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Simulation of Echoes From Ballistic Targets: Wentao LV, Junfeng Wang, and Wenxian Yu
Simulation of Echoes From Ballistic Targets: Wentao LV, Junfeng Wang, and Wenxian Yu
Simulation of Echoes From Ballistic Targets: Wentao LV, Junfeng Wang, and Wenxian Yu
13, 2014
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AbstractThe classification of warheads and decoys is a very important issue in the defense of ballistic missiles. To train and test
the classifier, the echoes from all kinds of warheads and decoys in
all kinds of situations have to be acquired. However, this is difficult to implement by the experiments in fields or even anechoic
chambers. In this letter, a novel method is presented to simulate
the echoes from ballistic targets when the radar transmits chirps or
other waveforms. A tool for electromagnetic calculation, like CST
Microwave Studio, is first used to simulate the frequency response
of the electromagnetic scattering. The echo is then acquired from
the frequency response by further processing. A series of test results shows the effectiveness of this method.
Index TermsBallistic target, chirp, CST Microwave Studio,
echo simulation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Manuscript received June 06, 2014; revised July 01, 2014; accepted July 09,
2014. Date of publication July 18, 2014; date of current version July 25, 2014.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
under Grant No. 61072150, the National High-Technology Research and Development Program of China under 200812Z108, and the National Basic Research
Program of China under Grant No. 2010CB731904.
The authors are with the Center for Advanced Sensing Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai
200240, China (e-mail: alvinlwt@sjtu.edu.cn; junfengwang@sjtu.edu.cn;
wxyu@sjtu.edu.cn)
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this letter are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LAWP.2014.2339353
(2)
is the range of the scatterer to the radar,
where
is the speed of light, and
is the scattering coefficient of the scatterer. Compared to
,
is delayed by
1536-1225 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
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and multiplied by
ture demodulation,
becomes
(9)
(3)
is
where constants in magnitude are ignored. Assume that
the range of the initial sample, and is the time delay relative
to the initial sample. Then
(4)
Substituting (4) into (3), one obtains
(10)
If the range of the target to the radar is much larger than the
size of the target,
can be written as
(11)
is the range of the origin to the radar, and
is the projection of the vector directed from the
origin to the scatterer on the vector directed from the radar to
the origin. Substituting (11) into (10), one obtains
where
(5)
Thus, the echo from the entire target is
(12)
where
(13)
(6)
and are usually referred to as fast time and slow time,
respectively.
Consider the simulation of
. Taking the Fourier transform
of (6), one obtains
where
relation
(7)
denotes the Fourier transform. Based on the
is the frequency response of the scattering and can be simulated using a tool for electromagnetic calculation, like CST Microwave Studio.
Based on the above analysis,
can be simulated as
follows.
1) Find
using a tool for electromagnetic calculation,
such as CST Microwave Studio.
2) Find
according to (12).
3) Find
by taking the inverse Fourier transform of
.
Before the inverse Fourier transform,
may be tapered
by a window, such as a Hamming window, to suppress
sidelobes of
and padded with 0 to achieve a finer sampling of
.
If the radar transmits a step chirp, the echo is written as
(14)
(8)
where constants in magnitude and phase are ignored [9][11],
one obtains
is the band(15)
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where
(16)
is the frequency response of the scattering and can be simulated using a tool for electromagnetic calculation, like CST Microwave Studio. Therefore,
can be simulated as follows:
using a tool for electromagnetic calculation, like
1) Find
CST Microwave Studio. 2) Find
according to (15).
Only one echo, the echo at slow time , is simulated in the
aforementioned method. However, multiple echoes, that is, the
echoes at multiple slow times, are required in many applications. Actually, more echoes can be simulated similarly. When
multiple echoes are simulated, the motion of the target should
be considered to determine the position and the orientation of
the target at each slow time.
III. RESULTS
A series of experiments is made to evaluate our method. In
each experiment, CST Microwave Studio is used to simulate the
frequency response of scattering. The frequencies are selected
from 9.5 to 10.5 GHz with a 5-MHz interval, and the VV polarization mode is adopted.
Our method is used to simulate the echoes from a warhead
(Fig. 2.). , the radius of the cone bottom, is 0.25 m. , the height
of the cone, is 1.5 m. , the radius of the sphere, is 0.05 m. The
coordinate system is selected such that the origin is located at
the geometric centroid of the cone, and the -axis is directed
along the symmetric axis of the cone. Thus, , the distance between the -plane and the cone bottom, is 0.375 m.
is the
top of the warhead. and are the intersections between the
bottom circle of the warhead and the plane determined by the
symmetric axis of the warhead and the line of sight (LOS) of
the radar. Assume that the surface of the warhead has perfect
electric conductivity.
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varies from 0 to 8 .
varies from 30 to 35 .
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