Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction of Rice
Introduction of Rice
Introduction of Rice
Agriculture College
Field Crops Department
Preparation by
Hanen Sadiq Turki
Fourth year
2017 - 2016
Introduction
Many rice varieties, particularly the high-yielding improved
varieties currently being introduced into many traditional farming
systems throughout the world, respond markedly to fertilization.
When used in conjunction with good management practices
(thorough land preparation, controlled irrigation, timely weeding)
fertilizers can increase yields many times over. On the other
hand, if used improperly fertilizers can damage crops, waste
money, or possibly lead to a dependence on scarce chemical
inputs. In many developing areas fertilizers are still unknown or
poorly understood, and the extension agent represents the
farmer's only source of information about safe, economical, and
. effective fertilization practices
- Seedling Stage a
The seedling stage begins with the emergence of the radicle and
lasts until the onset of tillering, usually a period of 15-30 days
depending on seed preparation practices, nursing techniques,
nutrient inputs, and climatic conditions. During the early part of
the seedling stage the plant's root system undergoes rapid and
extensive growth; once the root system is able to draw nutrients
from the soil, a substantial growth of the leaf surface follows. In
rice nursed for c, transplanting, the appearance of the fourth leaf
: four stages
. greenish
d- The Over-ripe Stage
If the grains are not harvested on time, the vegetative parts of
the plant - stems, leaves, and roots - begin to die off. Then the
over-ripe grains fall off the panicles onto the ground in a process
known as shattering. Some rice varieties are particularly
susceptible to shattering, and serious crop losses may occur if
harvesting is not completed on time. In rare instances, over-ripe
grains left too long on the panicle may undergo germination
'varieties exhibiting -this characteristic are said to lack
. dormancy
Fertilizer Sources
:A. Organic Fertilizers
Organic fertilizers are decomposed remains of plants and
animals. In the natural ecosystem, elements absorbed from the
soil by living organisms are returned to the soil through decay
and decomposition following the death of the organisms.
Organic fertilizers traditionally have provided all of the
nutrients in shifting agriculture systems where periods of
cultivation alternate with fallow periods (during which the
natural regenerative process restores organic fertilizers to the
soil). Organic fertilizers also have traditionally provided most
nutrients to swamp farming systems, since swamps serve as
natural catchments for organically derived nutrients which
.wash down off the surrounding uplands
The introduction of improved rice varieties into a traditional
swamp farming system tends to create a situation here the
nutrient demands of the crop outstrip the natural ability of the
ecosystem to replenish its organic resources. Although
knowledgable swamp farmers can exploit the natural
regenerative properties of many so-called "waste" products to
help maintain soil fertility (e.g. by incorporating organic
material back into the soil), and although they can replenish
nutrients by planting nitrogen-fixing legumes during part of
the year, repeated high yields will inevitably extract greater
amounts of some nutrients particularly nitrogen, phosphorus,
and potassium - than can rapidly be returned to the soil
.I
10
Single-element fertilizers- 1
20% N , (Urea ) 45 % ( Ammonium sulphate )
N , ( Single superphosphate ) 18 % P2O5 ,
(Basic Slag ) 14.5% , ( Muriate of Potash ) 60 %
K2O , Sulphate of Potash 50 %K2O
Incomplete Fertilizers - 2
N-P-K 20-20-0 (20% N, 20% P2O5, 0% K2O ) ,
( N-P-K 0-20-20 ( 0% N, 20% P2O5, 20% K2O ) )
Complete fertilizers - 3
(
Fertilizer Management
There is no single recommendation for rice fertilization which
will fit all situations. Fertilizer application will vary
considerably, depending on crop requirements, the availability
of fertilizers, the financial resources of the farmer, and most
importantly, the ability of the farmer to follow application
schedules (some of which can be quite complicated )
Tests and field experience have shown that the application of
40 kg/ha (36 lbs/acre) each of nitrogen phosphorus, and
potassium gives optimum results under most local conditions.
(Important: that's 40 kg/ha of nutrient, not of fertilizer.) 40 kg/
ha is the generally recommended application rate. Of course
many farmers will be either unwilling or unable to purchase
this amount of fertilizer, arid they will end up fertilizing at a
much lower rate (or not at all). Decreasing the amount of
fertilizer will result in more modest yields, but keep in mind
11
12
13
Day
Basal
transpl applicat
anting
ion
kg / 40
ha
Phosph
orous
Active
First
tillering
top
dressin
g
20
kg/ha
Nitroge
n
kg 20
/ha
Potassu
im
Panicle Second
initiatio
top
n dressin
g
20
kg/ha
Nitroge
n
20
kg/ha
Potassi
um
HO
far
nor
suc
your
amo
inco
inst
ferti
appl
req
with
a
farmer; do the best you can to get the nutrients to the rice when
. they will be needed most
Fertilizer Calculations
There are a number of variables to consider when
calculating the amount of fertilizer to be applied
: to a given area. These include
the percentage of nutrient contained in the
** . fertilizer being used
14
-: References
**
http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod? **
a=p&p=home&l=en&w=utf-8
17
18
19