USERS MANUAL

35PCScope
Part No. 910-263

Copyright 2005 by Olympus NDT. All rights reserved.

No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the written permission of
Olympus NDT, except where permitted by law. For information, contact: pana@olympusNDT.com.
Other product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks of their respective companies, and are mentioned
for identification purposes only.
Printed in the United States of America.

35PCScope
Table of Contents
1 OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 AUDIENCE ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 RELATED DOCUMENTATION ................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 REVISION HISTORY ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.4 TECHNICAL HELP............................................................................................................................. 1
2 INSTALLING 35PCSCOPE .................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................... 3
2.2 INSTALLATION PROCEDURES....................................................................................................... 3
2.3 OPENING THE SOFTWARE FOR THE FIRST TIME....................................................................... 5
3 PERFORMING BASIC OPERATIONS ................................................................................................. 7
3.1 BASIC OPERATION ................................................................................................................................. 7
3.1.1 Displaying Live Waveform Data and Setup Parameters ............................................................... 7
3.1.2 Setting the Communication Driver ................................................................................................ 7
3.1.3 Connecting the 35 Series Gages to 35PCScope and Viewing Live Waveforms............................. 7
3.1.4 Screen Layout ................................................................................................................................ 8
3.2 IMPORTING TRANSDUCER SETUPS ........................................................................................................ 13
3.3 EXPORTING TRANSDUCER SETUPS ....................................................................................................... 15
3.4 PRINTING SCREENS .............................................................................................................................. 17
4 TRANSDUCER SETUP, PULSER/RECEIVER AND GATING ADJUSTMENTS......................... 19
4.1 DETECT MODE..................................................................................................................................... 19
4.2 PULSER POWER ................................................................................................................................... 19
4.3 MAXIMUM GAIN .................................................................................................................................. 20
4.4 INITIAL GAIN ....................................................................................................................................... 20
4.5 TDG SLOPE ......................................................................................................................................... 20
4.6 MAIN BANG BLANK ............................................................................................................................ 20
4.7 ECHO WINDOW.................................................................................................................................... 21
4.8 ECHO 1 DETECT, ECHO 2 DETECT ....................................................................................................... 21
4.9 INTERFACE BLANK .............................................................................................................................. 22
4.10 MODE 3 ECHO BLANK ....................................................................................................................... 22

1 OVERVIEW
The 35PCScope software program is a Windows-based application designed to aid the user with
setting up and calibrating the 35 Series thickness gages. The software displays real-time
waveform data helpful in fine-tuning the default application parameters for different applications.
35PCScope features include:
-

Displaying live waveform data and setup parameters

Exporting and importing transducer setups
Saving and recalling setups
Printing waveform and setup information
Comparing live and previously stored waveforms/setups

1.1
AUDIENCE
This document is intended for use by gage operators using 35PCScope. We recommend that
operators have a thorough understanding of the principles and limitations of ultrasonic testing.
Note: We assume no responsibility for incorrect operational procedure or interpretation of test
results. We recommend that operators seek adequate training prior to using 35PCScope.
1.2
RELATED DOCUMENTATION
35PCScope works with the Model 35, 35DL, 35HP and 35DL-HP thickness gages. For more
information on these instruments, refer to the 35 Series Instruction Manual, Part Number 910261.
1.3
REVISION HISTORY
This document may require updating because of corrections or changes to the product.
Publication dates, printed on the front cover, are updated when changes are made to the software.
1.4
TECHNICAL HELP
Contact info@olympusndt.com.

2 INSTALLING 35PCSCOPE
This chapter describes how to install PCScope software. Topics include:
-

System Requirements
Installation Procedures
Opening the Software for the First Time

2.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

The 35PCScope Interface Program requires the following computer system features:
-

Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) such as IBM PC and compatible computers running
Windows 2000 and XP operating systems
SVGA or higher resolution monitor
486 or higher microprocessor
At least 8 MB of available RAM
At least 50 MB of hard disk data storage space
USB port

2.2 INSTALLATION PROCEDURES

Use the following procedure to install PCScope:
1. Insert the installation CD in the PC CD-ROM drive.
2. Click the 35PCScope1.0 self extracting zip file.

3. Click OK to launch the installation.

4. Click Install to install 35PCScope or Exit to exit without installing 35PCScope.

5. The installation installs several divers and system files and requires several minutes
to do so. The installation then displays the Welcome to the 35PCScope Installation
Wizard screen. Click NEXT> to continue.

6. The Destination Folder dialog box displays. Click Next> to install 35PCScope in the
default directory or use Browse to select an alternate directory.

7. When the installation is complete, the 35PCScope has been successfully installed
dialog box displays. Click Finish.

8.

Remove the installation CD from the CD-ROM drive and store it in a secure location.

2.3 OPENING THE SOFTWARE FOR THE FIRST TIME

To use 35PCScope for the first time, follow these steps:
1. From the Windows Desktop, click Start.
2. Click Programs or My Programs.

3. Select 35PCScope. If the gage is not turned on or connected to the PC using a USB cable,
35PCScope displays a message indicating that the program could not initialize
communication with the gage. Click OK to continue.

3 PERFORMING BASIC OPERATIONS

This chapter describes basic 35PCSCOPE operations. Topics include:
-

Basic Operations
Importing Transducer Setups
Exporting Transducer Setups
Printing Screens

3.1 BASIC OPERATION

This section describes basic 35PCSCOPE operations.
3.1.1 DISPLAYING LIVE WAVEFORM DATA AND SETUP PARAMETERS
The 35PCScope program is designed to show the live ultrasonic waveform from all 35 Series
thickness gages. Viewing of the live waveform can help the user make sure the transducer is
properly aligned on material with difficult geometries. It also allows the user to make adjustments
to the transducers setups while viewing the live waveform.
Note: Making adjustments to transducer setups can affect the accuracy and performance of the
instrument and should be performed only by individuals familiar with ultrasonic theory and
the operation of the 35 Series thickness gages.

3.1.2 SETTING THE COMMUNICATION DRIVER

The 35 Series gages can communicate with two different interface programs, GageView (basic
data transfer program) and 35PCScope (transducer adjustment program). Each of these programs
uses a different set of internal drivers. To communicate with 35PCScope, the 35 Series gages
must be set to use the PCScope driver. This driver setting only needs to be change when changing
between alternate interface programs.
To set the PCScope driver on the 35 Series gage, follow these steps:
1. Turn the gage on.
2. Press [2ndF],[ ] (SETUP).
3. Use the [

] key to select the Comm Tab.

4. Use the [ ] key to highlight PC Program and use the [

and

] keys to select PCScope.

5. Press [MEAS].
6. Turn the unit Off, then back On.

3.1.3 CONNECTING THE 35 SERIES GAGES TO 35PCSCOPE AND VIEWING LIVE

WAVEFORMS
To connect 35 Series gages to 35PCScope and view live waveforms, follow these steps:

1. Connect the 35 Series gage to your computer by connecting a USB cable from the USB
connector on the 35 Series gage to an open USB port on your PC.
2. Turn the 35 Series gage on, connect the appropriate transducer, and recall the transducer
setup. See the 35 Series manual for more information about recalling transducer setups.

3. Start the 35PCScope program. The Main Screen displays.

4. Click Start PCScope. The live waveform displays

3.1.4 SCREEN LAYOUT

The 35PCScope screen includes several sections:

Status, Start/Stop, and Exit

Transducer Parameter
Active Setup/Cal
ID#, Thickness, Range, and Delay
Waveform Area
Control Commands

3.1.4.1 STATUS, START/STOP, AND EXIT

Status indicates when the 35 Series gages are transmitting live waveform data. If status is Off
Line, click on Stop/Start PCScope to go On Line.

Start/Stop changes depending on if 35PCScope is On Line or Off Line. When 35PCScope is Off
line, the button will show StartPCScope. Click Start PCScope to send a remote command to
the 35 Series gage. This places the gage in PCScope mode and starts the transmission of live
waveform data.

While 35PCScope is On Line, the user can stop the collection of live waveform data by pressing
the StopPCScope button. This sends a remote command to the 35 Series gages that turns off the
PCScope mode.
Exit Button

The Exit Button is used to exit the 35PCScope program.

3.1.4.2

TRANSDUCER PARAMETER SECTION

Transducer Parameter section highlights the currently active transducer parameter. The user can
adjust the value of the highlighted parameter by using the [ and ] arrow keys on the Model 35
Series gages. Use the [ and ] keys on the 35 Series gages to select a different transducer
parameter.
Note: Making changes to the transducer parameters can directly affect the measurement
capabilities of the 35 Series instrument and should only be done by individuals with proper
knowledge of performing the adjustments. For more information, refer to Section 4 of this
manual or Section 9.7 of the 35 Series instruction manual.
3.1.4.3 ACTIVE SETUP/CAL

Active Setup/Cal, displays Active Setup name, current calibrated Velocity, Probe Type, and Zero
offset for the active transducer setup. These values are the reported values from the active setup
and cannot be directly changed by the 35PCScope program. If the user recalls a different
transducer setup or calibrates the gage while using 35Pscope, the values are updated to the current
set values.
3.1.4.4 ID#, THICKNESS, RANGE AND, DELAY

The ID#, Thickness, Range and Delay section displays the Delay and Range or the waveform as
well as the Current ID# location (35DL and 35DL-HP only) and the active thickness reading. The
range can be changed using the [ and ] range control buttons. The Delay can be change using
the [ and ] delay control buttons. The ID# and Thickness are the current values from the 35
Series gages.

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3.1.4.5 WAVEFORM AREA

The waveform area shows the live RF ultrasonic signal that is generated by the 35 Series gages. It
also displays detection markers and current blank settings.
3.1.4.6 CONTROL COMMANDS

The following commands are described below:

-

Delay
Range
Freeze
Zoom
Save Screen
Screen Recall
Print Screen
Transducer Setup Import/Export

Delay Control

Delay Control adjusts the starting point of the waveform and can be adjusted so that the desired
portion of the wave is shown on the waveform screen. Clicking on

will decrease the delay

value and clicking on

will increase the delay value. Increasing the delay value will shift the
waveform viewing area to the right showing a part of the waveform that occurs latter in time.
Clicking and holding the delay controls will cause the delay to increase or decrease in rapid
succession.

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Range Control

The Range Control is used to increase or decrease the range of the waveform display. Increasing
the Range will compress the waveform, and decreasing the range will expand the waveform. The
user may use the Range and delay in combination to expand an area of the waveform that is of
interest. Clicking on

Range decreases the range and expands the waveform. Clicking on

Range increases the range and compresses the waveform.

Freeze Control

The Freeze Control button is used to Freeze the live waveform display. Once the freeze key is
clicked 35PCScope will hold the last waveform and stop updating. While the waveform is in
Freeze mode, the Freeze button will change to
indicating that the waveform is frozen.
Clicking Freeze Off will un-freeze the waveform. 35PCScope will start updating live waveforms.
Zoom Control

Zoom control will automatically adjust the range and delay so the echoes used for the current
measurement are shown on the waveform screen. While in Zoom mode, 35PCScope will track the
measured echoes by automatically adjusting the range and delay to show the current measurement
to
echoes on screen. While the Zoom mode is active, the Zoom button will change to
indicate that Zoom mode is on. Clicking Zoom Off will turn the zoom mode off and return to the
last set range and delay settings.
Save Screen Control

Save Screen Control allows the user to save the active waveform and transducer parameters
setting to a bitmap file. Screen shots can be printed, recalled, or emailed.

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Screen Recall Control

Save Recall Control allows the user to recall a previously saved waveform screen along with the
transducer parameters. The recalled screen will be displayed below the live 35PCScope screen
and can be used as a comparison waveform. While a recalled screen is displayed, the Screen
Recall button will change to too indicate that a recalled screen is displayed. Clicking Close
Recalled Screen

will close the recalled screen.

Print Screen Control

Print Screen Control allows the user to print the current active screen including the waveform
and all transducer parameters.
Transducer Setup Import/Export Control

Transducer Setup Import/Export Control allows the user to send and receive transducer setups to
and from the 35 Series thickness gages. See Section 3.2 for details.

3.2. IMPORTING TRANSDUCER SETUPS

Importing Transducer Setup allows the user to save custom transducer setups that are stored in a
Model 35 ultrasonic thickness gage to a file stored on the computer. Using 35PCScope, these
stored transducer setups can be exported to other 35 Series gages. This is useful when trying to
setup a number of 35 Series gages for the same specific application.
The stored transducer files can be attached to emails and sent to other location. This feature is
useful in making backups of important custom transducer setups so that they can be exported
back to any 35 Series gage.
To import a transducer setup, follow these steps:
1. While the 35 Series gage is connected and on line with 35PCScope, click Xdcr Setup
Import/Export. The Transfer Setup Import/Export dialog box displays.

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2. Click Upload Setups to update the current directory of stored transducer setups.
3. In the Gage Transducer Setup Dir: list, highlight the transducer setup that you wish to
import.
4. Click Send to PC. The Save Setup dialog box opens.

5. Select the destination directory using the Save In drop down box and enter a file name.
6. Click OK to save the transducer setup in the selected directory or click Cancel to cancel
without saving the transducer setup.

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7. Click Exit to exit the Transducer Setup Import/Export dialog box and return to the main
35PCScope screen.
Note: These saved text file can be emailed and saved into a directory to be exported to other 35
Series gages.

3.3 EXPORTING TRANSDUCER SETUPS

Exporting Transducer Setup allows the user to export saved custom transducer setups to Model
35 ultrasonic thickness gages. This is useful when trying to setup a number of 35 Series gages for
the same specific application.
To export a transducer setup, follow these steps:
1. While the 35 Series gage is connected and on line with 35PCScope, click Xdcr Setup
Import/Export. The Transfer Setup Import/Export dialog box displays.

2. Click Upload Setups to update the current directory of stored transducer setups on the 35
Series gage.
3. Click Open Setup file. The Open Setup file dialog box displays.

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4. Use the Save in: drop down box to select the directory where the transducer setup file is
stored.
5. Single click to highlight the transducer setup you wish to export.
6. Click OK to open the transducer setup file. The setup parameters will now be displayed
in the PC Stored Transducer Setup box.

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7. Click Send to Gage. The program displays the Export Transducer Setup to Gage dialog
box.

8. Click to highlight the custom setup location in the Gage Transducer Setup Dir: where you
would like to store the transducer setup file.
9. Click the Make Active check box if you would like to make the exported Transducer
Setup file the active setup on the 35 Series gage once the file is exported. Leaving this
check box unmarked will export the transducer setup file but will not make it the active
transducer setup.
10. Click Send to Gage to send the open transducer setup file to the highlighted custom
setup location. If a custom setup already exists at the highlighted location, then the new
transducer setup will overwrite the existing transducer setup

3.4 PRINTING SCREENS

The Print Screen function is a quick way to print the currently active 35PCScope screen . If you
wish to print a saved 35 PCScope screen, use Windows Explorer to open the saved bitmap file
and click on the Windows printer icon.
To Print the active 35PCScope screen, follow these steps:

17

1. While the transducer is coupled showing a live active waveform or while the waveform is
frozen, click Print Screen. The Select Printer dialog box displays.

2. Select the printer and the Number of Copies and click Print to print or Cancel to cancel
the screen printing.

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4 TRANSDUCER SETUP, PULSER/RECEIVER AND GATING ADJUSTMENTS

In addition to providing programmed standard transducer setups, the Model 35 Series permits the
user to create custom transducer setups by changing a series of pulser/receiver and gating
parameters. These custom setups are used when the measurement requirements of a particular
application are not optimally met by one of the standard setups.
In some cases, a Model 35 Series gage will be shipped from the factory pre-programmed with one
or more custom setups to meet special customer requirements. In any case, users may wish to
create custom setups of their own.
The adjustments described in this section should be made only by a qualified technician
who is familiar with the basic theory of ultrasonic gaging and the interpretation of ultrasonic
waveforms. Many of these adjustments are interactive, and all of them have an
effect on the measurement range and/or measurement accuracy of the Model 35 Series gages. In
most cases adjustments should not be attempted without monitoring waveforms via the
35PCScope option.
Additionally, when establishing a custom setup for a specific application, it is essential to verify
performance on reference standards representing the material(s) and thickness range to be
measured.
4.1 DETECT MODE
The Detect Mode function selects Mode 1, Mode 2, or Mode 3 measurements. Model 35 Series
gages can employ any of these three measurement modes to calculate pulse transit time. The
selection of the proper mode for a given application is dependent on a number of factors.
Mode 1 is used with contact transducers. In this mode, measurement is made from the
initial excitation pulse to the first returning echo from the backwall of the test piece. The
MTI (Measured Time Interval) marker is a triangle pointing upward. This marker indicates the
backwall echo that is being detected. The MTI for a Mode 1 measurement is from the initial
pulse to the first detected backwall echo.
Mode 2 is used with delay line and immersion transducers. In this mode, measurement
is made between an interface echo marking the time the sound wave enters the test piece
and the first backwall echo. The MTI (Measured Time Interval) marker is a bracket drawn
below the waveform starting at the detected interface echo and the first detected backwall echo.
Mode 3 is also used with delay line and immersion transducers. In this mode, measurement is
made between two successive backwall echoes that follow an interface echo. The MTI
(Measured Time Interval) marker is a bracket drawn below the waveform starting at the first
detected backwall echo and the second detected backwall echo.
4.2 PULSER POWER
Excitation pulse (Main Bang) voltage may be adjusted in three steps of 30, 60, and 110
Volts. Higher voltages may provide greater penetration at the expense of near surface resolution,
especially in Mode 1, while lower voltages may provide better near surface resolution at the

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expense of penetration. For most applications, the 110 Volt setting provides the best signal-tonoise ratio for returning echoes.
4.3 MAXIMUM GAIN
Maximum available receiver gain may be adjusted from 0.0 dB to 80.0 dB. The Model 35 Series
gages use Automatic Gain Control (AGC) and Time Dependent Gain (TDG) functions to
automatically adjust receiver gain to an optimum level when an echo is detected. When no echo is
being detected (LOS prompt), gain will rise to the maximum level set by Initial Gain, Slope, and
Maximum Gain.
If maximum gain is set too high, the gage may hang up on transducer noise or other spurious
signals. If it is set too low, returning echoes may not be boosted high enough for detection. In
general, for a given application, the Max Gain should be set high enough that all echoes of
interest are detected, but a steady LOS prompt is displayed when the transducer is not coupled to
a test piece.
4.4 INITIAL GAIN
Initial Gain and TDG Slope are part of a Time Dependent Gain system that may be used to
optimize near-surface resolution while providing a higher maximum gain for thicker samples.
Initial Gain may be adjusted from 0 dB to the maximum defined by the Max Gain setting. This
parameter sets an upper limit on receiver gain in the vicinity of the excitation pulse (Mode 1) or
interface echo (Modes 2 and 3). By effectively making the excitation pulse or interface echo
smaller, the TDG system permits detection of echoes occurring close to pulse or echo in time.
The TDG system is also used in measurements of highly scattering materials, such as cast metals
and fiberglass, to minimize detection of scatter echoes occurring ahead of the backwall. From the
initial gain level, receiver gain slopes up to the maximum gain level at the rate determined by the
TDG Slope setting. Initial Gain setting is most critical in applications where minimum thickness
measurement must be optimized, and should always be set with the aid of a reference standard
representing that minimum. In cases where minimum thickness capability is less important than
penetration and scatter echoes are not a problem, Initial Gain may simply be set equal to Max
Gain.
4.5 TDG SLOPE
The Time Dependent Gain (TDG) Slope function controls the rate receiver gain slopes up
from the Initial Gain level to the Max Gain level. The Slope may be set from 0.0 to 26.52 dB per
microsecond. Generally, TDG Slope should be set as high as possible to reach maximum gain as
quickly as possible without having the gage hang up on spurious signals.

4.6 MAIN BANG BLANK

The Main Bang Blank creates a blank or dead zone where it is not possible to detect echoes. The
blank is used to prevent detection of the trailing edge of the excitation pulse as if it were a
backwall or interface echo. In Modes 2 and 3, the setting of the Main Bang Blank is not critical; it
merely needs to be set at some point after the ringdown of the excitation pulse but just before the
interface echo. In Mode 1, however, the length of the Main Bang Blank determines the minimum

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thickness that can be measured, and it must be positioned with care after selecting the Initial Gain
level.
If the Main Bang Blank is too short, then the gage will hang up on the excitation pulse and
readings will not be possible. If the Main Bang Blank is too long, then the minimum measurable
thickness will be unnecessarily restricted. In general, set the Main Bang Blank just beyond the
point where the gage hangs up, and test with the transducer both coupled to and uncoupled from
the test material to ensure accurate measurements.
4.7 ECHO WINDOW
The Echo Window is the time interval in each Main Bang period during which the gage is
enabled to detect echoes. The Echo Window interval begins at the end of the Main Bang
Blank. The end of the Echo Window depends on the DtectMode and EchWindow parameter
settings.
In Mode 1, the Echo Window may usually be set to any value greater than the round-trip
pulse transit time in the thickest or slowest piece of material to be measured. The exact
setting is not critical as long as it is long enough to include the farthest echo of interest. By
default, it is set to slightly greater than the time required to measure 25 inches in carbon steel.
In Modes 2 and 3, the Echo Window is limited to the time interval between successive interface
echoes. The end of the Echo Window must be set just before the second interface echo to prevent
detection of that echo, which in turn will determine a maximum measurable thickness for Mode 2
and Mode 3 setups. In applications involving Mode 2 and Mode 3 immersion measurements, this
condition must apply throughout the range of water paths to be used.
4.8 ECHO 1 DETECT, ECHO 2 DETECT
Echo 1 Detect and Echo 2 Detect select positive or negative polarity echo detection as
determined by application requirements. Selection is dependant on mode of measurement
and type of test material. Note that "positive" and "negative" polarity refer to processed
echoes displayed on the 35PCScope.
Mode 1: In Mode 1 with contact transducers, Echo 1 is the backwall echo and
Echo 2 is not applicable. Echo 1 is normally negative. An exception occurs in measurement of a
material of low acoustic impedance bonded to a material of high
impedance (such as plastic or rubber over metal), where the echo is phase-reversed
and positive detection for Echo 1 is appropriate.
Mode 2: In Mode 2 with delay line or immersion transducers, Echo 1 is the interface
echo and Echo 2 is the backwall echo. Echo 1 is normally positive for high
impedance materials such as metals and ceramics, and negative for low impedance
materials such as most plastics. Echo 2 is normally negative unless the backwall
echo represents the sort of low-to-high impedance boundary described above.
Mode 3: In Mode 3 measurements with delay line or immersion transducers, Echo
1 is the interface echo and Echo 2 represents the backwall echoes. Since Mode 3
generally involves measurement of high impedance materials, the general rule is to
set Echo 1 positive and Echo 2 negative. In some special cases involving difficult

21

geometries, phase distortion may cause the positive side of the backwall echoes to
be better defined than the negative side; in such cases, set Echo 2 positive.
4.9 INTERFACE BLANK
Use Interface Blank in Modes 2 and 3 only. Interface Blank represents a blank or dead
zone up to 20 microseconds in length that follows the leading edge of the interface echo.
In Mode 2, the Interface Blank prevents detection of trailing lobes or cycles of the interface echo,
which might otherwise be detected as backwall echoes, resulting in a hang-up condition.
The Interface Blank should be set as short as possible to avoid unnecessarily restricting minimum
measurable thickness. The Initial Gain function will often help reduce interface echo amplitude
and permit use of a shorter interface blank. Check the Interface Blank setting with the transducer
both coupled to and uncoupled from the test material. In Mode 3, the Interface Blank selects
which pair of backwall echoes will be measured. In most conditions, the Interface Blank would
be set just short of the first backwall echo. However, as a practical matter, the first backwall echo
from thin materials is often distorted or lost in the interface ringdown, and with some challenging
geometries (such as tight radiuses), later pairs of backwall echoes may be cleaner than early ones.
In these cases, the Interface Blank should be set to a length that insures detection of a clean and
well-defined pair of backwall echoes, even if they are not the first two.
4.10 MODE 3 ECHO BLANK
The function of Mode 3 Echo Blank in Mode 3 is analogous to that of Interface Blank in
Mode 2 or Main Bang Blank in Mode 1. This function creates a blank or dead zone following the
leading edge of the first detected backwall echo, to prevent detection of trailing lobes or cycles of
that echo and the resulting gage hang-up.
Because Mode 3 Echo Blank limits minimum measurable thickness, set the controls as
short as possible, which is seldom longer than a few hundred nanoseconds. Special cases may be
an exception where mode conversion effects on curved samples cause significant spurious signals
between legitimate echo peaks; in such cases, set the Mode 3 Echo Blank as long as necessary to
prevent detection of the spurious signals.

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