2014 3rd Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation

Study on Multi Scattering Point Modeling for

Target in Fuze RF Simulation and Its Application
Chen Qian1Gu Jun2Zhou ChunHua3Wang XiaoBing2
(1.Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 1000942.Science and Technology on Electromagnetic
Scattering Laboratory3.Shanghai Radio Equipment Reaearch InstituteShanghai, 200438, China)

Qian_ch@163.com, Gujaa@163.com, Andy8725@tom.com, Wxb218@sina. com

A. Target Scattering Calculation
The scattering of targets can be calculated by Accurate
Numerical Method or High-frequency Asymptotic Method.
Currently, the algorithms are all mature and available. For
example, the Moment Method (MoM) and other methods can
calculate targets scattering data of high-precision, while the
computation speed of High-frequency Asymptotic Method is
faster, such as the Physical Optics Method (PO) of surface
reflection, the Equivalent Current Method that calculates the
incremental length diffraction coefficients (ILDC) of edge
diffraction, the Iterative Electromagnetic Current Method that
calculates multiple reflections, and so on.

AbstractThis article acquires the microwave imagery of

target through simulation, bases on ISAR imagery of complex
target, and adopts the CLEAN method to extract the strong
scattering point of target imagery; meanwhile, combine the nonuniform illumination under missile-target encounter conditions,
respectively obtain the distribution parameters of target
scattering points at various miss distance, providing input data
source for fuse RF simulation.
Keywords multi scattering point; radio frequency simuation;
research of application

I.

INTRODUCTION

1) Physical Optics Method

The scattering of the surface element mainly considers the
calculation of the surface scattering field. When using physical
optics method to calculate the scattered field of the object in
the space, we can combine the Maxwell Equation and Vector
Green's Theorem together to obtain the field equations related
to the scattered field. The computational formula of back
scattering is:

With emerging of ultra-high speed aircraft in developed

countries, relative speed at missile-target encounter section can
reach as high as Mach 10 even above. If fuse start-up
characteristics are still researched in adoption of the data from
orbit test and slide rail test, as a result of the difference between
which and the fuse start-up characteristics at high speed, the
fuse matching will be less efficient; and tests like diversion
take a long period and have a high cost, and the rendezvous is
difficult to be controlled during the test. Therefore, carrying out
the fuse RF simulation under the condition of ultra high speed
is very important for the study on fuse start-up characteristics.
With the fuse target fuse RF simulation establishment
technology getting mature, the fuse RF simulation has become
an indispensable substantial part in fuse radio frequency
simulation, which provides for radio frequency simulation the
electromagnetic scattering source of the target. This article
acquires the microwave imagery of target through emulation
calculation, bases on ISAR imagery of complex target, extracts
the strong scattering point of target imagery in the method of
CLEAN, provides input data source for radio frequency
simulation of high-speed intersection between the fuze and the
target [1-2 ].
II.

e -2jkrm

m 1

4 rm

n m  (e r  hi )
S m

(1)

er is polarization direction of receiving antenna,

k is wave number, j is imaginary unit; E0 is size of the
electric field unit distance from the transmitting antenna; rm is
the position vector of m . surface element center, nm is the
surface element normal,
S small surface element size, h is
out of which,

direction vector of incident magnetic field.

2) Physical Diffraction Method
According to the equivalent current physical theory of
diffraction, the edge's diffraction field is:

TARGET MULTIPLE SCATTER POINT MODEL

Target multiple - scattering point model is realized on the

basis of calculation of target scattering field, obtaining the
target microwave image through simulation calculation, using
CLEAN method to collect the strong scattering points of target
image for complex target ISAR image; meanwhile, combine
the non-uniform illumination under missile-target encounter
conditions, and respectively obtain the distribution parameters
of target scattering points at various miss distance [3-5 ].

978-1-4799-4354-8/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE

E s (k )  e r  2 jkE 0 

E sw (k )  er 

991

E0 N e -2jkrn (ei  t)(es  t) f  (hi  t)(hs  t) g


2 n 1 rn 2
sin 2  n
sin(kl n cos  n )
(2)
ln

kl n cos  n

Harbin, CHINA

Among which is the length of the small wedge,

position vector of

 E (k , ,  )  F (rn , n , n )  exp(
j2 kR)r 2 sin  n d rn d n d n

(5)


2
 F (rn , n , n )   E (k , ,  )  exp( j2 kR)k sin  d k d d



ln is the

n its center, rn is the unit vector along the

wedge. The included angle between the incident direction of

propagation and wedge. The f and g is Ufimt-sev physical
diffraction coefficient.

in the formula, C is electromagnetic waves travel speed; k is

wave numbers ( k  2f/C );
are respectively elevation
angle and azimuth angle between target center and antenna;
rn , n ,  n  is coordinate position of each scattering center
under spherical coordinate system; R is distance between
target scattering center and antenna.

3) The Method of Iterative Electromagnetic Flow

Use fast far - field approximation method to conduct
optimized calculation: categorize the strong multiple
scattering surface elements that have been formed by the two
into groups, that distance between each surface element and
the group center is shorter than the inter-group distance, and
size of each group meets requirement D R 2 . Suppose

2) CLEAN Extraction Method of Scattering Center

CLEAN method is an iterative algorithm, it can find out
the maximum point of the range in the image, and take this
maximum point as the scattering center with certain energy,
then have the scatter field produced by this scattering center
deducted from the original sampling data to determine a new
data, and after that, find out the maximum point of the range
in the image this new data corresponds to etc., until the
maximum point of range in remaining images lower than a
certain threshold. For the energy of the remnant images
decrease monotonically, it can be proved that iteration process
is convergent. The selection of threshold should consider both
the number of iterations and the accuracy of the data
extrapolation.

m one target group center is rm , rmi is the field point surface

element, M in total
numbers of surface elements; m' the
other target group is rm ' , rm ' j is the source point surface
element, M ' in total numbers of surface elements. Thereout,
multiple scattering calculation of each group can
approximately express


exp( jk | rm
rm ' |)
H ( n ) (rmi ) 
exp[ jkk  (rmi
rm )]  jk
4 | rm
rm ' |

( n
1)
(r )] exp[ jkk  (r
r )]
s
 [k  J

m' j

m' j

m'

(3)

Take 1-D image as an example, at the time of Number n

iteration of CLEAN algorithm, suppose is the max complex
amplitude, and locates at position, then the remaining
images An ( x n , y n , z n )

exp( jk | rm
rm ' |)
E ( n ) (rmi )  exp[ jkk  (rmi
rm )]  jk
4 | rm
rm ' |

  {k  M ( n
1) (rm ' j )
Z 0 k  [k  J ( n
1) (rm ' j )]}

( reimages ) n 1  ( reimages ) n
An h( x
x n , y
y n , z
z n ) (6)
in the formula, h( x, y , z ) is the point spread function at

 exp[ jkk  ( rm ' j

rm ' )]
s j

Out of which

(4)

position ( x, y , z ) .

k is wave vector. k  rm
rm ' | rm
rm ' | .

After M iteration, if the maximum scattering point in

image area is smaller than required threshold, we can consider
that the scattering centers are all extracted. The threshold
value is generally set as 20dB on actual extraction of
scattering center, when the amplitude value of the strongest
scattering point in remained images is 1% of that in original
images. Then the contribution to target total scattering by
remained scattering center can be considered negligible. After
acquiring the strong scattering center of the target by this
method, the target RCS can be reconstituted by the vector sum
of all scattering centers based on radar equation, the difference
between which and the test value can generally meet the test
precision requirements of RCS(error less than 3dB).

Hence, first iteration of each surface element among

groups m and m' , only needs M  M '1 numbers of
calculation, far less than numbers for direct MM ' calculation,
thus enabling an effective calculation of the scattering
contributions of each parts of electrically large objects.
B. Extraction of Target Strong Scattering Point
Base on image of complex target ISAR, adopt CLEAN to
extract target image's strong scattering point, obtain
comprehensive strong scattering data of complex target by the
imaging simulation of the target's full space posture sampling.

3) The Extraction of CLEAN in Typical Target Scatter

Center
The 3-D scattering center distribution data achieved by
using above mentioned method for corner reflector assembly
and a drone, see figure 1.

1) Relationship Between the Target ISAR Image and the

Scattering Center
Suppose when frequency is defined as f, scatter vector of
each scattering center of target is F ( rn ,  n , n ) , target return

signal received by testing radar is E ( k ,  ,  ) , and the two

have following transformation relations:

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III.

SCATTERING CENTER DISTRIBUTION

Fuse RF simulation system, mainly consists of the

computer and interface, target multiple scattering point model,
rotary tables, feeder control, radio frequency signal generator,
chambers, calibration system control and display, and its
function relation figure is as shown in Figure 2. This article
focus on the study of Target Multiple radiating pad model, as
an entire fuse RF simulation system data input, strong
scattering center distribution applies on Semi physical RF air
fed simulation experimental.

(a) Three-dimensional scattering image of corner reflector combination

Figure 2 Radio frequency simulation system Function relation figure

Combine the fuse initiation judging conditions to simulate

the initiation distribution properties of different trajectories
when the attitude parameters of the guided missiles and targets
are fixed. The thesis draws a conclusion of the statistical
distribution of the startup characteristics when a missile
targeting to a distant target drone. The pitch angle and azimuth
angle of the missile are 9 degrees and 12 degrees respectively,
while the pitch angle, azimuth angle and roll angle of the
target are 15 degrees, 160 degrees and 20 degrees respectively;
the relative attitude is shown in Fig 3 (a). During simulation,
total 205 different ballistic curves of miss distance and miss
distance direction are counted for statistics, and whether or not
fuse start-up conditions are met is judged based on Doppler
echo features, the start-up conditions in the statistics and their
position distributions are shown in figure 3(b) (dot point
means start-up, fork point means non start-up).

(b) Scattering point distribution data of corner reflector combination

(c) Three-dimensional scattering image of certain target drone

(d) Distributed data of the target drone scattering point

Figure1 The obtained distribution data of the strong scattering centers of
target
(a) Rendezvous Posture

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(b) Start-up Distribution

Figure 3 Starting characteristic analysis on certain drone aircraft target

IV.

CONCLUSION

This paper obtains the target microwave image through

simulation calculation, and uses CLEAN method to collect the
strong scattering points of target image for complex target
ISAR image, providing input data source for fuse RF
simulation. Meantime, through combining fuse start-up judges,
conduct simulation for distribution features of different
ballistic launches at fixed parameters of missile and target
attitude.

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