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Ebook Esp 11 Conference
Ebook Esp 11 Conference
Electrostatic Precipitation
11th International Conference on Electrostatic
Precipitation, Hangzhou, 2008
Keping Yan
Electrostatic Precipitation
11th International Conference on Electrostatic
Precipitation, Hangzhou, 2008
EDITORS:
Prof. Dr. Keping Yan
Dept. of Environmental Science
Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, 310028
China
E-mail: kyan@zju.edu.cn
___________________________________________________________________
ISBN 978-7-308-06291-6 Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou
ISBN 978-3-540-89250-2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
e-ISBN 978-3-540-89251-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
___________________________________________________________________
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008938257
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2009 Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou and Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg
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Cover design: Frido Steinen-Broo, EStudio Calamar, Spain
Printed on acid-free paper
Conference Secretary:
Jiming Hao
Robert Crynack
Youwen Lin
Liqian Wang
Keping Yan
Weiping Liu
Keping Yan
Preface
We are pleased to welcome you to Hangzhou for ICESP XI. The concept of providing a forum for
the exchange of information on research and application of electrostatic precipitation originated with
Dr. Harry J. White. Then, the first conference was held in Monterey, California, USA, in October
1981. And the succeeding meetings were held in Kyoto, Abano Terme, Beijing, Washington DC,
Budapest, Kyongju, Birmingham, South Africa, and Australia.
The focus of this meeting is on fundamental and applied electrostatic precipitation, bag filter,
FGD, SCR and non-thermal plasmas for multi-pollutants emission control, such as PM2.5, SOx, NOx,
Hg, VOC, and HC.
We dedicate the open session to Prof. Hongdi Zhang for his outstanding contributions to the
organization of Chinese Society of Electrostatic Precipitation, the development of ESP and nonthermal plasma techniques. He was the first Secretary of Chinese Society of Electrostatic Precipitation,
and one of the advisory committee members of ICESP XI. Prof. Zhang was born in Jan 1933 in
Liaoning, and received his B.S. degree from Northeastern University, China in 1956. Then, he joined
the Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection to work on environmental protection. He is one of
Chinese pioneers to dedicate their life to ESP, even during the period of the so-called Chinese Cultural
Revolution. Back to the early of 1970s, Prof. Zhang established an ESP lab with the institute to study
ESP for dust, aerosol, and gas cleaning. Around 1988, together with Prof. Ruinian Li, he promoted the
first non-thermal plasma project in China to study DeNOx and DeSO2. For over his 50 years
professional life, he contributed himself not only to ESP industries but also to education and students.
Unfortunately, Prof. Zhang passed away in July 2008, leaving many unfinished works. We would like
to thank his family, his students, friends and Chinese ESP committee for encouraging us to dedicate
the open session in memory of Prof. Hongdi Zhang.
We would also like to acknowledge financial supports from local Chinese industries, National
Natural Science Foundation. All students in my laboratory provided invaluable assistance in preparing
this conference. They are W. Chen, Y. Huang, X. Li, X. Tang, X. Zhang, Z. Zhang, J. Zhu, and H. Yan.
We also like to thank Mr. Sun Hairong from the press company for his help to revise this proceeding.
We thank all the authors for their high quality contributions, session chairs, ISESP board, local
organizing and advisory committee members for their comments and assistances.
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
World-Wide Review
Development of Chinese Electrostatic Precipitator Technology
Y. Lin, W. Liu 3
Multi-pollutants Simultaneous Removals from Flue Gas
X. Gao, Z. Wu, X. Shen, Z. Luo, M. Ni, K. Cen 12
Some Technical Idea Evolutions Concerned with Electrostatic Precipitators in China
L. Wang, B. Fu 19
Enhancement of Collection Efficiencies of Electrostatic Precipitators: Indian Experiments
Avinash Chandra 27
45
50
54
57
62
65
70
73
75
79
84
87
91
94
98
102
106
111
119
121
L. Jin
125
201
206
215
223
228
234
238
CONTENTS
Electrostatic Capture of PM2.5 Emitted from Coal-fired Power Plant by Pulsed Corona Discharge Combined with DC Agglomeration
F. Xu, Z. Luo, B. Wei, L. Wang, X. Gao, M. Fang, K. Cen 242
An Approximate Expression for the Coagulation coeFficient of Bipolar-charged Particles in an Alternating Electric field
B. Tan, L. Wang, Z. Wu 247
Improving Nano-particle Collection Efficiency and Suppressing Particle re-entrainment in an AC Electrostatic Precipitator with
Hole-punched Electrode
Koji Yasumoto, Akinori Zukeran, Yasuhiro Takagi, Yoshiyasu Ehara, Toshiaki Yamamoto 251
359
Y. Ge
363
X. Zhou, F. Tang, J. Du
366
389
443
449
459
464
468
472
474
478
482
CONTENTS
485
495
Michael R. Beltran
499
Wet ESP for the Collection of Sub-micron Particles, Mists, and Air Toxics
563
X. Cheng, B. Jin
Research on Complex Multi-pollutants Control Technology in a Large-scale Coal-fired Power Plant
X. Han, X. Li, M. Liu, H. Jiang, Y. Han
New Concept of CFB Boiler with FGD
X. Pan
Dry FGD Technology Research and Application in Steel Sintering
J. Zheng
Design and Application of Inlet nozzle of Dry Desulphurization ESP
Q. Zhan
567
Numerical Investigation of the Entire Boiler System with SCR De-NOx Reactor
572
576
578
581
The Proposal Comparison of Absorbent Preparation System of Wet Limestone-gypsum Flue Gas Desulphurization Process
D. Yan
Economic Analysis of Wet Flue Gas Desulphurization Project Operation
Y. Dai, Y. Shu
Discussion on the Mechanism of Semi-dry Desulphurization
J. Ge, Y. Dai
Analysis on Chimney Inner Wall Anti-corrosion in GGH Eliminated Wet Desulfurization System
P. Zhao, K. Wang
Simultaneous Removal of SO2 and NO2 by Wet Scrubbing Using Limestone Slurry
R. Guo, X. Gao, Z. Wu, Z. Luo, M. Ni, K. Cen
Study on Mid-temperature SCR DeNOx Catalyst under High SO2 and CaO
Y. Dai, Y. Cui
Research and Application of Numerical Calculation Methods in SCR DeNOx Reactor & Duct Design
H. Chen
Retrofit project of 2100 MW Units in Yushe Power Plant, Shanxi Province Using Tow Boilers-one CFB FGD
F. Lin, E. Lian
Design and Application of the Dry-FGD Process in Sanming Steel No.2 Sintering Plant
Z. Yu, Q, Li, H. Xu, C. Lin
The Fouling Characteristics and Comparative Analysis of Cleaning Technology of SCR
Y. Gu, B. Jin, G. Xiao
585
589
593
597
602
606
611
616
620
624
Non-Thermal Plasmas
AC/DC Power Modulation for Corona Plasma Generation
A.J.M. Pemen, T.H.P. Ariaans, Z. Liu, E.J.M. van Heesch, G.J.J. Winands, Keping Yan
Development of the PPCP Technology in IEPE
J. Zhao, X. Ren, B. Wang, Y. Wu, R. Yang, G. Tu, Y. Zhang
Non-thermal Plasma Processing for Dilute VOCs Decomposition Combined with the Catalyst
Tetsuji Oda, Hikaru Kuramochi, Ryo Ono
Performance Characteristics of Pilot-scale NOx Removal from Boiler Emission Using Plasma-chemical Process
Hidekatsu Fujishima, Tomoyuki Kuroki, Atsuyoshi Tatsumi, Masaaki Okubo,
Keiichi Otsuka, Toshiaki Yamamoto, Keiichiro Yoshida
Experimental Investigation on Styrene Emission with a 1000m3/h Plasma System
X. Zhang, J. Zhu, Y. Huang, K. Yan
Streamer Corona Plasmas and NO Removal
X. Hu, X. Jiang, K. Yan , R. Li
Influence of Ratio of NO/NO2 on NOx Removal Using DBD with Urea Solution
Yusuke Kudo, Hiroshi Taguchi, Sumio Kogoshi
Catalysis-assisted Decomposition of Aqueous 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by Pulsed High Voltage Discharge Process
H. Chen, Y. Shi, L. Lei, Y. Zhang, H. Chu, R. Yang, Y. Zhang
Plasma-catalytic Removal of Formaldehyde in Atmospheric Pressure Gas Streams
H. Ding, Z. Zhang
Relationship between Discharge Electrode Geometry and Ozone Concentration in Electrostatic Precipitator
Yoshiyasu Ehara, Daiki Yagishita, Toshiaki Yamamoto, Akinori Zukeran, Koji Yasumoto
Study of Carbon Monoxide Oxidation by Discharge
Nobumitsu Matsui, Yoshiyasu Ehara, Toshiaki Yamamoto, Akinori Zukeran, Koji Yasumoto
Application of a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor for Diesel PM Removal
Shuiliang Yao, Satoshi Kodama, Shin Yamamoto, Chieko Mine, Yuichi Fujioka, Chihiro Fushimi
Catalyst Size Impact on Non-thermal Plasma Catalyst Assisted DeNOx Reactors
M. Chen, Adrian Mihalcioiu, Kazumori Takashima, Akira Mizuno
The Study on Series of Copper Catalyst in the Reactor of Dielectric Barrier Discharge to Remove NOx
M. Chen, L. Yan, X. Wang, T. Takashima, A. Mizuno
VOC Removal Using Adsorption and Surface Discharge
Yujiro Oishi, Yoshiyasu Ehara, Toshiaki Yamamoto
A Novel Concept of Remediation of Polluted Streams Using High Energy Density glow Discharge (HEDGe)
Alex Pokryvailo
629
633
638
644
649
653
657
661
665
670
674
677
681
685
690
694
CONTENTS
704
709
713
718
723
Applied Electrostatics
Application Study of Electrostatic Precipitation with Earthed Atomizing Discharges
J. Mi, D. Xu, C. Hao
729
World-Wide Review
Abstract: In this paper we review the development of Chinese Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) in the passed 20 years, introduce
the recent situation of our countrys ESP technology and forecast the development prospect of ESP in China.
Keywords: Electrostatic Precipitator, ESP technology, technology development, technology progress
1 INTRODUCTION
In the second international conference of electrostatic
precipitator held in November 1984 in Japan, the author wrote
the paper named Development of Electrostatic Precipitator in
China and made a presentation on the conference at the
invitation from Mr. S. Masuda.
In the early 1980s, the ESP technology in China is in the
primary stage, when the worlds ESP technology had become
mature commodity. Only more than 20 factories make body
of ESP and power source. The ESP value output of 1982 was
less than two hundred million. The biggest sectional area of
ESP set in 1983 was 220 m2. Most of the sectional areas were
less than 100 m2 in 1983, and ESP were mainly applied in
industrial sectors such as steel industry, cement industry,
chemical industry and papermaking industry.
Two and a half decades passed. Technology and industry
of ESP in China have made a great progress. There are more
than 200 organizations, which are engaged in ESP and its
relevant industries. These organizations have formed an
industry with considerable scale. Research, design,
manufacture, installation and debugging are all involved in
the field of ESP. And the industry covers colleges and
universities, research and design institute and enterprises.
Now there are there ESP body corporations whose annual
processing capacity can be more than 100 thousand tons,
more than 10 corporations whose annual processing capacity
can be in the range of 30 thousand and 100 thousand tons.
There are 3 power source corporations which can make 1000
power sources per year, more than 10 corporations which can
make 300 to 1000 power sources per year.
By 2007, the whole contract value of the 21 ESP body
corporations has reached 148765211 thousand Yuan, sales
value has reached 8852699.8 thousand Yuan and export value
has reached 919486 thousand Yuan. As the marketing
requirement becomes larger and larger, in 21 century, output
value of ESP in China increases dramatically.
Production and management situations in recent years of
13 key enterprises, whose sales incomes are most, are showed
in Table 1.
DC Power
Rectifier
Contactor
Circuit breaker
Charging
setup
circuit
Full-bridge
serialconnecting
resonant circuit
Part parallelconnecting
resonant circuit
Pulse driver
protection
circuit
DC high voltage
High
frequency
transformer
High
frequency
rectifier
Output
Feedback
sampling circuit
CSM
controller
Communication
distributing
board
Upper
computer
Terminal
operation
display board
Double
CPU
computer controller
80
8
2
,
,0
,
L
10
Frequency Hz
Sound pressure db
Sound resource
MPa
Air consumption
m3/min
Zhongxin Co.,
Ltd.
75-280
145
Foreign
product
220
143-145
Domestic
product
30-70
135-145
0.3-0.7
0.4-0.55
0.3-0.6
1.5-2.95
12-2.4
1.5
11
12
Abstract: With the stricter emission standards, more pollutants in the air need to be controlled. If the traditional mean of using a
technology to treat a pollutant is adopted, there are high investment running cost and complex operation system. So the multipollutants simultaneous removal technology from flue gas is paid more and more attention in the recent ten years. The plasma
technology and semi-dry flue gas cleaning technology are two very promising multi-pollutants simultaneous removal technologies.
In our researches, a plasma technology of corona radical shower and a semi-dry flue gas cleaning technology using circulating
suspension and multistage humidification were selected. A series of fundament and industry application works were done. In the
paper, some current results are opened out to provide some reference.
Keywords: Multi-pollutants, simultaneous removal, plasma, semi-dry
1 INTRODUCTION
China is the largest exploiter and consumer of coal in the
world. Since the 1980s, coal consumption has continuously
grown by 4%-9% every year, which produced various
atmosphere pollutants including dust, SO2, NOx, heavy metal,
etc. The annual economic loss only caused by acid rain
exceeds 100 billion RMB. Coal is mainly used for power
plant boilers, industrial boilers and industrial furnaces in
China. So these boilers and furnaces become the emphases
treatment objects. According to the statistic, 25.49 million
tons of SO2 was emitted in 2005. Whats more serious, the
emission of SO2 reached 25.888 million tons in 2006. NOx
emission is increasing year by year. The total amount of NOx
emission has been more than 18 million tons currently. If
some effective measures dont taken, NOx emission will reach
30 million tons after ten years. Some reports show that the
average NO3- concentration of the precipitation in the 1990s is
2.1 mg/L. However, it is 2.8 mg/L from 2000 to 2003.
Equivalent concentration ratio of NO3- and SO42- of the
precipitation also presented an upward trend since 1999. It is
0.17 in 2003, the highest value in the last 14 years [1,2].
To prevent air pollution from becoming worse, many law,
statute, policy and standard have been established. The
Outline of the Eleventh Five-year Plan for National Economic
& Social Development of the PR China (hereinafter referred
to as the outline) claims that energy consumption per-unit
GDP must descend 20% and major pollutants descend 10%
during the 11th Five-Year Plan in Mar, 2006. To achieve the
SO2 control target, the work of energy saving and emission
reduction has been emphasized strongly since 2006. In Jun.,
2007, a special work group leaded by the Premier, Wen
Jiabao, was come into existence to respond to climate change,
energy saving and emission reduction. From these actions, it
can be appeared that pollutant emission reduction has
13
14
(5)
NO+N=N2+O
NO2+N=N2+O2
(6)
(c) Because there is little H2O, the following reaction
could be generated [19]:
NO+OH+M=HNO2+M
(7)
NO2+OH+M=HNO3+M
(8)
NO+HO2+M=HNO3+M
(9)
NH3+HNO2=NH4NO2
(10)
NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3
(11)
(d) In addition, (NH4)2SO3 and NH4HSO3 generated by
the thermal chemical reactions of SO2 and NH3 can also
reduce NO2 into N2.
4(NH4)2SO3+2NO2=4(NH4)2SO4+N2
(12)
4NH4HSO3+2NO2=4NH4HSO4+N2
(13)
In the CRS system of NH3 as the additional gas, the final
byproducts are dry (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3, which can be
collected through a ESP or FF. The applicative schematic
diagram is shown in Fig. 3.
100
80
60
40
MR=0.5
MR=0.76
MR=1
20
0
70
NO removal rate (%)
MR=0.76
60
MR=1
50
MR=1.2
40
30
20
10
0
0
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
MR=0.5
MR=0.76
MR=1
MR=1.2
0
2
3
corona power (W)
15
16
H 2 O H + + OH -
SO 2 (aq) + H 2 O H + + HSO3-
HSO3- H + + SO32-
Ca(OH) 2 (s) CaOH + + OH Multi-stage Humidifier
Single-stage Humidifier
Fig. 14 Status inside the absorber
3.2 Additive with Multi-components and High Activity
The microcosmic characteristics and absorptive
capability of absorbent can be promoted by increasing its
specific surface area and porosity through hygroscopic and
oxidative additive. Hygroscopic additive prolongs the time of
liquid drop evaporation and accelerates pollutants absorption.
In addition, oxidative additive oxidizes NO to NO2 that can be
neutralized by alkali matter. The modified absorbent can
improve removal efficiency of mercury effectively.
Fig. 15 shows that specific surface area and porosity of
absorbent increases from 22 m2/g to 29 m2/g and 53 to 63
respectively while hygroscopic additive ratio is 1%. They also
CaOH + Ca 2+ + OH -
Ca 2+ + SO32- + 1/ 2H 2 O CaSO3 1/ 2H 2O(s)
CaSO3 + 1/ 2O 2 + 3/ 2H 2 O CaSO 4 2H 2O(s)
There are some deceleration reactions happened near the
outlet of the top of absorber.
Ca(OH) 2 (s) + SO 2 CaSO3 + H 2O
17
3NO 2 + H 2O 2HNO3 + NO
Ca(OH) 2 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3 ) 2 + 2H 2 O
23
24
2NO 2 + SO + H 2 O 2NO + SO + 2H
There are none ways suitable for the removal of all three
phases of mercury. In semi-dry flue gas cleaning technology
for multi-pollutants simultaneous removal, calcium-based
absorbent was sprayed into absorber to control mercury
phases. Adsorption efficiency of zero-valence mercury in
gaseous phase increases by multi-stage humidifier. Divalent
mercury is absorbed into liquid drops. Both gaseous phases of
mercury are converted into particles, which is beneficial to
three phases of mercury removal simultaneously.
Fig. 20 shows mercury reduction varying with time in
the different temperature. As shown in Fig. 21, the removal
efficiency of divalent mercury efficiency has been to 89.11%,
the removal efficiency of total mercury efficiency has reached
to 73.1%.
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40
30
20
10
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
WLPHV
60
denitration rate/%
50
40
30
Additive C
20
10
0
0
2
3
additive ratio/%
18
4 CONCLUSIONS
The flue gas multi-pollutants simultaneous removal is an
inevitable trend in the field of flue gas purification. The CRS
plasma technology and multi-stage humidifier semi-dry
technology appears a good foreground for flue gas multipollutants simultaneous removal according to our previous
research. The CRS of ammonia as additional gas can obtain
high DeSO2 removal efficiency and medium DeNOx removal
efficiency. Additionally, the CRS of oxygen as additional gas
combining alkali solution can achieve high DeSO2 and
DeNOx removal efficiencies. Furthermore, it is very fit of the
reconstruction of primary WFGD. The semi-dry flue gas
cleaning technology using circulating suspension and
multistage humidification has realized large-scale industry
application. It can achieve high multi-pollutants removal
efficiency through multistage humidification and improving
additive.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The work is supported by 973 Program of China
(2006CB200303), 863 Project of china (2007AA061804),
NSF of Zhejiang (Y507079), EOP of Zhejiang (Y200702725)
and PSF of China (20080431325).
REFERENCES
1. State Environmental protection Office. Chinese environmental status communique in 2006.
2. Lu Z. The discussion about NOx pollution and control
measure. The paper in academic workshop about City
atmosphere pollution prevention and cure of Beijing,
2000.
3. Peng H.H., Hu H.Y., Zhao G.C., et al. The review of SO2
and NOx control technology from flue gas. Guang Xi
electric power2003, 26(4): 64-68.
4. DOE/FE. ABB environmental systems SNOXTM-flue gas
cleaning demonstration project, DOE/FE-0395. Knoxville:
ABB Environmental System, 1999.
5. DOE/NETL. SOx-NOx-ROx-BOxTM flue gas cleanup
demonstration, DOE/NETL-2001/1135. Pittsburgh: National
Energy Technology Laboratory, 2000.
6. Zhong Q. Desulfurization and denitrification technology
and engineering instance from coal-fired flue gas. Beijing:
Chemical Industry Press, 2002.
7. Radoiu M T, Calinescu D I M I. Emission control of SO2
and NOx by irradiation mehods. Journal of Hazardous
Materials, 2003, 97(1-3): 145-158.
8. Doi Y, Nakanishi I, Konno Y. Operational experience of a
commercial scale plant of electron beam purification of
flue gas. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 2000(57): 495499.
19
FU Bohe2
(1 The Chinese Society of Electrostatic Precipitation Chindias Enviro & Energy Technologies, Ltd., Nanjing 210018, PR China
E-mail: Wanglq4602@163.com
2 Shandong Shengjie Energy Environment Engineering Co., Ltd., Jinan 250014, PR China
E-mial: bohefu66@163.com)
Abstract: Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) was applied in China more than fifty years. There are many technical idea changes
along with time or idea corrections from misunderstandings in this long run. A historical review of them will not only be
interesting but also can draw some inspirations from them.
It is not possible to look back all the technical events. Only those have discussed thoroughly among Chinese ESP workers,
such as: gas velocity in ESP, height of collecting electrodes, dust cleaning methods, selection of T/R and control modes, etc. are
briefly described in this paper.
Two special topics, ESP for circulating fluid bed boiler and Orimulsion combustion are also referred with. They are
different kind of problems, but have drawn divergences between Chinese engineers. So, as an assortment, described here.
Keywords: ESP, gas velocity, field hight, rapping, energization control, T/R, CFB boiler, Orimulsion