Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology Islamabad - Pakistan Electrical Engineering

Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology Islamabad – Pakistan Electrical Engineering
EXPERIMENT NO – 08
TO CHECK THE EFFECTS OF FILTER CAPACITANCE ON DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND
RIPPLE ON OSCILLOSCOPE
THEORY:
The Capacitor Filter
The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The use of this filter is very
limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies that require very
little load current from the supply. This filter is also used in circuits where the power-supply ripple
frequency is not critical and can be relatively high.
The simple capacitor filter shown in figure 1 consists of a single-filter element. This capacitor (C) is
connected across the output of the rectifier bridge in parallel with the load. The RC charge time of the
filter capacitor (C) must be short and the RC discharge time must be long to eliminate ripple action
when using this filter. In other words, the capacitor must charge up fast with preferably no discharge at
all. Better filtering also results when the frequency is high; therefore, the full-wave rectifier output is
easier to filter than the half-wave rectifier because of its higher frequency.
Figure 1. - Full-wave rectifier with a capacitor filter
The value of the capacitor is fairly large (several microfarads).
When the pulsating voltage is first applied to the circuit, the capacitor charges rapidly and almost
reaches the peak value of the rectified voltage within the first few cycles. The capacitor attempts to
charge to the peak value of the rectified voltage anytime a diode is conducting, and tends to retain its
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ELECTRONICS-I
charge when the rectifier output falls to zero. (The capacitor cannot discharge immediately). The
capacitor slowly discharges through the load resistance (R L) during the time the rectifier is not
conducting.
The rate of discharge of the capacitor is determined by the value of capacitance and the value of the
load resistance. If the capacitance and load resistance values are large, the RC discharge time for the
circuit is relatively long.
When the circuit is energized, the diode conducts on the positive half cycle and current flows through
the circuit allowing C to charge. C will charge to approximately the peak value of the input voltage.
The charge is less than the peak value because of the voltage drop across diodes.
If fewer ripples are desired under heavy-load conditions, a larger capacitor may be used.
APPARATUS:
1. Low-voltage AC power supply

2. Four 1N4001 diode
3. Capacitor
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4. Oscilloscope
The diodes need not be exact model 1N4001 units. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes
are suitable for the task, and they are quite easy to obtain.
A larger capacitor value is fine to use in this experiment, so long as its working voltage is high enough.
To be safe, choose a capacitor with a working voltage rating at least twice the RMS AC voltage output
of the low-voltage AC power supply
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Construct the bridge rectifier circuit by using rectifying diodes and RC smoothing circuit and
connect it to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure.
2. Connect CH1 of Oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output of a circuit.
3. Switch on the oscilloscope and the sinusoidal supply.
4. Sketch the input waveform
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5. Check the output waveform when filtering capacitance is not connected and Sketch it.
6. Now connect filtering capacitance on Output side and check the output on oscilloscope and sketch
it.
8. By changing RC change the Load and checks the effect on output waveform also sketches the
output waveform.(by Changing the value of resistor from 10k to 1k)
ZENER DIODE
OBJECTIVES:
To study the characteristics of zener diode
To study the voltage regulation in zener diode regulating circuit
APPARATUS:
1. DC Power supply

3. Zener Diode 6V,9V
4. Resistance 0.1K, 1K, 3.3K
5. Oscilloscope
Part A: Zener diode characteristics

PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the circuit of figure. Set the DC supply to 0V and record the measured value of R
Figure-1
2. Set the DC supply (E) to the values appearing in Table 1 and measure both VZ and VR.
Calculate the zener current, IZ using Ohm’s law given in the table and complete the table.
3. Plot IZ versus VZ using data in table 1 on graph paper.

R (Measured) = 998Ω
Table:
Volts 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
VZ (V) 0 1 3 5 6.11 6.15 6.17 6.19 6.20
VR (V) 0 0 0 0 0.89 2.85 4.83 6.81 8.80
IZ = VR / Rmeas (mA) 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.8 2.8 4.8 6.8 8.8
Graph:
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42
Part B: Zener diode Regulation

1. Construct the circuit of figure-2. Record the measured value of each resistor.
Figure -2
2. Measure the value of VL and VR. Using the measured values, calculate the value for current
through R, IR and RL, IL and current through zener diode IZ.
3. Checks the output waveform on oscilloscope also sketch the output waveform.
R (measured) = 997Ω ______________ RL (measured) = 1k______________________
VR (measured) = 2.50________________ VL (measured) = 2.50________________
IR=VR/R = 2mA______________ IL = VL / RL = 2mA_________________
IZ = IR - IL = 0mA______________
4. Change RL to 3.3Kohm and repeat step 2.
5. After changing load resistance Check the output waveform on oscilloscope also sketch it
Change RL to 3.3K ohm
RL (measured) = 3.3k________________
VL (measured) = 6.11________________
VR (measured) = 2.89________________
IL = VL / RL = 1.85mA________________
IR=VR/R =2.8mA
IZ = IR - IL =2.8mA-1.85mA=.95mA___
SERIES CLIPPERS
Part-A: Series Un-Biased Clipper.

APPARATUS:

2. One 1N4001 diode
3. Resistors(100-ohm, 1k-ohm)
4. Oscilloscope
Circuit Diagram
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the diode to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure. Note that the
resistor uses to limit the current.
2. Connect CH1 of oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a circuit.
5. Measure and record time T , peak voltage Vp and peak to peak voltage Vpp of Input supply
T=________________ Vp: ________________ Vpp_________________
OUTPUT
Part-B: Series Biased Clipper.
APPARATUS:

2. One 1N4001 diode
4. Oscilloscope
The diodes need not be exact model 1N4001 units. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes are
suitable for the task, and they are quite easy to obtain.
Circuit Diagram
PROCEDURE:
1. Conne e and the sinusoidal supply.
ct the 4. Sketch the input waveform
diode
to the
low-
voltage
AC
power
supply
as
shown
in a
figure.
Note
that the
resistor
uses to
limit
the
current
.
2. Conne
ct CH1 of
oscilloscop
e to Input
and CH2
to
Output/Lo
ad
Resistance
of a
circuit.
3. Switch
on the
oscilloscop
5.
T=________________ Vp: ________________ Vpp_________________
6. With the oscilloscope DC. Coupled adjust the time-base and the Y amplifier sensitivity.
7. Sketch the output waveform.
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
ASSIGNMENT Construct the circuit in Figure-1, 2, 3 &4 by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a
printout ofa proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation.
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50
Parallel Clippers
Part-A: Parallel Un-Biased Clipper.
APPARATUS:

2. One 1N4001 diode
4. Oscilloscope
Circuit Diagram
PROCEDURE:
Figure-1
1. Connect the diode to the low-voltage AC power
supply as shown in a figure. Note that the resistor uses
to limit the current.
2. Connect CH1 of oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to
Output/Load Resistance of a circuit.

Part-B: Parallel Biased Clipper.
APPARATUS:

2. One 1N4001 diode
4. Oscilloscope
Circuit Diagram
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the diode to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure. Note that the resistor
uses to limit the current.
T=________________ Vp: Vpp
ZENER DIODE AS CLIPPER

APPARATUS:

2. Zener Diode 6V,9V
3. Resistance 100 Ohm, 1K
4. Oscilloscope
Note: Zener diode can use for limiting just as normal diode. The difference to consider for a zener
limiter is its zener breakdown characteristics.
PROCEDURE:
Figure
2. Connect CH1 of oscilloscope on Input. Checks the input waveform on oscilloscope also sketch
the input waveform.
3.
Connect CH2 of oscilloscope on output side and checks the output
waveform on oscilloscope also sketch it.
Unbiased Clamper
APPARATUS:

2. One 1N4001 diode
3. Resistor 1k-ohm
4. Capacitor
5. Oscilloscope
Circuit Diagram
PROCEDURE:
1. Conne Note that the resistor uses to limit the current.

ct the 2. Connect CH1 of oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a
diode circuit.
to the 3. Switch on the oscilloscope and the sinusoidal supply.
low- 4. Sketch the input waveform
voltage
AC
power
supply
as
shown
in a
figure.
T=________________ Vp: ________________ Vpp_________________
Biased Clamper
APPARATUS:

2. One 1N4001 diode
3. Resistor 1k-ohm
4. Capacitor
5. Oscilloscope
Circuit Diagram
Figure
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the diode to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure. Note that the
resistor uses to limit the current.
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ELECTRONICS-I
T=________________ Vp: ________________ Vpp_________________
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COMMENTS:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
SOFTWARE SIMULATION
Construct the circuit in Figure by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a printout of a
proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation
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ELECTRONICS-I

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Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology Islamabad – Pakistan Electrical Engineering

The Capacitor Filter

Figure 1. - Full-wave rectifier with a capacitor filter

The value of the capacitor is fairly large (several microfarads).

1. Low-voltage AC power supply

To study the characteristics of zener diode

To study the voltage regulation in zener diode regulating circuit

2. Low-voltage AC power supply

Part A: Zener diode characteristics

3. Plot IZ versus VZ using data in table 1 on graph paper.

VZ (V) 0 1 3 5 6.11 6.15 6.17 6.19 6.20

VR (V) 0 0 0 0 0.89 2.85 4.83 6.81 8.80

Part B: Zener diode Regulation

R (measured) = 997Ω ______________ RL (measured) = 1k______________________

VR (measured) = 2.50________________ VL (measured) = 2.50________________

IR=VR/R = 2mA______________ IL = VL / RL = 2mA_________________

4. Change RL to 3.3Kohm and repeat step 2.

Change RL to 3.3K ohm

Part-A: Series Un-Biased Clipper.

1. Low-voltage AC power supply

1. Low-voltage AC power supply

1. Low-voltage AC power supply

7. Sketch the output waveform.

1. Low-voltage AC power supply

ZENER DIODE AS CLIPPER

1. Low-voltage AC power supply

1. Low-voltage AC power supply

1. Conne Note that the resistor uses to limit the current.

1. Low-voltage AC power supply

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R (measured) = 997Ω RL (measured) = 1k________

VR (measured) = 2.50 VL (measured) = 2.50

IR=VR/R = 2mA IL = VL / RL = 2mA___