| EXTRASTATECRAFT The Power of Infrastructure Space Keller Easterling‘he ator woud ie tok the esha Feat Fr Advanced ‘Stuer inthe Fae Arts fr pcos see, i pblahed by Vero 214 Keb Eathng sve ‘mr rt as bv ade oe cpygt kde anda btn emison oe thease copii mati for e tats bern Tae ns poses foray err resins and wou beat aie ofan nto te ‘Boule icorposted in are pio ion of soaks Alighetened| ‘Theron right auch een sod Uk 6 Newt Set Leon iF oEG ‘Us. an ay Set Ste soi, fray, SY e208 "wwe om esos their No Le Boks Ise 978 RBs o78 9 a Lirary Cataloguing in Pelion Dat Acstalgue eed for stone fm the Bes Lary brary af Ganges Cataloging Pebiation Date Basting Ka, 159 uate power afinfrocee pce Keer ae eeecm locas ographcal renee and inde 8978.1. 7168 57-7 aback) ISBN 77868 HB) | Spc (Artest) Socal at 2. Rowe Sol ee foe ‘Nraresias 016 “ype in Minion roy Hever et UK Lu Eiabaph, Stand rtd inthe USby Maple ew Contents Acknowledgements Introduction a. Zone 2. Disposition a+ Broadband 4. Stories 5+ Quality 6, Extrastatecrat Afterword, Index a5 95 137 an 239 a3Zone ‘Promotional videos for the free zone invariably follow the same ‘template. A 200m from outer space locates a spot on the globe Graphics indicating light times to major cities argue that this spot, wherever itis isthe center ofall global activity, While the soundtrack for low-budget versions of thete videos may be a ‘nny; cenned fanfare, many have high production values, t= ng musi, appropriate for an adventure film or a western, is ethnically inflected to suit the culture at hand, A deep mavie- traller voice describes the requisite infrastructure. As the 200m, continues, clouds part to reveal multiple digital sun flares and a sparkling new skyscraper metropolis. ‘The zone has not alwaysbeen the word's global urban addic- tion. Once relegated tothe backstage, it has, inthe space of a few years, evolved from a fenced-off enclave for warehousing and ‘manufacturing to a world-city template Yet the wild mutations ‘ofthe form over the lst thirty years only make it sem penetra- ble to further manipulation, Free ports have handled global trade for centuries, but he mid- ‘wenteth-century development ofthe Export Processing Zone, ot EPZ, a5 a more formalized evonomic and administrative instrs- ‘ment, marks the beginning ofthe moder zone. With peesuasive arguments about nation-building and fre trade, the United Nations and the World Bank promoted the EPZ as a too that developing, ‘countries should use to entor the global marketplace and attract foreign investment with incentives ke tax holidays and cheap labor. Although intended as temporary experiment and judged to bbe suboptimal economic instrument, the zone spread widely ddring the 1970s even asitalso spread new waves of labor explita- tion, There were, however, unexpected consequences rather than ‘dissolving into the domestic economy, as was originaly intended, the EPZ absorbed more and more ofthat economy ntothe enclave,ean Benetations of the form, incubated in China or the ida East, essentially became entire cites or city-states, render. ‘ng urbonism as a service industry. Ia the lte-1970s, China’ experiment with the zone asa free market tol was so sucessful that it generated its own global trading networks, which in turn ‘accelerated zone grovth worldwide. For Dubai, the zone was 2 ‘rsh form of entrepdt not unlike those that had figured in its longer history. As zones multiplied they also upgraded, breeding ‘with other increasingly prevalent urban forms like the campus or ‘fice park: Merging industrial and knowledge economies, the one has begun to incorporate a full complement of residential, "esort, educational, commercial, and administrative programs a ‘warm pool to spatial products that easily migrate around the ‘worl, thriving on incentivized urbanism, Having swallowed the city whole the zone is now the germ of city-building epidemic that reproduces glitering mimics of Dubai, Singapore, and Hong Kong. While in the 960s there ‘were a handful of zones in the world, today there are thousands some measured in hectares, some in square kilometers. No longer inthe shadow ofthe global city as financial center (New ‘York, London, Tokyo, Sdo Paulo), the zone as corporate enclave 4s the most popular model for the contemporary global cit, offering a “clean slate” and a “one-stop” entry into the economy ‘ofa foreign country. Now major cites and even national capitals, supposedly the centers of law, have created their own zone ddoppelgingers, like Navi Mumbais Astana, the newly minted ‘apitl of Kazakhstan; or New Songd City, a Seoul dauble that ‘developer Stanley Gale considers to be a repeatable “city in a ‘bax” Economic analysts chase after scores of zone variants, even as they mutate on the ground, oscillating between visibility and ‘nvsibilty identity and anonyrity. Asthe zone mutates, it also resembles history’ various inten- tional communities with their mixtures of withdrawal and ‘spiration—mixing ecstatic expressions of urbanity with a ‘Altera quarter century of growth, Shenzhen has also become 4 crucible forts own forms of civic activism. A new middle lass has, on ion, acted to protect its new property interests, organized a boycott to protest increasing real estate prices, or agitated agaist the construction ofa new highway. Others have formed a research group, Interhoo, to monitor development activities orrun for government office at the municipal or district level Asan industrial coal smog envelopes the skyline, lax envi ronmental rules, together with a seemingly inexhaustible source of inexpensive labor migrating from the hinterland, have compounded both the corruption and the pollution. There are also thousands of abor strikes each year and petitions for higher 46 Seenglthss goign" Wok in Progress Bo, Mac 7 ‘a Fags won ese el es pit indent hess iho pogo ct wih the bter beak ee ed eden 20 Tralee re See Damon an Diao TF ae oso he Wan fined ee de Zones 8 ‘New Hr Tins, December 18,200; seinen ca “‘wages, but these can be squelched by the state." The sheer size of thn the dtanceberveen the modts doa the itr, and he unre, compres complex urbana cy inthe Stade of «prev tee that nevertheless nt of contain way both prodactve and dangerous” As Shenae ist Hong Kong, Pong lst Shang Pong was cstabished aan SZ in 193 onthe east ank othe Huangp River At aco square meee i comparble to thet of Shanghai and home to ore 5 millon people. Wh skpneapirng to gnture rater than peer otines the ental syacrapersan hotel~the Oriental Pe Towe the fr Mao Bling and the Shanghal Word Financia Center among them~siga unary and words flies Shenae and Shanhal ae pac fy cst” Peat ver Dein eonamie Zone and the Tango Rver Dea Bonomi Zone that detlp india energie Smee the te “ster cies” or supply chan es refer to tastage inallation tit optinze helt of manuacaing fr one ‘ype of prods Sut "uppy chain ie” or ape fatri can 2h ret ones tha Concentrate ll the phases af production frm design to mansicuring Into one reat minnie ship ping cots and compress stele, For instance, Chaochou {pei inweddng deer and evening gowns Sonpzou in ts, Data and Zh necks, nang and Shenbu in under ‘ets and Kintng nad Zengchegin ans" esha even moreso han Cina ths UAB edhe one tise age inl itn he shew of piel annals ander the rn ol ad to cea dered Inds, Shnzhen ya 206 but {gh A hon Feet o Te Uns of wich te eagle etn of Tide Un rs prt emo ic nat eee fom mtn fe ae ery Orton aps was guy ‘or in she sod anges stusons ae win mach oe Sc ova Wc, “Chine Sas Stary Cite on bs Ove Gov ‘ew nes Dce 19S 1 God rept Mo and dt Upgrading nC and Meio" 46-7. we ‘Dubai is a city-state as zone, For Dubai—an ancient entrepdt of ‘trading and smugeling recently awakened by oil—the zane may Ihave seemed remarkably familiar while nationhood may have seemed abit lke a quaint castor necessary to join global dub. ‘Dubais frst free-trade zone, the Jebel Ali ree Zone, was established in 1985. Since then, Dub has rehearsed the “pask™ for zone with almost every imaginable program, such that its turban fabric Is now an aggregate of zones, each of which has often been named a ‘city’ There is Dubai Internet City, which ‘opened in 2000 (the Kirst o mix the IT campus with the free-trade zone), Dubai Health Care City, Dubat Maritime City, Dubai Silicon Oasis, Dubai Knowledge Village, Dubai Techno Park, Dubai Media City, Dubai Outsourcing Zone, Dubai Industrial City, Dubai Textile Village, and Dubai International City, among ‘many others. Each enclave offers @ different set of incentives including streamlined customs, inexpensive labor from South [Asia and AMrica, foreign ownership of property. or rights to own real estate in special projects like the Palm Islands.* Dubaiisan offshore financial center forthe whole ofits territory. Each zone ‘may even have its own laws, For instance, Dubai Media City, the headquarters for major news outlets allows some freedom ‘of speech not technically permitted elsewhere in the state of Dubai “The resident population in the UAE is not offered as cheap. labor, but rather is the beneficiary of fee trade and other special bargains of extrastatecrad, Inexpensive labor is imported from South Asia and elsewhere like machinery or other equipment [Aer becoming rar in 2966, Sheik Zayed issued Land grants to ‘each national to ensure they would profit from development, and ‘by 1976 he had also offered s,o00 units of “people's housing”* 3) Kale Eating “Exact” a Kany Aga, iidaie Dain andre Wars ee, Pope 3 Re_Uroui Dangfrming Capa 27), 4 Mobs AL faim, rom Raptor of AbD endo: “he Len Caner ofA Sten 1995), 4 Fake Heat, Fo Ta ‘Siem Unie fc Evie A Sot ration (Deb ad A Dhak ‘Mot using ne ped y Longa 198) 405“The land grants were similar in principle to the many other laws. stipulating that partnerships or enterprises must include UAE. nationals a ether associate or beneficiaries. The UAE govern- ment also established a program to channel foreign investment into industries that would support the country’s long-tezm goals Since the number of nationals is small, the UAE has ‘managed to convert the typically corrupt relationship between {government and privateinterest lobbies into a form of hyper ‘representation for a manageable handful of constituents After many cycles of breeding around the world, some surprising traits have surfaced in the Middle Eastern zone city Dubai Homanitarian City, for instance, is an outpost of relict agencies and NGOs” Abu Dhabis Masdar City, established by the Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company; i a fiee zane for green energy enterprises. Mastezminded by Norman Foster, the zones square grid resembles that ofan ideal town, while the sectional shape of the city is designed for shade and solar energy collee- tion, An underground channel for automated rapid-transit vehicles transfers to urban transportation technologies est developed in tansshipment landscapes." Qatar Education City ses the campus/park/zone model to provide headquarters for the franchises of major universities around the world. Corporate sponsorship makes ofthe university « kind of incubator of ite: ligence and manpower for the corporation as well asthe region, While none of these programmatic ideas of greening, humani- tarianism, or education are redemptive, each demonstrates the ‘extreme mutability of the zone form. 5 Se tectivaunae. he UAE Ofer Progra Bare: ery reamed Ye indies aig fs farms acandonng ath ore op 3 ec ttc Sh_ Seem iin he wy ht sone may bea pect fon ‘neta cmmumiy Ike te repeater fama of Spas Lao ie Indes te experinens of deta liar rps i the New Word a he Rendering of cy center, King Abdullah Economie City tn King Abdullah Economie City (KAEC), om the Rel Sea near Jed, the zone Is gan an aggregate component of & fall lowe ey, Launched in 200 By the Su governme td the Dubal ea estate developer aa, the cy wil even tually cover 68 square ilometrs abou the seo Bestel). ‘he Suds aso lan to bud Krowledge Economie ly to Mia aran Economic Cy inna, and Prince Abel Ae tin Mousaed Econom city in Hai smong others. Is AEC (pronounced “cake) the fist area toe developed willbe 3a Raunt sone eovetig a third of th ly ete ares. The sone wil hous ov ores domino, a ecto the he “high-le”andpronperou”secriized areas thee‘The KAEC plans also envisage a manufacturing zone called “Plastics Valley” as a means to take advantage of auxiliary petzochemical resources as well as an international container ‘seaport with logistics, warehousing, and transshipment facilites, As the city continues to grove over the nex fifteen years, it hopes to incorporate resort functions, ¢.governance, home auioma~ Udon, and a connection on the Mecca-Medina rail line—part of larger network of high-speed rail planned for Saudi Arabia. Incentives for foreiga investment include ownership of property, low-cost financing, exemptions from import duties, no personal income tax, and a minimal 20 percent corporate income tax" Digital y-throughs render KAEC as a golden city with both modern skyscrapers and references to traditional Islamic build- ‘ngs—all serving as a monument to the state and its “wise leadership? ‘The Zones a Double Shenzhen sa double of Hong Kong. Pudong doubles Shanghai. CIDCO, the City and Industrial Development Company of ‘Maharashtra, operating under the motto “We make cities” is| ‘making Navi Mumbai the double of Mumbai* Not only has the zone become a city, but major cities and even national ‘capitals are now enginessing their own zone doppelgingers— their own non-national territories in which to create newer, leaner alteregos, free of any incumbent bureaveracy. The zone embodies what political scientist Stephen D. Krasner Set inplhcycom sd “Sd Abit Allow Fog Owentip snxibc*aabanucnencn tie rons Soembe 1 0atemazcom {8 CibcOtsedinerineaneac hts tetone tandarkan rar ‘mac apd ten ulay stn ndi compound, 4h «ea Fook apfconse and eet sea str company SILI Tia el conse or sme portion the intact presitr ftv Nav Muni Se equpyed ith infact and egal ‘Gomes toni Shent and Pudong pte wth nt ol) Seow tal sal say rorame Seco mahara gree Sisiipeopease ‘calls “hypocritical sovereignty’—where nations operate Beoween mutiple jurisdictions with potentially conflicting allegiances and laws~or what ieteoational relations profes Sor Ronen Pelan calls “sovereign bifurcation’ where "sates Intentionally divide ther sovereign space into heavily and light regulated realms" The world aptal and national api- tulcanaov shadow each other aternteiyexibting a regional, Cultural ethos, national pride, o¢ globe ambition, State and on state actors use each oher a proxy or camouflage a they joggle and decouple fron the lw inorder to eae the most {ivantageons pote! ox economic climate “ong Kong and Shenzhen are ike tis who ca trick the world or trick eachother. Hong Kong uses its sister city asa Source of cheap labor and rent; Shenzhen competes with Hong. Kong while accepting investment from it businessmen. Shenchen also smothers ts island sibling with symbiovc tverachiovement. China Day project the maiolands amb tionswhen it chirps tat, given Shenzhen’ spectaclar succes, Hong Kong will surely want to form a single metropolitan region Krone describe ove fr ofsrecpay ht the an nog ‘west ntedepenence Domenie aa ep Tea sometimes “of betwee the diferent juices fo texan elton wh es imrsinent event ens eae indepen. Seen roe Soon: Oraied Ia (Pncaon: Pron Unive Pres 199) Sis Bones nn Tie Oo Wild Sovran Moke Val Pace, en ‘omad ions ion NY: Comel Univers Pree) 812 Seva or EE tor Naty, Sand Tey A Pol Geng London: Rol 2988). C2 Tis argument joins tow of other scholrs who ote tha new incaatons of tatehoo ike tore the ope pesor engthen aba th ‘mine por ofthe snes As pres f eran tory Nal Bremer sete the notion fats rescling heared Erm of ronal sttchood wade contemporary cpt, ot mys Croson, withering or demise” Nell Brenay, Now State Spacer ban ‘Given nthe Reeling of Satohod (Se od: Onfrd Univers Pres, san a “Shenae SEZ Amato Be Tins gt Chine Dy 4 2, 209[New Songdo City under constriction Conforming toa global sandard, the promotional video for New Songdo City in South Korea flies in from outer space and through 2 digital model, accompanied by a new-age soundtrack from the Ielandic band Sigur Rés. A complete international city