityandexploration,selfrealisation.
Needforaffiliation
Nobodylikestoremainalone.Assoonaspeopleseesomekindsofsimilaritiesamongthemselvesthey
formagroup.Needforaffiliationarousewhenanindividualfeelsthreatenedandalsowhentheyare
happy.Peoplehighonthisneedaremotivatedtoseekcompanyofothers.
NeedforPower
Toproduceintendedeffectsonbehaviourandemotions.
1. Influence
2. Control
3. Persuade
4. Lead
5. Charm
6. Enhanceone'sreputation
Needforachievement
Itisdesireforexcellence.Personshighinachievementmotivationtendstoprefertasksthatare
moderatelydifficultandchallenging.
CuriosityandExploration
Itisamotivationaltendencytoactwithoutanyspecificidentifiablegoal.Wearedrivenbyourneedfor
sensorystimulation.Wegeteasilyboredwithrepetitiveexperienceandwelookforsomethingnew.
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VirtueEthics
Virtueethicsisabroadtermfortheoriesthatemphasizetheroleofcharacterandvirtueinmoral
philosophyratherthaneitherdoingonesdutyoractinginordertobringaboutgoodconsequences.A
virtueethicistislikelytogiveyouthiskindofmoraladvice:Actasavirtuouspersonwouldactinyour
situation.
MostvirtueethicstheoriestaketheirinspirationfromAristotlewhodeclaredthatavirtuouspersonis
someonewhohasidealcharactertraits.Thesetraitsderivefromnaturalinternaltendencies,butneedto
benurturedhowever,onceestablished,theywillbecomestable.Forexample,avirtuouspersonis
someonewhoiskindacrossmanysituationsoveralifetimebecausethatishercharacterandnotbecause
shewantstomaximizeutilityorgainfavorsorsimplydoherduty.Unlikedeontologicalandconsequentialist
theories,theoriesofvirtueethicsdonotaimprimarilytoidentifyuniversalprinciplesthatcanbeappliedin
anymoralsituation.AndvirtueethicstheoriesdealwithwiderquestionsHowshouldIlive?andWhatis
thegoodlife?andWhatareproperfamilyandsocialvalues?
Virtueethicshasbeendevelopedinthreemaindirections:Eudaimonism,agentbasedtheories,andthe
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ethicsofcare.
1. Eudaimonismbasesvirtuesinhumanflourishing,whereflourishingisequatedwithperformingones
distinctivefunctionwell.Inthecaseofhumans,Aristotlearguedthatourdistinctivefunctionis
reasoning,andsothelifeworthlivingisonewhichwereasonwell.Itisastateofbeinghappyand
prosperous.
2. Anagentbasedtheoryemphasizesthatvirtuesaredeterminedbycommonsenseintuitionsthatwe
asobserversjudgetobeadmirabletraitsinotherpeople.
3. Thethirdbranchofvirtueethics,theethicsofcare,wasproposedpredominatelybyfeministthinkers.
Itchallengestheideathatethicsshouldfocussolelyonjusticeandautonomyitarguesthatmore
femininetraits,suchascaringandnurturing,shouldalsobeconsidered.
Herearesomecommonobjectionstovirtueethics.
1. Itstheoriesprovideaselfcenteredconceptionofethicsbecausehumanflourishingisseenasanend
initselfanddoesnotsufficientlyconsidertheextenttowhichouractionsaffectotherpeople.
2. Virtueethicsalsodoesnotprovideguidanceonhowweshouldact,astherearenoclearprinciplesfor
guidingactionotherthanactasavirtuouspersonwouldactgiventhesituation.
3. Lastly,theabilitytocultivatetherightvirtueswillbeaffectedbyanumberofdifferentfactorsbeyonda
personscontrolduetoeducation,society,friendsandfamily.Ifmoralcharacterissoreliantonluck,
whatroledoesthisleaveforappropriatepraiseandblameoftheperson?
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