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Xử Lý Nước Thải Chi Phí Thấp (NXB Xây Dựng 2010) - Lều Thọ Bách, 393 Trang PDF
Xử Lý Nước Thải Chi Phí Thấp (NXB Xây Dựng 2010) - Lều Thọ Bách, 393 Trang PDF
CHI PH THP
(Ti bn)
c . s . TS. DIM1TRI. X A N T H O U L IS
i hc N n u nu h i p G e m b l o u x ( F U S A G x )
2. Passage d c s D p o r t c s B - 5 0 3 0 G e m b l o u x , Bi
TS. J E A N T I L L Y ( F U S AG x )
TS. N A T H A L I K K O N D E K ( H US A Gx )
TS. M A R C \ V A U T H E L E T ( R I S A G x )
TS. P H I L I P P E B E R G E R O N ( F U S A G x )
TS. L U TH BCH
i h c X y d n g ( H U C E )
V i n Kh o a h c v K thut M i trnu (I ES E)
55, nii Gii p h n g , M N i , Vi t N a m
' X u y e i h
lr u im Q u o c
( S .T S . H A N S BRIX
Di l c Aa r h u s ( A U )
Khoa Kh o a hc Sinh hc ,
O l c W o m i s Allc. B u i l di n g l 135, 8 0 0 0 rlius, c , a n M c h
rw C A R L O S A R I A S ( A U )
NH XUT BN XY DNG
H NI - 2 0 1 0
LI NI U
Qu trnh th ha ang din ra mnh m ti Vit Nam , tuy nhin , cc h thng cp
thot nc ti cc th v cc vng ln cn cn ang trong tinh trng lc hu , khng
ng b v thiu cc phng tin cn thit cho vic x l nc thi. Vi nhu cu khai thc
ti nguyn nc ngy cng gia tng, c th thy rng vic pht trin v ph bin ng dng
cc phng php x l nc thi tiu th t nng lng v c chi ph vn hnh thp s em
li hiu qu cao trong gii quyt cc vn nhim mi trng ti cc th ang trong
tin trnh m rng v ti cc khu vc ngoi thnh.
Hin nay, ngun nhn lc trong lnh vc v sinh mi trng ti cc nc ang pht trin
ni chung v ti Vit Nam ni ring ang thiu trm trng, nhu cu v k s o k thut
vin x l nc thi s ngy cng tng trong nhng nm ti. Hp tc trao i khoa hc cng
ngh v bin son ti liu ph bin cc khi nim mi v v sinh bn vng, cc cng ngh x
l nc thi ang c ng dng ti cc nc trn th gii l vic lm th thc nhm gp
phn ci thin nng lc chuyn mn trong lnh vc x l nc thi ti cc th v cc vng
nng thn ang pht trin mnh Vit Nam.
Cuh sch ny l sn phm t d n hp tc Quc tgi cc trng i Hc Nng
Nghip Gembloux (B), i Hc Xy Dng (Vit Nam), i Hc Khoa Hc v Cng Ngh
Ty Nam (Trung Quc) v i Hc Aarhus (an Mch), do chng trnh Asia-Link, y
ban Chu Au ti tr. Gio trinh o to ny gii thiu cc phng php x l nc thi chi
p h thp khc nhau ang c p dng ti cc nc thnh vin v tp trung vo trao i,
chia s kinh nghim v cc cng ngh x l nc thi c pht trin v ng dng thnh
cng bi cc n v thnh vin. Cc cng ngh ny s dng cc k thut n gin, chi ph
thp x l nc thi v ti s dng nc thi sau x l phc v mc ch nng nghip
hoc hn ch mm bnh v ngun gy nhim.
Cuh sch c bin son bng 4 ngn ng: Php, Vit, Trung v Anh phc v cng
tc o to ti cc trng i hc thnh vin v ph bin ti cc khu vc. Phin bn ting
Php do GS.TS Dimitri Xanthouis ch bin, phin bn ting Vit do TS. Lu Th Bch
ch bin, ting Trung do GS.TS. Wang Chengduan ch bin, ting Anh do GS. TS. Hans
Brix ch bin. Cc ni dung trong cun sch c t chc bin son vi s tham gia:
GS.TS . Dimitri Xanthoulis bin son chng L 2 , 5, v cc mc 8.1 - 8.4; TS. Jean Tilly
bin son chng 10 v . TS. Nathalie Fonder tham gia bin son chng 3, cc mc 4.
v 5.1; TS. Marc Wauthelet bin son cc mc 4.3 v 5.2; TS. Phippe Bergeron bin son
chng 12 v 13; TS. Lu Th Bch bin son li ni u , mc 4.5, tham gia bin son
chng 1, 3 v 10; GS.TS. Trn Hiu Nhu bin son chng 6; PGS.TS. Trn c H
bin son mc 4.1; GS.TS Wang Chengduan v GS.TS Zhang Zhigui bin son mc 8.6;
GS.TS. Zhang Qngdong tham gia bin son chng 11; TS . Xmng Yinghong tham gia
bin son mc 4.5; GS. TS. Hans Brix bin son mc 4.2, chng 7 v 9 ; TS. Carlos Arias
bin son mc 4.3.
i tng phc v ca sch l cc cn b khoa hc, t vn v qun l, cc ging vin
i hc v sinh vin thuc cc h o to cao ng, i hc v sau i hc trong lnh vc
mi trng.
y l cun sch vit v cc cng ngh v cc vn lin quan ti x l nc thi chi
p h thp u tin xut bn Vit Nam, nn kh trnh khi cc khim khuyt, rt mong
nhn c cc nhn xt gp ca cc c gi.
Cc tc gi
3
AF
BC
BGN
BHGN
BOD
CPTTB
COD
CWs
DDV
DO
CLM
TM
V
EC
FOG
HLR
HRT
KMD
KSM
LCG
Ting Vit
Lc k kh
A naerobic Piltcr
Bn chuyn ng
Bn gin n'
bn ht gin n
N hu cu xi sinh ha
C hi p h tn g th m trung bnh
N hu cu xi ha ha hc
Bi lc ntp nc nhn to
C onstructed W etlands
xi ha tan
nh gi chin lc mi trng
Dissolved Oxygcn
n h gi tc n g mi trng
nh gi vng i
dn in
Cht bo, du, m
Ti lng thy lc
Electrical Conductivity
Fats, O il, Greasc
Thi gian lu nc
LKKX
Kho st s b mi trng
Lc ct gin on
Lc k kh dng chy ngc
Lc k kh dng chy xui
M SH
M ng sinh hc
O&M
V n hnh v bo dng
Q LM
Qun l mi trng
LKKN
Ting Anh
QNTM
Q uy hoch nc thi m
SAR
T i hp th natri
SAT
X l bng t
SR T
T hi gian lu bn
S lu d ge R etention T im e
ss
Cht l lng
S uspended Solid
TDS
T n g cht rn ha tan
TKN
T n g nit Kjekiahl
TXLNT
Trm x l nc thi
ASB
tng bn k kh
VIP
vsv
V i sinh vt
XLBHNT
Xr l bc hi mrc thi
XLNT
X l nc thi
XL
X l n nh
V ID P
C nhiu loi nc thi vi thnh phn, tnh cht khc nhau v cng c nhiu loi hnh cng
ngh v k thut x l lm gim tc ng tiu cc ca ne thi ti mi trng tip nhn.
Theo ngun gc pht sinh, nc thi c th c phn loi theo bn loi hnh nh sau:
Nc thi sinh hot;
Nc thi thng mi;
Nc thi cng nghip;
Nc ma chy b mt.
Nc thi sinh hot: Nc thi pht sinh ch yu t cc h gia nh, khu vn phng,
trng hc, v nhng ngun tng t, c gi l nc thi v sinh hoc nc thi sinh
hot. N c th bao gm nc thi t cc x nghip cng nghip trong trng hp nc
thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip c thu gom chung trong mt h thng thot
nc chung ca th.
Nc thi thng mi: Nc thi k h n g cha cc cht c t, cht nguy hi t cc
khu thng mi, c thnh phn chnh tng t nh nc thi sinh hot, tuy nhin cng
c th c mt hoc mt s' cht c nng ln hn so vi trong nc thi sinh hot in
hnh. Loi hnh nc thi ny cng bao gm nc thi pht sinh t cc c s dch v n
ung, c s git l c trang b khng qu bn my git, c s nui gia sc, gia cm
(chung tri, trm th y, c s chn nui), dch v chm sc sc kho, vi iu kin l
khng cha cc cht c t, cht nguy hi v cht thi cng nghip.
Nc thi cng nghip: Nc thi pht sinh t qu trnh sn xut, thng mi, khai
khong, cc hot ng ti khu lm nghip, bao gm c nc chy b mt v nc r t
cc khu tip nhn rc thi v cc kho lu tr hng thng mi, cng nghip v tt c cc
loi nc thi khc, nu khng c nh ngha l ne thi sinh hot.
Nc ma chy trn b mt: Nc chy trn c ngun gc t nc mua, tuyt tan,
nc ma thot trn h ng ph, w ...; y l phn nc khng thm qua t v chy
trn trn mt ng, t, v c thu gom vo cc h thng thot nc thnh ph hoc
chy vo cc ngun nc mt.
1.2. CC C TNH CA NC THI
Thnh phn ca nc thi rt a dng; ngoi ra cn cha cc vi khun gy bnh hoc
khng gy bnh, cc hp cht hu c tan hoc khng tan, hp cht v c tan hoc khng
tan, xc ng thc vt, kh sinh hc. cht c, vv...
1.2.1. c im v lu lng
Lu lng nc thi l mt thng s quan trng trong vic thit k la chn quy m
v loi hnh cng ngh x l, thm ch c vic la chn h thng thot nc chung hay
ring. Lu lng nc thi c th c biu th bng lu lng c trng, l lu lng
6
vt thuc
n v
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
mg/L
350
720
1.200
mg/L
250
500
850
mg/L
100
220
350
Cn lng c
ml/L
10
20
BOD5, 20c
mg/L
110
220
400
COD
mg/L
250
500
1.000
Nit (tng N)
mg/L
20
40
85
Hu c
mg/L
15
35
Amnia
mg/L
12
25
50
10
Nng
n v
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
Nitrat
mg/L
mg/L
15
Hu c
mg/L
V c
mg/L
10
Clorua
mg/L
30
50
100
Sulat
mg/L
20
30
50
mg/L
50
100
200
Du v m
mg/L
50
100
150
MPN/lOOmL
106- I07
Phtpho (tng P)
Tng Coliorm
00
mg/L
Nitrit
00
Cht nhim
Nhu cu xy ha hc (COD)
Tng N (TN)
Tng p (TP)
Du v m
Ngnh cng
nghip
BOD
TSS
Du v M
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
Kim loi
nng (mg/L)
Ha du
100 + 300
100-250
200 + 3.000
Asen, St
Sulfit
50 + 850
Crom
300+1.000
Amonia
Sulfit
100 + 200
Thuc da
Sn xut
chai l
200 + 6.000 :
Phenol
0 -2 7 0
0 + 3.500
11
Du v
M
(mg/L)
Kim loi
nng
(mg/L)
Hp cht
d bay
hi
(mg/L)
Cht hu
c kh
phn hu
(mg/L)
Ngnh cng
nghip
BOD
(mg/L)
TSS
(mg/L)
Chng ct
ru, ng
600 + 32.000
200 + 30.000
Ch bin
thc phm
100 -- 7.000
30 + 7.000
Giy
250-15.000
500 + 100.000
Selen, Km
Phenol
0 -8 0 0
Ho cht
500 + 20.000
1.000+'170.000 0 + 2.000
Asen,
Canxi, Bari
Phenol
0 + 5.000
Amnia
5 -4 0 0
12
1.4.2. i vi sc kho
Nc thi khng c x l cha rt nhiti cc vi sinh vt gy bnh. Tn ti rt nhiu
loi bnh dch c ngun gc t cc hot ns thiu v sinh nh vic tm ra hay bi li
trong nc b nhim hn, hoc vic tiu th cc loi ng thc vt thy sinh sng trong
c c n g u n n c b n h im bi nc thi, nh: bnh nga n e o i d a, v i m da, n h i m
khun vt thng hay vim d dy rut, vim gan do virt, t, l. thng hn. Hn na,
trong nc thi cn cha cc cht c hi, c kh nns lm bin i gen hay gy ung
th. V nhng l do trn, vic loi b cc vi sinh vt sy bnh l rt cn thit bo v
sc khe cng ng.
1.4.3. V kha cnh kinh t
Vic ti s dng nc thi sau x l cho nng nship khng ch c ngha v mt
mi trng m cn l ne lc pht trin cho cc mc ticu quc gia, to ra mt nn
nng nghip pht trin bn vng trong khi bo v c ngun nc ang ngy cng
khan him. Mt u im ca vic S dng mrc thi qua x l ti tiu trong nng
nghip l gim mc x l Iirc thi, ng ngha vi vic lm gim ng k chi ph
cho qu trnh x l nc thi, nh vo vi tr ca t v cy trng nh mt dng cng
trnh lc sinh hc t nhin. Ncoi ra, vic tn dng cc cht dinh dng c sn trong
nc thi cn gip ct giam chi ph phn bn cho cy trng.
Nc c vai tr rt quan trng i vi con nsi. Nc gp phn lm tng gi tr v
cnh quan, to iu kin vui chi v ii tr cho con ngi. Do nhiu ngi la chn
ni sinh sng gn ngun nc t nhin irong sch.
1.5. X L NC THI NH TH NO
C nhiu phng php lm sch nc thi, lu thuc vo tng loi nc thi v mc
nhim bn ca chng. Vic la chn cc loi hnh cng ngh XLNT c tin hnh
da trn i tng nc thi v mc ch x l.
T i cc vng nng thn, c bit l cc nc c kh hu kh, ngun nc khan
him, mc tiu chnh l ti s dng nc tlii phc v ti tiu trong nng nghip. V
th, qu trnh X L N T tp trim s vo vic loi b cc tc nhn gy bnh (gim thiu nguy
Hu ht cc h gia dinh v
khu cng s c trang b h
thng ng nc hay khng?
Ti c sn h (hng thu
gom nc thi hay khng?
t hoi va bi tho
v bc hi nc
Kh hu 0 kh hay
khng?
Khng
Khng
Liu t c thm
nc hay khng?
, C
dc mt t
c ln hay khng?
C
cha nc th?
Mc nc ngm theo*
ma c Cc 0 khng?
Mt dn c v xy dng
c qu thp hay khng?
i ng nhn s c chuyn
mn va k nng qun l ckhng?
C sn t ai c gi tr
kinh t thp hay khng?
Khng
B t hoi v
l thng tiu nc,
C th x ra bin, m khng
gy nh hng xu ti mi
trng v h sinh thi ven
bin hoc cng, vnh gn
hay khng?
Liu t c thm nc
hay khng?
Mc nc ngm theo ma
c cao hay khng?
,C th x ra ngun tip
nhn (h nc, sng, va
san h, w...) l mi trng
nhay cm vi cc nguyn t
inh dng hay khng?
C
oi b cc nguyn'
t dinh dng
(x i nc, thai)
trong t
Hnh 1.3. Quy trnh la chn phng php XLNT sinh hot.
M c ch
Cc c n g trnh
X l s b
du m vv...
X l bc hai
B lng bc m t, b t
hoi, h sinh hc n nh
nc thai.
k kh vv.
H sinh hc n nh tu tin,
sinh hc.
X l bc ba
16
L and EDELINE, F
2002.
Traitement
17
- t c mc x l c th chp nhn;
- Vn u t thp;
- Chi ph vn hnh v bo dng thp;
- Yu cu k nng vn hnh khng cao so vi cc cng ngh thng thng khc;
- Tui th di hn so vi tui th cc cng ngh x l c s dng cc thit b in - c kh;
- t ph thuc vo cc yu t nh cng tc xy dng, cc thit b in, c kh;
- Cng ngh/qu trnh x l n gin hiu qu x l n nh v lu di;
- Nhu cu bo dng v vn hnh t;
19
C h p h u t xy dng thp
i vi nhng khu vc c qu t vi gi t c th chp nhn c, vic u t xy
dng h thng XLNT chi ph thp s kinh t hn so vi cc h thng XLNT thng
thng c s dng cc thit b c kh. Khng s ng cc thit b x l phc tp gp
phn lm gim ng k gi thnh u t. Khi thit k h thng XLNT chi ph thp cn
quan tm ti cc c im ti v tr xy dng nh a hnh, a cht, ngun cp nc,
loi t, loi nc thi c x l v.v... La chn v tr vi cc c im thch hp s
lm gim c gi thnh xy dng.
C hi p h vn hnh thp
H thng XLNT chi ph thp thng c chi ph vn hnh thp, gim thiu cc chi ph
s dng in nng v cc thit b, khng cn s dng ha cht. Cc bi lc thng c
thit k m bo kh nng t chy ca nc trong h thng. Nu a hnh khng thun
li, khng m bo kh nng t chy ca nc trong h thng th s cn n bm v lm
tng gi thnh vn hnh. H thng XLNT t nhin nu c thit k v xy dng hp l
c kh nng t duy tr v bo dng trong thi gian lu di. Nhn chung, mc d h
thng x l nc thi t nhin thng ch duy tr c hiu sut x l mt cch th ng
nhng gim thiu c cc nhu cu v thit b c kh, in nng, v cc yu cu cao v
k nng ca ngi vn hnh.
G im v hn c h ti thiu mi kh chu
Pht sinh mi kh chu l mt trong nhng vn cn quan tm khi lu gi v x l
nc thi, c bit nu v tr ca trm XLNT dc t gn nh dn. Cc bi lc thng t
hoc khng pht sinh mi kh chu.
D uy tr c kh nng XLNT vi ti lng nhim khng n nh
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c thit k mt cch hp l c kh nng t iu tit v
duy tr hiu sut x l i vi cc loi li lng nhim khc nhau ca nc thi. y
l u im ni bt ca h thng XLNT chi ph thp v cc thnh phn nhim trong
nc thi rt a dng v ch thi nc khng u, cc iu kin thi tit thay i, s
pht trin ca dn c trong lu vc hay s thay i quan l cc hot ng thng mi
trong lu vc lm thay i ng k ti lng nhim.
G im din tch t cn thit khi ti s dng nc thi
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c kh nng x l trit cc cht nhim. V vy, din
tch t cn thit cho vic ti s dng nc sau x l t cc bi lc nhn to t hn din
tch t cn thit khi trc tip s dng nc thi.
G im khi lng cht pht sinh trong qu trinh x l
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c th gim ti thiu khi lng cc cht b loi v pht
sinh trong qu trnh x l. Lng bn/sinh khi d pht sinh t hn nhiu so vi cc qu
21
trnh x l th cp khc. Rt nhiu h thng XLNT chi ph thp khng lm pht sinh
bn d i hi phi x l tip theo hay tiu hy.
To cnh quan
Ty thuc vo thit k, v tr, v chng loi thc vt, cc h thng XLNT chi ph thp c
bit l cc bi lc ngp nc nhn to c th lm ni bt phong cnh vi mu sc, b cc v
s a dng ca cc loi cy. H thng XLNT chi ph thp c th tng cng khng gian,
din tch cy xanh trong th v kt hp c cc chc nng gii tr cng cng.
Tng cng a dng sinh hc
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c kh nng kin to mi trng tt thu ht mt s loi
ng vt hoang d n sinh sng v pht trin v lm tng thm li ch, s hp dn v du
lch cho khu vc.
2.2.2. Nhc im
Ngay c khi c thit k ti u nht, h thng XLNT chi ph thp vn tn ti nhng
hn ch:
Hn c h trong vic loi b cc vi khun gy bnh
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c th loi b phn ln cc vi khun gy bnh t nc
thi sinh hot. Tuy nhin, kh nng x l ny cng c th cha p ng c cc tiu
chun x cho php v cn thit phi thc hin thm cng on kh trng. Nguyn nhn
c bn l do cc loi chim v cc loi th hoang d khc sinh sng trong v ti khu vc
h thng x l c th l ngun pht sinh v lan truyn cc vi khun gy bnh.
Yu cu v sinh nh k lp bn lng
Bn lng v cc cht tr cn phi nh k c ly i. H thng XLNT chi ph thp c
th b lp y bi bn v cc cht rn lm tc dng chy trong h thng nu khi thit k
khng tnh n vic loi b rc v cc cht rn trc khi nc thi vo h thng. Tng
lng bn pht sinh s cao hn ti cc giai on vn hnh trong iu kin thi tit lnh
do nhit thp gy c ch cc hot ng ca vi sinh vt (VSV). V vy cn nh k
hng nm lm sch lng bn tch t v cc cht hu c trn b mt ca h thng.
Gi thnh xy dng
Vi iu kin a hnh thun li v cc c im t nhin khc nh loi t ph hp
s gim c chi ph u t xy dng ca h thng XLNT chi ph thp. Chi ph xy
dng s tng trong trng hp xy dng h thng ti cc khu vc c iu kin khng
thun li. Thc t cho thy i vi cc bi lc ngp nc nhn to c xy dng ti cc
khu vc c iu kin mt bng, a hnh thay i, cn b sung hoc thay th t, b tr
cc vt liu lt chng thm, cn hot ng kt hp vi my bm, v.v... c th lm cho
gi thnh xy dng tng ng k.
22
x L S B NC THI
24
(c)
()
( ,n a x ),
song chn rc cn c t
nghing theo chiu dng chv (hoc dng cong hay cun trn). Tng din tch b mt
song chn rc (As) c xc nh nh sau [Weber v cs., 2002]:
(3.1)
nu
R r = Au, /A s
(3.2)
y b
dang phu
Cn gt ct
( y b)
Knh dn nc ra
B lng ct thi k h
Be lng ct thi kh hay mng lng ct thi kh, c dng hnh ch nht trn mt
bng, c p dng ph bin ti cc trm c cng sut ln. Mng c chiu di ln,
chiu rng hp, v kh su. Khng kh c cp vo mt bn thnh b di dng cc
bt kh ln to chuyn ng quay vung gc vi phng dng chy trong b. Cc ht
ct, nh dng chuyn ng xoy, s c tch, ra khi cc hp cht hu c dnh bm
vo chng, lng xung rnh thu ct (Hnh 3.5) v chy v h tp trung cui h thng.
Trong b hay mng, c th lp t thm h thng co cn ct d dng trt xung
rnh thu. B lng ct thi kh cn c cng dng lm thong s b v loi b du m.
Thit b xicloit
Thit b xiclon l mt dng cng trnh lng ct c chuyn ng vng v c s
dng kh ph bin trong x l nc thi cng nghip (Hnh 3.6).
3.5. X L TCH DU, M
X l tch du. m l qu trnh thu li cc sn phm vng du, m c phn tch
thnh lp, ni trn b mt nc thi do chng c trng lng ring nh hn ca nc.
Qu trnh tch du, m c th tin hnh trong iu kin t nhin hoc nhn to trong
mt b cha ln. M y c coi l cc cht khng tan trong nc hoc cc hp
cht, c th ha rn do ng t, c hnh thnh t ngun ng thc vt v i khi,
chng c th dnh kt, ng t c cc cht rn l lng khc trong nc thi. Vi vy, cn
ph v qu trnh ng t, gii phng ra hp cht m v c th thu li nh bin php
thu cht ni trn b mt nc thi. K thut phn tch ny bao gm vic thu gom m
cng vi cc tp cht ni khc nh thc n tha, x phng, bt, vng du, cht ty ra
tng hp, cht do, v .v ... Du l cc cht lng nh du thc vt, du m, v cc hp
cht hydrocacbon nh khc.
28
Nguyn tc vn hnh
K thut thu hi m c th c vn hnh th cng nh trn hnh 3.7. Trn hnh 3.8
m t h thng thu hi m phc tp hn, c kt hp thi kh v khuy trn c hc.
Khi nn
Dng c
cnh khuy
Thit b ht vng
v cht ni
Mng thu
du m
Nc thi sau
khi qua song
chn rc; 1
i vo b
Nc thi
sau x l
Nc thi i ra
hrp so
vi
phng
1H~td
Vcl
vn
,_C_Q
o,
~~
vd
Trong :
L - khong cch gia cc tm vch nghing [m];
s - din tch mt thong [m2];
h - v tr phn t du ti su (h) tnh
Cc cht
Trng lng
(kg/L)
Vn tc dng
hng 'ln
(m/h)
thong n v S
(m2)
Thi gian lu nc
trong b phn tch
(pht)
Din tch mt
Xng (Gasoline)
0,75
22,5
0,16
Du (Petrol)
0,80
18,0
0,20
Du Diesel
0,85
13,5
0,27
Du bi trn
0,90
9,0
0,40
30
vd
\'j
(3.4)
. 22,5
Th tch du (L )
Th tch cn du (L )
10
20
32
3.6.1. iu ha lu lng
l qu trnh tch ly nc thi tronu b cha v dn nc thi t b cha ti cc
cng trinh x l pha sau bng my bm hot ng vi lu lng cng tc khng i.
Lun lng khng i ca bm c xc nh bng t s gia tng lng nc tch tr
trong mt chu k lm y b (thng l 24 gi hoc 1 tun) v khong thi gian lm y
b. Ta c th minh ha bng biu nh trn hnh 3.10. th c trng cho lu lng
my bm c xy dng bng cch ni hai im gii hn ca th tch ly nc thi
(th tch nc tch ly theo thi gian). dc ca ng thng ny biu th lu lng
cn thit ca my bm. ng thng ny cng th hin qu trnh tho nc trong b
cha; v vy, n lun lun phi nm di ng tch ly nc thi trnh trng hp
b iu ha b tho cn, bm ht ht nc.
V i'
th tch ly nc thi
" X L u lng
V " bm
0 ^
24
trong b iu ha. Tuy nhin, trong nhii trng hp, pH c theo di bng my
o pH v c trung ha trong b iu ha nh cc cht ha hc thch hp (natri
hydroxit, kali cacbonat, canxi hydroxit, a:it, v.v...). Nhng h thng nh vy c p
dng ph bin trong x l nc thi cng ghip.
3.7. CC THIT B O LU LNG
Lu lng nc thi l mt trong nhig thng s vn hnh quan trng i vi trm
x l nc thi. V vy, cn phi trang b hit b o lu lng nc thi trong cc trm
x l nc thi. Vic o lu lng cn ic tin hnh ti thiu vi cc dng nc thi
u vo v u ra ca trm x l. Tuy nhitn, cng nn thc hin o lu lng trong cc
trng hp nh c tin hnh iu ha n lnh dng sau x l, dng tun hon, c cc
bc x l bn ngoi hay qu trnh x, h bn cn t cc cng trnh trong dy chuyn
x l.
Cc thit b o lu lng thng thngc s dng trong cc trm x l nc thi
bao gm: mng Parsan, mng Palmer-Bovlus, ng Venturi, c bit l cc p trn v
tm chn dng knh m, ng h cm ng t, v.v... Cc p trn v mng c s dng
ph bin bi chng c cu to v nguyn 1; o n gin.
p trn hnh ch nht: Lu lng ((, m 3/s) khi chy qua p trn hnh ch nht
(Hnh 3.12) c xc nh theo chiu ;ao lp nc (h, m) theo cng thc ca
Kindsvater-Carter [ISO, 1980]:
"
(b + K h) ( h + K ,,)2
(3.5)
Trong :
Q - lu lng chy qua [m3/s];
c e- h s lu lng [m2|;
g - gia tc trng trng [m/s2];
b - chiu rng khe [m];
h - chiu cao lrp nc [m];
Kb v K/, - cc thng s hiu chnh
1^_____________ B_____________J
p trn hnh tam gic: Lu lng ( , in3/s) chy qua p trn hnh tam gic
(Hnh 3.13) c xc nh theo chiu cao lp nc (h, m) nh sau:
a
Q = a * yp \
Q = I ,3 2 ^ tg - x h 2^7.
(3.6)
(3.7)
(3.8)
B = 1.196L + 0,479;
(3.9)
35
C = L + 0,305.
(3.10)
(3.11)
0,2
0,6
0,8
1,0
2,6
1,506
1,548
1,560
1,569
1,609
Trong thc t, cc cng thc trn thng c hiu chnh v l thuyt c th khc vi
iu kin thc t [Laborde, 2000].
Water
flow measurement in open chunnels using weirs and venturi/liimes - Part 1: Thin plate
weirs. 1980.
LABORDE, J-P., 2000. Elments dhydrologie de surface. Universit de Nice Sophia Antipolis. 204 p.
.
WEBER,
b i o lo g i q u e e t p h v s ic o - c h i m iq u e cles e a u x u s e s .
Traitement
Lecture notes.
37
x L TP TRUNG NC THI
H n h 4.1. B t r c c h s in h h c th n h c h u i (v d)
A - H sin h h c k k h ; P F - H sin h h c ty tin s c p ;
t bo vi khun mi +
vi khun
hn hp axit hu c
vi khun
^
^ b vi khun mi + CH 4 + CO 2 +
H2 O + NH 3 , v.v...
Cht hu c + O 2
vi khun
t bo vi khun mi + H2O + CO 2
3+ PO 4 + N H 3,v .v ,...
40
to+nh sng
t bo to mi + H2 O + O 2
H sinh hc k k h
H sinh hc k kh thng su t 2 n 5 m. H tip nhn nc thi th c ti lng
hu c cao (>100g BO D 5/m 3ng), vn hnh trong iu kin khng c xy ha tan [Mara
v cs., 1992]. H c s dng nh mt b t hoi h x l s cp nc thi
nhim hu c nng. Cc loi cn trong nc thi lng xung y h to thnh lp bn
cn, ti y qu trnh ln men k kh nh cc loi vi khun to axit, vi khun to axetat
v vi khun to mtan thc hin trong iu kin nhit trn 15c (xem hnh 4.2). H
sinh hc k kh hot ng rt tt i vi cc vng kh hu m. BOD c x l t hiu
sut cao, t khong 40% 10c hoc thp hn cho n trn 60% 20c v trn .
Cc lp vng thng c hnh thnh trn b mt. Tuy khng cn phi ly i, nhng
cc loi rui mui c th pht trin trn b mt trong ma h. V vy cn c cc bin
php x l thch hp nh phun nc sch, nc sau x l hoc trong mt s trng hp
c bit c th phun cc loi ha cht dit mui ph hp, d phn hy sinh hc [Mara
v Pearson, 1986; 1987].
D e s u lfo v ib rio
500 mg/L [Mara v cs., 1992]. i khi trong h sinh hc k kh xut hin cc vn bn
mu sm hoc ta. y l cc dng vi khun quang hp xy ha sunua k kh. S
xut hin ca chng c li v c th phng nga c s to mi hydr sunfua [Mara &
Pearson, 1987].
i vi h sinh hc k kh kn ph b mt bng cc tm PVC, c th trang b b thu
kh biogas hnh thnh trong qu trnh ln men cht hu c t nc thi (Hnh 4.3).
Trong thnh phn biogas ngoi CH4 v CO 2 cn c mt lng nh hi H 2O, N2, O2, H2S
v cc hp phn khc.
Hp k thut
T m n on
ng thu kh
H sinh hc ty tin
C hai dng h sinh hc ty tin: h sinh hc ty tin s cp thu nhn trc tip nc
thi t mng li thot nc v h sinh hc ty tin th cp thu nhn nc thi sau khi
c x l mt phn (thng l sau h sinh hc k kh, b t hoi, h sinh hc ty tin
42
Bn ln men
84 kg/ngy COD
H n h 4 .4 . Thu h i b io g a s - cn b a n g C O D v s n p h m b io g a s
2
c>
>
cn
B O D tro n g h
sinh hc ty tin.
khun gy bnh [Mara, 2005]. Nc xo trn tt, thng do gi thi trn tng mt to
nn s phn b ng nht BOD, xy ha tan, vi khun v to. l cc yu t chnh
lm tng mc n nh cht thi trong h [Mara v Pearson, 1987].
H sinh hc x l trit
H sinh hc x l trit thng su t 1 n 1,5 m. H tip nhn nc thi t h
sinh hc ty tin. Chc nng u tin ca h l dit cc loi vi khun gy bnh. Mc d
x l BOD mc thp nhng h c th tch c mt lng ng k cc cht dinh
dng ra khi nc. Hin tng phn tng sinh hc v phn tng ha l h sinh hc
x l trit thng mc thp v xy lun c khuch tn vo nc sut ngy m.
Qun th to trong h sinh hc x l trit phong ph hn nhiu so vi h sinh hc
ty tin, trong cc loi to ph du chim a s. S a dng ca to ni chung tng
dn t h ny n h kia theo th t trong chui. Ni mt cch khc, s a dng loi
tng ln khi ti lng hu c trong cc h gim xung [Mara v Pearson, 1986]. Mc
d mt phn vi khun faecal c x l trong h sinh hc ty tin nhng kch thc v
s lng h sinh hc x l trit vn c tnh ton xc nh theo s lng ca chng
u ra khi chui h. Khi thit k h sinh hc theo ch tiu feacal colirm cng phi
tnh n lng vi khun lng ng cng bn cn trong h sinh hc k kh. C ch chnh
ca qu trnh kh khun feacal colibrms trong h sinh hc ty tin v h sinh hc x l
trit nh sau:
Thi gian v nhit ;
pH cao (> 9) cng vi nh sng mt tri;
Cng bc x nh sng ln kt hp vi nng xy ha tan cao.
Gi tr pH cao (khong 9) trong nc h do qu trnh quang hp ca to din ra
mnh, l s tiu th CO 2 nhanh hn so vi s hnh thnh t qu trnh h hp ca vi
khun. Ket qu l cc ion carbonat v bicarbonat c phn ly theo cc phn ng
sau y:
2 H C O ] -> C O j~ + H 20 + C 0 2
c o
4- H 20 - 2 0 H ~ + C 0 2
(4 . 1 )
(4 .2)
kin nhit cao, pH ln (phn ln vi khun b cht rt nhanh khi pH >9), thi gian lu
nc lu v cng bc x nh sng mnh [Mara v cs., 1992].
Nng lng mt tri ng vai tr quan trng trong vic x l cc loi vi khun gy
bnh. N gi m cho h v cung cp y nng lng thc y qu trnh quang
hp ca to, to iu kin tng pH v hnh thnh xy vi nng ln cn thit thc v
tng cng v b p cho s xy ha quang ha. Qu trnh lng ng bn cn ko
theo cc loi ng vt nguyn sinh v trng giun sn xung y h. Vi thi gian nc
lu li trong chui h trn 11 ngy hu nh khng c cc loi ng vt ph du gy bnh
v trng giun sn trong nc thi u ra.
X l cc cht dinh dng
Cc hp cht nit hu c u tin c khong ha thnh amni trong h sinh hc
k kh hoc trong bn cn ca h sinh hc ty tin. Do qu trnh amn ha ( khong
ha) cc hp cht nit hu c, nng amni trong nc h sinh hc k kh thng cao
hn trong nc cng. Qu trnh x l amni ch yu din ra trong h sinh hc x l
trit . Vic x l amni lin quan cht ch vi pH v nhit b mt. Qu trnh ny
din ra ma h manh hom ma ng.
C ba c ch x l amni trong h l: bay hi amniac, nitrat ha do cc loi vi
khun nitrosomonas v nitrobacter, sau l qu trnh kh nitrat, v tng hp nit trong
sinh khi to. C ch chnh x l amoni l s bay hi. Qu trnh khong ha tt trong
h sinh hc k kh chuyn nit hu c thnh amni. V sau trong h sinh hc ty
tin khi pH cao, amniac hnh thnh v bay khi nc. X l amni nh nitrat ha xy
ra chm. Tuy th, hiu qu x l nit trong cc h n nh nc thi c th t ti 80%
[Mara v cs. 1992]. Trn hnh 4.6 m t chu trnh nit v s bin i ca n trong h
sinh hc n nh nc thi.
Phtpho c loi b khi nc trong h n nh bng cch hp th vo sinh khi
ca to, h hp v lng ng [Mara v Pearson, 1986]. Houng v Glovna (1984) gi
thit: bin php tt nht loi b phtpho trong nc thi bng h n nh l tng s
lng h sinh hc x l trit trong chui h, nh vy s lm cho cc loi phtpho
hot tnh hom trn lp mt bn cn y h c xy ha. Tuy nhin, c nit ln phtpho
phi c loi b khi nc chng hin tng ph dng ngun tip nhn nc thi
sau x l. Thc t cho thy h sinh hc n nh c tnh ton thit k trn c s loi
b BOD v colirms m khng tnh n qu trnh x l cht dinh dng.
H lm thong nhn to
Trong iu kin t ai hn ch v yu cu kim sot mi nghim ngt th c th cp
xy cho h sinh hc bng my khuy b mt hoc bng h thng phn phi kh nn.
Lng xy cp vo phi ph hp ti thiu mc cao hon mt bc so vi cng xy
46
Khnitrat
iu kin chung
H sinh hc nn c b tr cui hng gi, cch khu dn c ti thiu l 200 m (tt
nht l 500 m) v c d phng i vi s pht trin trong tng lai. Trong khu vc xy
47
iu kin
a
k
/ thut
48
(4.3)
(4.4)
86400A Ah
Trong :
k - h s thm ti a c th chp nhn c [m/s];
Qs - lu lng nc thm ti a (= Qi - 0,001 AE) [m3/ng];
A - din tch y h [m2];
A - su lp t tnh t y h n tng t cha nc hoc n lp t
thm nc [m];
A h - k p lc thy tnh (= chiu su h + A /) [m].
Neu nh thm nc ca t ln hn gi tr ti a cho php, h cn phi c lt.
C nhiu loi vt liu lt khc nhau vi gi thnh hp l c th c xem xt s dng.
Cc loi vt liu lt c th m bo yu cu l xi mng portland (CMIEB - 32,5h- 8 kg/m2),
mng cht do v lp t c thm nc nh, dy 150 mm. Theo hng dn chung,
mc chng thm cho h ph thuc vo h s thm o ti hin trng nh sau [Mara v
Pearson, 1987]:
> 10 '6 m/s - t thm nc v h cn phi lt y;
> 10'7 m/s - Mt vi l r nc xut hin nhng khng d lm h cn nc;
< 10'8 m/s - C th dng h t nhin;
< 10
9 m/s - Khng c nguy c nhim nc ngm (nu k > 10'9 m/s v nc
ngm c s dng lm ngun cp nc cho sinh hot th cn thit
phi kho st k lng iu kin a cht th vn khu vc).
Hnh thi h
Cu to hnh hc ca h rt quan trng; hnh dng ca h v v tr cng dn nc
vo, cng dn nc ra phi c thit k hn ch n mc ti thiu lng nc chy
tt ngang qua h. Ni chung, h sinh hc k kh v h sinh hc ty tin s cp nn c
dng hnh ch nht vi t l gia chiu di v chiu rng t 3 n 1 trnh lng v
tch t bn cn gn ng ng dn nc thi vo. H sinh hc ty tin th cp v h x
l trit , nu c th nn m bo t l gia chiu di v chiu rng ln (t 10 n 2 0 )
m bo cho hot ng ca h gn vi iu kin b phn ng y.
49
L-nD
____________ L____________ _
Hnh 4.7. Tinh ton cc kch thc mt v y h sinh hc.
Ngun: M ara v Pearson, 987,
(4.5)
Trong :
(4.6)
Trong :
F - chiu cao b h [m];
A - din tch h mc nc b mt (MNCN) [m2].
Ca dn nc vo, ca x v ng nc qun
Thng thng h c thit k vi mt ng dn nc vo v mt ng dn nc
ra vn m bo hiu qu hot ng ca h. Vic thit k chnh xc cc ng nc vo
v ra khng ng vai tr quan trng. Tuy nhin, s sp xp khng hp l v tr ng
ng dn nc vo v ra s gy ra hin tng thy ng hc nh nc qun, gim dung
tch vng x c hiu qu cng nh thi gian lu nc trung bnh. e trnh hin
tng trn, v tr nc vo v ra khi h sinh hc cn c bo tr hai gc i din
nhau theo phng cho ca h (Hnh 4.8). Cng c th lp t cc vch ngn m
bo tn dng ti a tit din t ca h v kim sot hin tng nc qun.
c)
d)
l ----------------------------- = 1 -
////////
Hp chn vng
*
X l s b
Tt c cc cng trnh c cng sut nh (phc v di 1000 ngi) cn phi c song
chn rc v thit b lng ct. Thm ch i vi h thng c cng sut nh cng cn lp
t song chn c kch thc khe h 50mm chn cc cht rn ln i vo h thng gy
cn tr lung nc chuyn ng.
52
Bo m an ton kh s dng
H sinh hc, nu c bo dng tt, trng ging nh b bi hoc ao c. cn lu :
h sinh hc l cng trnh x l nc thi, khng phi l a im vui choi gii tr nn ti
khu vc h c th xy ra cc s c nh tai nn (v d: ng xung h) v kh trnh khi
cc him ha v sinh.
Mt s bin php bo v cng trnh:
Dng hng ro quanh h v kha li vo;
Chi cho php nhng ai c phn s c vo khu vc cng trnh;
Dng bng thng bo trc li vo.
Cc bin php on gin trn cho php hn ch hoc gim thiu mc ca cc ri ro
c th xy ra.
4.1.3. Q uy trnh thit k h sinh hc [Mara v cng s, 1992]
H sinh hc k k h
H sinh hc k kh c th c thit k da vo ti lng BOD ( v ,g/m 3.ng) theo
cng thc sau:
K =
V..s
(4.7)
Trong :
L i - BOD u vo [mg/L hoc g/m3];
Q - lu lng nc thi [m3/ng] ;
v s - th tch h [m1].
Cc gi tr ca v (tnh theo ti lng BOD) theo nhit c lit k trong bng 4.1.
Gi tr ca Avcng nh hm lng BOD 5 tiu th tng theo nhit nc h. Tuy nhin,
hin nay vn cha c cc d liu cn thit thit lp mi quan h ton hc gia v,
lng BOD 5 tiu th v nhit .
Gi s thi gian lu nc trung bnh trong h (6S, ng) l:
Ta c:
0=^.
(4.8)
X=^~.
(4.9)
Qs
Trong bng 4.1 l gi tr ca v gii hn trong khong 100-f300 g/m 3.ng. Vi nhng
gi tr nh hn th khng duy tr c mi trng ym kh cn thit cn vi nhng gi
53
X.V <400
g/m 3.n g ).
H iu sut x l B O D 5
thng (T , C )
(%)
10
100
40
0
1*
N>
0
B n g 4 . 1 . T i l ng B OD th eo d un gt ch h v 1 ngBODstiuth trongh s i n h h c k kh
20T - 1 0 0
2T + 20
30 0
60
<
>2 0
kg/ha. ng):
lOLQ
(4.10)
(4.11)
Trong : T -n h i t [C].
Do bn khng c mt trong h sinh hc ty tin th cp (h ny c dng x l
tip 30% lng BOD sau h sinh hc ty tin s cp), nh vy gi tr ti lng tnh ton
c th chn gim 30% so vi h sinh hc ty tin s cp.
Sau khi tnh s v Af, thi gian lu nc (/, ng) c xc nh nh sau:
AfD
(4.12)
f
Q,n
Trong :
D - chiu su [m];
Qm - lu lng trung bnh [m 3/ng] .
Lu lng trung bnh c ly bng trung bnh cng ca lun lng nc u vo
(Qi) v u ra (Qe). Do :
54
0f =r T
Af D
( ,+ & )
(4.13)
- J~
[Qi - 0,001 Af E)
.
Am
WO..Li )D
A
-----^
-----
(4.16)
2D4O.O/E0,,,
( 4. 17)
.........
(4.18)
+ K A )
(4.19)
(4.20)
Trong R l phn trm (%) trng giun sn b tiu dit v 6 l thi gian lu nc
(ng). loi b di 95% s lng trng giun sn, p dng cng thc sau:
R = 10 0 [-0 ,4 ex p (-0 ,4 9 + 0 ,0 0 8 5 2 i .
(4.21)
Kh Nit
H thng h sinh hc c th kh c 80% Nit hoc hn. Qu trnh ny chu s tc
ng ca pH, nhit , thi gian lu nc trung bnh. Cng thc tnh ton kh nng kh
Nit sau c p dng ph bin Bc M nhng c th s khng cho kt qu chnh xc
cc khu vc khc.
Tng Nit c tiu th trong chui h [Reed, 1985] l:
N e = Nexp{-[k(l,039)T-20 ] } .d + 60,6(pH -6,6)J
Trong : Ne - tng Nit trong nc thi dng ra cui cng [mg/L];
Nj - tng Nit trong nc thi dng vo [mg/L];
56
(4.22)
c -
(4.23)
\( a \
7+ ] -
.(0,0038+0,000l4T )xexp[(l,041+0,044T).(pH-6,6)\
[VQ j
Trong :
(4.25)
Lm y nc h
Khi ng cng trnh, hay ni cch khc, lm y h, cn c thc hin cng sm
cng tt. Nu nc c dn vo h qu mun, cc loi thc vt ven h s pht trin
nhanh chng, lm mt tnh n nh ca vng b h cng nh lm gim kh nng thm
nc ca loi t quanh h.
Lu lng nc thi u vo thng khng lm y h ngay.Bn cnh
thm bn t cc cng trnh x l khc). Tuy nhin, bin php ny tn km v thi gian
v chi ph nn thng t c s dng.
10 000
25 000
50 000
100 000
250 000
K s c kh*2
Tr l qun l
S cng nhn
10
Li xef
1
-
Tng cng
10
15
23
Arthur, 1983.
Ht bn
Sau mt n ba nm, bn cn c ht ra khi h sinh hc k kh m bo dung
tch thit k ca h. Khi lng bn chim 1/3 dung tch h, cn tin hnh ht bn.
Trong ti liu [Mara v cs., 1992] a ra cng thc tnh ton chu k ht bn (ht bn
sau khong thi gian n nm) nh sau:
H-
( 4
' 2
Trong :
V - th tch h sinh hc k kh [m3|;
p - dn s tnh ton;
s - lng bn tch t bnh qun [thng bng 0,04m3/ngi.nm].
Khi ht bn, khng nn ht tt c bn trong h. Mt lng nh bn cn c gi li
trong h cung cp s lng vi sinh vt cn thit cho qu trnh ln men k kh sau .
Chiu dy lrp bn trong h sinh hc k kh v h sinh hc ty tin c th c ly theo
phng php chic gy cun khn trng. Mt chic gy cun khn trng c buc
bm vo cy so v dng theo phng thng ng xung h cho n khi chm y ri
c rt ln t t. Da vo v tr ca nhng bng bn bm trn gy, ta c th d dng
xc nh c chiu dy lp bn trong h.
Ta c th tin hnh ht bn thng xuyn t pha ra ca h nh bm. Nu khng
c ht u n, bn s tch t dn v nn li di y h. Lp bn c b nn cht ny
59
N HIT :
Tram bm (nu 00 ):
Thi gian hot ng: Bm s 1:................................................ Bm s 2:.............................
Ch s in tiu th: ................................................................................................................
Cc vn khc: (qu ti, . . . ) .................................................................................................
ng i lai: tnh trng (thc vt, s c ,...); cc hot ng bo dng v vn hnh c
thc hin....................................................................................................................................
Khu vc xung quanh h: tnh trng; cc hot ng bo dng v vn hnh c thc hin
H s
Ghi ch
Mu nc
Xanh
Nu-xm
- hng
c/trong
Mi
Vt ni. bot. vne
Thc vt ni
Trane thi b
(xi l, hang chut, c...)
Tnh trane cng dn v cne x
(tc cng)
Mc nc
60
Vi d v thit k h sinh hc
H sinh hc phc v dn s 100.000 ngi; ti lng BOD5: 40g/ng.ng; lu lng
nc thi OOL/ng.ng; nhit nc thi: 26c. Nng Feacal Colirms trong nc
thi u ra: 1000/1 OOml. Nc thi c x l nh chui h sinh hc bao gm h sinh
hc k kh, h sinh hc ty tin v cc bc h x l trit .
H sinh hc k kh
Lu lng: Q = 1 0 0x l0 '?x 100.000 = 10.000 m /ng.
BOD 5 u vo: L - 40x1 o3/ 100 = 400 mg/L.
Theo bng 4.1, ti lng BOD 5 tnh ton v~- 350 g/m 3.ng.
Th tch V:
,,
y -
L:Q
l -
400 x10000
______ _______
(4.27)
350
v3
11430/3
Px0,0 4
100000x0,04
-0,95 ~ 1 nQm
(4.28)
61
3 5 0 f l , ] 0 7 - ( 0 , 0 0 2 . 2 6 ) J 26 25 = 3 6 9 k g / h a .n g .
10LQ
1 0 x ( 4 0 0 x 0 , 4 ) x 10000
= 43360 m 2 .
A f~
369
T rong ,
(E = 6
m m /ng). V i h c chiu
2x43360x2
f ~ 2x10000-0,001 * 4 3 3 6 0 x 6 ~
8,78
n g
Lu lng nc u ra:
Qe = Qi -
0 ,0 0 1 A j E = 0 0 0 0
( 0 ,0 0 1 X 4 3 3 6 0 X 6 )
= 9 7 3 9 ,8
m 3/ n g .
H x l s in h h c t r i t
nhit
7 ,3 8
ng '
10s
103[+(7,38xl,4)].[+,38 x
8 ,7 8 ) ]
7 ,3 8
K t qu:
0m = 2 1 ,9
9m
1 ,7 2
V i n = 2, c th ly
ngy vi n = 1;
ngy vi n = 2.
6m
= 2 ng.
= 900 kg/ha.ng.
62
smi
_ 1 0 x 0 ,3LD _
m
; '
Kni
m/ c
10x0,3 *4 00 *1 ,5
tnh nh sau:
---------- = ^ n gy
=
7,38
K t qu:
<9, =
m
0 ,4 5
ngy vi n = 1;
ngy vi n = 2.
0 ,2 5
2Qfim
A mi
2 D + 0 ,0 0 1 E d m
2*9739,8x6,5
( 2 * 1 , 5 ) + ( 0 ,0 0 ] X 6
= 41,664m2 .
6,5)
9 4 8 9 ,8 m 3/ n g y
2844m 2
( 2 * 1 , 5 ) + ( 0 , 0 0 1 x 6 * 0 ,4 5 )
v
Qe = Q i - 0 ,0 0 1 A mE = 9 4 8 9 ,8 - ( 0 ,0 0 1 x 2 8 4 4 x 6 ) = 9 4 7 3 m 3/ n g
L o i b B O D
Sau khi c loi b 90% BO D trong h sinh hc k kh, h sinh hc ty tin v 25%
trong m i bc h sinh hc x l trit , nc thi u ra c hm lng BO D sau lc
(khng cn to) l:
4 0 0 X 0 ,1 X 0 ,7 5 X 0 ,7 5 = 2 2 ,5
Tm tt
* H sinh hc k kh:
Th tch:
Thi gian lu nc:
11 4 3 0 m 3
1,14 ng
43 360 m 2
w = 10: 1 54 200 m 2
8,78 ng
63
41 664 m 2
w = 10: 1 52 080 m 2
T hi gian lu nc:
6,5 ngy.
2844 m 2
w=10:1
3555 m 2
0,45 ng
T hi gian lu nc:
4.2. BI L C N G P NC
4.2.1. K h i n im
B i l c n g p n c
s i u th s in h h c
64
w e tla n d s "
hoc
a r tific ia l
tre a tm e n t
w e tla n d s
w e tla n d s "
" t r e a t m e n t x v e t la n d s
l c n g p n c ( r e s t o r e w e t lc m d s
c o n stru c te d
c i t o b i
' C W s ),
( 4 .2 9 )
dt
T rong :
Q v-
Qr -
BH T
lng bc hi (m 3/ng);
A -
65
th xy ra.
4.2.4.
C c d n g b i lc n g p n c
n h n t o
Bi lc ngp nc nhn to c th
c phn loi theo hnh thc nui trng
in hnh ca cc loi thc vt nh:
[B rix v
Schierup, 1989]. H u ht cc h th n g u
Hnh 4.10.
H th n g X L N T s d n g
th c vt n i.
a ) H t h n g d n g c h y b m t, d n g h ;
b )H th n g d n g c h y n gm n gan g ,
d n g b i l c c h n g th m ; c ) H t h n g d n g
c h y n g m n g , d n g b i l c c h n g th m .
N g u n : theo B rix , 993.
(H nh 4.10).
H th n g dn g ch y b m t
H th o n g d n g c h y b m t
thng d n g
ch y ngm ,
m c nc c c nh thp hom so vi b
( P h r a g m e s c m s t r a lis )
67
C ch x l
Lng/ lc v phn hy.
Phn hy bng cc vi khun (hiu kh v k kh).
Lng (tch ng cc thnh phn hu c/ bn trn b mt trm tch).
Nit
Phtpho
Vi trng
Lng/ lc.
Tiu hy t nhin.
Bc x t ngoi.
Chit sut khng sinh t r thc vt.
68
4.2.6. Kh nng x l
T t c cc dng bi lc ngp nc u c kh nng k h cht l lng vi hiu qu
cao. N ng cht l lng trong nc sau x l trung bnh nh hn 20 m g/L v thng
di 10 m g/L. i vi h thng dng chy b mt c din tch m t nc tip xc vi
khng kh ln, hiu qu x l cht l lng thng thp hon do k h nng pht trin ca
cc loi rong, to. C c bi lc loi ny cn c thit k c su m c nc thp, cy
trng cc loi thc vt ni vi m t ln ti khu vc thu nc loi b to trc khi
x nc ra ngun tip nhn. Thc vt ni trng trn b m t nc s hn ch kh nng
pht trin to do ngn cn qu trnh quans hp ca cc loi thc vt sng trong nc.
Bi lc ngp nc c kh nng x lv BOD cao. nng B O D tro n g nc sau x l
thng nh h n 20 m g/L. Trong tt c cc dng bi lc u c chu trnh tun hon
cacbon rin g sn sinh lng BO D thp (1 h-3 mg/1), v vy B O D trong nc sau x l
thng trong m c gii hn thp [Kadlec v Knight, 1996]. Thm ch i vi nhng khu
vc c iu kin kh hu thp hoc c kh nng ng bng vo m a ng, BOD trong
nc sau x l vn t m c thp [Brix, 1998].
K h nng k h n it v phtpho ca bi lc ngp nc nhn to c th khng n nh
v ph thuc vo cc c tnh thit k v ti lng cht bn. S gia tng lng sinh khi
d v cc kho ng cht l c s bn v n s cho qu trnh kh phtpho trong bi lc ngp
nc. t c hiu qu x l phtpho hng phi m t m t thi gian lu. Bi lc
dng trong m c ch x l phtpho thng ln v tip nhn nc thi long hoc nc
thi c x l s b. Bi lc ngp nc c kh nng x l ni d hn so vi
phtpho. C c h p cht n it c cc vi khun chuyn ha thnh kh n it v thot ra kh
quyn. Q u trnh xy ha thng gii hn kh nng kh nit, v vy cu to ca bi lc
v thnh phn cc cht nhim trng Iic thi c nh hng ln ti kh nng kh nit.
Cc h thng d ng chy ngm thng t hiu qu kh nit m c 30+40% ; i vi h
dng chy b m t c ti trng b mt thp hn v thng c hiu qu kh nit t cao
hn 50%.
Bi lc ngp nc c kh nng lu gi tt mt s kim loi nng. Tuy nhin kh nng
lu gi kim loi ca bi lc thng c gii hn nht nh, trong trng hp qu ti, nng
kim loi c th t ngng gy c cho h thc vt trong h thng. V vy khng nn
s dng bi lc ngp nc x l cc loi nc thi c nng kim loi nng cao.
Bi lc ngp nc nhn to c kh nng kh vi trng thng qua cc qu trnh tiu
hy t nhin, nhit thp, bc x t ngoi, thc n ca cc loi ng vt trong h
thng, lng ng. T hng thng thi gian lu gi nc trong bi lc lu nn kh nng
kh khun cao c bit l i vi h thng bi lc ngp nc trng c.
C c loi thc vt trng trong bi lc thng c nng sut pht trin cao v th nhu
cu hp th cc cht din h dng cng ng k. K h nng hp th ca thc vt c th
69
70
thnh phn trong h thng bi lc ngp nc nhn to cn tin hnh thit k thy lc v
tnh ton m c x l cn thit m bo lm sch cc cht nhim . T hit k thy lc
h thng bi lc ngp nc nhn to cn cp ti mt s yu t: bi lc ngp nc
nhn to khng phi l h thng tnh; s bin i theo thi gian ca cc c tnh vt l
v cc iu kin m i tr ng hnh thnh lm thay i ch thy lc trong h thng.
C c ph ng php tnh ton thy lc truyn thng i vi h thng dng chy ngm
71
Trong :
Q -
bi lc (m 3/ng);
: - h s dn thy lc (m/ng);
Ac-
s w- dc thy lc (m/m).
C c yu t cn cp ti trong tnh ton thv lc bao gm : dc k h u vc; dc
m c nc; lc cn m a st do cc thnh phn thc vt, m ng sinh hc; v t liu; su
m c nc; chu k cp nc v lm kh; kh nng tc dng trong h thng. N goi ra cn
c thm cc yu t nh cng ma, lng m a ln nht v thp nht ti khu vc. Bi
lc cn c cp nc bng h thng cng phn phi v h thng qun l m c nc.
K h nng x l cc cht nhim c tnh ton da trn cc m h n h tnh ton tc
phn hy cc cht nhim theo phng trnh vi phn cp m t. K t q u tnh ton cho
php xc nh din tch cn th it c a bi lc nhm p ng m c lm sch cc cht
nhim trong nc thi, hoc lu lng nc thi c th x l c. P h n g php tnh
c ng dng nhiu nht l ph ng php cp ti nng nn c a cht nhim
(k-C *), l nng cht nhim sn c hoc c to thnh bi bn th n bi lc ngp
nc nhn to [K adlec v K night, 1996].
(4.31)
(4.32)
Trong :
q
72
(4.33)
A =Q
k l Cr-C )
(4.34)
k ,= k ,J T'2i)
Trong :
k t-
k 20 ~
(m /nm );
9 -
h s iu chnh nhit ;
T -
nhit (C).
D n g chy ngm
Cht nhim
k 20 (m /nm)
BO D s
TSS
T n g -N
k20 (m /nm )
34
1,00
180
1,00
1000*
1,00
1,05
3000*
27
1,00
1,05
1,00
12
1,00
1,00
95
1,00
T ng-P
22
12
F aecal C o lirm s
75
*: Gi tr c tnh
Ngun:
73
Hnh 4.11.
C c p h n g n p h n p h i v th u n c ,
a ) D n g c h y b m t ; b ) H th n g th u n c b i l c n h n t o d n g c h y n g a n g - n g m ;
c ) H t h n g p h n p h i n c b i l c n h n t o d n g c h y n g m .
74
c u t r c h th n g p h n p h i n c v th u n c
H n h 4 .1 2 . B i u x c n h lo i v t li u v k c h c h t s d n g c h o
bi l c nhn to d n g ch y ngang.
75
B i lc nhn to dn g chy n g
Trong bi lc nhn to dng chy ngang thng c nhng vng t bo ho nc, ti
hm lng xy thp, kh nng nitrat ha ti nhng vng ny b hn c h nn bi lc
thng i hi c din tch ln. tng k h nng truyn dn xy n cc tng t, m t
i>
X l s b
1
i
1
1
1
1
l
1
- ..... 1
L,---------^
S ---T
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
............ n
1
1
Li----------
1----------p 3-------
H n h 4 .1 3 . S c u t o b i l c n h n t o
dn g ch y ng.
( P h r a g m ite s a u s t r a lis )
76
Bc chng thm
H n h 4 .1 4 . M t c t n g b i l c d n g c h y n g .
H n h 4 .1 5 . th c h t d n g l a c h n v t li u b i l c n h n t o d n g c h y n g .
t 1 n 4 m m , v h s
77
v khi ne c
Lp ph
Lp v bo g hoc v s
Ct lc
Tng thu nc vi
h thng ng thot
Vi a k thut
Mng chng thm
Vi a k thut
78
C c vn c th ny sinh
C ht lng nc v mi trng sng bi lc nn ph hp vi m t s sinh vt c th
kim sot trng m ui m t cch t nhin nh c v cc cn trng khc. N gn nga kh
nng tip cn n nhng vng c cc loi b st c nh rn c v c su. Cc s c
c hi;
L u v m trng sng:
To ra s a dng v cc yu t vt l;
K t hp b tr cc vng nc su;
mt nc;
b st;
To ra cc khu vc c th lm t;
Kt hp cc kt cu ng (nh c, bi
c y v c y cao);
nh hnh.
79
Lu v cng chng:
B tr ni xe v cc ch dn cch tip
cn an ton n khu vc bi lc;
To nhng on ng i b v nhng
im quan st;
N gun:
Knight, 1997.
1. Thc vt n trn mt nc
H n h 4 .1 7 . C c lo i th c v t n c i n h n h ,
( a ) c y s y ; ( b ) c y l a u ; ( c ) c n n c l r n g ;
(d ) c y h o a s n g ; (e ) c n c n g t;
( f ) r a u m ; ( g ) b o l c b n h ; ( h ) b o t m ;
( i ) c l q u n ; ( j ) c m t h o a .
N g u n : B r i x v S c l ie r u p , 1 9 8 9 .
80
. T h c v t n i tr n m t n c :
Vai tr trong x l
Gim nh sng gim s pht trin ca cc phiu sinh vt;
nh hng n kh hu ti khu vc > cch nhit v m a ng;
Gim sc g i * gim nguy c xo trn;
To cnh quan p;
Tch t cht dinh dng.
N hng m
chm di nc
R v thn r
trong lp bn
G ia c b mt lp bn lng ng *t si mn;
Chng tc nghn trong h thng dng chy ng;
Nh kh xy lm tng cng qu trnh phn hy hiu kh v nitrat ho; T iu th cht dinh dng;
Lm pht sinh cc cht khng sinh.
81
c tnh vt l
S c mt ca thc vt trong cc bi lc lm gim tc dng chy [Pettecrevv v Kalff,
1992; Somes v cs., 1996], to ra iu kin tt hn cho qu trnh lng ng cc cht rn,
gim nguy c si m n v xo trn, tng thi gian tip xc gia nc v thc vt. Trong cc
h thng dng chy ng, thc vt vi cc chc nng hot ng ca h r lm gim nguy
c tc nghn dng chy trong lp vt liu lc [Bahlo v W ach, 1990].
Thc vt bao ph bi lc ging nh tm m ng sinh hc ngn gia khng kh v t m
hoc b m t nc to ra s khc bit c ngha ca nhiu thng s m i trng. Gim tc
gi gn m t t hoc m t nc lm gim s xo trn ca cc cht lng, v vy c th
loi b cc cht rn khi nc thi bi qu trnh lng ng. Tuy nhin nhc im ca vic
gim tc gi gn b m t nc l gim kh nng lm thong trong nc.
Cc tn l thc vt ngn kh nng truyn nh sng m t tri, lm cho qu trnh sinh
si ca to di tn cy b chm li. i vi cc vng kh hu n i, cy c c th gi
cho t khi b ng bng khi c tuyt bao ph vo m a ng.
C c tc n g n k h n n g tru yn dn th y lc tro n g t
Khi tnh ton cc thng s thy lc trong bi lc dng chy ngm khng nn gi thit
rng kh nng truyn dn thy lc tng l o s pht trin ca r cy v thn r. Tuy
nhin, s c m t ca thc vt c th ngn nga hin tng tc dng chy trong bi lc
dng chy ng v nhng bi n nh bn cn (hnh 4.18). S pht trin ca r cy v s
chuyn ng ca thn cy di tc d n g ca gi lm tng kh nng thm nc ca t.
82
83
H n h 4 .2 0 . B i l c tr ng c y d o ng ri n g (ca n n a lilies)
C c vai tr khc
Thc vt trong nhng h thng bi lc ln lm phong ph v a dng ha cc loi
ng vt hoang d nh chim hoc b st. Thc vt cng c vai tr quan trng i vi
m i trng v c gi tr kinh t nh l hoa qu, thc vt nng lng sinh hc, thc n gia
sc v thm m (hnh 4.20). V cc bi lc nhn to s dng cho m c ch lm sch v
tng cng cht lng nc thng yu cu s dng din tch mt bng ln, nn mt
s vng c th dng h thng ny nui trng cc loi cy c gi v tr kinh t, nng
lng hoc thc phm . V ic la chn nui trng loi cy no c th m ang li gi tr li
nhun cn ph thuc vo cc yu t' nh cht lng nc, iu kin sc kho, k h hu v
gi tr kinh t.
4.2.11. T r n g cy
Phn ny ch gii thiu v cc loi cy lau, sy l cc loi thc vt c dng ph
bin nht trong cc bi lc chu u. Cc k thut v lu c th p dng tng t cho
cc loi cy khc. C c thng tin sau c trch t cc kt qu thc nghim A nh
[Cooper v cs., 1996], t cc ti liu [H aslam , 1971, R odew ald-R udescu, 1974; V ber,
1978; W eisner v E kstam , 1993] v t cc nghin cu khoa hc thc hin ti an
M ch v cc nc chu u khc. C th cy trng lau sy trong cc bi lc theo bn
cch sau:
. T r n g th n c y :
trng, hoc ct thn cy trc tip ti lung. y l k thut ct ta thn cy pht trin
h r trong t.
84
3 . m h t:
4 . G ie o h t:
L y h t g i n g t t nhin
V ic ly ht ging t t nhin ph thuc vo tng vng. Ht dng nhn ging c
th c thu lm t cui thng mi n thng ba nm sau hoc m un hn. Tuy nhin,
ht thng rng trong sut m a ng nn thi gian thu lm ht tt nht l vo cui
thng m i m t. H t ging c th c lu gi ti ni kh mt trong vi nm m khng
b thoi ho.
S n y m m ca h t cy lau sy
S ht c th ny mm dao ng t khong 2 n 96% [Haslam, 1973]. H t ti cn c
lm lnh v ct gi trong iu kin nhit
H n h 4 .2 2 . C h e s n g b ng v b o tro n g b i l c d n g c h y ng.
Lm hng l o :
xun lau sy non l thc n a thch cho d v th. V vy cn thit phi lm hng ro
bo v cho cy.
Lm c:
C h e s n g :
86
V n h n h v bo dng
K h i n g h thn g
C ng ging cc h thng sinh hc khc, cc thnh phn trong bi lc cn phi thch
nghi trc khi c th X LN T t hiu sut cao v n nh. Khi h thng c xy
dng xong, vic u tin l phi kim tra cc b phn iu phi nc nh l bm (nu
c), h thng phn phi v cc van. Bc tip theo l bt u np ti tng bc cho h
thng; cng nn p dng quy trnh tng t cho vic np ti cc cht nhim cho cc
sinh vt sng quen dn vi s thay i iu kin ha hc khc nghit trong h thng do
nc thi gy nn. iu ny c th nh hng n thc vt v s pht trin ca m ng
sinh vt.
Lm c
Trong nhng nm u trng cy, c c th mc rt nhiu c bit l trn nhng lung
t. Phng php lm c hiu qu nht l ti ngp nc. Tuy nhin lau sy khng chu
c qu nhiu nc c bit trong giai on u [W eisner v cs., 1993]. V vy, cc
lung cy nn phng hoc gn phng, sao cho khi cao nc dng khong 30cm th
c th trn lung. V n v c di c th c hn ch trong giai on ban u nu
trng cy trn si.
B o d ng th ng xuyn
K i m s o t m c n c :
87
Ba nm u
Sau ba nm
T h i g ia n x y d n g :
H o t n g : th n g
C h p h :
thng 8- 11 nm 1985;
11 nin 1985-2001.
M t q u t r n h :
mng phn phi h di 80m. Sau khi chy qua bi lc trng sy, nc c thu qua
Vo
Ra
35
1 10
3 8 ,4
207
113
89
127
12,9
13,1
7 ,4
8,(S
245
10
12
10
8
42
53
34
46
33
244
100
70
9
7
50
27
7
8
90
39
52
39
13
11
10
4
7
39
66
5
5
42
66
1986
198 7
1988
13
11
10
1989
1990
12
10
1991
19 9 2
19 9 3
19 9 9
200
2001
BOD,
|m m /n g |
Nm
1994
19 9 5
1996
19 9 7
1998*
COD
TSS
9
7
103
179
219
165
7,1
6 ,0
5 ,9
232
125
148
ISO
158
5,1
6,1
6 ,8
5,3
Vo
Vo
Ra
78
89
3 3 ,8
110
99
99
16 ,2
Ra
314
215
140
46
30
450
24
403
77
408
377
164
120
224
10,1
159
225
193
3 ,3
4,8
176
150
18 4
3 ,9
9 ,5
77
135
6.4
7 ,7
330
1X6
93
65
63
47
16,2
MI
72
11 5
82
106
151
2 3 ,4
292
75
111
Tng-N
14,2
NH ,-N
5 ,9
5 ,0
7 ,0
4 ,5
6,0
3,1
7 ,0
5 ,2
T ng-P
|m m /n g |
Vo
Ra
35
2 7 ,9
28,3
2 6 ,8
2 3,2
2 0,3
2 0 ,X
9,1
8,8
3 7,2
29,1
2 0.3
18,6
27 ,0
1.5,0
12,1
6,7
7,1
7 ,8
4,0
2 4 ,0
14.0
12,0
3 3 ,2
3 ,7
2,1
9 4 .0
31 ,0
2 8 .6
18,2
12,6
14,2
9 ,0
7,0
42
53
34
46
33
50
27
Vo
7
8
6
10
90
39
52
3 5 ,6
2 3 ,0
39
38,7
4
7
5
5
39
66
42
66
20.2
2 2 ,5
16 8
16,1
11,5
13,5
2 0 .9
2 4 ,9
28,1
17,3
9 ,7
30,0
25,0
20.3
21.2
18,4
16,7
Ra
Vo
Ra
7,3
6 ,2
6 ,5
13,6
11,6
15,6
8 ,3
7,1
13*6
9,8
12,5
8,5
14,0
12,5
4,8
6,6
4,8
3,2
5,5
3,3
6,6
4,9
4,3
89
V t li u :
c trn vi t l 2:1. Tuy nhin vic phn tch t thc ti bi cho thy c 25% ph sa v
75% ct [Schierup v cs., 1990]. T hnh phn hu c ca t l 5,9% ; thnh phn (kh)
ca nit (total-N ) l l,7 1 m g /g ; phtpho (total-P) 0,34 m g/g, st (Fe) 8,6 m g/g, canxi
(Ca) 2,9 m g/g, v nhm (AI) 9,4 m g/g.
Cy:
C h n g th m :
2-m m H D PE
M ng phn ph i nc vo:
M n g th u n c r a :
T i u ch u n x :
m ng h c si di y.
m ng c y si vi ng thot PV C 145 m m .
90
nc di y. Bi lc c cch
nhit bng m t lp v bo dy 15cm
ph trn ng phn phi. Nc thi
ngm qua tng vt liu khng bo ho,
ti y cc ch t hu c c x l bi
qu trnh phn hy sinh hc hiu kh,
am nia c nitrat ho. Nc c thu
hi vo cc ng thu b tr ti y bi
lc v c tun hon (vi t l 1/ 2 )
tr li b lng tng cng qu trnh
kh nitrat. N c sau x l c x vo
h cha nhn to xy dng cng vi
h thng bi lc [Johansen, v cs.
2002]. Trn hnh 4.24 I1 t chi tit
H n h 4 .2 3 . B i l c tr n g s y d n g c h y n g sa u
th i g ia n v n h n h m t th n g .
P h a x a l h c h a n c t i s a u x l .
H n h 4 .2 4 . C h i ti t m t b n g h th n g b i l c d n g c h y n g M o s e h u s e t .
1 ) N c th i t h g ia n h ; ( 2 ) B l n g 3 n g n 2 m s ; ( 3 ) G i n g b m ;
( 4 ) H th n g p h n p h i n c ; ( 5 ) B i l c tr n g c y ; ( 6 ) H th n g th u n c ;
( 7 ) L c P ; ( 8 ) G i n g b m tu n h o n ; (9 ) n g a n c q u a y t r l i b l n g ;
( 1 0 ) N c sa u k h i x l c x r a h n h n t o .
91
C y tr n g :
H th n g p h n p h i n c v o :
H n h 4 .2 5 . H th n g n g tu n h o n .
1 ) n c r a t b i c ; ( 2 ) n c tu n h o n v b l n g ; ( 3 ) n c t i b p h n l c P ;
( 4 ) n c s a u l c P ; ( 5 ) n c d n v b l n g ; ( 6 ) v t li u l c p .
92
Loi
C ht hu c
Hiu sut x l BOD 5
(%)
N itrat ha
Hiu sut x l
n h 4n (%)
SO P
95
90
90
SO
95
90
OP
90
90
90
H ot ng:
thng bm nh lng ho cht th nng phtpho trong nc thi gim t tiu chun
a phng (Bng 4.11).
Bng 4.11. C c thng s vn hnh h thng bi lc dng chy ng M osehuset
x l nc thi sinh hot t mt h gia nh (s liu trung bnh nm)
Nm
TSS
[m m /n g ]
Vo
x y bo h o (% )
R a (H i u qu)
b o d
Vo
Ra
Vo
R a ( H i u qu)
2002
17
25
83
6,2
(93% )
10
227
1 7 ,2
(9 2 % )
2003
11
25
121
11,1
(9 1 % )
>1
33
267
1 0 ,8
(9 6 % )
2004
12
25
66
12 ,7
(8 1 % )
12
48
243
7,6
(97% )
2005*
25
92
5,1
(9 4 % )
50
230
9 ,5
(96% )
2006
25
86
7 ,7
(91% )
10
51
228
8,4
(9 6 % )
N m
T ng-N
[m m /n g ]
Vo
R a (H i u qu)
nh
4n
Vo
T n g-P
Ra
Vo
R a ( H i u qu)
2002
17
25
1 09
35
(68% )
91
19,2
(7 9 % )
1 4 ,4
1,5
(90% )
2003
11
25
118
63
(4 7 % )
92
1 1,7
(8 7 % )
26
22
(15% )
2004
12
25
107
56
(5 1 % )
60
2 ,9
(9 5 % )
1 8,7
15*
(22% )
2005**
25
139
65
(53% )
59
3 ,8
(9 4 % )
11 ,3
2 ,8
(75% )
2006
25
94
54
(4 3 % )
57
3,3
(9 4 % )
1 0 ,4
2,1
(80% )
l c ch m
l c n h a n h .
93
vi loi LCG dng lc chm (0,1 n 0,4 m 3/m 2.h). H thng L C G dng lc nhanh
thng thng bao gm cc cng on: lm keo t; kt bng; lng; lc v kh trng
[Thonart, 2006; M cG hee, 1991]. V t liu lc trong h thng lc dng chm (kch th c
ht trung bnh t 0,15 n 0,3 m m ) thng nh v m n hom so v i d ng lc nhanh (kch
thc ht trung bnh t 0,6 n 2 mm). Phng php ra lc i vi hai h thng n y
c thc hin khc nhau. H thng lc nhanh yu cu phi r a lc thng xuyn,
thng thng chu k r a lc l 2 ngy/ln. B in php r a lc l s dng dng chy
ngc qua lp vt liu lc (ra lc ngc). H th n g lc chm gim c ti a tn sut
lm sch (thng th ng sau t hai n ba thng) bng cch loi b m t phn (vi cm )
lp vt liu lc pha trn [Thonart, 2006]. T rong phn ny ch cp ti h thng
LC G dng lc chm l cng trnh c kh nng ng dng thch hp trong X LN T.
C ch x l trong h thng lc chm l d a trn cc q u trnh: phn hy sinh hc
hiu kh din ra trong lp ct lc; lc vt l cc cht rn v hp th; d n h bm cc ch t
hu c lm hnh thnh lp m ng gelatin gi l m ng sinh hc (M S H ) ph trn b m t
ca lp vt liu lc [M cG hee, 1991]. Theo cc nghin cu c cng b bi A C T E ,
1981, lp M SH ny c hnh thnh do s pht trin c a cc v s v dnh bm trn b m t
ca lp ct lc trong cc h thng lc chm hoc lc nh git. L p M SH ny c cu
thnh bi tp hp cc loi vi khun, to si, to ct, ng vt nguyn sinh, giun nh v
cc sinh vt khc. M SH c kh nng gi v xy ha cc cht h u c, vi khun v k h
xc cc loi to cht c trong nc thi.
M SH cng c hnh thnh v bao ph trn b m t ca tng h t ct lc. Lp M SH
ny phn hy cc cht c hp ph trn b m t v trong M SH cng din ra q u
trnh cnh tranh sinh tn gia cc loi v s v [T honart, 2006]. K t q u l lng thc n
sn c cho v s v b gim i v s cnh tranh ca cc vi sinh vt tn g ln theo chiu su
ca lp vt liu lc. T rong nc sau lc ch ch a cc loi m ui v c thng thng
khng gy hi, nng xy ha tan thng thp v trong nc t n ti m t lng nh
C 2. Tuy nhin, bng cc qu trnh lm thong tip theo (v d bng p trn khi x ra
ngun) s gii quyt c cc vn ny.
S tch t cc cht bn c loi b t nc thi trong vt liu lc s lm gim kh
nng thm lc ban u ca h thng. K h nng thm lc c th c phc hi bng cch
sc kh lm thong cho h thng trong thi gian g i a cc thi im kt thc chu k lc
(khi khng tip nhn nc thi) v trc khi din ra chu k lc tip theo.
T rong trng hp h thng LC G c thit k cho m c ch s d n g nc sau x
l b sung cho ngun nc ngm th phn y ca bi lc s c lt bng lp t c
kh nng thm to iu cho nc thm xung tng ch a nc ngm . C c bi lc i
khi c gi l bi lc ct khng y. Tuy nhin trong hu ht cc trng hp th y
ca h thng lc ct c b tr chng thm (lt chng thm hoc b t n g ha) v nc
thi sau khi thm qua lp ct lc c thu bng h thng ng th u nc dn ti u ra
ca bi lc.
94
ng thng kh
(ni ven tng ng tr)
H n h 4 .2 6 . M t c t h th n g l c c t
th n g th n g l o i l c c h m
c x d n g t i B e n S e rg a o , M a r c .
N g u n : D r io u a c h e v c s . 1 9 9 7 .
ng thot nc
ng thu nc
C c h th n g c tr n g
Trn hnh 4 .26 gii thiu mt ct h thng lc ct loi lc chm thng thng.
Trn hn h 4.27 gii thiu h thng LCG ci tin c b sung thm h thng ng sc
kh. Cac ng sc kh c b tr trong lp ct lc ti tng y ca h thng vi m c ch
lm thong v ti to kh nng thm ca vt liu ct lc.
ng c l
pha n
ng phn phi
PVC
Nc thi
t b t hoi
ng thot
PVC
ng cp
kh
ng phn phi ^
t trong lp cui
Ct lc
ng thot
H n h 4 .2 7. H th n g l c c t c s c k h .
a ) Mt ban g; n) mt ct dc.
95
4 .3 .2 . P h m v i n g d n g v v n h n h
P h m vi ng d n g
H thng LC G thng c s dng cho cc th nh c s dn di 10.000
ngi [X anthoulis, 1998]. T uy nhin, LC G cng c th ng dng cho cc th ln,
v d, ti A gadir, M arc, xy dng m t bi LC G phc v cho 400.000 ngi.
Bi lc ct thng thng c s dng x l nc thi sau b t hoi trc khi a
ti trm X L N T tp trung. N goi ra n c th c s dng x l b sung v nitrat
ha nc thi sau x l bc hai, v X L N T sau cc h sinh hc [C rites v
Tchobanoglous, 1998]. T unisia v M arc, nc thi sau x l bng LC G c s
dng cho vic ti cc loi cy nng nghip hoc c s dng b sung ngun nuc
ngm [X anthoulis, 1998].
Vn
hnh
B t hoi
LCG
BOD (mg/L)
297
99,0
TSS (mg/L)
44
93,2
37
0,48
98,7
0,07
27
384,71
'4,56 105
73
99,9
N H N (mg/L)
N 3-N (mg/L)
Faecal colirms (MPN/100 mL)
N gun:
Hiu sut
96
N c sau x l
H iu sut
T S S [m g/L ]
431
139
2,8
99%
C O D [m g/L ]
1189
505
52
96%
B O D s [m g/L ]
374
190
10
97%
T K N [m g N /L ]
116
99
17
85%
Nitrat [m g N /L ]
5 6 ,7
N Tota| [m g N /L ]
116
7 3 ,7
36%
P tou,i [m g/L ]
26
24,5
15,8
39%
K [mg/L]
37
37
C a [mg/L].
143
238
6 .1 5 6 .1 0 6
4 ,9 6 .106
327
100%
214
47
100%
Chi tiu
F aecal co iifo rm s
[FC/100ml]
Trng giun [khun/L]
N gun:
4 .3 .3 .T i u c h u n th i t k v v t li u
Vt liu lc (ct)
V i chc nng l vt liu lc, ct l vt liu quan trng n h t c a h 'thng. T hnh
phn, kch c ht trung bnh v c tnh ca ct l cc thng s c bn ca h thng
LCG . B dy ca lp ct lc (chiu su lp ct lc) thay i ty thuc tng bi lc c
th v thng trong khong t 0,5 n 2 m [C rites v T chobanoglous, 1998; M cG hee,
1991; X anthoulis, 1998]. Tuy nhin, cc h lliiig LC G c chiu su lm thng c
s dng nht [M cG hee, 1991]. M t v i bi lc ct c xy d ng c chiu su lp
ct lc ln hn v lp ct pha trn khong t 2 ti 5 cm s c ly i nh k. Chiu su
ti thiu ca bi lc ct c xut vo khong 0,5m; nhng bi lc c chiu dy lp ct
lc nh hn 0,5 m c th t hiu qu x l BOD v hm lng cn l lng cao song kh
nng nitrat ha t hiu sut thp. [Crites v Tchobanoglous, 1998; M cG hee, 1991].
V ic phn b kch thc ht trong lp vt liu lc cn c thc hin sao cho m
bo kh nng gi li cn l lng c trong nc thi, d dng hnh thnh m ng sinh hc
97
dlO % = 330 um
uc = d60/dl0 < 3
H s ng nht ( C) tnh bng t l gia c ht chim 60% v c ht chim 10% s
biu th tnh ng nht v kch c ct lc. S dng ct lc k h n g n g nht v kch c
A = 0-
T rong :
ve-
tc lc (m /ng).
(4.36)
60
T rong :
v e- t
c lc (m /ng);
d /o -
- tn tht p lc (m );
- chiu su ca lp vt liu lc (m );
T -
nhit (C).
98
(4.37)
th m th y l c v tc s dn g nc
tnh ton thit k h thng LCG cn tnh ton theo lu lng nc thi ln nht
do hiu sut x l ca h thng ph thuc rt nhiu vo hm lng cht hu c c trong
nc thi cn x l. T c thm thy lc (LV1.) ca bi lc thng th ng c ly trong
khong t 40 n 80 m m /ngy, vi tc thm thy lc ln hn c th gy tc bi lc
khi s dng ct m n. N goi ra, tc s dng nc (hydraulic application rate - H A R )
cng l thng s k thut thng c s dng biu th k h nng hot ng ca
LC G [C rites v T chobanoglous, 1998]:
HAR
=4 ^
(4.38)
D F
T rong :
L w
H AR -
tc s dng nc (m m /ln);
L w -
D F -
tn sut lc (ln/ng).
99
100
C c hn ch:
M i pht sinh t bi lc c th nh hng ti dn c sinh sng xung quanh bi lc
C th xy ra cc hin tng tc dng tron qu trnh vn hnh.
M t s vn c th xy ra vo m a ng do hin tng ng bng trn b m t ca
bi lc;
cao vi t l ph hp cho s tng trng ca cy, vic ti tiu bng nc thi s cung cp
c nc v cht dinh dng cn thit cho s tng trng ca cy. Thc t cho thy lng
nc m t i do bc hi nc t cc h thng trng liu rt cao. V vy c th thit k h
thng x l khng pht thi, lm bc hi hon ton nc thi bang cy liu.
H in nay h thng x l bc hi nc thi bng liu c p dng ph bin tt
c cc nc trn bn o X cnginavi, cc nc vng bin Ban T ch, B a Lan, A i Len
v A nh. C c cng tc chun b ban u cho vic ng dng h thng ny cng c
tin hnh Php v Hy Lp. H thng x l bc hi nc thi c th c s dng
nh ng ni thiu ngun cp nc cho cc loi cy c nng sut bc hi nc cao. Cc h
thng x l bc hi nc thi c th c thit k VI iu kin lng nc m t i t
cc h thng nhiu gp hn hai ln tc bc hi nc t nhin c tnh ton theo cc
tham s kh tng.
4.4.1. n h ngha
X l bc hi nc thi (X L B H N T) l phng php x l nc thi ti ch c th
thay th cho cc h thng hp th qua t thng thng, c bit l i vi cc khu vc
c yu cu bo v nghim ngt cc nun nc m t v nc ngm hoc ti nhng khu
vc c iu kin t khng thm nc. X L B H N T l s kt hp hai q u trnh ring bit
l b c hi nc t m t t. v thot hi nc t thc vt. H thng X L B H N T c tnh u
vit nh kh nng lm bay hi nc thi vo khng kh m khng x ra ngun tip nhn
n h nc m t hoc nc ngm. Tuy nhin, trong m t s tr ng hp, h thng
X L B H N T cng c th hot ng kt hp qu trnh thm nc v bay hi lm phng
php thay th.
101
Q u trnh bc h i
Q u trnh bc hi chuyn nc trng thi lng sang hi n c (h a hi) v rt hi
nc ra khi b m t bay hi (thi hi). N c bc hi t cc b m t k h c nhau n h sng,
h, m t ng, t v thc vt m. thc hin c qu trn h ny, cn c nng lng
chuyn trng thi ca cc phn t nc t dng lng sang d n g hi. B c x m t tri
trc tip v m c thp hn, chnh lch v nhit m i tr n g x u n g quanh s cung
cp nng lng ny. ng lc tch hi nc l s chnh lch g i a p sut ho i nc
ti b m t bay hi v p sut hi nc c a kh quyn. K hi q u trn h bay hi d in ra,
khng kh m i tr ng xung quanh s bo h o dn v tc bay hi s chm hn v
c th dng hn nu nh khng kh m khng c chuyn vo m i tr n g xung quanh.
V ic thay th khng kh bo ho bng khng kh kh h n p h th u c ch yu vo tc
gi. D o vy, bc x m t tri, nhit khng kh, m kh n g kh v tc gi l
nhng thng s kh hu cn xem xt nh gi qu trnh b a y hi nc.
Q u trnh th ot h i
Q u trnh thot hi lm ha hi nc trng thi lng tro n g cc m ca thc vt v
thot hi nc vo m i tr ng xung quanh. T hc vt m t nc ch y u l qua cc l
kh khng l nhng l h nh trn l cy m hi nc v cc ch t kh th o t qua. R cy
nhn nc cng vi cc cht dinh dng v truyn i khp thn cy. Q u trnh h a hi
din ra ti l cy, ti cc khoang gian bo, v khu ca cc l kh s kim sot qu
trnh trao i hi. G n nh ton b lng nc c nhn vo b m t i qua q u trnh
thot hi v ch m t lng nh c s dng bn trong cy.
Thot - bc h i n c
C c qu trnh bc hi v thot hi xy ra ng thi v khng c p h n g p hp no c
th phn bit gia hai qu trnh. N goi lng nc sn c tro n g l p t b m t, qu
trnh bay hi t t trng ph thuc ch yu vo lng bc x m t tri chiu ln b m t
t. Lng bc x ny gim dn trong sut qu trnh cy p h t trin v bng ca cy s
ngy cng che ph nhiu din tch t hn. K hi cy cn nh, n c ch yu l m t qua
qu trnh bc hi t m t t; khi cy tr ng thnh v hon to n p h kn m t t,
thot hi tr thnh qu trnh chnh. Tc bc hi nc l l ng n c m t i t cy v
t trn m t b m t c cy trng theo n v su c a n c v th n g c tn h theo
m ilim et (m m ) trn n v thi gian l gi, ngy, tun (m i ngy), thng, thm ch c
giai on tng tr ng hay c m t nm.
4.4.2. C c th n g s v k h h u v a h n h
C c yu t kh tng c vai tr quyt nh i vi qu trnh th o t - bc hi nc l
cc thng s v thi tit c kh nng cung cp nng lng cho q u trn h ha hi v rt
hi nc khi b m t bay hi. C c thng s thi tit chnh cn x em x t s c trnh
by trong phn sau y.
102
B c x a m t tr i
Lng nng lng sn c chuyn ho hi nc l yu t quyt nh qu trnh
th o t - bc hi nc. N ng lng m t tri l ngun nng lng t nhin ln nht c th
c h uyn ha khi lng ln nc thnh hi nc. Lng bc x t nhin c th chiu
ln b m t bay hi c xc nh bi v tr v thi gian trong nm . D o v tr tng i
g i a m t tri v tri t lun thay i, cng bc x t nhin cng dao ng cc v
khc nhau v vo cc m a khc nhau. C ng bc x thc t c th chiu ti b
m t bay hi p h thuc vo trong ca ca kh quyn v s c m t c a cc m m y
c kh nng phn x v hp th phn ln lng bc x. K hng phi tt c nng lng t
n hin u c s dng lm ha hi nc, m t phn nng lng m t tri s c dng
lm m khng kh v t.
N h i t k h n g k h
B c x m t tri c hp th bi bu kh quyn v hi nng ta ra t tri t lm
tng n h it khng kh. N hi cm nhn c t m i trng xung quanh truyn nng
l ng ti thc vt v to ra nh hng c tnh kim sot i vi tc thot - bc hi
nc. T rong iu kin thi tit nng, m m c tiu th nc do th o t - bc hi s
n h iu h n khi thi tit m t m, nhiu my.
m khng kh
T ro n g khi ngun cung cp nng lng t m t tri v m i trng xung quanh l ng
lc ch n h lm ha hi nc, s chnh lch gia p sut hi nc ti b m t bay hi v
p sut hi nc ca kh quyn l yu t quyt nh cho qu trnh thot hi. C y c
t i nc cc khu vc kh, nng thng tiu th lng nc ln do s di do v
n ng lng v kh nng lm kh ca bu kh quyn. khu vc nhit i m t, mc
d c m c nng lng u vo cao, d m khng kh cao s lm gim tc thot - bc
hi nc.
rry
-* /*
_ f
Tc g i
Q u trnh thot hi nc ph thuc vo gi v cc chuyn ng xo trn ca khng
kh lm tng kh nng di chuyn lng ln khng kh trn b m t bay hoi. K hi lm ha
hi n c, khng kh trn b m t bav hi s dn dn b bo ha bi hi nc. N eu khng
kh b o h a khng c thay th lin tc bng khng kh kh hon, kh nng thot
hi v t c thot - bc hi s b suy gim.
4.4.3. C c yu t lin quan n thc vt
Loi cy, s a dng, v giai on pht trin ca cy l nhng yu t cn c cn
nhc khi nh gi qu trnh thot - bc hi nc t cc cnh ng tr n g cy. C hiu cao
c a cy, x x ca thn v vm cy, phn x, lp ph trn m t t v c tnh ca
103
104
ri
bi
chn
lp
rc
ch o mt h g ia inh t i a n M ch .
105
en r.
f
**
dng v kim loi nng trong phn thn cy c th thu hoch c trn m t t.
C kh nng hp th m ui tch ly tro n g h thng theo th i gian.
C c y u t c t h l m t i a h o m c n c b c h i .
vi vng kh thi qua mt khu thc vt trong iu kin d tha nc [Rosenberg, 1969].
T rong qu trnh lm thot - bc hi nc, thc vt s d n g n h it t khng kh v
nng lng bc x, v v vy khng kh c lm m t bi q u trn h ny. H iu ng "dy
c tnh ton.
M t s v d ca hiu ng "dy phi" v "ni
mu m" c th c m t qua qu trnh thot bc hi nc t mt hng cy c bao quanh
bi thc vt thp hoc mt cnh ng kh khng
c hoa m u, hoc qu trnh thot - bc hi nc
t mt di cy cattail (cy sng trong
t ngp
106
trong
nh n g
kha
cnh
Nc ma
Nc thot bc hi
- bc hi nc bng cy liu l kh
n ng lm thot - bc hi ht lng
Nc thi (Q)
n c thi v n c m a dn ti h
-----
thng. L ng nc thot - bc hi
(B H ) hng nm b n g lng nc
thi (Q) dn ti h thng cng
lng nc m a (M ) trn b m t
h thng (xem hnh 4.30). T rn
boc hi nc
thc t, m c
107
im
t m c thot - bc hi ti a, h thng cn c t khong t trng cch cc
to nh v cy ci m t khong cch t ng i. m bo h thng khng b che bng
bi cy hoc cc to nh v hng cy phi c trng vung gc vi hng gi ch
o. C n thit k c li i thun tin cho vic s dng m y m c tro n g qu trnh xy
dng v thu hoch liu.
T h it k v x y d n g
N c thi cn c x l s b, v d bng b lng trc khi cp vo h thng. N c
thi c phn phi trong nn t bng bm v cc ng phn phi p lc c t
gia lng h thng. ng phn phi c t trong lp si ng k n h 15 h-32 m m hoc
vt liu khc c xp cao. u cui ca ng phn phi c t tro n g ging thm v
quan trc (xem hnh 4.31). M c nc trong t c th c quan trc ti ging thm ni
c th bm ht nc b m n ra khi h thng khi cn thit.
108
0,3m
1,5m
5m
Hnh
4 3 2 . M t c t h th n g X L B H N T s d n g c y li u .
N g u n : G r e g e r s e v c s ., 2 0 0 3 a
ph b m
0,6rn
ng phn phi
1111111111111
ilMpi
iiilinrn
phn phi
[ Lp vt liu ph
. dy toi thiu 0,225m
\- : I
Rng ti thiu 0,25m
t ph b mt
Vi a k thut
niiiinniin
ng phn phi
I Lp vt liu phn phi
^ d y ti thiu 0,25m
H n h 4 .3 3 . C h i ti t h th o n g p h n p h i n c th i.
109
Hnh
4 .3 4 . M t c t h th n g X L B H N T k n .
Trng cy v g y g i n g
H thng thot - bc hoi s dng cy liu cn x y d n g vo m a xun. C c vt liu
trng cy cn c chun b b i cc ch u y n gia gy ging, c n s dng cc vt liu
chit cy v tnh thuc loi c kh n n g p h t trin n h an h cy tr n g n h m to ra sinh
khi m c cao nht. Liu pht trin t n h in s k h n g s d n g c. L iu th ng c
kh nng pht trin nhanh trong nm u, c th t ch iu cao 4 m. V o m a ng sau
khi trng, cn tin hnh ct ta cc m m chi ti v tr st t nhm k ch th ch cy ny
nhiu m m , to khm . T hng th ng, liu c th th u h o ch c sau b a nm (cng vo
m a ng) tnh t ln ct ta ban u. C y liu th n g p h t trin rt t t tro n g iu kin
c m trong vng t su k h o n g 1 m tn h t b m t. L iu c th chu c ng
lt theo m a nh ng khng sng c tro n g ng n g p lu di.
K im sot c di l cng tc quan
re .
Hnh 4.35.
P h n l o i c c g i n g li u ih e o m m u.
N gu n : D E F R A , 2002.
xen k cc loi ging liu khc nhau to kh nng khng cc loi bnh do nm
gy nn l ph ng php l t ng nht.
1m
1m
1m
._
1,5m
1m ^
cc on ct di 20-f30cm t thn
cy m t nm tui thu hoch trong
T r o
c n
c
'C O
X
c o
T -
1 c1 o
! r ! o
_ o
< N j"
co "
>
c
1 'C O
! c n
c
1 ,0 3
>
cz
'0 3
1 X
CN
ng ng. C c on ct cn c
-2c n -4 c v chng c th
<5*
o
LO
:o
t ni gi lnh n khu vc cy
' ot
'r
H n h 4 .3 6 . S t r n g x e n k b a lo a i li u k h c n h a u .
gin on,
cc oan ct c gi nhit
__ . . .
,
trn 0 c , giai o n ngu ng s b
cht dinh d ng
111
V ic thu hoch liu thng tin hnh theo chu k hai hoe b a nm m t ln. T y theo
chu k la chn, m t na hoc m t p h n ba tha liu s c ct m i nm . C ng vic
rty c tin hnh vo m a ng, sau khi l rng v trc khi ny m m , th ng vo
khong gia thng m i n u thng ba.
X c nh kch th c v q u y hoch h th n g
D in tch b m t ca h thng ph thuc khi lng, ch t lng n c thi cn x l
v lng m a hng nm ti a phng. L ng m a hng nm t a im xy dng h
thng v lng thot - bc hoi l cc thng s quan trng xc nh kch thc. T ng
lng nc thot - bc hi hng nm t cc h thng s dng cy liu ti an M ch
tnh theo cc thng s kh hu c cho l cao gp 2,5 ln m c thot - bc hi t nhin
ti khu vc. C c yu t ny cn c kim tra khi p dng i vi cc khu vc khc
trn th gii. Lng thot - bc hi c th c xc nh qua cc s liu v kh tng.
V ic tnh ton m c thot - bc hi da trn d liu kh tng yu cu cc thng s v
vt l v kh h khc nhau. S liu v thi tit c th dng tnh to n c lng m t
s s liu khc; cc thng s cn li th ng lin quan n cc s liu c o trc tip
v c th c tnh ton bng cc cng thc thc nghim . C c s liu ny cho php tn h
ton lng nc (tnh bng m m /nm ) c th b tht thot t h thng b i qu trnh thot
- bc hi. D in tch b m t cn thit c a h thng sau c xc n h da vo lng
nc thi, lng nc m a trung bn h , v lng nc thot - bc hi ti v tr xy dng
h thng. Cc s liu v s thay i lng m a v lng bay hi theo m a cng l cc
yu t quan trng.
Cc quy lut v s thay i lng m a v lng thot - bc hi h n g nm (c th
dng theo thng) c th c p dng lm m hnh tnh ton bin ng theo m a trong
cn bng nc ca h thng v dng tnh l ng nc cn d tr vo m a ng. K inh
nghim vn hnh cc h thng thc t ti an M ch, cho thy nhu c u v lng nc
d tr vo m a ng thng ln hn lng nc thot - bc hi v c vai tr quyt
nh trong tnh ton din tch b m t c a h thng.
X c nh quy m h th n g th o t - b c h i n c b n g liu an M ch
Cc ti liu hng dn ca an M ch cung cp cc chi dn chi tit v thit k, xy dng
v xc nh kch c ca h th n g [G re g e rsen v cs., 20 0 3 ]. D o lng m a (v m c
thp hon l lng thot - bc hi) bin i theo vng, vic xc nh quy m ca h thng
an M ch cng dao ng vi h s ln hn hai. m bo thot - bc hi nc cng sut
100 m 3/nm, din tch cn thit ca h thng l 124 m 2 i vi khu vc c lng m a thp
nht, v cn din tch b m t l 293 m 2 i vi khu vc c lng nc m a cao nht (xem
hnh 4.37). V vy, cn phi kho st k iu kin kh hu a phng trc khi thit k m t
h thng thot - bc hi nc.
112
169
181
16
/
175 / 166
181
1^7
170 15
U1
<*
2
>
24 * *
1 t
l
i'1
I
,1W
T _
33*
265
233
.1
17
p*
24
271
210
V
"
----
240
291
252
277^
273
23
17
TTx
f
l h :
174
S'
283
233
20S .
<
207'
23?
^ I ^ _L
"77'
233
i
IM ,
220
151
1#5
1,
261
243
217
V7 ^
242 238
130
>N ; \ .
130
140
IM
ISA
' t n K.
161
12?
\
'K 8
oC
ti7\
33
nu
140
/y
13; 13*
197
MO
1 2 6 \ 132 . 137 \ H9
15? _ s f c .
fi>' 1 ^ +
UI'
133 12
137
!S*
1
v>
135
147
.127
129 12
V
.142*1s . w
174
r
132
126.
134
152
138*1
207
-7
}
150
. /
H T
c;,
210 .154,
\
149 U2
/ ^ N.
1
AW
163
T!__
17
IM
1O
14
174 1^47
228
100m3/nm nc thi
144
179
1**
\
17
rr
5
svr, _ J^ V r
j? 13 071L,1M
441 \ /
134 134
12
I2r
' 124
125
125
K h i n g h th n g
113
114
( S a lix v im in a lis )
115
N m 2
980
1.470
1.270
2 .0 9 0
1.140
1.650
1.130
1.690
980
1.660
1.020
1 .880
H thng
S liu v nng sut sinh khi v hm lng dinh dng c n g n h kim loi nng
trong thn v l cc cy liu m t v hai nm tui c xc nh tro n g h thng 4. Ti h
thng ny vn liu bao gm ba hng thuc loi "Jorr", hai h n g loi "B jom " v hai
hng loi "Tora". iu ng tic l k h ng o c chnh xc l n g cht dinh dng v
kim loi nng c x vo h thng. V i hm lng thng th ng trong nc thi t h
gia nh: 30 m g/L tng-nit (N), lO m g/L tng-phtpho (P) [H enze, 1982], v 30m g/L
kali (K ), lng nit, phtpho v kali trong sinh khi thu hoch c gn bng vi lng
c x vo h thng theo nc thi. R ing vi phtpho, lng c thi vo h thng
cao gn 30% so vi lng trong sinh khi c th thu hoch c. T u y nhin, vic cn
bng phtpho ph thuc vo m c s dng cht ty ra c ch a p h tp h at ti m i h
gia nh c th.
i vi kim loi nng, thng k h ng th da vo s liu c sn tnh ton m c cn
bng khi lng. Tuy nhin, nc thi sinh hot t cc h gia n h th ng cha t kim
loi nng. N ng trung bnh ca cc kim loi nng trong nc thi sinh hot thng
m c: cadim i (Cd): 2 I-Ig/L, ch (Pb): 40 |J.g/L; km (Zn) 130 (Ig/L; ng (Cu) 40 |ig/L ;
niken (N i) v crm (C r) 15 |ig /L ; thu ngn (H g) 12 |ig /L [H enze, 1982]. N eu cc s
liu ny c s dng cho vic tnh ton cn bng khi lng h c th xem l mt
phn kim loi nng tch t trong h thng trong sut khong thi gian hot ng ca
h thng. T uy nhin, vic cy liu hp th kim loi nng cn tu thuc vo m c kim
loi c trong t v ging cy liu [L andberg v G reger, 1994, 1996; G reger, 2000] v
v vy lng kim loi nng c loi b qua thu hoch c th cao hn m c c ghi li
trong s liu hin c. i vi tr ng hp xu nht, d a trn s liu v hiu q u x l
hin c v cc m c nng k trn, cho thy sau 25 nm hot ng m c kim loi nng
trong t khng v t qu chun cho php hin hnh v s d ng t cho nng nghip
(Cd: 0.5 m g/kg t kh; Pb: 40 m g/kg t kh; Zn: 100 m g/kg t kh; Cu: 40 m g/kg
t kh; Ni: 15 m g/kg t kh; Cr: 30 m g/kg t kh).
116
T c h t m u i
117
118
C C H P CH AT H u c
M, H Y D R T CACBO N , CH T b o
T H Y PHN
A X IT HA
C C SN phAm t r u n g g ia n
P R O P IO N IC , B U T Y R IC v.v...
A X E T A T HA
M TAN HA
100% COD
119
C H C O O H - > C H 4 + C O 2
(4.39)
T n g h p m ta n t v k h u n h y d r o
4H2
C O 2 - C H 4 + 2 H 20
(4.40)
120
CO2
C H 4
+2H
20
(4.41)
4H C00-
+4H
->
4 C 0 + 2 H 20
4 C H 3O H
->
CH 4
+3C
(4.42)
0 2 + 2 H 20
(4.43)
C H 4 + 3CO2
-> 3C//< + c 2 + 2 H
4 ( C H ) 3 N + H 20
20
(4.44)
-> 9 0 / , + 3C 2 + 6 H 20 +
(4.45)
(4.46)
C H C O O H -> C H 4 + C 0 2
+ 2 0 2 ->
C 02
(4.47)
2 H 20
2 X 2 X
CH4 /g COD.
4 .5 .5 . n g c hc ca qu trnh phn hy k kh
C c q u y lut ng lc hc v pht trin sinh hc u da trn hai m i quan h c
bn: tc sinh trng ca vi khun v tc tiu th cht nn. nh hng ca nng
cht nn (v d cht dinh dng) ti tc sinh trng ca vi sinh vt c m
p h ng bng cc m hnh ton hc khc nhau [M onod, 1949; M oser, 1958; C ontois,
1959; G rau v cs., 1975]. H hp ni bo, thng thng c nh n gha nh qu trnh
t p h n hy sinh khi, duy tr t bo, s n, cht t bo v tiu hy l qu trnh dn n
s suy gim khi lng t bo. Cc qu trnh ny quan trng trong h thng x l nc
thi, c bit l cc h thng k kh, v chng thng vn hnh trong iu kin tc
sinh tr ng thp. tnh ton nh hng ca cc qu trnh ny ti tc sinh trng,
tc ti u hy ca vi sinh vt c s dng thay cho tc sinh trng.
ng lc hc ca qu trnh trao i cht ca vi sinh vt c th biu th bng hai
ph ng trnh c bn do M onod xut.
(1) T c sinh trng ca vi sinh vt, t l thun vi tc tiu th cht nn
(ng).
(4.48)
= Y
V dt / g
(S + K s
'f
-X b
(4.49)
dt
T rong :
X -
( d S / d t )u
(d X / d t)d
(d x / d t)
K sJ
S/K s
M e th a n o tr ix
M e th a n o s a r c in a .
Cc gi tr tc
M e th a n o tr ix
K s,
M e th a n o s a r c in a
gi tr
K s,
cao hn
M e th a n o s a r c in a
M e th a n o tr ix
M e th a n o s a r c in a
s pht trin
trong h thng.
Lng sinh khi thc c a cc v s v tro n g h thng x l c xc nh bng chnh
lch gia gi tr sinh tr ng v tiu hy c a cc v s v trong h thng. Sau m t khong
thi gian di, lng sinh khi thc ca v s v c n li s tng ln. V vy, duy tr m t
lng sinh khi nht nh vi ti ng khng i, cn duy tr m t nng cht nn ti
thiu, c th tnh ton c bng cch quy gi tr tc sinh tr ng bng khng.
Mms
m , min
\d t
122
K s + s m,n
hay
5
=A .
(4.50)
Vm-b
iSmin l gi tr thp nht cho php ca nng cht nn trong h thng x l. Trong
x l k kh nc thi, vic chuyn ha cc hp cht hu c thnh kh sinh hc c
tin hnh th ng qua chui cc qu trnh lin tip. V vy, nng cht nn ti thiu s
bng tng cc g i tr nng nh nht ti cc qu trnh khc nhau.
0,25
T = 33 c
0,20
O)
c
?
V
3
0,15
'
Mm= 0,3/r.g
Ks= 200 mg/L
.c
jm=
0,10
"
Methanotrx
0,05
pm= 0,1/ng
Ks= 30 mg/L
't '
0 30
// /|/|
4 .4 0 .
0,1/ng
g a /7 h
55
200
400
Nng axtat (mg/L)
g i a t c s in h t r n g
600
vsv v n n g
a x a t.
123
'd X \
\ dt yw
d X )
(d X '
+
V dt )
Hoc
(4.51)
Trong : R - Tui bn (ngy);
(dx/dt)w - Tc ly vsv ra khi h thng.
Thay th n trong phng trnh (4.48), ta tnh c nng cht nn u ra:
s=
K. b + R
V
(4.52)
\ b + ~ '
R;
400
300 -
O)
200 -
100
20
40
60
80
100
Tui bn (ng)
(4.53)
R.
7 + *
V
124
-b
(4.53a)
Pm - b
Mn
Km
Ks
(mg COD/L)
Vi khun axit ha
2,0
0,15
13
200
Vi khun mtan ha
0,4
0,03
13
50
Hn hp
0,4
0,18
Gi thit rng trong qu trnh nui cy cc vi khun thun khit dng axit ha hay
mtan ha, c hai trng hp u t tc chuyn ha ln nht khong 13
mg COD/mg vss.n g . Vi khun axit ha tng trng 0,15 kg v ss /k g COD cht nn l
hp cht hu c, vi khun mtan ha tng trng ch 0,03 kg vss/kg COD cht nn l
cc hp cht tng hp mtan. Nh vy, lng sinh khi bn 0,15+ 0,03= 0,18 kg vss
s c sn sinh ra khi 1kg COD hn hp cht hu c c tiu th trong iu kin k
kh. V vy, trong h nui cy kt hp cc dng vi khun axit ha v mtan ha s dng
hn hp cht nn hu c, s gm: lng vi khun mtan ha chim 0,03/(0,03+ 0,15) =
1/6 v vi khun axit ha chim 5/6. .Trong php c lng ny cha k n hai yu t:
( 1) trn thc t sn phm mtan s t hn v mt phn cht hu c trong nc u
vo c ng ha bi cc vi khun axit ha s khng s dng c cho qu trnh tng
hp mtan.
( 2 ) yu t phn hy cha c tnh n.
125
r, = r3 (l,ll)(T-MI
(4.55)
100
80
2
5
o.
50
40
30
20
'05
Q -
X
10
5
H s Arrtienius = 1.11 /
0
20
40
Nhit (C)
60
Hnh 4.42. Anh hng ca nhit ti hiu sut phn hy k kh (rong iu kin Mesophilic.
Ngun: Henzen v Harremoes (1983).
nh hng ca nhit ti qu
trnh phn hy k kh khng b hn ch
khi thay i tc ca qu trnh. Cc
qu trnh phn hy k kh ko di cng
b nh hng. Hnh 4.43 m t quan h
gia hiu sut phn hy bn lng (bn
s cp) v thi gian phn hy ti cc
nhit khc nhau [ 0 Rourke, 1968].
Biu ny biu th r s ph thuc
nhit ca qu trnh phn hy cht
rn. S bin i thnh cc phn nh
ca cht hu c b phn hy c th
c cho l do hiu sut thy phn
thp. Trong iu kin thc t, iu
c ngha l cc hp cht hu c l
lng c th c tch khi nc
nhit thp, thm ch c khi khng b
u im ca qu trnh k kh
Cc qu trnh k kh yu cu t nng lng, pht sinh t bn d, yu cu cht dinh
dng t, v c th chu c ti lng th tch ln:
128
Pht sinh nng lng mi: qu trnh x l k kh lm pht sinh nng lng mi
tng ng 10.4* 106 kJ/ng, trong khi cc qu trnh hiu kh li yu cu s dng nng
lng - 1.9 x l 06 kJ/ng (xem bng 4.16).
Sn lng sinh khi thp hn: qu trnh k kh lm gim lng sinh khi d vi h
s 6 n 8 , v iu ny s lm gim chi ph cho cng on x l bn cn.
Nhu cu cc cht dinh dng thp hn\ i vi cc qu trnh x l hiu kh bng
bn hot tnh, t l thch hp gia BOD v cc cht dinh dng c trong nc thi l
BOD: N: p = 100: 5: 1. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh x l k kh, nhu cu s dng cc
cht dinh dng t hn theo t l BOD: N: p = 35CK500: 5: 1. Nc thi c nit v
phtpho v cc thnh phn vi lng khc nhau p ng nhu cu v dinh dng trong
x l k kh. Ngc li, i vi cc qu trnh x l hiu kh thng cn b sung thm
cc cht dinh dng.
Ti lng th tch cao hn: qu trnh k kh thng t c ti lng hu c cao
hn so vi qu trnh hiu kh (ti lng hu c l 3,2-5-32 kg COD/m3.ng i vi qu tnh
k kh cao hn nhiu so vi mc 0,5^3,2 COD/m3.ng i vi qu trnh hiu kh) [Speece,
1996]. Lng cht hu c c loi b nhiu hon trn n v th tch cng trnh.
Nhc im ca qu trnh k kh
Tri li, x l k kh i hi thi gian khi ng lu hn, b sung thm cc cht
kim, x l nc thi v vi khun k kh thng rt nhy cm vi cc cht c.
Thi gian khi ng lu hn: tc pht trin ca cc vi khun k kh thng
chm hn v vy i hi thi gian khi ng h thng lu hn, thng t 8 n 12 tun.
Yu cu b sung kim: cn m bo nng kim mc t 2.000 n 3.000 mg/L
(theo CaC3) trung ha lng kh C2 v cc axit hu c d bay hi pht sinh t
qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht hu c v duy tri pH thch hp vi s pht trin
ca cc vi khun. Nu lng kim ny khng c sn trong nc thi hoc khng c
to ra bi qu trnh phn hy cc cht m hay axit amin, nhu cu b sung thm cc
cht kim s lm tng chi ph ha cht ng k.
Yu cu x l b sung: kh nng chu ti lng hu c cao hom, lng cht hu c
c x l nhiu hn, v thng thng nng 'hu c trong nc thi u vo cao hn
nn nc thi sau qu trnh x l k kh thng cn d nhiu cht hu c hn so vi
nc sau x l hiu kh v cn c x l b sung nhm p ng yu cu cht lng
x. Mt chui cc b phn ng kt hp cc qu trnh k kh v hiu kh c th c ng
dng trong x l nc thi th nhng vng c kh hu m, nhm lm gim bi nhu
cu s dng nng lng v gim lng bn thi pht sinh [Goncalves v Avaujo, 1999;
Garuti v cs., 1992].
129
Gi tr (kJ/ng)
K kh
Lm thonga-b
Hiu kh
-1,9.10 6
Mtan c to r a c,d
12,5.10 6
n nh nhit 30c
-2 , 1.10 6
10.4.106
-1,9.10 6
H thng
l k kh c in
Tham kho
Ti lng hu c
(kg/m3.ng)
Nhit
0,03 + 0,05
0,06 + 0,12
23
32
0,75
0,23
19
3,0
1,0 --2,0
1,0 + 2,0
0,06
0,053
0,053
0,25
0,23
0,023
0,40
19
25
30
19
19
19
0,68
HRT (ng)
.1 Gloyna (1971)
2 Gloyna v Aguia (1972)
4,5 + 5,5
1/T
1*
1,0
5 Parker (1959)
6 Parker (1970)
7 Lakshminarayana (1972)
8 Meiring v cs. (1968)
9 McGarry v Pescod (1970)
5,0
10,0
0,5
1,0 --2,0
(C)
1,0 + 2,0
0,26
30
30
2,0 + 7,0
0,4 - 0,9
0,80 Hr0,33
0,46 + 0,25
26
90
O
m
*
70
4 -t
50
QJ.
30
.5
1D
20
Cc h thng x l k kh tc cao
Trn hnh 4.45 m t s nguyn l hot ng ca cc h thng x l k kh tc
cao. v c bn, c hai c ch lu bn c s dng:
(1)
C nh bn: s dng vt liu lu gi bn. Loi ny bao gm b lc k kh dng
chy xui hoc dng chy ngc (hnh 4.45a v 4.45b) v cc b phn ng c tng bn
y hot ng theo c ch dng tun hon (hnh 4.45c) hoc c ch to lp bn l lng
(hnh 4.45d). Kh sinh hc
Kh sinh hc
(a)
(b)
Nc sau
x l
Nc thi
Vt
liu
lc
Tun hon
(tu chn)
Nc thi
Nc sau x l
Kh sinh hc
Kh sinh hc
(d)
Nc sau x l
Nc sau x l
>
Nc thi
Nc thi
Kh sinh hc
Khi sinh hc
(e)
Nc sau x l
Nc sau x l
T
Lp bn
Nc thi
(g)
Kh sinh hc
Nc sau x l
-#
Lp bn
Nc thi
(2)
Tch lng - rn v tun hon cht rn c tch. Loi ny bao gm qu trnh
tip xc, qu trnh k kh ging nh qu trnh bn hot tnh (hnh 4.45e) c dng thm
b lng ring bit v b UASB (hnh 4.45g).
Cc loi h thng x l k kh khc nhau c p dng rng ri x l nc
thi ca nhiu loi hnh cng nghip, nhng cho n nay qu trnh x l k kh him khi
c s dng trong x l nc thi sinh hot, v vy cc thng tin thc nghim cn rt
hn ch. Trn thc t, kinh nghim vn hnh cc h thng x l k kh tc cao mi
ch hn ch vic s dng cc cng trnh: b lc k kh, b k kh vi lp bn chuyn
ng v gin n, b UASB c hoc khng c thit b tch pha lng - rn. Do vy, trong
phn ny ch tp trung tho lun v nhng qu trnh ny.
B lc k kh
B lc k kh (LKK) ch yu c s dng x l nc thi cng nghip, mc d
cn mc tng i hn ch. B LKK c th hot ng tt vi ti lng hu c
10 -- 20 kg COD/m3.ng khi c nng v tnh cht ca cc thnh phn hu c trong
nc thi khng c tnh c hi. Nhc im ln ca h thng LKK l gi thnh ca
cc loi vt liu lc cao, thm ch c th ngang bng vi gi thnh xy dng cng trnh.
Cc h thng LKK thng c dng x l nc thi t cc loi ngnh cng nghip
khc nhau, nhng i vi nc thi sinh hot, h thng ny cn t c p dng vi quy
m cng sut ln.
Cc s liu biu th kh nng hot ng ca mt s h thng LKK (dng chy ngc
c vt liu lc dng ri v dng c nh theo m-un) vn hnh trong iu kin phng
th nghim v trong thc t c tng kt bng biu lgarit th hin mi quan h
gia hiu sut x l COD v thi gian lu nc (hnh 4.46a). Quan h gia cc thng
s ny c th c biu th bng phng trnh:
( s '
log
= -CjlogHRT + c2
\ s v
hay
(4.57)
Trong :
s - nng
l;
(4.58)
(b)
90
90
M-un vt li_ __
[""prgtorius
QE
1-(HRT7'55
''
^^Genuno -vcs
/ung (1990^
OKobayaivcs
E
Q 80
O
o
0 Otuens(1087)
^Oliveir?
Vt liu ht ri
70
E = 1 -(H R 7 y M
70
X
tra
Young (1990)
' 50
50
Z3
<a 30
E= 1- ,B7(HRT)
10
20
t>
X 30
0,5
30
50
E= 1- ,56(HRT)
10
0.5
HRT (h)
HRT (h)
(c)
__ -0,66 ^
1
E= 1- ,B8(HRT)
3
HRT (h)
Sche1inkhot(10B5)
Bart)0S3/Sant'Aina
Nobre/Guimaraes
SchillinknotiCollaz5
HskQningurconutt
10
20
HRT (h)
Hnh 4.46: Quan h hm s gia hiu sut x l COD v thi gian lm nc trong
mt s cng trnh x l k kh tc \cao
(a) B lc k khi (b) Tng BC hoc BGN. (c) K kh dng chy ngc, (d) UASB
135
(4.59)
Vng lng
v x nc
sau x l
Vng
chuyn tip
Vng
phn hy
E = \ - 0,68 (H R T f M
(4.60)
(4.61)
B x l k kh vi tng bn ht gin n
B x l k kh vi tng bn ht gin n (BHGN) (hnh 4.45h) do Van der Last (1991)
pht trin, c c im l lp bn dng ht hot ng theo phng thc gin n nh tc
dng chy ngc cao hom, tc l t 6 +1 2 m/h (vn tc ny ch mc 1+2 m/h trong
b UASB). B BHGN c hiu sut x l cht hu c ha tan tng i cao thm ch
trong i kin nhit thp, do to c iu kin tip xc tt gia cht hu c v cc
ht bn. H thng BHGN c bit hu ch trong iu kin nhit thp, nc c nng
hu c thp, kh nng sinh kh, v, do , mc xo trn do bt kh to ra thp.
Trong cc iu kin ny, mc ng nng cao hom ca dng chy vo v chiu cao tng
hom ca lp bn ht gin n s gip h thng hot ng tt hn so vi b UASB
thng thng.
Hnh 4.48. Quan h gia hiu sut x l cht hu c v thi gian lu nc.
138
E = 1 -C (H R T )-c2 ,
(1-E)
(4.63)
C|
c2
HRT (h)
. 0,68
0,56
0,87
1,53
0,68
0,60
0,50
0,64
5,5
5,5
2,4
0,5
20
24
144 (=6 .ngy)
Cu to
v kch c
>
Nc thi vo
Nc thi vo
<
Nc thi vo
1990; Van der Last, 1991]. Da trn thi gian lu nc cn thit, th tch b phn iig
c th c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
vb= Q x H R T
(4.64)
Trong :
Vb - th tch b (m3);
Q - lu lng nc thi trung bnh (m3/h);
H R T - thi gian lu nc (h).
thun li cho cng tc thi cng xy dng, khi dung tch tnh ton ca b vt qu
1000 m 3 cn thit k thnh cc om nguyn. iu ny khng nhng lm gim chi ph
xy dng m cn tng kh nng linh hot trong vn hnh, v vi cu trc nh vy cho
php dng hot ng ca mt n nguyn no sa cha hoc bo dng, trong
khi cc n nguyn cn li vn hot ng bnh thng.
Thng s thit k tip theo l chiu cao ca b. Vic la chn chiu cao ph hp ph
thuc cc yu t kh nng hot ng cn thit v v kinh t. Chi ph cho vic xy dng
hoc o t s tng theo chiu cao hoc su ca b, nhimg yu cu din tch t s
gim. iu kin kinh t ti u cho chiu cao ( su) ca b UASB l 4-5-6 m v trong
hu ht cc trng hp y cng l khong dao ng v chiu cao ph hp nht cho
hot ng ca h thng.
Mt yu t quan trng na trong thit k l cao trnh y b so V mt t. Cao trnh
ca cc cng trnh trong h thng nn c thit k nhm m bo kh nng t chy ca
nc thi. Nu a hnh khu vc cho php, thit k b na chm na ni s lm gim ng
k chi ph xy dng. Trong tt c mi trng hp cn ch trng vn chng y ni do p
lc nc ngm to nn vo thi im b rng khi thc hin cng tc bo dng.
141
AxHRT
( 4 .6 5 )
HRT
Trong :
V/ - vn tc dng cht lng thy ngc (m/h);
A - din tch b mt b UASB (m2);
H - Chiu cao b UASB (m).
i vi x l nc thi sinh hot bng h thng UASB, thng thng, gi tr V/
trung bnh trong ngy khng nn vt qu 1 m/h. V vy, vi thi gian lu nc su
gi, chiu cao ca b cn thit k nh hn 6 m. Thm ch, khi thi gian lu nc theo
thit k vt qu su gi, chiu cao ca b vn thng ly trong khong 4+6 m v vn
tc dng chy ngc s thp i theo t l thun.
Mt vn khc cn cn nhc l kh nng ha tan ca cacbon ixyt c lin quan
n nh hng ca su i vi hiu sut phn hy k kh. Kh nng ha tan ca
cacbon ixyt c xem nh l hm s ca su di mt nc. Theo nh lut
Henry, nng bo ha tng theo p sut ring phn ca cacbon ixyt trong kh sinh
hc. Trn thc t, p sut ring phn s tng khi tng p sut tng, do su ln hn.
B cng su, nng cacbon ixyt c ho tan cng cao v lm gim pH trong h
thng. V vy, nu thit k b c su ln s hn ch hiu sut phn hy k kh: pH c
th mc thp hn so vi gi tr ti u do c nng cacbon ixyt cao. Tuy nhin,
vn ny thng khng quan trng i vi vic x l nc thi sinh hot v nng
cacbon ixyt thng thp do nng COD trong nc thi sinh hot tng i thp v
phn ln cacbon ixyt c to ra s lu li trong dung dch, ngay c khi p sut kh
sinh hc pht sinh trong h thng bng p sut kh quyn (gi tr thp nht c th). V
vy, i vi trng hp x l nc thi sinh hot, p sut kh sinh hc tng khng gy
nh hng ln ti nng cacbon ixyt v pH ca hn hp cht lng trong h thng.
Trn mt bng, b UASB thng c thit k theo hai loi dng c bn: hnh
vung/ch nht v hnh trn (xem hnh 4.50). Dng trn c u im l n nh kt
cu cao hom, nhng xy dng thit b tch pha hnh trn thng kh hn so vi hnh
vung hoc hnh ch nht. V l do ny, cc b UASB nh thng c xy dng theo
dng hnh tr trn v b ln hn s c dng hnh ch nht hoc hnh vung. Trn thc t
c hai dng ny u c p dng. Cng c th thit k theo kiu kt hp, v d, b
142
V v " V /
Trn hnh 4.51 cng cho thy h thng hnh trn c chu vi ngn hn h thng hnh
vung khong 12 %. u im ny ca h thng hnh trn ch tr nn quan ng nu nh
thit k b hot ng vi mt n nguyn. Khi xy dng h thng c hai hoc ba n
nguyn (p dng nhiu trn thc t), cc b hnh ch nht thng c xy dng hp
khi c tng chung nhau.
H thng tch pha
H thng tch pha l b phn c trng v quan trng nht trong b UASB. B phn
ny c bn chc nng:
* Thu gom kh sinh hc thot ra t pha cht lng;
143
a)
Pksh=Pkk+Ph
b)
c)
* To iu kin lng cc cht l lng trong phn trn ca b pha trn thit b tch pha;
* Lm gim ti thiu nng cht l lng trong nc thi sau x l;
* To khong khng pha trn thit b tch pha cho php lp bn y c th gin n
trong trng hp ti lng thy lc tng t ngt.
H thng tch pha lm nhim v tch ba pha c trong b UASB: Kh (K), cht lng
(L) v cht rn (R). e h thng tch KLR hot ng ng chc nng, kh sinh hc pht
sinh trong khoang phn hy khng c cun theo dng chy sang vng lng. Neu
khng t c iu kin ny, dng chy ri do bt kh gy ra s lm gim hiu sut
lng dn ti hin tng cun tri bn v tiu hao lng kh sinh hc c sn sinh. V
nhng l do ny, h thng tch pha KLR cn c cc b phn: cc thit b thu gom kh
b tr ti nh b v mt tng gm cc thit b nh hng dng nm di cc khe h
gia cc thit b thu gom kh ga ny (xem hnh 4.52).
Vn tc dng chy ngc thay i theo chiu cao ca b v s t gi tr ti a khi
din tch sn c cho dng chy b thu hp mc ti thiu. Hin tng ny xy ra ti cao
ct cc khe h gia cc thit b thu gom kh. T im ti im x nc thi, tit
din ngang ca dng cht lng s tng v do vn tc dng chy s gim, v nguyn
l, ch nhng phn t bn c tc lng chm hn vn tc ti a ca cht lng s b
cun vo khu vc lng pha trn thit b KLR. Trong khoang lng, ch nhng phn t
bn c vn tc lng vt qu vn tc ti thiu ca cht lng ti im x nc thi s
c lu gi li. Nhng phn t ny s lng trn cc vch nghing ca h thng tch
KLR. Cho ti khi khi lng bn kt t ln thng c lc ma st v s trt
tr li vng phn hy. V vy, cc vn tc quan trng ca cht lng l:
(4.66)
v
(4.67)
Trong :
Vi, V2, V/ - tng ng l cc vn tc dng chy ngc ca cht lng ti y thit b
khng hiu qu v s lm gim tit din ngang ca dng cht lng chy qua cc khe h
v nh vy s lm tng tc dng chy ngc ti cao trnh ny.
Vic s dng h thng tch KLR nhiu hn hai tng nh trnh by trong hnh 4.53 c
th l mt bin php hay nhm tng tit din dng chy qua cc khe h. T hnh v
4.53a, c th thy r t l ti a gia tit din ngang ca cc khe h v din tch mt ct
ngang ca b (kh n g tnh n din tch che lp) l (N- 1)/N trong N l s tng thit b
tch pha.
Trn hnh 4.53b l biu th hin mc tng tng i ca t l tit din ngang ca
cc khe h din tch b mt b khi tng s tng KLR. u im ca bin php ny cn
c cn nhc cng vi chi ph cao cho vic xy dng h thng tch KLR nhiu tng
nh vy. cn lun l v nguyn l, din tch ti ct x nc thi sau x l (ch khng
phi ti ct cc khe h) s quyt nh tc lng ti thiu ca cc phn t bn c lun
gi li trong b. Tuy nhin, khi lp t h thng tch KLR nhiu tng, dng chy s u
hn v kh nng kt t cc phn t bn nh di chuyn qua cc l hng cng s c
tng cng.
Cc yu t c bn trong vic thit k h thng KLR bao gm:
(1) T l tit din ngang ca dng cht lng ti cao trnh cc khe h v ti cao trnh x
nc sau x l. Nh cp phn trn, cc tit din ny gin tip quyt nh vn tc
lng ca nhng phn t bn cun vo khoang lng v nhng phn t bn s c gi li.
(2) V tr ca thit b tch KLR lin quan ti cao trnh mt nc ca b. V tr ca
thit b tch pha trong b s quyt nh t l th tch b dnh cho khoang phn hy
(phn di) v khoang lng (phn trn). Trong hu ht cc b UASB, th tch ca
khoang lang thng chim 15^-20% tng th tch b.
1
'TO-
E
-Q
'Cp
<cD
'-o
<<1>
Hnh 4.53. S b tr h thng tch pha KLR nhiu tng v quan h gia t l tit din
dng chy qua khe h/tit din b v s tng trong h thng tch pha.
146
A';
Ti cc imcp nc vo b
, p trn
MtctA-A*
ng dn nc
vo b
Ti cc im cp
nc vo b
Hnh 4.55. S cu to thng phn phi
m bo mi im u vo c nhn ng phn nc theo t l cn cp, nn s
dng h thng phn phi t chy c cao trnh mc nc cao hn mc nc trong b.
Vic cp nc c th thc hin bng bin php to dng t chy nh m t trn hnh
4.55. Trong h thng ny cc thng phn phi nh c ni vi ging hoc knh phn
phi v mi im cp vo c ni vi mt thng phn phi. p sut trong thng bng
p sut kh quyn nn c th b tr h v d dng kim tra tnh trng hot ng ti mi
thng bng mt. Nu cn thit, c th b tr np y bng vt liu nh ln cc thng
trnh nh hng ca mi hi hoc rui nhng. C th lp t thit b kim sot n gin
bng thit b cm ng, v d nh phao n.
iu quan trng l mi thng phn phi phi nhn c phn nc chy vo nh
nhau. Vic ny c th d dng thc hin bng cch lp t cc ca phai dng p trn
hnh tam gic gia ging hoc mng phn phi chnh v cc thng phn phi nh minh
ha trn hnh 4.54. Sau khi iu chnh ngang mc cc p trn ti mi thng, dng chy
s c phn chia u.
Tn tht p lc qua p trn c th c tnh ton nh sau. Khi din tch phc v ca
mi im cp nc vo'b l 3*4 m 2 (nhit > 20C) v vn tc dng chy ngc
trung bnh l 0,5+1 m/h, lu lng chy vo mi thng l 2+4 m 3/h. Bng cch s dng
cng thc thy lc i vi p hnh tam gic (c gc vung), tn tht p lc ln nht
tnh c l 58 mm (tng ng vi 4 m 3/h) v thp nht l 44 mm (2 m3/h), c ngha l
mc nc trong ging hoc mng phn phi chnh s cao hn ct ti thiu ca p tam
gic khong 44--58 mm. Nu dng chy ti a i khi vt qu su ln dng chy trung
bnh theo thit k (tc l gn hai ln dng chy trong ma ma), cn tnh ton d phng
150
A-LEL..Mm.o.Mrt.
4
0,2
( 4 .6 8 )
D = 0,072 m = 72 mm
hoc
ng x nc sau x l
Hnh 4.5 7. Mng ch V dng thu nc sau x l t inh b ASB.
Vn thng xy ra trong h thng thu gom nc sau x l l hin tng tc dng
cc b trong mng dn nc bi cc cht rn tri ni, thm ch ngay c khi c b tr
153
ng iu
chnh mc
nc
b)
Mc nc c nh
bi ng xi-phng
Thnh
b
Mng thu
nc
Mc nc c nh
bi p trn
Mng thu
nc
ng xi-phng
thot nc
Thnh
be
ng thot
Sau khi hon thnh vic xy b UASB, nn kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca cc b
phn khc nhau trong h thng nh thit b u vo v u ra, c ngha l kim tra kh
nng phn phi u nc vo trn y b v thu u nc t pha trn nh b. Nu c
th nn tin hnh kim tra thy lc bng nc sch, khng dng nc thi.
Bc tip theo l kim tra cht lng ca thit b thu gom kh. Vic ny c th thc
hin bng cch nn khng kh vo bung kh bn trong thit b tch pha KLN. Nu
bung kh c b tr chm hon ton, c th d dng pht hin ra ch r r ti v tr c
bt kh ni ln. Vi cc thit b tch pha c b tr chm mt phn, vic pht hin ra
ch r ri s kh khn hon. Trong trng hp ny, nn tng p sut trong cc bung kh v
ch mt khong thi gian lu km tra xem p sut khng kh c b gim khng. Khi
p sut khng kh b gim, c th tm thy cc ch r ri bng dung dch x phng.
Vic kim tra kh nng vn hnh n nh ca h thng tch pha pht hin ch tc
trong thit b thu gom kh l rt quan trng. Vic ny c th thc hin bng cch ng
ca thot kh ra v thi khng kh vo vng di thit b tch pha cho n khi t mc
157
thot kh khn cp. Vic xy dng h thng tch pha cn m bo cc b phn khng b
hng v c gn cht vo thnh b UASB.
4.5.11. Chi ph u t
lao
H hiu kh
z,
z2
UASB+ h hiu kh
z,
Bn hot tnh
(bao gm x i bn)
z,
z2
z2
369
276
950
766
1.026
951
K thut v c s vt cht
t
Tng
Chi ph u t USD/ngi
Bo dng hng nm
Vn hnh hng nm
25
2.125
2.519
50
48
625
1.623
32
154,1
82,3
45
175
986
74,8
21
1.300
1.597
32
135,6
67,6
98,8
74,1
506
500
1.957
39
212,4
203,8
286,6
203,1
236,4
172,8
585
525
2.136
43
233,8
220,0
453,8
416,2
USD/m3
0,098
0,070
0,081
0,059
0,155
0,143
Xy ng
211,8
20
Gi s:
Quy m thit k: 50000 dn.
Chun x thi: BODs(Zi) :20mg/L ; BODs(Z2) : 50mg/L
Gi t: $25/m2.
Gi in: $0,1/kWh.
Thi hn s dng: 20 nm.
Li sut: 8 %.
158
UASB+h hiu kh
Chi ph
z,
Bn hot tnh
(bao gm x l bn)
z,
z2
z,
z2
211, 8
135,6
154,1
98,8
233,8
212,4
74,8
67,6
82,3
74,1
220,0
203,8
-11
-11
-27
-23
286,6
203,1
224,9
161,5
42,0
393,2
USD /m3
0,098
0,070
0,077
0,055
0,146
0,135
Chi ph u t
Chi ph xy dng
Nng lng pht sinh (tiu hao)
159
161
Pollution Control, Vol. 2, page 1071-1076. University o' Florida, Lake Buena
Vista, Florida.
GREGERSEN, p., and BRIX, H., 2001. Zero-discharge o f nutrients and water in
a willow dominated constructed wetland. Wat. Sci, and Tech., 44, 407-412.
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Retningslinier fo r etablering a f pileanlccg op til 30 PE. 0kologisk Bybmyelse og
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x L N NH NC THI
/ / y y q k y ____y \ _
.. s y
171
172
tuy
n nh
Bn cch kh nng lm sch, h thng cn c th to ra hai sn phm c gi tr:
1. Nuc: sau x l b sung c thnh phn n nh v c th ti s dng cho mc ch
ti tiu trong nng nghip.
2. Thc vt:
Sn xut cc loi thc vt c gi tr (trang tr. sinh khi,...);
Sn xut ht ging;
Sn xut thc n cho ngi v ng vt trong iu kin an ton v sinh lin quan
ti cc cht c hi nhu kim loi nng hay bt k cht g c nh hng xu ti chui
dinh dng.
Vt liu
Vt liu cn thit gm cc thit b lp t knh dn d vn chuyn, nhng thit b ny
thng nh, c kch thc ph hp vi kh nng vn chuyn v lp t th cng. Loi
ph bin nht thng c lm t thp tm sn ph pxi c kh nng chng xm thc,
ch to theo hnh mng c chiu rng 50 cm, su 9 cm. Chiu di chun ca mi on
mng l 5 m. Khi lp ghp ni tip nhau, c th to ra cc knh c chiu di theo mong
mun. Nc thi cn c x l chy trong knh theo hnh thc t chy dc theo chiu
di knh c cha thc vt.
Lu : Thng thng, kh nng lm sch cao nht thng xy ra trong 20 m u ca
knh. Tng chiu di knh (ln khong 50m) s lm tng hiu sut x l nhim. Tuy
nhin, chiu di knh ln s lm tng nhu cu gia c nn t, v nn t cn phi xoi
dc trnh nng thit b ln qu cao. Knh qu di s gy tht thot nc do bc hi
c th nh hng ti kh nng pht trin ca thc vt trong h thng.
Trn hnh 5.3 v 5.4 minh ha cc c tnh n gin v chi ph thp ca h thng
XLD nc thi bng thc vt.
173
Kh nng
lm sch
Thuc l
Tng
trng
Km
C chua
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Chui hoa
Ci xoong
Tt
Tt
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
C u
Cn ty
Tt
Tt
Tt
Tt
Loi thc vt
Cc quan st
Chm r rt dy v ny nhiu mm
R rt dy nhng c xu hng thoi ha vo cui
chu k
Cy
Kh nng
pht trin *
Physalis perevianum
100
Lobelia cardinais
80
Iresine sp.
20
Myosotis palustris
100
Impatiens sp.
100
Acorus gramineus
10
Ageratum mexicanum
100
Juncus sp.
10
100
Polygonum sp.
20
Cy
*
Kh nng pht trin ca thc vt trong h thng so vi trong iu kin pht trin thng
thng (trong t) tnh theo phn trm trng lng.
Mc x l cc cht nhim ha - l c th hin qua cc chi tiu ss, BOD5,
COD, NO3', N H /, P43'. Hiu sut x l ca h thng thng dao ng ty thuc cht
lng ca nc thi cn c x l v ty thuc ch ca dng chy trong h thng.
Cn cn nhc khi la chn s dng cc loi thc vt cng nh vic b tr b sung cc
khoang lng trung gian gia cc on knh dn hoc ti cui dng chy ca h thng.
S dng chy thng
Nc thi sinh hot: trn bng 5.3 nu cc s liu v hiu sut x l t cc h thng
XL nc thi sinh hot bng thc vt (x l cp ba - B v Xngan) v t h k
kh (x l bc hai - Marc).
Bng 5.3. Hiu qu x l nc thi sinh hot ca mt s h thng x l
c vn hnh trong thc t
Thng s
Bi *
%
g/m.ng **
Xngan
Marc*
%
>60
ss
COD
48,2
10,31
2060
>40
175
Thng s
g/m.ng **
Xngan
Marc*
30-63
>40
bod5
55,0
N IV
36,6
1,27
25-40
>60
no3
45,3
11,55
25-40
>60
P 0 43
30,9
1,71
50-85
* gi tr trung bnh
** kt qu tnh theo gam c x l trn mt knh trn ngy
Chi tiu
Knh DDV
Knh KMD
COD
89% "
83 %
NH/
79%
76 %
NO,
82%
78 %
PO41
72%
69%
N-NH4 g/m.ng *
N-NO3 g/m.ng *
P-P0 4 g/m.ng *
Cn ty
1,357
43,648
0,230
Sy
0,883
23,600
0,148
Ci
0,765
16,674
0,148
Thc vt
176
Bi (theo %) *
B o Nha (theo %)
COD
64,8
35,9-95,3
N RT
74,3
33,7 - 98,7
N 03
88,7
33,9-92,1
Ning
P 0 43
66, 2
* gi tr trung bnh
cho thy lng kim loi c loi b bng qu trnh hp th v lng ng trong bn
lng ln hn nhiu so vi lng c thc vt hp th. Hiu sut x l t cao nht i
vi caimi (Cd) v ch (Pb) l 99,8%.
Trong bng 5.8 nu cc kt qu nghin cu kh nng loi b Cd v Pb ca h thng
XL nc thi bng thc vt vn hnh theo s tun hon. Nghin cu c thc
hin ti B o Nha, cc s liu biu th hiu sut loi b cc kim loi nng trong nc
thi. Cc th nghim ny cng cho thy hu ht cc kim loi nng c lu li trong bn
v lng kim loi c thc vt hp th khng vt qu 10 %.
B n g 5.7. H i u su t x i k im m loi nng ti c c cng on trong
h thng X L nc th i b n g thc v t c th c h in ti B .
Thc vt v knh
Kim loi
Zn
Cr
Ni
Cu
Cd
Pb
Lc qua r
' (%)
53
62
Hp th trong r
(%)
4
Hp th trong
thn cy (%)
3
1,2
62,6
65,5
63,3
1,4
0,9
15
0,7
0,8
1
58,6
3,8
45
Tt c kim
loi nng
Tng cng
B phn
phi (%)
27
23
13
13
13
14
22
0,9
19
10
20
0,5
22,2
10
13,3
2,7
2 2, 2
12,7
65%
B n g 5 .8. K t q u
B lng
t hai (%)
35%
nghin c u
k h n n g x l
Cd v
Pb c a
h t hng X L nc th i b n g th c vt vn h n h theo s tu n h o n , B o N h a.
Kim loi
Cd
Pb
Th 1|ghim
1
100,0
99,8
99,8
85,7
78,4
99,8
V sinh vt
Vi khun v cc mm bnh l yu t quan trng khi cn nhc kh nng ti s dng
nc thi sau x l phc v cho nng nghip hoc cho cc mc ch khc c tnh nhy
cm ti mi trng. Bng 5.9 nu cc kt qu kh vi khun ca h thng XL nc
thi bng thc vt vn hnh theo s dng thng (x l bc 3) v ca h sinh hc hiu
kh (x l bc 2). Hu nh cht lng nc sau x l xt v phng din vi trng xp x
mc tiu chun x vo cc ngun nc c mc ch phc v vui chi gii tr v p ng
c cc tiu chun i vi nc dng ti tiu, iu ny lm cho nhu cu v kh
trng nc thi sau x l bng clo tr nn khng cn thit.
178
Xngan (%)
Paecal Coliforms
84,3
80- 100
> 90 %
Tng Coliforms
79,3
Faecal streptococci
88,8
o
-- 1o o
o
oo oo
Thng s
> 90 %
> 90 %
* gi tr trung bnh
Lim : cc th nghim trn thc vt v tri cy sinh trng trong h thng X L nc thi
bng thc vt cho thy khng c hin tng nhim khun trong tri cy, trong cc phn thn v
l cy v khng c s tip xc gia nc thi v cc b phn ny ca cy.
50cm
3cm
Hnh 5.5. Thit k in hnh mt on knh trong h thng XLO nc thi bng thc vt
5.1.5. Vn hnh v bo dng
iu chnh dng chy vo:
Tc dng chy vo trong knh c chn la ty thuc vo mc pht trin ca
cy. Do vy dng chy cn c iu chnh; chng hn cn gim tc khi cy cn non
c t vo trong knh m bo cy khng b cun theo dng chy; sau cn iu
chnh tc dng chy tng dn ln.
Quan trc v phn tch:
Cn tin hnh quan trc v phn tch thng xuyn cc ch tiu nh lu lng dng
chy, BOD, COD, cht rn l lng nit amn, nitrat, phtpho v colirms nhm theo
di kh nng hot ng ca h thng v kim sot cht lng nc theo cc tiu chun.
Dng chy cn c iu chnh theo s pht trin ca r v lng bn lng tch ly
xung quanh r. Tn sut phn tch kim sot dao ng ty thuc cc quc gia v cn
ph hp vi cc tiu chun ca a phng.
Thay th cy:
Thng thng, cy c thay th ba thng mt ln; tn sut thay th ty thuc loi
cy. Cn tin hnh thay th cy lun phin trong tng on knh 5 m mt trnh cho ton
b knh phi ngng hot ng trong thi gian thay th v bt u pht trin ca cy.
5.1.6. Kt lun v minh ha
K thut XL nc thi bng thc vt c ci tin sau nhiu nm qua vic c
kt cc kinh nghim t nhiu th nghim tin hnh theo cc s dng thng v dng
tun hon v chn la loi cy thch hp nhm m bo hiu sut x l. Ket qu thc
nghim cho thy r kh nng ng dng h thng trong x l bc ba, m bo x l trit
cc thnh phn ha-l v vi sinh trong nc thi. Vi k thut ny, nc thi sau x
l c th p ng c cc tiu chun cht lng cho nc ti tiu.
Tuy nhin, k thut x l v kch c ca h thng cn c iu chinh theo cht
lng nc thi v din tch s dng sn c. Ket qu th nghim trn s dng thng
cho php nh lng ha kh nng x l ca h thng theo lng cht nhim c th
x l tnh trn mi mt knh trn ngy; i vi s dng tun hon, thng s thit k
180
C hai dng h thng lc ct nhanh (Hnh 5.6): dng chy xui (hng xung) v
dng chy ngc (hng ln).
Qu trnh lc trong h thng lc xui thc hin thng qua lp vt liu lc vi s phn
b c ht theo chiu su t ct mn ti ct ht th. Chiu su ca lp ct lc i vi loi
ny trong khong t 0,7 n 1m. H thng lc ct dng chy ngc c ng dng ln
u tin chu u. Nc cn x l c cp ngc t di ln trn qua cc tng ct
th ti ct mn bng my bm c p lc m bo thng c tn tht p lc qua lp ct
181
lc. trnh hin tng cun tri ct lc, cn b tr li chn pha trn b mt ca h
thng. Chiu su trung bnh ca lp ct lc trong h thng lc ngc l 1,8 m.
Nc cn x l
Li chn ct
C t mn
|1,8m
C t mn
0 ,7
1m
H thng
thu nc
i1
.V"-
5.2.2. Thit k
Kch thc vt tiu lc
i vi h thng lc ct nhanh, ng knh ht vt liu lc trong khong 0,6-^2 mm
(c th ti 3 mm). i vi h thng lc tc chm c th tham kho mc 4.3, h
thng lc ct gin on.
Ti lng thy lc
Ti lng thy lc (Hydraulic Loading Rate - HLR) c nh hng ln i vi ch
vn hnh ca h thng lc. Ti lng thy lc tng s lm gim hiu sut lc v d
gy tc dng trong lp vt liu lc. Neu bi lc c s dng x l b sung nc
thi t cc cng trnh x l sinh hc c hiu sut x l thp (c cc bng bn v hm
lng cn l lng ln) th hiu sut lc s khng m bo khi vn hnh vi ti lng
thy lc ln hn 12 m3/m2.h [EPA, 1975]. m bo hiu sut x l to th h thng
lc ct nhanh cn c thit k vi HLR di 5 m3/m2.h [Crites v Tchobanoglous,
2005]. H thng lc tc chm cn c vn hnh vi HLR di 0.03 m3/m2.h
trnh gy tc trong qu trnh hot ng [Middelbrooks v cs., 2005].
Din tch lc yu cu
Thi gian lc
HLR; thi gian vn hnh trong nm; kch thc vt liu lc; kch thc ca cc loi to; liu
lng ha cht keo t. Hiu sut kh to thng thng c th dao ng ln t di 20 n hn
70% [Trites v Tchobanoglous,1998]. Nu khng s dng ha cht keo t, vi kch thc nh,
kh nng dnh bm ln cc phn t ct thp, to s d b cun tri theo nc sau lc.
183
c tnh ca h thng
Vt
liu
Cht la lng
HLR
C ht Chiu su (m3/m2.h) Trc lc Sau lc Hiu sut
(mm)
(m)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(%)
p lc, dng
ngc
Bn hot tnh
Ct
1 -2
Trng lc
dng xui
Bn hot tnh
Ct
0,5- 2,5
Trng lc
dng xui
Lc sinh hc
Ct
Trng lc
dng xui
Lc sinh hc
Dng ngc
Lc sinh hc kt
hp keo t
17
60
2,9+- 5,9
12
58
1,1
2,5-^ 7,3
20
75
Ct
1,5-3
3,9- 7,8
21
75
Ct
7,3
40
21
48
1,5
B lc;
H sinh hc hoc knh xy ha;
Lc sinh hc;
Ging thm i vi cc cng trinh c cng sut nh hn 1 m 3 nc thi/ngy.
6.1.2. Cc loai h x kh
H x o chm
T cui th k 19, cc khu th nhng nc ang pht trin s dng cc h x
o chm. Khi , nc c khai thc t cc ngun nc mt hoc nc ging mch
186
H
x
T n gi
P h m vi p d n g
G h i ch
Ho x o chm
v h x thng
T h n g d n g k h u v c m i n ni, tr u n g
d u ni t r n g , h i m n c , v n g c m c
n c n g m thp.
H x o ci tin
c ng thng hi
(VP)
T h c h h p c h o c c h g ia n h m i n ni,
tr u n g d u h i m n c v th u n h p th p , b o
m v sin h h n h x o.
C th d n g c h o tr n g
h c nh v n g cao.
H x mt ngn
D n g c h o cc h g ia n h c i u kin
c h t h p , t , th i u n c . T h n g lm
v n g c m c n c n g m cao.
C th n g hi n h h x
o ci tin.
S d n g c h o c c v n g d n c c n h u c u
d n g p h n b n ru n g .
C th d n g c h o cc h
t p th.
S d n g ni c t th m n c tt, th a
d n c , t n g u y c a g y n h i m n c
n g m , m c s n g k h. K h n g d n g p h n
b n ru n g .
C th d n g c h o trm
x, tr n g hc, v n g c
n g u n n c di do.
S d n g ni c n g u n n c di d o ,
m c s n g k h ( t h n g l th trn , th t).
C th d n g c h o c c h
t p th. N c x ra c
th t th m h oc chy
v o h th n g c n g n c
chung.
kh
H x hai ngn
ci tin c ong
thng hi (VIDP)
H x thm di
nc (Suab)
H
x
t
H xi bn t hoi
(khng ngn lc)
H xi t hoi (c
ngn lc hiu kh
hoc k kh)
H m kh b i g a
S d n g ni c n g u n n c di d o,
m c s n g k h, c d i n tch, c iu
k i n q u n l tt.
S d n g ni d n c c m c s n g k h, c
c h n nu i p h t trin.
187
Li chn rui
Np y
ng thng hi
Np y
E2Z
H cha phn
ng thng hi
ss s s
Mt bn9 b
p -n ^ n -
/S S 7
H xi VIDP dng b trn
H x VIDP dng b vung
lo i
h x t
H x thm di nc
y l loi h x s dng nc dng n gin nht, c s dng u tin n
v cn c gi l sulab (Hnh 6.4); thng di nc th cng, phn c cha trong
h chm, nc t h cha phn s t thm vo trong t. H cha phn c o chm
di t, xy xung quanh (hoc gia c bng tre hoc g), c np y kn v c ng
thng hi. Thnh v y h c cc l thm nc t thm vo t.
Phn ni ca cc loi h x thm di nc u c cu to nh nhau: b x v xiphng
(t trn sn btng) dn phn vo b cha.
Phn
ni c
th
Nh
v sinh ft
B t hoi
Ging thm
b)
Nh
v sinh
B hoi
Cng thot nc
c)
Hnh 6.5. B t hoi khng ngcm lc.
a) C ging thm; b) Nvcx ra qua rnh thm; c) Nic x ra h thng cng thot nc chung
191
B t h o i h a i v
3)
a)
b)
3 H
L2 . 13
....................=
1H .
r6
1F
1*-.
I- N gn lng; 2- Ca thng nc ;
7- n g dn nc lng trong;
8- ng dn nc thi vo b.
192
X . Vt liu ic
Xirt
" 1 J tt
Trn hnh 6 .11 th hin b t hoi nhiu vch ngn vi ngn lc k kh (BASTAF).
S dng v vn hnh
H x o chm ci tin c ng thng hi (VIP):
Ni chung, din tch mt cng trnh khong 0,8+1,0 m2, su 1,(H1,2 m, nh c m
t ti mc 6 .1.2. Sn btng ct thp b ngi v ng thng hi c a cao ln mi
nh v sinh. Neu c iu kin a cht tt, h nn t chm di t; nu khng, phi
t ni h trn mt t. Thnh h c xy bng gch, thnh pha sau h cha phn c
193
t h i t k
6.2.1. Be t hoi
S h g i a . n h
1 hoc 2
3 ,0
5 hoc 6
5,5
N h i u h g ia n h
7,5 + 13
w= 1,5 Q
(6.1)
(6.2)
\a.T.(100-P ,).b.c.N }
J.
1 (1 0 0 -p2). 1000]
(6.3)
Trong :
a -
720 ngy;
D un g tch
m n g lng
w lini, ( m 3)
D ung tch lp
m n g cht ni
W K, (m 3)
T n g th tch
hu ch
w (m 3)
HRT
(ng)
S ngn
(n K)
//
1,5
0,375
0,563
2,81
3,75
1,0
4,5
9,0
2,10
3,2
16,40
3,64
5,6
2,8
1,4
3,7
1,7
1,0
7,4
3,7
1,85
9,4
4,7 .
2,35
12,0
2,76
4,12
21,64
3,62
1 2 ,0
24,0
5,55
8,35
43,45
3,62
15,0
30,0
7,10
10,6
54,80
3,65
-1
V acilenco A.I.
u lng N T D u ng tch
m n g lng
tru ng bnh
W lJ ( m 3)
ng Q (m 3)
D u ng tch ngn ln
m en bn cn
W|n men (m )
D ung tch lp
m n g cht ni
W K, (m 3)
T n g th tch hu
ch W, ( m 3)
HRT
(ng)
S ngn
(ntT)
1,265
0,147
0,715
2,397
3,2
4,5
7,65
2,42
4,30
14,37
3,2
1,1
6,6
3,3
3,07
5,2
2,6
1,
1,6
12,0
2,76
3,64
18,40
12,0
24,0
5,50
8,40
37,90
3,15
10,4
5,2
2,6
15,0
30,0
6,8
10,4
47,2
3,15
12,8
6,4
3,2
V acilenco A.I.
D u n g tch
D u n g tch n g n
N T tru n g
m n g lng
binh n g Q
( m 3)
D u n g tch
T n g th
ln m e n b n c n
lp m n g
tch h u
HRT
W|cn men (m )
c h t ni W K,
(n g )
ch
( m 3)
( n r 1)
S ngn
K c h th c ghi trn h
(m )
(ntT)
(m-1)
//
1,23
0,41
0,81
2,4 5
3,23
0,9
0,9
4,5
7,45
2,4 5
4,9
14,8
3,28
5,45
2,25
1,1
14,4
2 ,7 6
6,05
23,21
3,88
5,2
2,6
1,3
12,0
2 8 ,6
5,53
12,3
4 6 ,4 3
3 ,8 6
10,4
5,2
2,6
15,0
3 5 ,7
6,9
15,2
57,8
3,8 6
13,0
6,5
3,25
V acilenco A.I.
L u l n g
r u n g b n h
( L /n g )
L u l n g
Dung
n c thi t
tch nn
k h u v sinh
l n e V
Q w c (L /n g )
(L)
S
n g n k
kh
Tng
Tng dung
d u n g tch
ngn
tc h n g n
n g n k
lc k
lc k kh
k h (L )
kh
(L )
T n g d u n g tch
Tng dung
h u ch k c
tch h u ch
d u n g tch cc
wt ( m 3)
vch ngn
(m )
Du
b t
mt
(m V
600
160
4 27
427
213
1,07
1,49
1500
400
1067
1067
533
2 ,6 7
3,73
3000
8 00
1600
213 3
1067
4 ,8 0
6 ,7 2
15000
4000
5333
8000
53 3 3
18,67
2 6 ,1 3
Anh N . v , N h u e T.H
Be t
\ hoi
hai v
B t hoi hai v gm hai phn ring bit c ngn bi y nghing: phn trn ca
b l mng lng, phn di ca b l ngn cha v ln men bn cn. Bn cn trong
mng s lng xung y nghing v roi xung ngn cha v ln men bn. B c mt ng x
bn ng knh 150-200 mm. B tr y nghing trnh cho nc lng khi b nhim
bn bi cc sn phm thi ra ni ln (cn ni, bt kh) trong qu trnh ln men.
Be t hoi hai v c th thit k nh sau:
Dung tch hu ch ti thiu gp 2,5 -- 3 ln lu lng nc thi trong mt ngy.
Lng bn cn lng ca mt ngi trong mt ngy: 1,2 + 2 L/ngi. m
ca bn cn ti l 97,5%, ca bn cn ln men l 9(H92%.
H s tnh n lng cn gim do ln men: khong 50%. Th tch ngn bn t;nh
cho mt ngi trong mt ngy: 0,1875 L.
Nhu cu dng nc cho mt ngi trong mt ngy: 150^-200 L/ng.
S ngi s d n g b : 5 -- 100 ngi.
Thi gian lu nc (HRT) trong mng lng: 1,5^2,5 ng.
Th tch tng cng ca ngn cha v ln men bn cn:
,/5 7 J x ^ x 3 j
_
(64)
(6 5)
= 0,3 m/h;
3 n 4 ngn
k kh
2 n g n lc k k h d n g
x i th a n
c x l bng phng php lng trong b t hoi hoc b lng hai v. Ging thm cng
ch c s dng khi mc nc ngm trong t su hn 1,5 m m bo c hiu qu
thm lc cng nh khng gy nhim nc di t. Cc loi t phi d thm nc, t 34
L/m2.ng n 208 L/m2.ng. Trn hnh 6.12 th hin s cu to ging thm dng hnh
trn trn mt bng, ng knh ti thiu 1,2 m, c xy dng bng gch hoc b tng ct
thp. Ging thm cng c th c lp t bng cc on ng b tng. Thnh ging b tng
c b dy ti thiu 100 mm, mng c b tng vng chc. Din tch ging thm c
xc nh da vo loi t v loi i tng thot nc.
Din tch thm tnh ton l tng din tch b mt thnh ging phn thm nc v
y ging. Bng 6.7 nu ti lng thy lc trn mi on v din tch thm. Ging thm
c lt si, dm... c nh dn t di ln. Lp trn cng c bng ct mn v
s dng tm chn chng xi nc. Xung quanh ging thm si tng kh nng
thm nc ca ging. Vic sc ra ging c thc hin qua ng thot nc hoc dng
ng thng hi ring.
Bng 6.7. Kh nng thm lc ca cc loi vt liu
Loi t
K h n n g t h m l c ( L / m 2.n g )
Ct
80
C t p h a s t
40
6.2.5. Bi lc ngm
Nu mc nc ngm cao v khng th xy dng ging thm th c th xy dng bi
lc ngm. Nc thi cn c lng s b bng cc cng trnh x l c hc trc khi ti
200
Ti a
S tu y n n g p h n phi nc
C h i u di m i tu y n ong, (m )
30
0 ,4 6
0 ,9
K h o n g c c h g i a c c t u y n n g , (m )
1,8
d y l p t p h tr n n g , ( m m )
300
N gang bng
25
d y l p v t liu lc d i n g p h n phi n c , ( m m )
300
d y l p v t liu lc tr n n g p h n phi n c , ( m m )
50
C h i u r n g y ho, (m )
d c cc tu y n ho, (m m /m )
KOTnr
Cng sut 20m /h
A -A
Mng
phn phi
B
t hoi
Ar
WM
ng thng hi
nnrx
U -
Xiphng
B
t hoai
ii [
Mng phn phi
UL
Mng li
phn phi
oMgg.
I I
ng thng hi
Mang li
phn phi
0 - 0 - 0
: o^o^o
Si
H ga phn
y il
lt'fT lS *
Bi lc ngm
dc> 1%
^ B t hoai
Chung tri
chn nui
'1
ng dn kh
ti bp un
H lc
Van x
B bigia bng composite
L = 3000mm, D = 1000mm
MT BNG B BIOGA
+ 2.10
0.40
T
2-2
ng dn kh
tid bp un
H lc
Gch xy
B biCgia bng composite
L=3000 iim,D=1000 mm
MT CT B BIOGA
'Van x
DNG
Ti ti
X L
Lu gi
k kh
s dng,
Lc X L,
phn hy
hay
phai trn
b sung
sinh hc
k kh
lm kh
vi rc HC
nc ngm
V
Phn bn
TI S DNG
kh
hay t
V
Ti ti
s dng,
C p nc,
Kh sinh hc,
ci ao t
b sung
nc ngm
b sung
nc ngm
Cc tc gi Trung Quc cng thc hin nghin cu "Kinh nghim trong vic ci
thin gi tr phn bng cch lm giu vi nc tiu" v dn n cc kt lun sau:
Vic lm giu phn t cht thi sinh hot hu c d phn hy sinh hc hoc t cht
thi ca ngi s ci thin thnh phn dinh dng ca phn . Cc cng ngh v kiri
nghim khng nh thc t ny. Cc kt qu tnh ton ca Trung Quc chng
minh gi tr kinh t ca nc tiu qua lu gi v x l dng lm phn bn. Tay
nhin, bn cnh tnh hp l ca vic kim sot v lu gi nc tiu qua x l, s ny
sinh cc vn v vn ho - x hi khi mi ngi bt u phn v s dng nc tiu
lm phn bn.
6.4. VN HNH V BO DNG
Vic vn hnh v bo dng cc cng trnh x l nc thi c trnh by trong
bng 6.9.
Bng 6.9. Vn hnh v bo dng cc cng trnh XLNT ti ch
T n c c c n g tr n h
1. H x o c h m
V n hnh v bo d ng
P h i q u t d n t h n g x u y n , i v s in h x o n g p h i y n p .
K h i h y , lp h k b n g t v o h k h c p h n .
K i m tr a t h n g x u y n v n g c h c c a s n - b n g i t r n h s p )
sn .
C h s d n g phn cho bn ru n g khi k (t 6 th n g n 1 nm ).
2. H x V I P : lo i
P h i q u t d n t h n g x u y n , i v s in h x o n g p h i y n p .
khng
K i m t r a t h n g x u y n v n g c h c c a s n , b n g i t r n h s[,
t c h
rin g
n c ti u
sn .
K i m t r a k n k h t g i a s n v h c h a p h n .
B o d n g , k i m
tra , l m v s in h n g t h n g h i v l i c h i
rui m ui.
K h i h y , l p h k b n g t v o h k h c .
C h s d n g phn cho bn ru n g khi k (t 6 th n g n 1 nm ).
3. H XI V I P : lo i
khng
tch
n c ti u
ring
P h i q u t d n t h n g x u y n , i v s in h x o n g p h i y n p .
K i m t r a t h n g x u y n v n g c h c c a s n , b n g i t r n h s |,
s n .
K i m tr a k n k h t g i a s n v h c h a p h n .
B o d n g , k i m tr a , l m v s in h n g t h n g h i v l i c h n rii
m u i.
K h i h y , l p h k b n g t v o h k h c .
C h s d n g p h n ch o b n ru n g khi k (t 6 th n g n 1 nm ).
206
T n c c c n g t r in h
4. H V IP : Loi tch
P h i q u t d n t h n g x u y n , i v s in h x o n g p h i y n p .
r i n g n c ti u x y
K i m t r a k n k h t c a h c h a p h n , b t k n c c c h n t h n u c.
b ng gch
K h i h y , ly to n b p h n r a e m , p h i y k n c a l y p h n p h a
s a u n g n c h a ri m i t i p t c s d n g .
B o d n g , k i m tra , lm v s in h n g t h n g h i v li c h n ru i
m ui.
C h i s d n g phn cho bn ru n g khi k (t 6 th n g n 1 nm ).
5. V I D P
6. H x t h m d i
P h i c h u n b n c d i,
nc
C h m s c , q u t d n t h n g x u y n , b o m n p b lu n kn,
B o v x i p h n g th t tt: k h n g b t c , b t h n g ,
B e c h a p h i lu n lu n kn.
7. B t h o i t r u y n
P h i c h u n b n c d i;
th n g
C h m sc, q u t dn th n g xuyn;
B o v x i p h n g th t t t k h n g t c , k h n g h ;
P h i h t x c n n h k;
K h n g d n g g i y tu ti n g y t c xi p h n g ;
B c h a p h i lu n lu n kn.
8. B t h o i hai v
N h tr n
9. B t h o i v i
n g n lc h i u k h
N h tr n v s c r a v t liu l c n h k
10. B e t h o i n h i u
n g n v i lc k k h
N h tr n v s c r a v t liu l c n h k
BASTAF
6.5. CHI PH U T
Trong bng 6.10 trnh by cc chi ph u t ca cc cng trnh XLNT ti ch.
207
T u i th c n g
C h u k ht
( S D / m 3)
tr n h ( n m )
x c n (nm )
1 0 - 15
10-15
0 ,5
3 0 -6 0
20-30
0 ,5
3 2 -6 5
20 -3 0
0 ,5
V ID P
6 0 -9 0
20-30
0 ,5 -1
H x th m di nc
3 5 -6 0
1 5-20
B t hoi tru y n th n g
80 -1 2 0
3 0 v l u h n
0 ,5 -1
B t h o i ha i v
9 0 -1 3 0
3 0 v l u h n
0 ,5 -1
B e t h o i v i n g n l c h i u k h
1 0 0 - 150
30 v lu h n
B t h o i v i n g n l c k k h
110-160
3 0 v l u h n
C c c n g tr n h x l s in h h c k h c
9 0 -1 0 0
2 0 v l u h n
T n c n g tr n h
H x o ch m
H V I P , lo i k h n g t c h r i n g
n c ti u
H V I P , lo i t c h r i n g n c ti u
xy b n g gch
S c r a vt
li u lc
Sc r a vt
li u lc
T n c n g trn h
chuyn m n
H x o ch im
Thp
H V I P , lo i k h n g t c h r i n g n c ti u
Thp
H V I P , lo i t c h r i n g n c ti u x y b n g g c h
Thp
V ID P
Thp
H x th m di n c S ulab
Thp
B e t hoi truyn th n g
Cao
B t hoi hai v
Cao
B e t h o i v i n g n l c h i u k h
Cao
B t h o i v i n g n lc k k h
Cao
cc V TIU CC)
N h c im
u i m
Ch c c h c n n g c h a p h n ,
C u t o rt n gin;
c h a c c h c n n g x l;
D x y d n g , chi ph thp;
N g i d n c th t x y d n g ;
vn cn n g u y c g y b n h cao;
K h n g cn
v n cn m i hi thi v rui
s d n g n c , d thu gom
nh n g ;
p h n , s c v t k h tip cn vi phn...
T h n g phi x y d n g xa n h ,
xa ngun c p n c ;
C nguy c g y n h i m n g u n
n c v mi tr n g t;
N u xy k h n g c n th n sn
sp, d g y tai nn c h o ngi
s dng;
Khi phn y h phi lp b
h o c ly p h n ra x l v xy
d rm c n g trnh mi.
2. H
V IP ,
loi k h n g
t ch
ri n g
n c tiu
N g n n g a c s tip cn c a sc vt,
Chi c c h c n n g c h a p h n ,
c h a c c h c n n g x l;
ru i n h n g , g i m c m i hi thi;
C u t o rt n gi n , d xy d n g ;
v n cn n g u y c g y b nh cao;
Chi p h th p , ng i d n c th t xy
v n cn m i hi thi v rui
nh n g ;
dng;
T h n g phi xy d n g x a n h
K h n g c n s d n g nc;
D thu g o m p h n , sc vt k h tip cn vi
v xa ng u n c p n c;
C nguy c g y n h i m n g u n
phn;
Ti n h n g ni c iu kin ph hp, khi
n c v mi tr n g t;
V IP ,
loi
tch
r i n g n c
tiu
xy
b n g gch
C h i c ch c n n g c h a p hn ,
ch a c c h c n n g x ;
c th t xy d ng;
vn cn n g u y c g y b nh cao;
-vn
chan,
an
ton
cho
dng
qun l;
K h n g g y n h im mi trne; t, nc
ngm ;
K h n g phi lm m i khi n e n c h a y
n n tui th c n g trnh k o di;
cn m i hi thi v rui
nhng;
s d n g
khng ng
gy
n h im
m i
trng.
N e u q u n l tt, t c mi hi thi;
N g n n g a c s tip cn c a sc vt,
rui n h n g
P h h p vi nhu c u s d n g p h n bn.
209
V I D P xy
b n g gch
N h c i m
u i m
C u t o n g i n , chi p h th p, n g i d n
c th t x y d n g ;
i hi phi x y d n g n g k
K h n g tn d i n tch, h p vi v n g t
c h t hp;
P h i c c c ch t n (tro,
th an ...);
T h c h h p v an to n c h o v n g tr n g h a y
b n g ngp;
P h i m bo q u y trnh s d n g
C h c ch n , a n to n c h o s d n g v q u n
N e u s d n g v q u n l k h n g
n g k thut, n g u y c n h i m
m i t r n g cao.
l;
K h ro, sch s, t mi, rui mui v
k h n g gy n h i m m i tr n g kh, mi
tr n g t, c n g n h n gu n n c ngm ;
v q un l n g k thut;
C th s d n g lin t c n n tui th c n g
trn h k o di;
N e u qun l tt, hiu q u x l phn cao;
P h h p vi n h u c u s d n g p h n bn.
5. H
th m
n c
x
di
K h n g c ru i m u i, m i hi thi;
Tin li, sch s c th xy bn trong nh;
T n t n c khi s d n g ;
C h c ch n , an to n c h o s d n g v q u n
l;
T u i th c n g trnh di;
N e u qun l tt, k h n g c m i hi thi;
C n c n c di v t c h
ri n g giy v sinh;
C nguy c
t r n g nc, t;
n h i m
mi
V i c x y d n g n h v sin h i
h i p hi c c h u y n
m n tay
n g h cao;
K h n g tn d n g c n g u n
phn;
G i th n h t n g i ca o, q u n
l, b o d n g p h c tp;
Khng
p d n g c
cc
v n g c nhu c u d n g phn
b n ru ng .
6.
B
ho i
truy n
th o n g
T i n li, v n m in h , s c h s c th x y bn
tr o n g n h;
C n c n c di v t c h ri n g
g i y v sinh;
N c thi c x l s b;
V i c x y d n g n h v sinh i
hi phi c c h u y n m n tay n gh
cao;
K h n g c ru i m u i, m i hi thi;
t g y n h im n g u n n c.
G i th n h t n g i ca o , qu n
l, b o d n g p h c tp;
C n h t x cn n h k.
7. B e t hoi
hai v
N h trn
N h trn
N h trn
N h trn
N h trn
N h trn
N h trn
N h trn
8. B t hoi
vi
ngn
l c hiu kh
9. B
t
hoi vi
n g n lc
k kh
10.
210
B
kh
sinh h c
W a t. R e s . 1 9 (1 ), 9 9 - 106.
DP number 10.
2004.
211
K THUT X L BN CN
TRONG IU KIN T NHIN
L c p
M y ly t m
23 ( 1 5 - 2 0 a)
b n g ti
2 4 ( 1 5 - 2 0 b)
L c p
32
Bi lm
B i t r n g c y t c h
kh bn
nir c b n
10h
3 0 -4 0
a Gi tr th ng thn
b Gi tr ph thuc vo thi gian x l
Ngun: trch
dn t Nielsen, 2003
o iu kin
Bi lm kh bn
Cc bi lm kh bn c xy dng trn cc lp ct lc c ng dng trong vi
thp k; dng cng trnh ny c coi l d p dng, thit k n gin v c th to ra
sn phm bn kh n nh [WEF, 2003]. Cc bi lm kh bn c p dng cho nhng
c s nh v c th s dng trong hu ht cc iu kin kh hu. Mc d cn c din
tch ln v nhiu lao ng, nhng bi lm kh bn rt kinh t i vi nhng ni c iu
kin p ng v t ai v lao ng.
Bn ch yu c tch nc bng thm, thot nc v bay hi nc; nc c tch
khi bn bng trng lc, thm qua ct xung y h, c thu gom v thot ra khi bi
lm kh bng h thng ng ngm. Lng nc khng thm c s to thnh lp vng
ph trn b mt c th c bay hi. Bn s tch t ti lp trn cng ca bi lm kh vi
hm lng cht kh khong 10% [WEF, 2003], ty theo thi gian ca qu trnh lm kh
bn. Trn hnh 7.1 m t cu to in hnh ca bi lm kh bn.
215
Hnh
7 .1.
Bi lm kh bn.
Sn xut phn bn
Vic x l bn thnh phn bn l mt qu trnh hiu kh m cc cht rn hu c b
phn hy sinh hc thnh cacbon ixit v nc [IWA, 2006] v kt qu l to ra mt
nguyn liu n nh (phn bn) c th c dng lm cht b sung cho dt trng phc
v nng nghip. Phn ng xy ra trong qu trinh x l bn thnh phn bn sinh ra nhit
tng i cao. cn duy tri nhit ny trong sut qu trnh nhm m bo cht lng
tt cho sn phm phn bn. Sn xut phn bn l mt hinh thc x l n nh bn ng
thi to ra nguyn liu hu dng v gim mm bnh. Sn xut phn bn i hi mt s
cng on chun b v nhiu nhn cng. V bn c m cao, nn trc khi qu trnh x
216
l thnh phn bn c thc hin cn tin hnh tch nc khi bn v bo qun bng
cch thm cc ph gia (phoi g, rm, cht thi hu c rn, v.v...) tng t l cht rn
ca bn ln t nht 35% [B mi trng v nng lng, an Mch 1996].
Quan h gia s lng trng giun a v m
Hnh 7.2. Quan h v s thay i gia m v s lng trimg giun a trong bn.
Phng php phn bn ph bin nht l hiu kh theo lung c nh, o lung
v h thng khp kn. Cc lung hiu kh c nh l nhng ng bn c chiu cao 2,0 m
v vic lm thong c tin hnh bng cp kh qua cc ng t di y dc theo
lung. Vic phn bn yu cu cc bc x l s b bn, cng trnh v cc thit b.
duy tr xp tt v lm khng kh lu thng d dng, cn ph mt lp phoi bo xp
gia h thng thng gi v bn. Khng kh c thoi vo theo tng t trnh lm
gim nhit bn, nh hng n hiu qu phn bn. Tng t, o lung l hnh
thc bn thnh cc lung c chiu cao t 1,0 n 2,0 m c bo qun, nhng vic
lm thong c thc hin bng cch o trn bn trong lung [Crites v cs, 006]. Cc
phng php ny thng to ra mi kh chu. H thng khp kn l nhng khoang
khp kn, c s dng khc phc cc iu kin kh hu khng thun li v ti u
ha vic kim sot cc thng s vn hnh qu trnh phn bn.
Ty theo iu kin kh hu cng nh cc c tnh ca bn v phng php c p
dng, qu trnh ny thng ko di t 4 n 8 tun. Sau khi bn c n nh,
cnc
thi gian lu tr thm bn chn v kh. Thi gian lu tr c lin quan n vn
kinh t v cng tc vn hnh; thi gian lu tr cng lu i hi din tch t s dng
cho vic phn bn cng ln.
X l bng
X l bng t c thc hin bng cch ph bn (lng, tch nc hoc kh) trn
b m t t h o c ch n s d n g tron g n n g n g h ip v cho mc ch trng h o c khi
217
phc rng. Vic ph bn b mt thng c tin hnh bng cch phun bn lng dcri
p lc tri ln b mt t v thot nc vo rnh. Bn tch nc c th c chn
hoc cy lp trong t. Bn kh c th ng trong ti hoc cht thnh ng v tri ln
b mt bng my hoc bng th cng.
S dng bn bn t trong nng nghip c th gim lng phn bn v nng cao
cht lng t trng. Cc a phng thng a ra cc iu lut quy nh v vic s
dng bn cho t nng nghip; nhn chung, cc iu lut ny thng gii hn nng
cho php ca cc kim loi trong bn v cc mm bnh cng nh nng cht hu C '
nhm bo v ngun nc ngm. i vi vic s dng bn bn t, v nng cht dini
dng trong bn tch nc v bn kh thp hn nn nu c php, bn lng c th
c s dng nhiu hn.
Hnh 7 .4 . C u t o h t h n g b i t r n g s y k h o n g h a b n .
219
C ba giai on vn hnh h thng trng sy. Trong giai on khi ng (khong hai
nm), bn nn c ti t hn so vi thit k. Sau giai on khi ng, thc vt pht
trin y v c th ti theo cng sut thit k. Giai on th ba (sau khong tm nm
hot ng), bn tch nc c ly i khi bi. Cc n nguyn cn c ly bun
(c th l hai nm cui trong s tm nm) s dng ti bn trong giai on kh ca mua
h nhm tng ti a hm lng cht kh ca bn. Sau bn c ly ln lt t cac
n nguyn; ty theo nhu cu v s lng cc n nguyn, giai on ny c th ko di
khong bn nm. Khi bi c dn sch bn th tip tc thc hin giai on khcri
ng mi (Hnh 7.5). Vic xy dng v hot ng ca cc bi trng sy khng tn km
v khng i hi nhn lc c trnh cao; bi trng sy c th x l c cc loi bun
vi cc c tnh khc nhau.
H lm kh bn
Trong h lm kh bn, bn t qu trnh x l nc thi c lu tr ng thi, tch
nc v lm kh (Hnh 7.6). Bng lng trng lc, tch nc chy trn, cc thnh phin
cht rn trong bn c lu v nn trong h. Qu trnh yu cu thi gian lu tr bin
kh lu. Cc thnh phn cht rn ng li y h, phn nc trn b mt h c thoit
220
Tch nc b mt
n nh bn bng vi
S dng vi n nh bn s kim sot c mi v loi b vi khun. Hn na, n
nh ha hc s lm tng kh nng tch nc v x l bn hiu qu hn. Cc cht kim
(nh vi) c b sung tng pH nhm v hiu ha kh nng hot ng ca cc vi
sinh vt do hn ch to mi v ngn cn s pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt truyn bnh.
Ngoi ra, vi c th ng vai tr nh mt tc nhn keo t lm tng cng kh nng tch
nc ca bn.
Mt s lu v thit k bao gm c im v khi lng bn, thi gian tip xc,
pH, nhit , loi cht kim dng cho qu trnh n nh, phng php pha trn. Vi c
th c b sung vo di dng cht lng hoc dng vi kh dng vin, bt. Liu
lng cht ho hc ph thuc vo h thng np liu, khi lng v c im ca vi v
cht lng vi theo yu cu. cn thc hin cng tc kim tra lin tc xc nh v
iu chinh liu lng vi v ti u ho cht lng bn.
7.1.4. Cc lu v iu kin kh hu v yu cu vn hnh
N g u n : t WEF, 2003
222
I-
00
0
Bn th cp
Cc chi tiu
Bn s cp
0,8 - 2,8
2 0 -3 0
8 -1 5
1 ,5 -4 ,0
5,0 - 8,0
0 ,4 - 1,2
6 0 -8 5
5-12
1,5 ^ 3,0
3 2 -4 0
2,4 H- 7,0
6,5 - 8,0
M sc =
X TSS X Q
(7 .1 )
M l c= y * B O D xQ
(7.2)
Trong :
M lc - tng khi lng cht kh trong bn th cp (kg/ng);
y - h k ti lng BOD 5 c chuyn ha thnh sinh khi (kg/kg);
BOD - lng BOD 5 c loi b trong qu trnh x l bc hai (kg/m3);
- lu lng (m 3/ng).
7.2.2. La chn mc x l
H thng x l cn m bo kh nng vn hnh linh hot p ng vi khi lng
bn pht sinh, m bo x l c lng bn cao nht c th pht sinh v khng thng
xuyn s dng ton b cng sut. H thng cn duy tri uc hiu sut x l bn sau
khi n nh c gi tr s d n g v v i c thi bn khng g y nn cc vn li n quan ti
l b n k h n g c q u t i. P h n g p h p t h n g k h c g i m t h i u t c n g n
c n g n g l b t r v n g c c h ly c t r n g c y x a n h .
7.3. V TR V THIT LP
7.3.1. Kch thc v s h thng
D i n t c h b m t c n t h i t , k c h t h c v s h t h n g p h t h u c q u y t r n h x lv
b n c c h n , l n g v l o i b n c x l v c c i u k i n k h h u t r o n g v n g .
7.3.2. Tc ng mi trTig
G i n g n h m i d n k h c , v i c x y d n g c s x l b n y u c u p h i n g h i n c u
t c n g v m i tr n g . c tn h c a q u y tr n h c th g y ra s p h n i c a c n g n g ,
d o , c n g n g n n t h a m g ia v o v i c n h g i t c n g m i tr n g .
7.4. CHI PH
Theo Peavey v cc cng s (1986), vic xy dng c s bi thi c th chim t 40
n 6 0 % c h i p h x y d n g c a h t h n g x l n c t h i . C n g v i c h i p h u t , c c
c h i p h v n h n h v q u n l b n c t h c h i m 5 0 % t n g c h i p h v n h n h T X L N T d o .
ch i p h n y p h i c tn h v o t n g ch i p h v n h n h .
7.4.1. Chi ph u t
C h i p h u t b a o g m ch i p h th i t k h th n g v chi ph n g u y n v t liu s d n g
x y d n g h th n g . V chi ph th a y i t y th e o t n g a i m n n
s d n g n g i a p h n g v p h n tch th n g k ch
v i c tn h to n phi
t i t c u a t t c a p h
ph p h t sin h
c n g p h t h u c v o i u k i n k i n h t a p h a n g . H u h t c h i p h
O & M c h o q u n l b n l c h i p h n h n l c l i n q u a n v p h t h u c v o c h i p h n h n c n g
t i a p h n g . V i c v n h n h b a o g m q u a n t r c c h t l n g v k i m s o t l u l n g .
V i c b o d n g b a o g m b o d n g c c u t h y l c v b m , h n c h c d i , k i m s o t
s u b , m b o tn h th m m , b n g h i u v ro ch an .
HAMMER, M. J., 1995. Water and waste technology. Prentice Hall 3rd ed., 547 p.,
New Jersey, USA.
. HEINSS, u ., and KOPOTTATEP, T., 1998. se o f reed beds fo r faecal sludge
dewatering: A synopsis o f reviewed literature and interim results o f pilot
investigations xvith septage treatment in Bangkok, Thailand. (EAWAG), (SANDEC)
and (AIT).
. INTERNATIONAL WATER ASSOCIATION, 2006. Municipal wastewater
management in developing countries: principals and engineering ed. ang z . &
Hense M., IWA publishing, 334 p., London,UK
METCALF and EDDY, 2002, Wastewater engineering, trecitment and rense, ed.
Tchobanoglous G, Burton F., and Stensel D., 4thed. McGraw-Hill, 1848 p., London, UK.
. MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY, 1996. Catalogue o f alternaive
fo r the removal methods o f wastewater sludge (in Danish Katalog over alternative
bortskaffelsesmetoder fo r spildevandsslam..). The Ministry of Environment,
Denmark (0kologisk Bymyelse og Spildevandsrensning) No. 3.
NIELSEN s, 2003. Sludge treatment in wetland systems in proceedings o f l st
international seminar on the use o f aquatic macrophytes fo r wastewater trehtment
in consructed wetlands, Lisboa 8 -10 May 2003. Ed. Dias, V. & Vymazal J., 151193 pp, Lisbon, Portugal.
. PEAVY, H.S., ROWE, D.R., and TCHOBANOGLOUS, G 1986. Environmenal
engineering. McGraw-Hill, 699 pp, Singapore.
PABSCH H, 2004. Batch Humiication o f Sewage Sludge in Grass Beds DBU
Gttingen, Technical University o f Hamburg, Hamburg. (Doktor-Ingenieur dissertation).
SPINOSA, L., and VESILIND, P.A., 2002. Sludge into solids Processing, disposal
and utilization. IWA publishing, 334 p., London, UK.
WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION, 2003. Wastewater treatment plant
design, ecl.
XANTHOULIS D. 1996. - Rapport de synthse: Rutilisaion des eaux uses des
fin s agricoes, Ouarzazate, Maroc. PNUD, FAO, MARA - Maroc,
226
TI S DNG NC THI
th
N n g n g h ip
C h o m c c h
g i i tr
V d ng dng
K h n g g i i h n p h m
vi s d n g
T i c y t r o n g c n g v i n , s n c h i th th a o , s n
tr n g , sn g n , n g h a tra n g , k h u d n c , cc
v n h a i x a n h , l m t a n tu y t .
Hn ch
T i c h o c c k h u v c v i t n s u t n h v k h u
v c c k i m sot.
M c c h k h c
C h o cy n n g n g h ip
T i ti u c h o c y l n g t h c v c y n q u .
C h o cy c n g n g h ip
v c y l n g th c
c h o g i a s c
T i c y l n g t h c c h o g ia s c , c y l y s i, h o a,
g ie o m m , c c h o g i a s c , v n m c y g i n g ,
n g c.
K h n g g i i h n p h m
vi n g d n g
K h n g g i i h n i v i n h n g m c c h c h o vui
c h i gii tr d i n c : a o h p h c v m c c h
b i ii v l t v n .
H n ch
C u c , b i t h u y n v c c h o t n g g i i tr
k h n g ti p x c k h c .
C i th i n m i
tr n g
C c b i l c n h n t o , c i t h i n c c bi lc t
n h i n , t o th n h c c d n g c h y .
B sung ngun
nc ngm
B s u n g n g u n n c n g m c p n c c h o sin h
h o t, h n c h s x m n h p c a n c m n , k i m
so t h in t n g su y g i m m c n c ngm .
C ho cng
n g h ip
C u n g c p n c c h o h th n g lm n g u i, n c cp
c h o n i h i, c h o n h v s in h , c h o d c h v g i t l,
c h o h t h n g i u h a k h n g k h.
C h o khu dn c
P h c v c h o v i c c r a , g i t l, n h v s in h v
h t h n g i u h a k h n g k h .
Ti
dng
H a tr n v i n c c p c h o s i n h h o t.
lm n c c p
227
V.V..) v c c
lo i t r n g g i u n
dn in (EC)
EC c tnh bng mmSiemen/cm hoc deciSiemen/m nhit 25c, chi tiu
dn in biu th tng lng cht ran v nh tnh c mc nhim mn ca t.
Hm lng cc loi mui ln qu s lm gim sn lng ca cy trng. S tch ly-cc
loi mui khong trong t ph thuc vo cht lng ca nc ti. C hai loi dn
in: ECn l dn in ca nc ti v EC l dn in ca t bo ha.
228
Ty l hp th natri (SAR)
Hm lng natri ln s c th lm thay i cu trc vt l ca t v nh hng ti
t l nc thm qua t (gim kh nng thm thu). S nh hng ca natri cn lin
quan ti hm lng canxi v magi. Khi natri trong t tn ti di dng c th trao
i ion c th n s thay th cc cation canxi, magi v lm phn tn cc phn t st
trong t. S c mt ca natri di dng c th trao i ion c trong t l cn thit
nhm duy trcht lng ca t. T l SAR biu th tng quan hmlng natri v
lng natri ctr trao i c c trong nc ti, v cxc nh nh sau:
SAR =
,
Na= =
{ Ca + M g )
(8.1)
Trong : hm lng Na, Ca, v Mg c tnh bng miligam ng lng trn lit (mgl/L).
SAR cho bit hm lng ion Na+ trong nc ti v c lin quan ti ESP (t l phn
trm ca natri c kh nng trao i c) t d cho bit hm lng ion Na+ c trong t:
7>
(8 .2 )
* ' '" * ! .
> cations
T rong phn,
T ro n g nc
t r o n g t b n , v
cp v m ng
tr o n g b n c n
li t h o t n c
T ro n g t
T rn cy
tr n g
V iru t
V iru t n g rut
Vi khun
C o li p h n
< 9 0 (< 5 0 )
< 7 0 (< 2 0 )
T h n g h n
< 6 0 (< 3 0 )
< 7 0 (< 2 0 )
< 10 ( < 5)
< 3 0 ( < 5)
< 5 (< 2)
< 2 0 (<10)
< 10 (< 2 )
N h i u th n g
< 6 0 (<30)
n g vt n g u y n sinh
E n ta m o e b a histo ly tica cy sts
< 3 0 (<1 5)
G i u n s n
A sc a ris lu m b rico id es eg g s
1 N h i u th n g
N h iu thng
* s liu c h u n g v k h n n g t n ti c a m m b n h ; s liu t r o n g n g o c n l k h o n g th i
g ia n t n ti t h n g t h n g c a m m b n h ;
229
Cc ion c i vi thc vt
Cc cht c i vi thc vt thng c trong nc thi sau x l l cc ion Bo (B ),
clorua (CO, v natri (Na+). Ion Bo (B ) s c tnh c khi n tn ti trong t vi hm
lng qu cao. Mt s loi cy trng nh cy chanh hoc cy mm xi rt nhy cm
vi cht Bo v khng th pht trin c vi hm lng vt qu 0,5 mg/L. Ion Clorua
(C1) c cy trng hp thu v tch t li trong l, nu hm lng ion ny qu cao s
lm cho l cy b kh hoc b chy.
pH
pH trung bnh trong nc ti phi nm trong khong t 6,5 n 8,5. Neu nc
ti c pH nm ngoi khong ny th khng t tiu chun.
Cc nguvn t vi lng v cc kim loi nng
Cc nguyn t vi lng l cc cht ha hc m hm lng ca chng trong nc ti
thng thng chi khong vi mg/L [FAO, 1992]. Cc kim loi nng thng l cc thnh
phn vi lng. Cc kim loi nng c t trng cao gp bn ln so vi nc. C th sng
i hi mt lng nh cc kim loi nng nhng vi hm lng cao qu mc cho php
c th gy hi v l nguyn nhn gy bnh cho c th. Do cn phi quan tm nhiu
ti y u t kim loi nng v y l cht c kh nng tch t trong thc n v qua tch
Lung t
R n h ti
f |g j p
Ay,Wt
' ft ,
MSi
H ga thot nc
p trn
c nh mc nc
! jtft
Vng r
1111
t r ( H
ng phn phi nc
ng t
ng ti ch
I I I
I I
10
I I I I
15
20
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
10
15
EC.
I
20
C c ti u ch
T i th eo
n h g i
lu n g
Lm
l,
Khng
l m
Ti xung quanh
M t s nl n g
Khng
t h n g l
tuy
tc
ng
qu
nguy
ti
l c y
nhng
cng
th
xut
l m g i m s n l n g
dn
en g i m
sn
l n g th u
t n t h n g l
l c y s d n
khi cy c
khng
n s n l n g
tr n g
him
nhng
th p
lu n g
T i n h g i t
phun sng
c u n g l c th
cc nguy c
tr n
T i ni vi
t c
ng
xu
lm
tn
c
h i n
hoch
2
tc h
m ui
trong
vng
vi
r
qu
M u i tc h t
tro n g
lu n g
cy
th
trin h
gy
hi
cho
c lp i lp
c y tr n g
M ui
vn
chuyn
x u n g p h a d i v
chuyn
hu
pha
nh
khng
vn
M ui
xung
xung
M ui
d i
c t c h t tr o n g
hu n h k h n g
v n g r cy
tch
tro n g v n g r
li
tr n
quanh,
chuyn
ng
d c th eo h n g
chuyn
ng
c a nc. G i a
cc
cy
t a
i m
t i
hnh thnh lp
m ui ng
3
K h nng duy
C y tr n g c
C y t r n g c th b
K hng c kh
kh
nng
tr l n g n c
th
t h i u
th iu
nng
duy
tr
l n g
tro n g
khong
nc
nc
tro n g
trong
sut
th i
t r o n g t
nc
khong
th i
nc
th i
tr o n g
g ia n
g i a c c ln t i
duy
l ng
cao
tr o n g
tr
g ian g i a cc
tro ng sut q u
l n t i
trinh
v l m g i m ti
s in h
tr n g
s in h
tr ng
a c c t c n g
ca m ui
Kh
C th m c
C th m c v a
K h
va
phi
p h i . Q u t r i n h t i
iu
v i c
nng
th c h
ng
th
m c t t n
c h in h .
r t tt. H u ht
bng
n c v ti u n c
Hu ht l c y
cc cy trng c
mn ca nc
qun
t t
c t h c h i n tt
b m c b n h v
th p h t tri n v
thi m k h n g
v ti u n c ,
c th l m c h o sn
sn l n g th u
t g y g i m s n
l m
sn
l n g th u h o c h
hoch th p
l n g th u h o c h
th u
i u
c h n h
g i m
l n g
hoch
Ngun:
l
l
cch
th
chp
nhn c
mc
th
chp
nhn c
K andiah, 1990
N, p. K, Ca, Mg,... cc nguyn t dinh dng vi krng: Fe, Zn, Cu, M n,...) tc ng
trc tip ti cy trng. Vic ti cy bng nc thi c xem nh l bn phn cng
vi nc cho t, y l phng php rt kinh t do gim c chi ph v phn bn.
Hm lng ln cc cht dinh dng trong nc thi c th dn ti s mt cn bng dinh
dng trong t, cc nguyn t khong cht (N, p, K) trong nc thi thng thng cao
hn so vi yu cu ca cy trng. iu dn n mt s kt qu bt thng nh cy
trng pht trin qu mc v lm cho cht lng ca nng phm b thay i. V th vic
kim sot thng xuyn cc yu t trong dng nc ti l rt cn thit gii hn
lng cc cht dinh dng v trnh xy ra nhng kt qu bt thng.
Hp cht ni
Hp cht ni t trong nc thi bao gm ba dng: nit hu c, amonia v nitrat. T l
ca cc hp cht trong nc thi ph thuc ngun thi v phng php x l.
Amonia (NH4) thng chim a s v c hm lng nm trong khong t 5 n 40
mg/L. Nit hu c bao gm cc dng ha tan v khng ha tan ch chim mt phn nh.
Tt c cc dng nit hu c u c th b xy ha thnh amonia nh cc vi sinh vt trong
nc thi v trong dt. Hm lng nitrat c th thay i t 0 ti 30 mg/L. Nu nc thi
cha amonia c a vo t thng xuyn th cc vi khun nitrat ha s gia tng.
Lng nit d tha s lm cho cy trng pht trin qu mc, mc trng thnh b
chm v cht lng ca ma v b gim st. Tt nhin lng nit cn bn cho t canh
tc phi cao hn lng m cy trng tiu th, ngn chn s tch t v thm su vo t
trng. Neu nc ti cha qu t nit th cn b sung thm nit t c sn lng
ma v tt nht. V d, bng 8.4 nu r tng lng hp cht nit t nc thi ca thnh
ph Ouarzazate (Marc) cn bn cho v ma trng cy c chua cao hn so vi yu cu.
Bng 8.4. Lng NPK (kg/ha) t nc ti c chua tnh ton t lu lng ti 6500nr'/ha
N c thi
N c th i
q u a x l
k h n g q u a x l
22 5
334
175
99
145
75
155
111
175
C c n g u y n t k h o n g c h t
Y u c u th e o 'l th u y t
(8.3)
c tng [%m/dS].
Phn trm sn lng b gim trn mt om v ca hm lng mui uc tng (b) t l
vi s gim sn lng thu hoch, c tnh theo cng thc sau:
b-
00-______
EC0% ECioo%
(8.4)
11-3
Yu cu quan trc
Ba mc ch ca vic quan trc:
1. Ph chun v xc nhn h thng ti p ng c nhng yu cu v thit k;
2. Quan trc qu trnh hot ng hoc xc nhn h thng lm vic theo ng yu cu
thit k;
3. Thm tra hoc chng minh rng sn phm cui cng t yu cu cht lng v
m c ti u v s c k h e.
Ba dng quan trc ny s c tin hnh cc cng on khc nhau. Vic xem xt s
c tin hnh ngay t u khi m h thng va c lp t xong h thng c th
hon thin p ng nhng yu cu t ra. Vic quan trc qu trnh hot ng ca h
thng s c th hin thng qua cc bin php quan trc thng thng v phn tch
nh gi cc cng trnh trong h thng. Vic xem xt mt cch nh k trn sn phm
cui cng nhm hon thin h thng t c yu cu thit k. Vic quan rc c tin
hnh vi tn sut ln nhanh chng lm sng t cc vn pht sinh trong khi cc
s liu quan trc thu c trong thi gian di v ch r hiu sut ton b v phng
hng ca h thng [WHO, 2006].
Chng trnh quan trc phi c xc nh r v phi p ng c cc yu cu ti
thiu sau:
Xc nh cc thng s quan trc;
Xc nh r v tr quan trc;
* Tn sut quan trc.
8.2.2. Khi phc ngun nc ngm
Tng nc ngm c v tr rt quan trng do l ngun cung cp nc sch cho cc
ging khoan. S phc hi ngun nc ngm vi vic ti s dng nc hoc nc thi
sau x l c th dn n:
Trnh cho nc mn xm nhp vo tng nc ngm ti vng ven bin;
To ra qu trnh x l tng cng cho vic ti s dng;
Cung cp lng nc phc hi cho vic ti s dng trong tng lai;
Gia tng tr lng cho cc tng nc ngm c hoc khng s dng cho mc ch
cp nc sinh hot;
Kim sot v chng li hin tng gim mc nc ngm.
X l nc bng cc lp t (SA T)
Cc lp t c th coi nh l cng trnh x l t nhin lm sch b sung nc thi
x l. Trong lu vc thm thu, nc thi sau x l s c lc qua lp t trc khi
i vo ngun nc ngm. Tng t khng bo ha ng vai tr nh b phn lc t
239
Nc thi
N c sau
x l
Nc thi
Ging khoan
thm nc
H thrn nc
TTTTTT
Tng khng cha nc
(vng khng bo ha)
Tng t cha nc
(vng bo ha)
Hnh 8.8. Cc phng php thng dng b sung nc ngm bng nc thi qua x.
Bng 8.5. Cc c im chnh ca cc phng php phc hi ngun nc ngm.
c im
C c l u v c t h m lc
Loi t n g c h a
nc
C c y u cu v
m c t i n x l
T n g chi ph
C c y u cu v
bo d ng
T u i th c a c n g
tr n h
C c a t n g c
k h n n g x l
nc
Ngun: U N EP,
C c g in g khoan a
t n g k h n g bo ha
n c t r c t i p
K hng hoc c cha
K hng cha nc
K hng cha nc
C n g n g h thp
L o i b c c c h t r n
C ng ngh cao
H th n g p h n phi v
2 5 . 0 0 0 - 7 5 .0 0 0
U S D /g in g
5 0 0 . 0 0 0 - 1 .5 0 0 .0 0 0
d i n t c h t
C n g sut
C c g in g kh o an
nc
U S D /g in g
1 0 0 0 -2 0 .0 0 0
1 0 0 0 - 3000
2000 - 6000
m 3/ h a . n g
r n V g i n g .n g
m 3/ g i n g . n g
Lm kh v no vt
L m k h v l m s c h
> 100 nm
20 nm
T ng khng cha nc
T ng khng cha nc
v t n g c h a n c
v tng cha nc
L m sch v i
ch iu d n g ch y
25
50 nm
T ng cha nc
1999
r _ 10.000*365 _ nnn
F = -----------------------------------------------;-= 73.000 m 2 = 7,3 ha
50
Nu gi t khong 20.000 USD/ha th tng gi thnh cho din tch cn thit ny l
150.000 USD. Gi thnh ny c th tng ln nhiu khi tnh ti gi thnh ca h thng
vn chuyn phn phi nc thi vo. Chnh v th lu vc t thm lc nn c b tr
gn vi ngun cp nc vo.
8.2.3. Ti s dng cho cng nghip
Cc c s sn xut cng nghip thng s dng nc cho vic lm ngui, git ra,
vn chuyn cng nh l dung mi v nc c th tn ti trong sn phm cui cng. Hai
loi hnh tiu th nhiu nc l cc nh my nng lng nguyn t v nng lng nhit
do cn mt lng nc ln cho qu trnh lm ngui. Cc ngnh cng nghip c lin
quan ti ch bin kim loi, cng nghip ha cht, cc nh my tinh ch v cc ngnh
cng nghip khc c th thu c li nhun t vic ti s dng nc cho vic lm ngui
v cho cc cng on cng ngh khc nhau. Thm vo l cc li ch v mi trng
c cp cc phn trc, vic ti s dng nc trong cng nghip s mang li
nhng li ch sau:
Kh nng gim c chi ph sn xut t vic thu hi nguyn liu sn xut trong
n c thi v g i m c l n g n c cn s dn g;
C c v d v t i s d n g n c
N c c h o th p l m n g u i.
T i s d n g n c th i s in h h o t
L m n g u i m t ln .
p d n g tro n g c n g ngh.
N c c h o t h p l m n g u i .
L m n g u i m t ln v ti s d n g .
T i c h n g a y ti n i p h t sin h v s
d n g t h a y th c h o n c c n g n g h
T i s d n g n c t r o n g g i t l ( n c , l m n n g ,
v t h u h i c h t t y ) .
T i s d n g n c g i t ra.
C r a c n g t r n h .
C c d n g th i
c n g n g h ip
%
khng
d n g tro n g
L m n n g n c c a b b i v c c t h m m v i n ,
n g d n g tro n g n n g nghip.
Nc lm mt
C hai loi h thng lm mt bng nc:
1. H thng lm mt mt ln: nc i qua b phn trao i nhit mt ln sau quay
tr li ngun cha ban u. Khng c s bay hi v do khng c nc ng
trong h thng.
2. H thng c kh nng lm bc hi nc, lm mt tun hon: y l loi h thng
lm mt ph bin. Thp lm mt c s dng hp th nhit t l phn ng ht
nhn bng hi nc. Nc lm mt tun hon tr li h thng v nc trong h
thng c b sung thm vo thay th lng nc bc hi. Khi nc lm
mt b bay hi th hm lng cht rn ha tan lin tc tng v c th dn n cc
vn v n mn. Do nc lm mt phi c thng xuyn loi ra khi h
thng trnh cho hm lng cc cht rn ha tan trong nc tng qu mc
Nc cp cho ni hi
Nc thu hi c th c s dng cho ni hi to hi nc. Cht lng nc yu
cu tng ln cng vi p lc ca ni hi. Ni hi to p lc cao i hi nc c tinh
khit cao v cn c x l cao hn v d nh l qu trnh x l thm thu ngc hoc
trao i ion. cng ca nc cp cho ni hi phi gn bng khng trnh lng
ng, ng cn hoc n mn thit b. Yu cu nghim ngt v cng ngh x l nc v
mt lng nh nc sau x l cn phi c ti s dng c ra ni hi v lng
nc ny khng thch hp cho vic ti s dng nc thi.
N g u y n nhn
B i n p h p x l
C c h p c h t v c, m u i
a v o n c c c c ht c c h n g
c n , h p th c a c b o n , trao i ion, lc,
ki m sot tc c h i t
S n m n
C c c h t tan v c h t r n k h n g tan, m t
cn bng pH
a v o cc c h t c c h n m n ,
th m thu n g c
S p h t trin
c a vi s in h v t
T n d c a c c c h t h u c, a m o n ia,
p h tpho
B i x y t, cc c h t p h n t n , lc
S tc n g h n
S p h t tri n c a vi sin h v t, cc m u i
p h t p h t, c c c h t ta n v cht rn
k h n g ta n
K i m sot s n g c n, n m n , s
p h t trin c a vi sinh vt, lc h a
c h t v p h n t n v t l
S n g c n
243
Cc thun li i vi mi trng
Nc thi c s dng hp l v ng cch cho vic ti ticu trong nng nghip c
th ci thin cht lng mi trng nh sau:
Trnh c vic x cht thi vo ngun nc mt, ngn chn c tnh trng lm
mt cnh quan, cc iu kin ym kh trong bt c ngun nc no v trnh c
tnh trng ph dng ca nc h v cc h cha.
Bo tn c ngun nc ngm trong nhng khu vc b khai thc qu mc cho nng
nghip nhm trnh s mt nc v trnh nc mn xm nhp vo tng cha nc.
C kh nng bo tn cht lng t v trnh c s ra tri ca t (s bo mn).
Cc tc ng ti t trng
Cc tc ng ti t trng thng rt quan trng i vi ngi canh tc bi v chng
c th lm gim nng sut, gim mu m ca t v gim sn lng cy trng do:
S nhim mn;
S kim ha v lm gim thm thu ca t;
S tch ly khng cn thit cc nguyn t c hi;
S tch t ca cc cht dinh dng.
Cc tc ng ti nc ngm
Trong mt s trng hp th cc tc ng ti ngun nc ngm cn quan trng han
c c tc n g ti t trn g do c c thnh phn tron g n c thi c th g y n h im n g u n
nc ngm. gim thiu hoc gii quyt vn ny, cn xem xt cc bin php
[Xanthoulis, 1996]:
S dng lng nc ti da vo lng nc yu cu ca cy trng vi kh nng
ngm nc ti thiu;
Thit lp mt chng trnh qun l h thng ti tiu da trn nhng yu cu ca
cy trng, kh nng tr nc ca t v s lng nc thi;
Cc loi cy trng la chn c th hp th cc yu t c hi trong nc thi;
Trong trng hp nc b nhim mn, cy trng c la chn c th hp thu mui;
Hn ch lng nc thi ti a chnh xc lng nit cn thit vo trong t
v gim nguy c nhim nitrat. Neu lng nit vt qu lng cn thit i vi
cy trng th phi:
- La chn loi cy trng i hi lng nit ln;
- La chn h thng ti c th phn phi nc ti u;
- Trn ln nc thi v nc sch;
- Duy tr h thng ti mc c th chp nhn c.
Cc yu cu trn c khuyn co thit lp s cn bng nit nhm ngn chn vic
ngun nc ngm b nhim nitrat. S cn bng v nit cho php gi cho hm lng
nitrat trong nc di 50mg/L hoc gi bng nng nit hin c nu hm lng thc
t ny cao hn 50mg/L.
Cc tc ng ti nc mt
Vi hm lng Nit v Phtpho cao trong nc thi c th dn ti hin tng gy
ph dng ngun nc. Nit l yu t hn ch i vi s pht trin ca to bin,
nhng Nit v Phtpho l cc yu t hn ch trong h, trong lu vc nc mn v trong
cc p nc ni m nc thi c lu gi trc khi ti.
Cc tc ng ti cy trng
Bn cnh tc ng ton din ca mt s thnh phn trong nc thi nh nng
mui trong nc ti th nc thi c th l yu t c hi tim tng do s c mt ca
246
v i c t i s d n g n c t h i
N h m c
i u k i n ti
s dng
Ti
cy
cho
loi
tr n g
Ti
cho
G iu n s n g
nguy c
tr o n g r u ta
t c n g
( s tr n g /L )
dng, cng
n h c thit k
< 1
< 1000
x l t n g n g
T h i g i a n l u n c
Cng nhn
< 1
K hng c
ti u c h u n
nu
trong
h n nh k h o n g
t 8 n 10 n g y
lo i b t r n g g iu n
v C o li p h n
B i n p h p t i ti
tr n g
t c c h t l ng
vi sinh h o c c n g trnh
ng
g ia s c , n g c
v c y n q u d
ch i vi cc cy
c u v vi sinh hc
H th n g c c h n
C ng nhn,
ng i s
B i n p h p X L N T
n h m t c c c y u
(s C oli/100 m L )
cy
ng cc, c y cng
n g h ip ,
cy
cho
C o li p h n b
T i n x ly t h e o y u
Khng
K h n g th
K h n g th
p dng
p d n g
m c B
c u v c n g n g h ti
nhng
ti th i u
c n
tin h n h l n g s c p
a / Ascaris lumbricoides,
Ngun: W H O ,
1989.
v n
t h
x y
r a
( h
h n
c h
t i
p h i
k h
d n g
n h
(cc tc ng ti nc ti)2
ds/m
<
, 7
, 7
3 , 0
>
, 0
o c )
t h m
- 1
- 4
<
4 5 0
2 0 0 0
>
, 7
>
, 2
1 , 2
>
, 9
2 0
>
, 9
>
, 0
3-^6
g / l
(tc ng ca t l nc ti vo t nh gi c ECn
t h u
248
SAR
v
K
, 7
2 0 0 0
SAR
0 , 2
<
, 2
- 0
, 3
<
, 3
- 0
, 5
<
, 5
2 , 9
1 , 3
<
, 3
- 2
, 9
<
, 9
, 9
, 0
>
v n
t h
x y
r a
( N
) 4
b n g
a t r i
l o
( C
h i
c a
i o n
r i n g
v i
p h u n
b n g
p h u n
i c a c b
<
e /1
<
e / 1
<
e / 1
<
c h t
t c
n i t
n a t
n g
( N
( H
h n
<
E C
b n g
c a
d n
t r n g
i n ,
b n g
t i
p h i
d n g
>
n h
>
h o / c m
h c
n h
, 7
, 7
>
1 0
>
3 , 0
, 0
) 5
g / 1
e / 1
<
>30
3)
x c
>
<
C n g
b n g
a i
n g
l n g
n y
a l i m
u i
1 9 7 4
k h o n g
t n g
t r o n g
n g
, 5
v n
k h
h p
p H
c h
n g
mg/1
1 T h e o
h n
b i t
l ) 4
( B
t n h
v
K
t r c h
n c ,
n h a u .
T D
- 8
t h n g
d n
, 5
t h
n g
F A
b i
>
, 5
b n g
t n g
h m
6 , 5
- -
, 5
8 , 4
1 9 8 5 .
d s / m
l n g
5 c
c h t
h o c
h a
t a n
g / L .
h p
p h
n a t r i.
k h i
t h
n g u y n
R N
a .
gi
T i
t r
r a
t h
t h m
t h u
t r c h
d n
b n g
b i
4 i vi vic
g i
t r
n g u y n
5 N
c n
- N
t i
h m
h p
F A
1 9 8 5 .
k h i
n y .
t n h
t h n g
h m
t h a y
b i
E C
T h e o
R h o a d e &
b mt, th hu ht cc cy y qu v ly g
l n g
t h u
t h n g
q u a
l n g
k h i
n it
c a
n c
n u
t r n .
t i
c c
n it r a t
t h i
d n g
lo i
a n g
h t
v i
c y
c c
p h u n
t r n g
r a
c y
t h
n h y
d i
t r n g
d n g
n g h i m
c m
1 9 7 7 ,
t h p
s lc r
S c h r o e r
1 9 7 9
cm i vi natri v clo; vi cc
n h y
n m
( d i
k h n g
3 0 %
t h
n h y
n a t r i
c m
c lo
v i
c c
t h
n it
b n
( N
- N
c h t
h u
c h a
) .
Bng 8.10. Hm lng cc nguyn t v lng (mg/L) trong nc thi trc v sau x l
N
y n
t h i
t r
2 , 3
0 , 0 0 0 2
0 , 0 0 1 0
0 , 2 2
t h i
s a u
0 , 4 8
t m
t h y
0 , 0 0 0 1
, 0
7 7
249
g u y n
t h i
t h i
S e
, 7 0
1 , 4 5
, 3 3
a n
t h
l i s ,
0 , 0 4 4
, 1 3 5
2 , 2 6
0 , 9 6
0 , 0 0 2 5
0 , 0 0 1
0 , 1 0
0 , 0 1
1 , 2 8
0 , 2 4
0 , 0 0 2 5
0 , 0 0 1
Ngun:
s a u
0 , 0 0 9 0
P b
1 0 , 3 7
0 , 0 1 2
F e
t r
1 9 9 6 .
n g
t r o n g
c
H
n h
p h n
t h i
k h i
d n g
l u
n g
t r o n g
g i a n
( m
r s e n
a d
r o
u p p e r
l o
r y l l i u
a n
i t h
0 , 1 0
2 , 0
0 , 1 0
0 , 5
0 , 7 5
2 , 0
0 , 0 1
0 , 0 5
0 , 1
1 , 0
0 , 0 5
5 , 0
0 , 2
5 , 0
1 , 0
1 5 , 0
5 , 0
2 0 , 0
5 , 0
1 0 , 0
2 , 5
2 , 5
0 , 2
1 0 , 0
0 , 0 1
0 , 0 5
0 , 2
2 , 0
0 , 0 2
0 , 0 2
0 , 1
1 , 0
2 , 0
1 0 , 0
a n g a n
o l y b
i c k e n
e l e n
a n a d
e n
t h i
b N
t h i
t i
Ngun:
250
t r c h
l i n
k h
( m
/ L
n g
t r o n g
2 0 , 0
t h i
n g n b
5 , 0
S t
/ L
d i a
t c
t h
t r n
v i n
g i a n
x y
c c
t i
l o i
n g
t .
2 0
n m
g i a
t r n
( 1 9
7 3 )
t r u n g
t n h
h o c
k i m
t h
C c kim lo i n n g v c c n g u yn t vi l n g
p h i c x l th ch hp trc k h i vo h thng
t h o
n g
t h
a n
t h
hoc ang chun b tin hnh tng din tch t ti bng nc thi sau x l ln ti
6.700 ha, do c khong 95% nc thi c s dng cho nng nghip. Ti khu vc
pht trin quan trng nht Tunisia ni c ti 60% nc thi ca quc gia c ti s
dng phc v 68% din tch t nng nghip ti nc ny.
K u w ait[F A O , 1992]
Nc thi khng qua x l c s dng ti cho nhng d n trng rng
nhng khu vc xa khu dn c ca Kuvvait trong nhiu nm qua. Sau khi c nhng
nghin cu ca y ban v sc khe v khoa hc cng vi cc chuyn gia t vn v t
chc quc t (WHO v FAO), chnh ph Kuwait bt u chng trnh x l nc thi
v s dng dng thi ny. Nm 1987, c 4 trm x l nc thi: Trm x l Ardiyah
cng sut 150.000 m3/ng x l nc thi bc hai bt u hot ng nm 1971; trm x
l cho cc ngi lng khu vc duyn hi cng sut 65.000 m3/ng; trm x l Jahra
251
252
l o
t h
v t
k h
n n
chuyn quang;
t a n
x y ,
cc
cht
i n
n g
...
1900
1940
1950
1960
1970
1985
2000
Sinh hot
20
40
60
80
120
350
. 440
Cng nghip
30
120
190
310
510
1.100
1.900
Nng nghip
350
660
860
1.500
1.900
2.400
3.400
Tng
400
820
1.110
1.890
2.530
3.850
5.740
253
N c m l
N c th i sa u x l
v t
t h y
v t
t h
s i n
t r .
t o
c n
a n
c h
t h
t i
r c ,
254
Bng 8.13. Tiu chun cht ing nc phc v nui trng thy sn (WHO, 2006)
C c
c h i
t i u
v i
k h u n
v i
c h t
t h i
d n g
c h o
c h
n u i
t r n g
t h y
s n
T r n g
T r
n g
s n
( g m
t r n g
s n
n g )
E .
( s
M
( s
t r n g
/ g
k h u n / 1 0 0
t n g
c h t
h o c
( s
k h u n / 1 0 0
t n g
r n a)
g iu n
c o li
m
c h t
h o c
r n
k h u n / o
P h n
s a u
T h t
t i u
t h
s n
p h m
h n g
t m
t h y
<
1 0 4
<
t h i
h n g
t m
t h y
<
1 0 5
<
h n g
t m
t h y
<
1 0 6
<
b n
c y
g i
)
c h t r n
/ g
t h n
S i u
t r n g
k h n g
( t h c
phm)
l y
c / c
k h n g
t m
n h i m
h o c
t h y
h o c
( c
Theo
h o c
t h c
k h n g
nh
q u y
c a
v t )
l y
d in h
Khng
t m
t h y
n g e
n h i m
t h i
Phn bn sau
Khng
t m
t h y
h n g
t m
thy f
h n g
tm thy (
t r n g
t h y
s n
c n g
n g
l n
VI
n u i
g i
<
1 0 4
c n
<
< 1
< 105
<1
x l
C
t i u
c h u n
i u
q u y
c h u n
n h
n n g
h i
t i u
c c
c
s n
g u n
p h m
s e n
C a d i m
, 0
- 1
, 0
n g n
i x y n
0 , 0 0 0
h c
T i u
t r c h
t r o n g
c h u n
t h c
v t
v i
thc vt mg/kg
i m
lo i
g u n
t r c h
d n
n n g
I-
T h y
h a
g / k g
0 , 2
L/1
t i u
dn
K
c h
v i
N
c c
e x ( 2 0 0 3 )
e x ( 2 0 0 3 )
0 0 4
( 2 0 0 1 )
0 ,2
e x ( 2 0 0 3 )
0 ,2
e x ( 2 0 0 3 )
( 2 0 0 1 )
h p
0 ,2
c h t
h u
e x ( 2 0 0 3 )
5 , 0
F D
( 1 9 9 8 )
2 .0
F D
( 1 9 9 8 )
2 55
* pH: kh nng pht trin ca cc sinh vt thy sinh lin quan cht ch ti pH
ca nc. Trong khong gi tr pH thch hp, cc sinh vt s pht trin tt trong
iu kin pH tng v s gim dn sau khi pH t ti ngng thch hp. Khong pH
thch hp thay i ty theo loi v tui ca thc vt. Nhn chung, khong gi tr pH
thch hp ca nc s dng trong nui trng thy sn trong khong t 6,5 n 9,0. i
vi c, trong khong t 7,2 ti 8,5. pH thp khng thch hp vi s pht trin ca c,
trng c. C hi nhy cm vi pH hn so vi cc loi c trng thnh. S pht trin
ca c b nh hng trong iu kin pH 5,5-H),5. pH cao cng khng thch hp vi c,
pH 1CH-10,5 c nh hng xu ti s pht trin ca c v c c th cht khi pH tng
qu 11. Khong gi tr pH thch hp cho s pht trin ca cc loi thc vt thy sinh l
6,5^-10. Vic iu chnh pH bng ha cht thng yu cu chi ph cao, v vy cn
quan trc thng xuyn pH ca nc thi sau x l nhm hn ch cc chi ph ngoi
mong mun khi s dng nc thi sau x l trong nui trng thy sn.
Nhit : c nh hng trc tip ti cc qu trnh trao i cht v kim sot s sinh
trng, pht trin, phn b v s lng cc sinh vt thy sinh. Nhit cn nh
hng ti s phong ph ca cc ngun dinh dng v cc yu t vt l v ha hc
ca ngun nc, v vy nh hng gin tip n kh nng sng v tn ti ca cc
vi sinh vt thy sinh. Kh nng sng v hot ng ca cc sinh vt c lin quan
mt thit ti nhit . S thay i nhit nc nh hng ti cc qu trnh trao
i cht v qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c ca cc ng vt thy sinh v vy
nh hng ti s sinh trng v pht trin ca c. Cc yu cu v nhit thng
thay i theo loi; v d, mt s loi c bt u tng trng trong iu kin nhit
trn 10c, t phn ln trng lng trn 15c v tng trng lng nhanh nht
trong khong 20-K30C. Tuy nhin, i vi c hi m en li khng thch hp
trong iu kin 15c. Cc loi thc vt ch c th pht trin v ny n trong ng
iu kin nhit thch hrp.
xy ha tan
a n
t r
n h
t h
c h
nc.
h t
c c
s i n h
c c
cht
s u
l p
t ,
x i a
i m
l c i
256
L n g n c th i sa u x l
Khng nn chi s dng nc thi sau x l trong nui trng thy sn. cn pha nc
h
t t
c h
t h i
s o
s a u
c h
t r
c u
s u
t r
c h
t h
t h i
s a u
s n .
t n
r o
t o n
t r
t r n
c h
t h i
s a u
t r o
t r
t h
s n
c c
t mi trng t nhin nh lng ma hng nm, lng bc hi, nhit , a hnh, cht
l
Lng ma:
...
t i
c n
a n
t m
k h
s t
c n
t h n .
t h
c u
c p
t ,
t r o
t r
k h
l m
s c h
s i n
t h p ,
Lng bc hoi:
c c
c h
i n
t n
n u
t h
a ,
s u
c c
t h m
c h
tng ph dng trong ngun nc lm suy gim cht lng nc. Khi lng bc hi t
hn so vi lng ma, cn tin hnh quan trc cht lng nc thng xuyn v cn b
sung thm nc sch t nhin nhm iu chnh v lng v cht lng ca nc.
t r
t i p
i n
t i p
s i n
t r
c c
sinh vt thy sinh v cc vi sinh vt trong nc. Nhit cao lm bc hi nc, gim
nng xy ha tan v lm thay i cc hot tnh sinh hc ca cc cht ha tan.
t:
g
v t
t c h
l i
c u
t r c
c c
c .
t .
t r o
t h
l i
a o
u a n
Nc ngm:
c c
c a o
t h
s o
t r
n g
t i u
t h :
c h
c c
l o
s i n
v t
t h
s i n
c h
c u
t i u
t h
c a o
n nh.
t h
v o
s i n
k h
nng sinh sn, v mi trng sng. Cc sinh vt c nng sut cao c kh nng sinh san
v
t c
s i n
t r
c a o
t n
t r
a n
l m
i m
c h
s n
x u t
An ton mi Irng:
c u
t r
c c
l o
t h
c h
c h
r . g
l o
s i n
v t
t h
c u
t r
l o
c h
t h
t h
x a o
c h
l o
s i n
v t
t h
c h
t h e o
k h
nng thch ng vi mi trng, c nng sut cao v an ton nhm tng cng kh nrg
thay i cc h thy sinh thnh ti nguyn mi trng, to kh nng ti s dng hp
nc thi sau x l v p ng cc nhu cu cn thit v sn phm sinh hc.
Cc yu t x hi
Cc yu t x hi nh hng ti vic ng dng nc thi sau x l trong nui trr
thy sn bao gm thc h, kin thc khoa hc v k thut trong x l nc thi, luit
v
c c
thc h:
t i
t n g
t h i
t h
s a u
t r
a n
v . v . . .
c n
t r n
gii. Con ngi thng c th chp nhn vic s dng nc thi sau x l vi iu kin
khng tip xc trc tip vi c th, tuy nhin h c li khi s dng nc thi sau x
trong nui trng thy sn. Ti mt s khu vc, vic ti s dng nc thi sau x l c
th cn lin quan ti vn tn gio. V vy cn thc hin cc cng tc tuyn truyi
n h
a m
t h u y t
c h
s n
t r
t h
i n
b n g
nc thi sau x l.
Khoa hc v k thut:
nhng
n m
g n
y ,
c h
t h u t
t i
s a u
t h i
t o n
s a u
c i
c n
r o
r y
C i
c u
k h
t r o
s i n
h o t .
r u
c ,
thi sau x l cn cha tht s p ng cc tiu chun cht lng nn nc thi sau xr
l cn cha c ng dng nhiu trong nui trng thy sn so vi vic ng dng tron'
cc lnh vc khc.
258
c n
H tng c s:
c h
t i
t i
c c
a n
c ,
h n h
t h i
c c
c c
s a u
t h n g
c h
t r o
s c h
t r
t h
l u t
t r
t h
s n
s n .
t h
t h
t h o
Cc vn t th trng:
c .
y t
t i
t h i
t r o
t r
Lp d n
t r n
c h
t r ,
t c h
c h t
tr v t thch hp s gip cho vic thi cng c thc hin n gin, thun li trong
quy hoch cc ng ng v h thng ti, gim chi ph u t v thun tin trong qun
l. D n c thc hin ti cc vng t cao thng c chi ph u t t, tuy nhin
i vi cc vng t thp thng hay gp cc vn v ! lt. Vic la chn c v tr
v a hnh thch hp thun li trong b tr h thng ng dn v ti hp l l rt cn
thit. V tr c th dn nc ti t chy s lm gim chi ph u t v nhu cu s dng
nng lng. Khu vc la chn cng cn p ng c kh nng tip cn d dng v
thun li cho cc cng tc vn chuyn. Cc vn v t nn v chng thm cng cn
q
t m
t r i t
a n
t o n
c h
t r n h
t h i t
v t
l i
c n
An ton vn hnh:
c n
t r a n
c c
t h
a n
t o n
t h u t
t h i t
l a o
c n
c n
t h n h
t h o
c c
t o
c c
t c
t h
v n
h n h
a n
t o n
t h
l a o
n g
c c
c c h
p h
Sn phm an ton:
c n
a n
t o n
c c
t i n
t r
v n
Mi trng un ton:
c n
k h
g y
c c
t c
t h u
s i n
t ,
c c
c c
s i n
t r
t h i
n g
k h
c c
c c
c h t
s i n h
k h
v t
n g
t h
p h
s i n
p .
259
Cn bng nc
H thng kn
Trong h thng kn, ch c cc ngun nc gm nc thi sau x l v nc ma
(xem hnh 8.10). Nc x khi h thng b hn ch v khng c ti lm sch. Cc h
thng ny thng thy ti cc khu vc kh.
o
'5
'5
<03>
II
'5
5
c
y
<
-5
( 2
Nc x khi
h thng
Nc phc v nui
trng thy sn
Nc thi sau x l
Qsxl
Qm
Qbh Q th + Qx
( 8
. 5 )
Trong :
Q sxl - lung nc thi sau x l;
Qm -
Qbh -
Q t/i -
t h o
Qx -
a ;
i ;
t h
t h
v t ;
Thng thng, khng thc hin x nc khi h thng khi nc thi sau x l c
s dng l ngun nc chnh. Tng lng nc thi sau x l v nc ma bng hoc
nh hn tng lng bc hi v thot hi nc qua thc vt:
Qsxl
Qm ^Qtii
Q th
Qx
( 8
. )
Nu lng nc trong h thng khng thay i hoc gim i, cc cht ha tan trong
nc s tch t trong h thng v lm suy gim cht lng nc. V vy, khi thc hin
thit k cn c cc bin php hn ch kh nng bc hi v thot hi nc hoc b sung
nc sch cho h thng.
H thng h:
t h
t i
c h
*<5
sC
ir
p h c
t r n g
t h y
n u i
k h i
t h n g
s n
c
)
c
p
<03
c
u
/ / ?
/ /
&
/ 7
Qsxl
Qm + Qt + Qnm - Qbii + Qm + Q t
Qx
(8.7)
( 8
. 8
trn.
8.6.4. Vn h n h v bo dig
D ng vo
Vn hnh v bo dng bao gm iu chnh lu lng v cht lng nc trong
dng vo h thng. Ty thuc vo cht lng nc trong dng vo, yu cu v cht
lng nc trong qu trnh nui trng, kh nng t lm sch v yu cu v cht lng
n
c h t
k h
n h
a u
t r
c p
v o
s a u
t h
t n g
D ng ra
Nu nc trong dng vo t yu cu v cht lng v h thng c vn hnh ng
quy cch v khng gp s c th nc trong dng ra cng s p ng c cc yu cu
x. Nu h thng gp s c, cng tc vn hnh khng c thc hin theo ng quy
cch, nc dng ra cn c x l b sung trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn. Nu h
thng c kh nng t lm sch tt, c th thc hin tun hon mt phn nc x. Trong
trng hp ngc li, cn b tr h thng x l nhm m bo kh nng lm sch nc.
Qun l nhim v cht lng nc ngun
Cng tc quan trc cht lng nc l rt cn thit nhm m bo duy tr cht lng
nc trong h thng nui trng thy sn. quan trc cc ch tiu cht lng nc nh
COD, BOD, s s , TP, TN, N H /-N , v DO, cn la chn cc im quan trc hp l ti
cc khu vc ca nc vo v ra khi h thng, v mi khu vc cn ly mu theo cc
tng nc khc nhau. Cng tc qun l nhim ch yu c thc hin l trao i v
ti lm sch nc.
Qun l qu trnh sn xut
Qun l ma v
Mi loi thc vt u c kh nng thch nghi ring vi mi trng sng, quy lut
s i n
t r
t r i
c c
i a i
p h t
t r i n
t h
c h
n g
l o
t h
v t
t h
sinh c kh nng pht trin trong cc giai on khc nhau cn c la chn cy trng
xen k c th thc hin lun canh quanh nm. Ty theo cc ma trong nm, cc loi
sinh vt thy sinh c cc c tnh sinh l, v kh nng khng khc nhau i vi cc
y
t r
i .
t r o n g
i a i
p h t
t r i n
i ,
t r
t h p
t r o
i a
p h
t r i n
a n
c a o
t r
263
l nc sch cn c
Ngn nga su b
Su b thng pht trin mnh vo thi k sinh trng ca cc loi ng thc vt
thy sinh v c th nh hng ti cht lng v s lng sn phm nui trng. Ngn
nga su b bng cc k thut sinh hc v qun l mi trng l cc bin php ti u
nht. Khi cn s dng thuc tr su, cn la chn loi thuc c c tnh v kh nng tn
d thp, thn thin vi mi trng nhm m bo an ton cho sn phm nui trng.
Thu hoch
Ma thu hoch thay i theo cc chu k pht trin v mc ch sn phm ca cc
dng ng thc vt thy sinh khc nhau. Vic thu hoch mt loi sn phm cn c
thc hin sao cho khng gy nh hng ti kh nng sinh trng v pht trin ca
loi khc.
8.6.5. nh gi chi ph
t r
c h
t .
l .
264
Tc ng c hi
V snh: cc vi khun, mm bnh, trng giun c ngun gc t nc thi c kh nng
gy nn cc dch bnh, cn c cc bin php an ton v sinh tt, phng chng v ngn
c h
c h
c h t
k h
i m
c o
t h
i .
l n
t i
An ton nc ngm:
t h
t r n g
t h
s n
t h
t h
D .w . Westcot.,
Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29, Rev. 1., FAO, Rome., 174 p.
1 9
2 .
. B
e s c o
I r r i g
t i o
265
RICHARDS, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and improvement o f saline and alkali soils.
USDA Agricultural Handbook N o.60,
us
DC, 160 p.
UNEP-IECT, 1999. nternationa Symposium on Efficient Water Use in Urban
Areas - Innovative Ways o f Finding Water f o r Cities. WHO Kobe Centre
Conference Room, Kobe, Japan.
WHO, 1989. Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and
i a
t r n
t h
d n g
t h i
t h u
t h
l m
t n g
c h
t h p .
c h
i n
t r i
t r o
t n
c h
t .
k m
t h
a y
t r o n g
t h
n g
c c
i n
d n
l o
b n
t r n g .
c u n
c p
a ,
t h
i t
b m
t r n
t r o
t p
t h
t r
t r o
s i n
t r
n g
v t
t r o
s o
r o
t i
t u
t h
t h e o
c c
t r
c h
c h o
i m
l o
n h
c h
n h
n n g ,
n g
c c
y u
h i
b n h ,
t r o n g
c h
t h
t i
t i
h t
l u t
c n
i m
t h
l o
c h
t h
i a n
t h i
t r
c c
t i p
c h
s u
t r o
t r i n h
t h i
l ,
C c
t h
p i h n
l o
t n
t h e o
c h
p h
t r n
sinh trong dy chuyn cng ngh XLNT (xem chi tit Churomg 7 v x l bn).
C
t h
t r o
t h i
t h
c h
y u
t h i
v o
s i n h
h o t
i im
t h
b n
t o
r a
t h i
267
268
t n
t n
c u
c p
t h n g
t i n
c h
c h
c c
i n
o c
i m
s i n
c h
c u
h i
c p
t h
n g
t i n
i m
k h i n
c c
v i
b n
s i n h
k h
v t
t i
c h t
t r o
c .
b n .
n m
( t n
/ L
t i
c h
php ca mt cht nhim trong bn dng cho vic san lp t. Gii hn nng cht
nhim cho php (tnh bng mg/L) l nng gii hn cc cht nhim, thng thy
trong bn ng gi bn trn th trng. Mc ti cht nhim tch ly (tnh bng kg/ha)
l lung cht nhim ti a c th c p dng cho mt a im hoc mt cnh ng.
( t n
t i
t h
c h
k g
i m
/ h
t r n
o c
c n
3 6
y )
t r o
c h
1 2
t h n g
( B
s i n
J i m
v t
t r u
( 2
) ,
i m
r o
t h
c a o
n h
r i
r o
g y
r a
k h
k h
t i
samonella
u n
i u
s n .
h n
n n g
t r n
h n
n m
h n
t i
n g
T
i
C
c c
d n g
s i n h
c h t
n h i m
c h o
c h t
n h i m
k h
k h
d n g
c h o
p h p
t r o n g
s in h
t r o n g
s i n h
k h
s e n
a d
n g
n g n
i k e n
S e l e n
Ngun:
n g
r c h
/ k g
) a
k h i
( m
/ k g ) a
n g
t h e o
s i n h
n m
i
( k g
( m
n h i m
/ h
a / 3 6
n g y )
( k g / h a )
7 5
4 1
4 1
2 , 0
8 5
3 9
3 9
1 , 9
3 . 0 0 0
1 . 2 0 0
3 . 0 0 0
1 5 0
4 . 3 0 0
1 . 5 0 0
1 . 5 0 0
7 5
8 4 0
3 0 0
3 0 0
1 5
5 7
1 7
1 7
0 , 8 5
4 2 0
4 2 0
4 2 0
2 1
1 0 0
3 6
1 0 0
5 , 0
7 . 5 0 0
2 . 8 0 0
2 . 8 0 0
1 4 0
k h
d n
p h n
5 0 3 ,
1 9 9 4 .
269
Bng 9.2. Tiu chun Chu u v gii hn cc cht nhim trong bn ti s dng.
G
h t
t r
k i m
n h i m
g i
l o i
h n
n n g
d n g
n g
i k e n
( m
- 4
b n
t r
n n g
3 0 0
2 . 5 0 0
n g n
h t
n g
i k e n
5 0
- 2
n g
g i
d n g
c h o
t r u n g
) a
h n
b n h
( k g / h
a / 3 6
t h
CO'
t r n
1 0
n m
n g
y )
0 , 1 5
t r
3 0 0
1 5
- 3
3 0
1 ,5
0 , 1
k h
r c h
9 . 3 .
l o i
d n
c h
n h i m
/ 2
7 8
t r
/ E
g i
1 9 8 6 .
c h
h n
g i
c h o
1 . 2 0 0
4 . 0 0 0
1 2
Ngun:
a d
4 0 0
/ k g
1 . 7 5 0
7 5 0
3 T
. 0
h n
k i m
-1-
t r o n g
( m
) a
g i
n n g
n n g
/ k g
a d m
t r o n g
t r o n g
n g h i p
n n g
n n g
c h
( m
/ k g
) a
i m
t r o
g / k g
0 , 8
t i
t n g
n g
p h t p h c
1 0 0
1 . 0 0 0
3 0
2 . 5 0 0
1 2 0
1 0 . 0 0 0
4 . 0 0 0
n g n
0 , 8
2 0 0
1 0 0
n g
Ngun:
n g
r c h
k h
d n
t r
n g
n g
n g
a n
c h
2 0 0 3 .
k h
i t
270
t p
i ,
niken,
c h
t h
c r
a s e n .
V cc tiu chun gii hn cng p dng cho t tip nhn nn t cng phi c
phn tch nhng ch phn tch v pH v kim loi. M cng yu cu c nhng phn
tch tng t [EPA, phn 503, 1994].
C quan mi trng an Mch yu cu mc ly mu ti thiu theo khi lng bn
kh c nh to ra mi nm (2000 m3 mi nm). an Mch cng yu cu phn tch cc
cht c hi vi mi trng khc l alkvlbenzene sulbnates (LAS), polycyclic
hydrocarbons ( I PAH), nonylphenols (NPE), v phthalates (DEHP) [B Mi trng v
Nng lng, 2003].
Bng 9.4. Tiu chun an Mch v gii hn cc cht c hi ti mi trng.
C
l k y l b
o n
e n
l y c y
z e n
c i i c
y l p
e n
s u l
( L
h y d r o c a r b o n s
( E
l s
( D
( N
n h i m
n a t e s
h t h a la t e s
h t
g / k g
t h e o
n g
k h
1 . 3 0 0
t r n g
1 0
5 0
9.4. CC YU T TC NG N TI s DNG BN
9.4.1. Yu t a l
K
t i
7 0
l o
i t
t r o
c y
/ h
a . n
t i
t r n g
c h
i p
t h
3 0
t c
t p
c u
v o
n n g
a n
a . n
i n
p h i
/ h
k h
c h
n g
t h
c a
n g
c c
n h
c u
t h
v o
n h
c h
n n
p h
c c h
i m
s n
x u
ng dng. Thng thng, nng dn phi chi tr chi ph ny; vic s dng bn cho nng
nghip ph thuc vo li ch kinh t tim nng cho nng dn.
9.4.2. Yu t kinh t x hi
M
t h n
a .
n g
t h i n
l m
t r
n g
n ,
i n
n g
d n
t i
c h
u v n
c y
t h
d o
t r n g
k h
k h
n n
l m
t h
c o
271
272
r a u
c h
t h
i a
t r
r a u
t h
c h
v t ,
t h
r o
t t
( k
t r
t y ,
c h
t h
i ,
. V
. ) .
t h
i a
CONCIL,
1986.
Directive
86/278/EEC
Council
Directive
r o
e a n
c o
i s s i o
274
j a
&
( i n
l e
x a
3 .
r i a
VA.
www.cambi.no/References/sludge/default.htm
275
T ------------ 1
Nm khi cng
(Nm bt u)
I------------ 1------------ r
Nm mc tiu
276
s a n
l m
t .
l p
c n .
t h
c n .
d c .
t h i t .
t h
c p
t h
c p
t r m
c n
l m
( n
k h
t h o t
i n
k i n .
c .
c n
t h i t .
t h m
c a o
c n
x e m
x t
p h
c h
c h
v i
t o
l t
b cha).
r o
p h
t h u t ,
l u t
p h
( c p
) ,
c h
t h
nhun ca nh thu.
Cc chi ph khc c lin quan n u t bao gm xv nh. lm ng, ti nh c
c h
r o
t r
t h i t ,
c h
c ,
c h
v i
r a
r i
n .
t o
l t
t h
c a o
n h t .
t r o
t r
t n
t i
k h
c h
n g
277
Hnh 1-2 cho thy mi quan h gia chi ph bo dng, nng cp, u t mi v gi
tr ti sn ca kt cu h tng bin i theo thi gian.
Chi ph ti u t
t n
a o
t h
k t
t n
t i
s a
c h
t n
t r o
t r n
thng. Trn hnh 10.3 ng chm gch nm ngang th hin mc ti u t thc hng
nm khng i / c nh trong sut ti th 25 nm ca h thng c u t; ng
nm nghing cho thy mc tng thc tuyn tnh ca chi ph ti u t trong sut tui i
ca h thng. C hai ng k to thnh biu ti u t hon chnh sau 25 nm
9 ,0 %
8 ,0 %
7 ,0 %
' I
6 ,0 %
5,0%
4 ,0 %
'< 0
3 ,0 %
2 ,0 %
1 ,0 %
0 ,0 %
0
1 0
1 5
T u i th
2 0
2 5
3 0
t i s n
t h
278
Chi ph vn hnh bao gm cc khon chi cho hot ng v bo dng hng ngy ca
h thng hay ca thit b. y l nhng khon chi nh k trong sut tui i ca h
thng. Cc khon chi ny dao ng cc mc khc nhau ty thuc vo thit k v
phng php s dng ca h thng XLNT. i vi cc h thng XLNT chi ph thp v
ty theo th loi h thng, chi ph ny c th bao gm:
Kim sot thy lc v su ca nc.
Tra du van v bm.
Lm sch h thng cp, thot.
Ct c b.
Qun l hoa mu.
Ngn chn mui v cn trng (nu cn).
Kim tra nh k.
Do hu ht cc h thng XLNT t nhin hot ng theo ch dng t chy (c
ngha l khng cn n my bm v cc thit b in khc) nn khng cn phi bo
dng nhiu v chi ph cho in nng cng mc ti thiu. Nhn chung, h thng
XLNT t nhin i hi t sc lao ng hn cc h thng thng thng, v thu hoch
hoa mu th i hi nhiu sc lao ng hon do hoa mu trng theo h thng XLNT t
nhin yu cu phi c thu hoch thng k. Trong cc bi lc ngp nc nhn to,
thc vt ch hp th mt lng nh cc cht gy nhim, do vy vic thu hoch v ct
b
t h
t h
s c h
t h e o
t r n
n g
a n
v a n
c h
t i t
k h
c u
c c
thit k ban u. Ngi vn hnh cn kim tra tnh trng bi lc hng ngy v ghi li
thi gian x nc kim tra mc thm nc.
Vic kim tra thng k l rt quan trng. Tin hnh mt s phn tch m bo h
thng XLNT t nhin ang hot ng tt l cn thit, tuy nhin khng cn phi thc
hin mt chng trnh ly mu v kim tra tng th. cn kim tra cht lng nc
thng xuyn i vi cc h thong XLNT c giy php x nc ra. Cc yu cu v vic
kim tra, tn sut kim tra c nu r trong giy php.
Vic lv mu e kim tra thng ch cn thc hin i vi nc thi trc v sau x
l. i vi h thng XLNT t nhin, do mt s cng on tin x l c tin hnh
t trc nn vic kim tra nh k khng bao gm cht lng nc ca dng vo. Tuy
nhin, vic quan trac nh k cht lng nc trc v sau x l cng cn c tin
hnh vi tt c cc h nhm gip ngi vn hnh hiu bit v hot ng ca h thng v
c c s iu chnh nu cn thit.
Vn hnh v bo dng t ng b phn
Vn hnh v bo dng h thng XLNT ti ch bao gm vic kim tra thng xuyn
lp bn cn v lp vng trong cc khoang ca b t hoi. Be t hoi cn c bm ht
khi dy ca lp cn v lp vng vt qu 1/3 chiu cao ca b. Khng bm ht b t
hoi s dn n vic cc cht rn chy vo bi lc, bt kn cc l rng trong t v lm
bi khng hot ng c. Chi ph cho vic bm ht b t hoi thng xuyn thng
thp hn nhiu so vi chi ph khi phc bi lc.
Vic kim tra nh k cc iu kin hot ng ca bi lc cng rt cn thit, bao gm
vic kim tra nc ng trn mt t, theo di s thng kh. v nhng khu vc cy
tng trng tt. Cy tng trng mnh c th l biu hin ca: 1) s r r (nu cy chi
tng trng mnh mt khu vc nh trn bi lc); 2) s dn ng bn di mt t C1C
cht x t b t hoi do bi b tc hoc b rc lt vo (nu cy tng trng mnh trn
khp bi hoc khu vc trng nht).
Clti p h bo dng
Vic bo dng cn c tin hnh duy tr hoc thay th c s h tng nhm m
bo tui th ca h thng. i vi nhiu h thng XLNT t nhin, vic bo dng bao
gm kim tra hin tng nt, v b hay cc du hiu b b xi mn. Trong mt ;
trng hp b ngn c lm bng t, cn kim tra phng cc loi vt gm nhn
lm h hi. B, ca cc ao, h cng cn c kim tra pht hin ng vt o bVi
hay hin tng xung cp ca cng trnh v vt liu lt.
i vi mt s loi t, cn khi phc b mt thm khi kh nng thm b suy gin.
Cc cht hu c tch t cn c dn sch hng nm; b mt thm cn c lm sci.
to rnh hay xi nh khi phc kh nng thm. C th no b vi cm t b mt.
l phn t sch. Vic sa cha b , hng ro, li i cng nn c tin hnh vi tin
sut 10 nm 1 ln.
280
Thay th thit b
T
c h
r o
n t
n h
t n
t i n
c h
t h
t n
v n
c ,
c c
x t
n .
t h i t
1 0
t h a y
t h y
t r o
t h
c h
c h
l a o
c h
t h
h o t
h o t
t h
t h n g .
t n g
t u i
t h
n m
n g
b o
k h
c u
n h
t h
i .
t h
b o
c n
t h i t
t h e o
h a i
t i u
t h n g ,
v i c
n g
c h
t r o
t n
v n
c h
l i
l i
n h
v n
i a n
c h
t i n
t r n
t h
u ,
t h
i u
t r n
t h e o
i a n
n g
k h i
c n
y u
r a
c h
b o
t r o n g
n g
t i u
n g
n h
r n
t h
c h
c h
n h
n h
t h
t c h
n u
i a n
t h a y
h i n
i n
r m
l i
c h
v n
p h
c h
c h
c a
n h
t h i t
h n h .
t h
t h
t h i t
a y
t c h
t i
t h a y
t h
v n
t u
k h
v i
t h
a o
k h
t h p ,
c h
t h
t ,
t i u
t r n g
t i
p h
i .
c h
c h
t h
t n
t n g
. 4
t h
t r n
t h
t h a y
t r n
v o
i n
t h
t h
o t
n u
a ,
k h
i .
Chi ph hng nm
Nm khi cng
(Nm bt u)
Nm mc tiu
Nm
hnh
v bao dg
v n
Ch phi c nh:
b
a o
l ,
t i n
c h
t h u
t ,
t r
t i p
b a o
t h e o
c h
quan
l i n
d n
c c
k h
o n
k h
a u
c h
p h
c h
i m
s t ,
t h a y
k i m
t r a .
t h e o
q u n
l v
h o a
h o t
u ,
c h
c n
t h
n g
u n
v . v . . .
c h
l a o
c h
c h
v t
t h a y
t r
t h
t i p
v t
t u
t h e o
l i u
tiu
n g
h o t
i n
l a o
t h
g i a n .
281
10.1.4. Lm pht
Lm pht l s gia tng theo mc chung ca gi c so vi mt mc no ca sc
mua. Trong bn phn tch d n, ngi ta thng dng gi c nh tc l gi c
c h
t h e o
t r o
t c h
t h
s a
t i
c h
v o
t h
c .
a n
c o
c h
t r
a n
a y
t r
t h u
n h
n g
a n h
t r o n g
n g
a n
y .
c h
c h
s u t
t i n
c h
P H
t r
t i n
s u
t h
t h
t h
l i
s n
t r
s u t
a n h
t h
t i
mt khon tin lng, li sut hay thu nhp c th mua c bao nhiu hng ho v
dch v.
Mi quan h gia t l thc v t l danh nh vi mt t l lm pht c th c th
hin qua cng thc:
( 1
. 1
Trong :
Rn -
a n
Rr - t l thc;
l m
p h t .
282
1 4
r o
t h
1 0
r o
i u
n g
h m
g ia m
t i u :
t h
c h n
n a y
i n
t i
iii
1 0 0
E u r o
1 0 0
u r o
1 4 6
r o
t i
t h
i a n
i .
a y
s u t
c h
Chi ph v ngn qu
s u
t h
t r
n g
p h n
trong trng hp ny
7 l7+7r )7
t^=o(
( 1
' 2 )
{l + r)
283
p h
t h c
p h
d a n h
p h
k h u
p h
p h
k h u
d a n h
h n g
( l m
6 %
k h u
n h
t h c
t h
c h i t
( T
n m
3 %
p h t
t r
4 %
( t
n h
n h
k h u
t r
1 0 , 2 4 %
2 5
7 . 3 7 5
8 . 1 9
2 9 . 0 4 2
4 2 . 6 4 9
5 7 . 3 1 7
7 . 3 7 5
3 1 . 4
1 2
7 6 . 8 0 9
1 5 2 . 7 9 8
7 . 3 7 5
2 6 . 6 0 0
5 . 8
1 7 . 7 9
1 3 . 3 5 5
7 . 3 7 5
2 6 . 6 0 0
5 . 8
1 7 . 7 9
1 3 . 3 5 5
. 3 2
1 5
c h i t
d a n h
( t
B
V
( /
( n m
1 0 0
1 1 0
2 0 0
2 1 8
p h
v n
h n h
( b n g
, ) "
1 )
g i
c h i
B- OC
K
n h u n
t r
h i n
t i
3 %
3 %
1 , 0 7
1 0 7
2 1 1
1 , 0 6
0 ) .
Vi mc 3%:
g i
g i
t r
t r
h i n
h i n
t i
t i
t r
1 1 0 / 1 , 0 3
1 8
/ 1 , 0
t i
t h
1 0 7
2 1 1
c h
ti th c
gi tr thc hin ti thc
g i tr th c h in
t r o
t p
1 1
t r
t h i i t :
t r
N
n
h i n
p h
p h
n g
c h i t
c h
( v
n m
h n h
i t
k h
t h
p h
( t
4 7 0
n g
t h
t h u
. 0
t h u
k h u
t h
2 5 . 8
4 7
- 1
1 5
2 5
4 7 0 . 0 0 0
- 4
. 3
- ( 2
7 . 3 7 5
2 6 . 6 0 0
. 7 9
- 1
. 3
n g
2 %
k h u
( 3 2
. 8 5 0 )
3 3 . 5 0
3 4
( 3 2
. 8 5 0 )
3 1 . 6
1 0
3 0
( 3 8
. 3 2
5 )
3 8 . 3 2 5
( 3 8
. 3 2
5 )
3 6
. 1 7 7
4 4
. 2 1 2
5 3 . 8 9 4
c h
( t
v i
5 1 7 . 4
c h i t
c n g
( t
k h u
. 4
1 8
1 8 . 4 4 8
1 2
. 5 5 7
3 8 . 3 2 5
3 8 . 3 2
3 8 . 3 2 5
3 4
1 5 . 9 9 2
b n
b n
b o
t n g
c h i t
k h u
o a n h
t h u
v i c
c h
t h u
o a n h
c h i t
v n
o a n h
p h
k h u
o a n h
h n g
t i
c h i t
4 8 9 . 9 2 2
. 1 5 6
. 1 0 9
8 . 9 3 0
5 6 . 0 2 9
=n
f>
1
(
=0
(10.3)
r ) '
Tuy nhin, khng c phng php no d dng tnh r chnh xc ngoi tr phng
php th ng dn. Nhiu chng trnh, biu bng chun c chc nng ti chnh bao
285
gm c chc nng xc nh sut thu li ni ti. Chc nng ny gip thc hin php tnh
lp d dng xc nh sut thu li ni ti ca hng lot cc dng chi ph v doanh thu.
Bi tp: Hy xc nh sut thu li ni ti ca d n XLNT trong bi tp trc, gi
nguyn cc gi thit v vn v doanh thu. Phng php th ng dn cho bit sut thu
li ni ti nm trong khong gia 7 v 7,274%; kt qu l 7,27%.
T
c h i t
k h u
t h
( %
t r
6 , 0 0
8 , 0 0
7 , 0
7 , 2
7 4
h i n
t i
t h
5 6 , 0 2 9
7 , 7 3
1 1 , 2 2 4
1 0
286
B e *
B u
D
m
L *
s *
k in h t:
2
mi tru n g :
T
s in h
h c /
p h
n h i u
c a
1 0 0
can
C n
xut khu
v
k h n g
h a i
t
n g
t i
g ia n
t h i
g ia n )
n h p
v o
c n
t h i t
n /
c n
n g u n
c h u
k h o n g
t r n g /
t i
k h n g
c n h
n g u y n
q u a n
0 ,5
Nc
Cht dinh dng
g u n
2
2
b n h
sc
k h o
n h i m
t th i:
B O D / CO D
Dng cht
K
i m
lo i
n n g
c h t
k h c
1
1
1
V
V
V
1 0 0 0
s
1 0 0
t h
g y
l n g
li u
n g
n h i n
g :
t h c
1 0
V
V
St
S t
St
1000
10
1000
100
1000
s
s
V
V
s
s
Cn
C n
Cn
Cn
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
E
A
B u
B e *
E
m
b n
n g
h o
r c
1 0 0 0
c h t
1 0
L *
d n g
t r n g
t h u t
v a
p / n h
s
p
t h p
h n g
t h e o
1
C n
h o
t h
t h c h
n g
d n g
in
c y
a n
c h / g i i
h o - x
b i t / t h a m
l c
t r i n
p h p
c c
T e
t h n g
c h c
t h
v n
t in
h o
c h
p h n g
C c
c o n
c h i
p h
h i u
n h n
b i n
n h i m
h i :
c u
n h n
g ia
n h u
c h p
c u
C n
t o n
n h / t i
v n
t r o n g
q u
t
t i u
s
b n g
b i u
t h
t r n g
d n g ;
( c o s t s ) ;
m
b n
( e n v ir o n m
e n t
( s u s t a i n a b il it y
e f f ic i e n c y ) ;
f a c t o r s ) ;
( t a r g e t ) ;
t r o n g
v i t
t t
t h
h i n
c c
t h u t
C n
t r n g
v n g
c h
b n g
S t
v o
r a ;
li n
n g u y n
-
T e
L
n g
m
t h a m
-
t c
b i n
h n h
n g h i n
q u a n
b n
d n g
h n g
k
c u
t r o n g
( c o n c e m
t h u t
n h
n g
d n
c c
( p r i n c i p l e s
( t e c h n i c a
g i
t i
li u :
s ) ;
( s t e e r in g
v n g
s u s t a in a b iiit y ) ;
v a r ib l e s ) ;
p a r a d ig m
s *
t i
t h u t
L C
) ;
t c
) .
t r
) .
v t
i ,
s i n
c c
c h
k h
s t
c c
i i
t h
i .
c h
t c h
) ,
t n
t o n
t c
t r
s n
t h
c h
l i
t h
Sn xut;
289
1 .
t r n
a o
r a
s a u :
c h
r a n
thng, n v chc nng cng nh vic lp biu nng lng v vt liu cn s dng.
2. Lp danh mc kim k vng i', lit k tt c cc thng tin v vic pht thi cng
nh tiu th nguyn liu ca cc hot ng vo danh mc.
3 .
nh gi tc ng ca vng i:
m
t h
t i
t h
v t
t r o
a n
l i
t r i
t r
t c h
mc nhy cm.
4. Din gii kt qu: Bc th t v cng l bc c nhiu tranh lun ny i khi
c lng ghp vo mt s phng php V chnh l bc din gii kt qu, bao gm
vic chun ho, nh mc v tp hp b sung.
Hnh 10.5 biu th ranh gii V in hnh cho mt nh my x l nc thi.
Khi nim v nh gi vng i xut hin ln u tin vo cui thp nin 60, nhng
cho n tn gia thp nin 80 mi c quan tm n (Ecobilan). Vo nm 1989, T
chc Cht c v Ha hc Mi trng (SETAC) tr thnh t chc quc t u tin
nhn ra tnh ITU vit ca V. Nm 1994, T chc Tiu chun Quc t (ISO) bt u
trin khai xy dng chun cho V v xem y nh l mt phn trong cc tiu chun
14000 v qun l mi trng. Cc tiu chun cp n c chi tit k thut v khi
nim cho V.
ISO
1 4
- Tiu
c h
v nguyn tc v
kh;
kim k;
ISO 14042 - Tiu chun v nh gi tc ng ca vng i sn phm;
ISO 14043 - Tiu chun din gii vng i.
Mt s cc phng php c xem nh phng php V tun theo khun kh ca
V xc nh trong ISO 14040, c danh mc lit k tng t nh danh mc trong ISO
14041, v tiu chun nh gi tc ng gn ging nh c m t trong ISO 14042.
Trong khi mt s t cc phng php li theo hng chun ho v nh mc cng
c quy nh trong ISO 14042. Tuy nhin cc phng php da trn chun ISO c th
khc nhau rt nhiu do cc tiu chun ISO cho php linh hot iu chnh cc yu t c
trng v yu t chun cng nh phng php nh mc cho ph hp vi gi tr v iu
kin ca tng vng hay khu vc c th.
290
Nc th
Nc qua x l
291
2 .
Xc nh phm vi:
Sng lc:
x e
t r i n
t h
e n
c h
t h
t h
l i
t h
i t
q u a n
( v
t h u t
t c
l i
t h ,
t r ,
t r i
k h
a i
c c
c h
o c
gim bt cc tc ng tim n.
6 .
a ra bo co v mi trng
r a
a n
t n
t h u
k t
qu ca TM.
Cc bc 2, 5 v 6 l c th ca TM so vi V. Bc 3 tng t vi bc lp
danh mc kim k vng i ca V, nhng trn thc t li khng ton din bng.
10.2.3. Quy hoch nc thi m (QNTM)
Quy hoch nc thi m l phng php mi hn, km ph bin hn v km chnh
thc hn so vi V v TM. Phng php ny c bit dnh cho cc gii php x l
nc thi. (QNTM) c bt u bng vic xc nh mc tiu ca qu trnh x l nuirc
thi. Ngi quyt nh thng c bn th ba (v d nh mt nh t vn v/hcc
ngi iu khin cp a phng hay cp quc gia) hng dn xc nh mc tiu,
nhng ngi ra quyt nh nht thit phi nm quyn s hu mc tiu. Khi mc tiu i
c xc nh, bn th ba s a ra cc gii php khc nhau nhm p ng c hiu
ht hoc tt c cc mc tiu v trnh by cc gii php ny mt cch n gin, mc i
ca mt nghin cu v tnh kh thi. Mc nh hng ca cc gii php i vi rrc
tiu ra ban u s c m t ngn gn, v ngi ra quyt nh s s dng ti liu ny ni
mt cng c tr gip trong qu trnh ra quyt nh. (QNTM) c s dng ti Thy ii
mc hn ch, v mt ti liu vit bng ting Anh m t qu trnh ny c pht hih
nhm qung b (QNTM) nh mt m hnh mu ti vng bin Ban-tch.
10.2.4. So snh cc phong php
Trong phn ny s so snh mt cch ngn gn ba phng php trnh by phin
trc. TM l chng trnh khung tin hnh nh gi [Krrman, 2000]. Trn thc ,
V li lin quan n nhng phng php phn tch c th. Vi TM, s khng ;
phm tr chun hay phm tr quy nh hoc cc phng php phn tch cho nhig
phm tr .
292
293
(l + r)
CPTTB =
( 1 0
. 4
[ M T T T N n]
Trong :
CPTTB -
c h
s i n
t r u
t n
t h
e o
t i
t r n
t i
n g
u y n
c tiu th;
TCPVn
c h
MTTTNn - mc tiu th ti
TCPHBn -
r-
c h
c h
t r o
d kin
t r o
nm n;
t r o
n ;
p h
294
( E
n g
l
( E
v n
k h u
p h
b o
( m
3 )
( E
i n
7 0
1 5
2 5
t i
. 0
7 0
. 0
c h i t
( 2
1 . 3 5 9
7 . 3 7 5
2 6 . 6
0 0
2 5 . 8
4 7
1 7 . 7 9
1 3 . 3 5
h n h
n g
t r
N
t h i
/ m
3 )
. 7 5 0
. 0
, 1 4
7 0
. 0
2 7 0 . 0 0 0
7 0
. 0
2 7 0 . 0 0 0
t c h
t i
c h
c h
t n
i n
c u
c p
t h
n .
a n
t n
a i
s u
v o
l i
bit ca tnh trng khi c d n v khi khng c d n. Tuy nhin, li ch ti chnh thc
l
c h
i n
t h
c .
r o
k h
p h n
t c h
t i
t h
c h
t c h
i n
t c
t i
c h
c h
a u
i n
t .
i ;
t r
c u
t h
t h
t h i t
t h i t
p h
b n
t i
c c h
n h
c h
c u
t i
c h
t h
c h
t i
c h
t h
c h
a n
a n
t h
t i
t c h
c h
c h
t i
c h
i n
c p
t n
t h
t n
t n
k h
t i t
t h i
c h
k i m
c a
p h
c p
n .
a y
t c h
t i
i ,
c o
t h
i .
c ,
c o
t c h
a i
a o
v i c
c n h
t t
t h
a n
t o n
t i n
t i
c h
t r o
c h
t i
t h i ;
n h
n h
t r
t i
t i
t r
t h
t r u
t r
c h o
v i c
t h
k t
h thng.
Phn tch ti chnh chi ph-li ch ca mt d n lin quan n vic nh gi ti chnh
v sut thu li ni ti theo gi c nh. Nh cp phn trn, sut thu li ni ti l
l i
s u
t h
a o
s u
t h
t h
t r
t h
t i
t i
c h
t i n
v y
c p
v i c
t n g
c h
p h
c h
t h m
t h e o
t c h
t i
t i
c h
t i
c h
c h
c h
t i n
- l
c h
v .
Khc bit c bn gia phn tch ti chnh chi ph-li ch v phn tch knh t chi phli ch l: phn tch ti chnh so snh chi ph v li ch dch v gi ti chnh c nh
t r o
t h
e o
t c h
i n
i n
s o
c h
t i
c h
c h
t h
t r
n g
c a
n n
i n
c h
295
296
t n
t u
t h
c h
c a
c h
t h o
t h
t r
t i n
v .v ...).
s o
c ,
c h
t h
t r
c h
c o
t r
t r
t r n
t h
i m
i n
t r o
t h
t u
t h
t r u
l m
t r
c u
l i .
Vic nh gi li nhun ca trm XLNT cng c th bao gm nhng kha cnh sau:
t h
t r n
t ,
b t
s n
t r n
t r
t h
k h
c h
t n
b t
c h
b t
v e
. v
i a
t n
. . . )
t i
c c
t h
o t
t r
t h
t h m
( p
( d
l c h
c n
c ,
t h
t r .
a n
t c
t i
t r o
t r n
( m
t n
s n
- l c h
t h
s a
i .
n h
t h
n g
x e
t i
c h
c u
297
t h a m
i a
c h
s u
t i
c h
c h
v o
t h u t
t n
y t
s n
x u
t o
t t ;
t ;
c u
c p
c h
c h
t h
t h
l u
i n
c h
t n
t r c h
i ,
298
t h
t h
c h
t r n
c h
s u
t i
c h
i n
c h
t o
t h
r a
k h
t i
c h
b n
i n
t ,
c h
c n
i n
n g
t r o n g
t i
h o n
c c
c h
c h
l u
a i
c h
( c
i n
c h
c h
n .
s a u
y :
t o n ;
c h
c h
t r
c h
c h
t t ;
n g .
c h
t h
t n
c h
t h m
y .
v o
c n
y ,
c n
c h
x e
c h
t i
c h
c h
k t
hp ca nc v nc thi.
Kh nng bn vng ti chnh v hi phc vn hon ton
Bn vng ti chnh l mt trong nhng mc tiu quan trng nht trong vic thit lp
b
i .
t i
c h
t h
k h
c h
c h
c h
t h
e o
s u
t r u
t r
c h
t h
n n
l p
c h
c h
l u
t i
t n g
y .
r u
c h
c h
r n
n n
t i n
quc gia khc nh Innxia cho rng vic yu cu hon tr ngay mt phn tin u
t
c h
r a
t r
t n
c h
a n
n g
c h
t i
t h
t h
c h
c a o
i a .
l a i .
H iu su t kinh t v ch i p h cn bin
H
s u
i n
t ,
c a o
i n
r a
k h
c c
t i
t r o
dch v mang li li ch cho ngi ny m khng gy nh hng cho ngi khc. Trn
c
t h
i n
t ,
s u t
i n
r a
t h
c n
299
N guyn tc v p h nhim
Nguyn tc v ph nhim l s m rng cng bng v gi. Nh T chc Pht trin
v Hp tc kinh t ch ra vo nm 1972: "Ngi gy nhim s phi chu nhng chi
ph cho vic tin hnh nhng bin php qun l v ngn chn nhim, do cc cp chnh
quyn quyt nh, nhm m bo cho mi trng trong trng thi c th chp nhn
c". y l cch th hin n gin nguyn tc cng bng v gi, c ngha l phi tr
cc chi ph cho nh my x l nc thi.
Cng thc Mogen, c p dng bi cng ty cung cp thit b nc Thames Water
Anh, nh ngha: Gi ph dch v l tng ca chi ph cho dng chy u v chi ph x l,
c dao ng da vo mc nhu cu oxi ho hc (COD) v cht rn l lng (SS) tng
ng vi c tnh ca nc thi sinh hot v nc sau x l:
Phi dch v = V + B. Or + s. Sr
(10.5)
Trong :
V - tin ph cho vic thu gom v b phn phc v dng chy (VN/m3);
B - chi ph x l (V N D /m 3);
s - chi ph x l v thi b cn du nu c (VND/m 3);
O r - t l gia nng COD trong nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot;
Sr - t l gia nng s s trong nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot.
Cng thc ny c th va tng va gim gi ph trn m3 nc thi. Trc nht l c
th pht nhng c s gy nhim cha lp t h thng x l ti ch; th hai l tng
thng cho doanh nghip x l trc hoc c nc thi nng thp.
Qun l hnh chnh c hiu qu v ch i o tt
Biu gi c th gip tng cng kh nng qun l tt nhiu klia cnh. Gi ph t
cc biu gi phi r rng, d hiu i vi khch hng h c th nm bt c nhm
c
t h
t o n
c h
c h
t h
t h
t n
t r n
c h
u .
c h
c h
c c
c h
t r
t t
i a
c h
c h
k h
t n
c h
t n
n g
t h
d dng b thao tng. Biu gi khng nn hy hoi nhng quyt nh ring t c tnh
hp l, c bit l nhng quyt nh u t hoc nhng quyt nh khc c h qu lu
di. Quyt nh ca khch hng da trn biu gi hin hnh khng nn b ph nh khi
m
t h
i ;
t h
a y
t h
t h
a y
K h n n g c h i tr ch o dch v x l n c th i
i a
t h
t h
( H
/ / n
i / n
t h
t r
4 - ^
5 %
t h
i a
c h
i a
c h
t i n
c n
t h
i t
c h
t r
c h
t c
t r m
t r
t h
t i
c h
n g
n y ,
t r o
v i
p h n
t c h
t c
r o
l .
c m
c n
c n
n h
t i
t h i u
c c
y u
s a u
y :
Chi ph u t;
T l tng trng dn s (cho mc ch dn s) v cc d on v dng nhp c;
T l pht trin hoa mu v nhng bin ng trong gi bn cc sn phm nng
nghip trn phm vi quc gia hay quc t (cho mc ch ti tiu, nu ph hp);
302
t r o
c h
t r n
1 .
t h
s u
r a
( t c h
1 .
2 .
3 .
t h
i n
s u
t h
c h
t i
t h
c h
c ,
c h
t h
t r
i a
( k
t h
t h e o
t ) ;
t h
i a
t i
n i
t h
t r
c ;
t r o n g
t r
t h
t i
t h
t h
c ) ,
t r
t h
t h
a y
c h
c h
t h
a m
t c h
c c
t r
i n
t i
t i
t h
t n
t r o n g
c h
t r
c ) .
t o
n i g
n g
b n
l i
u n g
c h
t r
t i
t h
c h
c ,
s o
t h
"
t i
a m
" t
1 %
s .
a m
t h
t r m
t r
n h
t r o
c .
s a u :
c c
c h
t h
t r o n g
n h
c : :
n g
l n
n g
n g
x e m
t c
i n .
i n
t - n h
cc
t h
x t
n g
n h
c .
t n
n g
c h
c c
t ,
l n
c h
c h
v o
( t u
t r o
s u
t c h
t n
n h t .
t n
c n
t c h
c o
r a
s a i
t o n
r a
p h . n
t h
l o
n h
t i
l i
t h n h
i n
i n
n h
I i h u n
t h u
s , c
t n h
i n
t t
n g
t h u c
n g
t r
n i
c a
t h
(C U
n g
g i n
q u i a n
n h
p h
c c
i n
l i
t i
c o
c h
t i
V '
t c
n h t
t c h
o n
t lh
h i n
h a i
c h
l i n
t h .
c m
t i
t r a
k : h
. . . }
n g
n h t
t r n
i n
n g
s u t
t r o
t t
c h
t r
s u t
l p
c h
t h
t h u
h o t
1 %
t h
c )
c h
t i
c h
t t
q u a
u n
p h
n g
t i
t r
t c h
t t .
c m
n g
c c
t h
c a
s u t
l .
s o
p h
c h
x u
n g ,
c m
( v
t r
u y t
t i
t o
t h
( t h
( b
c u
k t
t i
t h
4 .
t r n
t h
r o
t o n
t c h
t r o
r o
t n
t h
t c h
s u
t r o
t h
t c h
2 .
c c
t r
t i
n g
t h e o
r a
t i
c h
t h
y t
c h
k t
l p
c c h
t r m
t n
( c a o
t r
s o
b n .
30 3
Vai tr ca phn tch nhy l nhn dng nhng bin s ti hn cn tm thm thng
tin. Phn tch ri ro nhm to ra gi tr mong mun ca cc hot ng kinh t v ti
chnh (v d nh sut thu li ni ti v gi tr hin ti thc). Mt d n ri ro s khng
c kh nng vt qua mt ngng nht nh ca sut thu li ni ti; khng phi l d
n m phn b xc sut sut thu li ni ti c sai s chun ln.
10.4. TI LIU THAM KHO
BALKEMA, A., WEIJERS, S-, and LAMBERT, F., 1998. On M ethodologies fo r
Comparison o f W astewater Treatment Systems with Respect to Sustainability.
WIMEK Conference, Options for Closed Water Systems. March 11-13, 1998,
Wageningen, Netherlands.
. DANISH MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT: DANCEE ref. no. 124/000-0184;
The FEASD3LE Model, Version 2; User Manual and Documentation, May 2003
ECOBILAN. ndated. Life-Cycle Assessment History. October 6, 2004.
http://www.ecobilan.com/uk_lca02.php
EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 1998. Guide to costs beneits analysis o f
invesment prects (Structural Fund-ERDF, Cohesion Fund and ISPA) Evaluation Unit DG Regional Policy.
. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 2001. Guidance on EIA; EIS Review.
. EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY (EEA), 2005. Effectiveness o f
2002.
304
UNEP, 2002. Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Welands; Design Manual.
USEPA, 1993. Consructed Wetands f o r W astewater Treatment and Wildlife
Habia\ 17 Case Studies. September 1993.
Princples f o r Constructed
Treament
Wetlcmcls:
Providing Water Quality and Wildlife Hcibiat - Workgroups Final Draft 6/8/99.
USEPA,
1999.
Wastewciters.
t e
1 9
Technology Fact
Sheet;
Anaerobic
Lagoons.
Fact Sheet;
Facultatve
Lagoons.
September 2002.
USEPA, 2002. W astewater Technology Fact Sheet; Slow Rate Land Treatment.
September 2002.
USEPA, 2003. Wcistewater Technology Fact Sheet; Rapid Infiltration Lanc
Treatment.
J u
3 .
305
t h
t r n
4. Nghin cu trng hp c th
11.1. NH NGHA TM
TM nh gi hu qu tim tng c th xy ra i vi mi trng (ngun nc; cht
l
t r
t h
v t ;
t i
c n
a n
. . .
ca mt k hoch hay d n v xut cc bin php nhm ngn chn hay gim bt
nhng tc ng xu. TM xem xt tt c cc gii php cho mt d n; kt hp cc kha
cnh v mi trng mang tnh xuyn bin gii v ton cu v tnh n nhng bin di
trong d n, iu kin quc gia, chnh sch, lut php, hng dn v.v... Qu trnh gian
bt v qun l cc tc ng tiu cc i vi m i trng cn c tin hnh trong Slot
l u
4 .
l u t
r u
c h
306
b t
b u c
t in h
p h i
l u y n ,
h a
k h
h a
t r n g
h p
l n g .
S n
n n g
n g
h t
n h n
n h i t
n n g .
t h c
n g m
S n
n g
a i
c m
s n ;
k h a i
t h c
S n
x u t
V.V....
x u t
x e
n g
r c
a ;
q u c
t h i
c h u y n
i n
n n g .
s n
b a y ,
l .
b n g
d u
k h
a ;
h a
c h t .
n c .
g a ,
t r
d u
c ,
L m
d u
l a .
h o c
h a
c h t
l n ) .
t p
t r u n g
t h e o
n h
C O '
g i
n u i
s n
k h a i
t r n
t n g
n g h i p
k h a i
n g
n g h i p
h a
n g h i p
t h
n g h i p
d t
n h i p
g i a
n n g
c h
n g
g i a
n g
s c
t ,
t p
p h
t p
n g
q u n
t r u n g
t h
. . . ) .
n g ) ,
t r u n g ) ,
n u i
c n g
k i m
t h c
lo i.
k h o n g
s n .
c h t .
p h m
a y ,
d a ,
g i y .
s u .
k h c
l n g .
b i n
c a o
h o c
r u n g
( n u i
S n
t h c .
n g h i p
x u t
c h
c c h
( t r n g
t h u
( c i
c h n
n g h i p
t i u
h o c
n u i
n ) .
( c h n
n g h i p
n g h i p
r c
t h i.
n g h i p
s n
r a y
v n
n g
h o c
n g
t c ,
c h u y n
n g
c h t ;
t r n h
t h c
n g
h o c
h a
c a o
k h o n g
x u t
t r n g
a i
x u t
t n g .
[ b i
t h i,
t h i
( k h
n g
r c
h o c
t r o n g
n h
l c
I ) - ] .
l c h
g i i
t r .
g i y .
307
c c
t r n
t h
l i
c n
t h i t
c h
t h
gy ra i vi mi trng;
r n
c h
t h
t h m
t h
l i
t h
t r o
c n
i n
l u
c p
o t
308
Flanders
Ti Flanders, php lut TM c nu trong Ngh nh ngy 5/4/1995 v chnh sch
mi trng, c th l trong mc IV "Tc ng mi trng v bo co an ton".
i vi "Bo co tc ng mi trng ca cc d n", cn tham kho phn III. Cng ging
nh Wallonia, TM c ch dn theo bt k yu cu no ca giy php v mi trng.
Da vo cc tiu ch trong Ph lc II ca ngh nh ny, chnh quyn vng FLander
xc nh r ioi d n cn c bo co tc ng mi trng. Cc nc v khu vc
lng ging cng nh b phn cng chng c quan tm cn c cung cp y thng
tin v c quyn c tham gia kin vo thi im c th. Ngi khi xng mt d
n TM l ngi phi chu trch nhim v phi chi tr cc khon chi ph. Do vy, nh
khi xng cn s dng cc chuyn gia c chnh thc cng nhn di s gim st
ca c quan iu phi TM chnh thc. Ngh nh m t ni dung ti thiu ca mt
nghin cu TM v nhng th tc cn thit m nhn.
11.2.3. Php lut an Mch
TM c vai tr ngy cng ni bt trong h thng quy hoch cng nh trong cc quy
nh v lut l v mi trng ca an Mch. Cc yu cu v TM c trong cc o lut
309
310
1. D n c tc ng ln cn c TM y ;
2. D n c tc n g m c h n ch v c th gim thiu, ch cn nh gi s b;
1. Thit k: ch d n
tnh, theo danh mc lit k ti Ph lc II, Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP, thuc trch nhim
thm nh v ph duyt bo co T M ca B Ti nguyn v M i trng.
311
M t s lc v d n.
Hin trng mi trng ni thc hin d n.
D bo, nh gi cc tc ng ca d n n m i tr n g kh u vc.
xut cc bin php khc phc, gim thiu cc tc n g tiu cc.
C h ng trnh -qun l v quan trc, gim st m i trng.
K t lun v k i n ngh.
ni th c hin d n v ni dung
sao q u y t n h ph duyt;
bo co TM c ph duyt;
- T ip nhn v x l cc kin xut, kin ngh ca ch d n, cc t chc v c
nhn lin quan n vic thc hin cc ni dung, bin php bo v m i tr ng trong q u
trnh thi cng, xy dng d n;
312
- B tr k h o ch v tin hnh gim st, kim tra vic thc hin cc ni d u n g v bin
php bo v m i tr ng; x l theo thm quyn hoc kin ngh x l n h n g vi phm
x
r a ;
t i
t r
d n Loi A;
c . D n c k h nng gy tc ng nh hoc khng gy tc ng xu n m i
trng. N goi vic r sot ca N gn hng, khng cn phi tin hnh thm vic nh gi
mi trng i vi d n Loi C;
FI. D n cn u t t ngun v n ca N g n hng thng q u a m t trung gian ti chnh
(FI), dng tiu d n m c th gy ra tc ng xu v mi trng.
i vi nhng "d n thng thng" thuc Loi A, ngi vay vn c th s dng
cc chuyn gia nh gi mi trng c lp khng l thnh vin ca d n tin hnh
nh gi mi trng. i vi cc d n c nguy c cao thuc Loi A hoc d n lin
quan n nhng vn m i trng nghim trng v phc tp, bn vay vn thng phi
313
A ngui vay cn ly kin ca cc nhm ny t nht hai ln: (a) ngay sau khi r sot
v mt mi trng v trc khi cc iu khon tham chiu cho nh gi mi trng
c thng nht; v (b) khi d tho bo co nh gi mi trng c chun b.
BP4.01 nu r trch nhim v ngha v tng ng ca mi bn tham gia. Trong BP
4.01 cng nu r on thm nh ca mi d n v cc quy nh ca h. V ic nh gi
mi trng ca mt hot ng c xut Ngn hng cp vn thuc v trch nhim
ca bn vay. Bn vay s c i Thi hnh N him v gip thng qua vic kim
tra li d n, ghi li nhng thng tin cn thit, m bo rng tt c cc ti liu hon
thin, tm lc nhng yu t c bn cn cung cp (phn loi d n, quy trnh chun b
bo co, cc gii php c xem xt, tc ng c d on ca d n v cc gii php,
v.v...). Trong qu trnh thc hin d n, i thi hnh nhim v s gim st tt c cc
kha cnh v mi trng. Cui cng, ngn hng yu cu mt bn Bo co hon thnh
vic thc hin c nh gi tc ng mi trng, nu r nhng tc ng c tin
on trong nh gi mi trng cha v hiu qu ca mi bin php gim thiu c
p dng.
Sch ngun cp trong phn trn chnh l cm nang tham kho v cc thng tin cn
thit qun l qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng theo cc quy nh ca OP v BP
4.01. Tt c nhng ngi chu trch nhim cho d n c Ngn hng cp vn v c
kh nng gy tc ng mi trng ln nn tham kho cun sch ngun ny.
Cun sch ngun tm lc cc quy nh v nh gi mi trng ca Ngn hng v
phc tho qu trnh kim tra mi trng ca Ngn hng, t vic r sot trong giai on
xc lp d n n vic nh gi sau khi hon thin. Cc chng cui cung cp hng
dn nh gi mi trng theo khu vc; m t ngn gn tng loi d n; tm lc cc
tc ng tim n; v lu cc vn c bit. Cc chng ny cng nu cc gii php
c th v b sung cc thng tin tham kho v qun l, nhu cu o to v cc quy nh
v gim st. M i phn kim tra a ra kt lun qua mt bng nu r cc tc ng tim
n v cc bin php nhm gim thiu c th p dng c. M i chng c mt phn
nu cc iu khon tham chiu mu cho cc loi d n khc nhau.
314
( D
t h i u
B. M t D n
c
p h
F .
t r
n g
p h p
n g
n h
i m
g i
t r
n g
o n
i n
i m
i n
u y
E .
n h
i n
s t
F .
h o c h
a m
t r
I .
k h o
u n
k i n
t r
n g
k h
a i
t h n g
t in
( D
t h i u
t r a
t r
t c
p h p
n h
a m
t r
k h o
q u
lu n
n g
n g
i m
t r
t h
t r
n g
t i m
c h
h o c h
i m
n g
k i n
c h
n h
k h a i
t h n g
t in
n g
x u t
c h n g
l u n
315
xc nh s cn thit ca vic nh
gi mi trng;
Xc dinh quy m:
xc nh nhng yu t cn
vo vic nh gi mi trng;
Chun b ti liu v thng tin:
trnh by cc
xem xt tt c cc kt lun
v xut ca nh gi mi trng;
Gim st::
vi tc ng tng th ca d n.
316
t h
t h
t t
n h
c h
c a o
n h
c h
t h
n h t
thc
cn
TM .
Cc
danh
sch
ny
trong
ch
t c
t i m
n ;
317
Bc 1
Ph lc hoc II
D n c thuc loi
c lit k trong Ph
lc I hoc II khng?
D n c th c nh
hng ln n Khu thin
nhin 2000 khng?
Khng
Khng yu cu TM
Khng
C
C
Bc 2
Danh sch bt buc
D n c nm trong
danh sch bt buc
hay nm trong cc d
n lun cn en TM
khng?
Birc 3
Danh sch loi tr
D n c nm trong
danh sch loi tr gm
nhng d n khng cn
TM khng?
Khng
Buc 4
Tng trng hp
D n c kh nng gy
tc ng ln i vi
mi trng khng?
Yu cu TM
Khng
Yu cu TM
Khng yu cu TM
C
Khng
Ycu cu TM
# Khng yu cu TM
Mt c im ca d n mang tnh
nh tnh c xc nh c th. v
d V tr ca d n trong khu vc d
xc nh (v d, khu bo tn), sn
xut cht c th (v d, ho cht, cht
n), x thi theo phng php xc
nh (v d, thiu t rc).
Kct hp c c tnh mang tnh dnh
lng v nh tnh, v d, d n s nm
trong khong cch c th ca mt khu
vc nht nh, n s to ra mt lng
cht gy nhim cao hn mc xc
nh vv...
Cc tiu ch v gii hn theo lut nh trong
lut TM ca quc gia thnh vin s xc
lp cc quy nh php lut r rng v ycu
cu TM. Cc tiu ch v gii hn mang
tnh hng dn trong ti iiu hng dn ca
quc gia thnh vin khng xc lp cc quy
nh php ut nhng c th c s dng
quyt nh di vi tng trng hp c
cn TM khng.
Birc 5
Ghi li Quyt nh R sot Khi c quyt nh r sot chnh thc khng nh c cn n TM khng, c quan thm
quyn phi ghi li quyt nh v cc do dn n quyt jnh , dng thi cng khai thng tin trc cng chng.
H n h 11.2 . C c bc tro n g qu trnh r so t (EC 2001).
318
x e
x t
c c
i m
n h
t h
v o
thit k d n.
C c yu t c bn trong qu trnh xc nh quy m l:
- X c nh ranh gii khun kh v thi gian v a l cho vic n h gi;
-
t h
r a
t c
i ;
r i
i m
s t
c c
t c
i n
t i
t c h
l u
nh gi mc v tm nghim trng ca tc ng
K hi xc n h c cc
v tm nghim trng ca tc
tr n g ca cc tc ng gin
p h c tp hn so vi cc tc
rng hn.
c h
319
t i
t r
t h
t ;
t h
n h
t c
d n g trong vic
nh gi.
C nhiu phng php nhn bit v nh gi cc tc n g gin tip v lu di
cng nh tng tc gia chng. M i p h n g php ph hp vi m t d n c b it v
cng c khi p dng ng thi m t vi p h n g php cho m t q u trn h nh gi tc
ng i vi mi trng. Cc phng p hp ny (EC 1999) c th h in t m tt trong
cc on di y.
k i n c h u y n g ia
320
321
L p m h n h
Gim nh cc
l o
tc
nu trn.
Khi thit lp cc iu kin bin cho qu trnh n h gi, cc thng tin cn thit c ti
khng c hoc khng tip cn c, thng tin thiu hon chnh hoc m c k h ig
thch hp. V ic thu thp thng tin v cc hot ng trong qu kh, hin ti v tng ai
c th gp kh khn. V ic thu thp thng tin v ranh gii ni c cc tc ng vt raih
gii a phng hay lnh th quc gia cng l vn nan gii.
H i u b i t v c c t n g t c v l t r n h
ny sinh cc phn ng phi tuyn tnh m khng phi lc no cng c th hiu bit thiu
o c v do rt kh nh gi.
322
G i n h
Bo co
Kt qu ca vic nh gi cc tc ng gin tip v lu di cng cc m i tng tc
cn phi c nu ra trong Bo co. C hai phng php thc h in bo co ch yu:
g h p
n h
v o
r i
phn;
i t .
S dng cc bng
N goi nh ng iu nu trn, nn c m t bn tm tt nu ra cc tc ng tng th cn
c xem xt cn thn i vi tng i tng chu tc ng khc nhau. V ic trnh by
thng tin trong bng tp trung vo cc i tng chu tc ng phi ch r nhng im
m cc i t ng chu nhiu hn m t loi tc ng. iu ny rt h u ch trong vic
chuyn ti thng tin v cc tc ng tng th ti nhng ngi a ra quyt nh v ti
cng ng.
S d n g g i n
t r n
( s
c c
t h
t i n
t n
a y
c c
c h
) ,
s liu v bn .
323
11.3.6. a ra quyt nh
K hi bo co c trnh, cc nh chc trch xem xt kt lun v kin n g h ca
bn bo co. Sau khi xem xt, h c th ph chun d n hoc p t cc iu k i n v
yu cu c th hoc bc b d n. Q u trnh a ra quyt nh tu thuc vo m i quc
gia. C c bc tin hnh v cc tr ngi lm chm tr c th rt khc nhau. D o cn
phi tham kho lut php tu theo tng quc gia, khu vc v a phng.
vic
g h p cc
tiu kinh t, x hi mi
tc hng ti s pht trin
bn vng bng cch ng vai tr l mt cng c cng c v nng cao thc cng
l
t r
cng l s m bo
n g v s c n i g i a c c h o t n g k in h t v m i t r n g .
chng li cc quyt nh sai tri hoc c ng c chnh tr. S tham gia c a cng
t h
t h
i t
t h
t h
t c h
t r n
c h
t r a n
t r n
i ,
i .
c n
t r
324
g i a i
o n
c a
q u
C
t r n h
n h
g i
n h
n h
P h
t n g
q u y
u y t
q u t
b o
t r
c o
t c
n g
n h
n h
c c
t c
n g
n h
c c
g i
t r
n h
c c
t i n
u y n
p h
i m
s t
k h
t h i n
n
p
t i u
c a
t r
n g
c u
d n
n g
c h o
q u a n
q u
b i t
t r n h
c a
n g
g p
n h
g p
t n h
v o
c a
n h
q u n
o n ,
t m
h p
q u
c h
h i u
g i
c a
t r n h
c h n g ;
g i ;
n g
b i t
g i m
b o
n h
c c
n h
c o
c c
t r
t c
c h t
n .
c a
n g ;
t r n g .
n g
t n h
l u n
k h
n n g
t h
c h p
n h n
c a
c c
n .
n h
m
y u .
c o .
b n h
c h n g
q u n
n g
t h
b o
c h n g
n g
t r n h
c h t
c h
h i u
v i c
c h n g
l
v o
c h
c h n g
n g
t c
g i
c h u n
n g
n h
c c
t c
n g
t h
r a
n g
q u
t r n g .
325
11.4.2. M t d n
D n bao gm nm hng m c qun l nc thi v bn hng m c q u n l n c
m a. C c hng m c trong qun l nc thi g m c vic m rng v / h o c nng c p
bn nh m y X C N T. D o s phi xy d n g cc h th n g tp tru n g nc thi m i. D
n cng bao gm c vic xy dng m i m t n h m y x l nc thi. C c hng m c
trong qun l nc m a bao gm vic x y d n g cc n g ng d n , c n g thot n c,
trm bm , knh dn nc l thin v / hoc ci to cc k n h dn n c h in c.
tip tc nh h n g n nc m t v nc ngm ,
gip ci
326
b a o
c h
e m
c h
l p .
r o
t r n
t h
i t
x u
t h
c c
t c
c p
t h
t i n
. V
. ) ,
c h
t c h
t h
a y
a i .
327
c lng nng mi
c c
s i n
r a
t r n
c h
t n
G i i q u y t v n v c lo
clo, gim thiu lng clo tch t ti ch, t vng m quanh phng ha ch clo,
cung cp m t n an ton v cc thit b bo h lao ng cho nhn v in ng thi
hun luyn cho h cc thao tc vn hnh an ton.
C h n l p b n l n g .
x l.
c h
c c
. v
t t
( c
c h
. . . )
11.4.8. T h u h i t v t i n h c
i sng v th cht v kinh t ca ngi dn s chu nh h ng ca d n (v d: do
thu hi t, do vic s dng tm thi t xy dng h thng th u gom nc thi, nh
m y x l nc thi, cng thot nc m a, trm bm , nhng ngi dn b nh hng
n thu nhp trong thi k xy dng). N h ng i t ng chu nh hng do d n s
c n b v ti nh c kp thi theo ng k hoch ti dnh c nhm m bo cho
h m t cuc sng m c t nht l gn nh c.
1 . 4.9. n h g i v k in h t
M
d n
2
t c h
i n
ca ngn hng p ht trin chu (A D B ) c tin hnh tro n g khong thi gian
t n
t h
i a
c h
c h
c h
t n
t r n
11.4.10.
328
c h
t r
t m
t r
c c
t c
Gp
lin
a n
t h
t u
i ,
t n
t r n
n h
a u .
N goi ra m t s ln tham kho kin khc cng c tin hnh bao gm cc iu tra
v kinh t x hi ti cc h gia nh v doanh nghip phc v cho vic phn tch x
hi v m c sng ti thiu.
P
i m
t h a m
i a
t i n
t i
t i n
n g
r n
c c
t c
t h
c h
p .
t i u
329
gim thiu tc ng. N h ng bin php gim thiu tc ng c th s trnh hoc gim
thiu cc tc ng khng m ong m un m ngi dn vn lo ngi. B n cnh , m t s
xut c th cng c lng ghp vo trong k hoch qun l m i trng.
Trong tng lai, cc k hoch thu ht s tham gia ca cng ng trong qu trnh xy
dng v hot ng ca n h m y s bao gm s tham gia gim st ca ngi dn i vi
cc tc ng v nhng bin php gim nh tc ng, nh gi cc tc ng vi m i
trng, kinh t, x hi ng thi phng vn ly kin ngi dn sau khi d n hon tt.
11.4.12. Kt lun
Cc vn qun l v kinh t (thu nc thi, d ton chi ph, bo him v .v...), v
lut php (cc quy nh, tiu chun, chnh sch) v v qun l k thut (thu gom nc
thi, bn lng, k hoch kim sot nhim cng nghip cho nc thi cha x l) s l
nhng nguy c tht bi ch yu ca d n. C c bin php qun l cn phi c chun
b v trnh ln N gn hng pht trin chu (A D B ).
D n s em li cc li ch ng k cho cc khu vc ni thnh v ph cn ca V
H n cng nh cc ngun nc. D n cng s em li cc li ch thit thc vi sc
khe con ngi. M t li ch quan trng khc l tn sut v m c nghim trng ca lt
li cng gim i.
Cc bin php gim thiu v n b hp l s trnh c hay gim nh n m c
chp nhn c cc tc ng tiu cc pht sinh t d n. N h ng bin php chnh l
la chn cn thn a im xy dng cc nh m y x l nc thi trnh cc khu vc
nhy cm , kim sot ting n, bi, nc thi trong qu trnh xy dng, kim sot xi
m n t trong qu trnh o, p, kim sot m i v ting n trong qu trnh hot ng
v phc hi cnh quan sau khi hon thnh d n. C c tc ng tiu cc c khc
phc ti m c cho php bao gm vic n b th o ng v ti nh c cho 1.799 ngi,
thu hi c 62,5 ha t phc v cho d n.
Belgium
. C ELL LE E T U D E S IN C ID E N C E S S R L 'E N V IR O N N E M E N T (EIE),
2006. Legislation and inrm ation about E nvironm ental im pact studies, notes. (In
330
. W ALLOON
R E G IO N
D e c r e e o f 2 7 m a y 2 0 0 4 r e l a t i n g to
(in French)
GOVERNM ENT.
2005.
B y - la w
o f
th e
W a llo o n
g o v e r n m e n t o f 1 7 m a r c h 2 0 0 5 r e la t in g to th e F i r s t B o o k o f th e E n v ir o n m e n t C o d e .
(in French)
. C O U N C IL 0 F T H E R E G IO N 0 F B R U S S E L S . 2004.
2 0 0 4 r e l a t i n g to th e E n v ir o n m e n t a l lic e n s e
O r d in a n c e o f 2 4 J u n e
F re n c h o r D u tch )
BRU SSELS
R E G IO N
GOVERNM ENT.
2004.
B y - la w
o f
th e
B r u s s e ls
G o v e r n m e n t o f 9 A p r i l 2 0 0 4 a d o p in g th e B r u s s e s C o d e o f th e t e r r it o r y s e ttin g ,
th e C O B A T p u b lis h e d o n th e 2 6 M a y 2 0 0 4 .
D e c r e e o f 5 A p r i l 9 9 5 c o n c e r n in g
( i n
r e
c h
t c h
Denm ark
EC ,
2006.
The
o u tc o m e
o f
E IA .
35
p.
A vailable
< http://ec.europa.eu/environm ent/eia/pdf/eia_outcom e.pdf>
on
line:
The
China
G U A N G D O N G PR O V IN C IA L G O V E R N M E N T - THE W O R L D B A N K , 2003.
G u a n g d o n g P e a r l r i v e r d e lt a u r b a n e n v ir o n m e n t p r o e c t -
D e s ig n
r e v ie w a n d
a d v is o r y s e r v ic e s o v e r a ll e n v ir o n m e n ta l a s s e s s m e n t f o r w a s te w a te r c o m p o n e n ts .
Vietnam
O p e r a tio n a lp o lic y
( O P ')
W O RLD BA N K , 2004b.
B a n k P r o c e d u r e ( B P ) 4 .0
W O R L D B A N K , 2006.
H o w to u s e th e S o u r c e b o o k .
4 .0 1
O p e r a t io n s M a n u a O M F l , O p e r a t o n a l p r o c e d u r e s a n d B a n k p o l i c i e s .
on:
331
EIA Process
v i r o
l p
s k
for EC
v e
l o
C o-operation. Project E I A
s c r e e n in g .
E I A g u i d a n c e o f s c r e e n i n g , 2 0 0 1 . T h e s e p s in t h e s c r e e n i n g .
i l a
l e
G u id e lin e s f o r th e A s s e s s m e n t o f In d ir e c t a n d C u m u la tiv e Im p a c t s a s
i l a
l e
n :
<http://ec.europa.eu/environm eneia/eia-studies-and-reports/guidel.pdf>
Case study
P E O P L E S R EPU B LIC O F C H IN A , 2006.
E n v ir o n m e n ta l A s s e s s m e n t R e p o r t o f
th e W u h a n W a s te w a te r a n d S to r m w a te r M a n a g e m e n t P r o je c t .
58 p.
Prepared by
the W uhan M unicipal G overnm ent r the A sian D evelopm ent B ank (A D B ).
332
C C Y U C U V I U T I T V P H P L
12.1. T N G Q U A N V C C YU CU P H P L
C
t i t
t r i
a y
t h
c h
t r n
t i
c .
c u
t h
chia th n h nm ni dung:
1. P h t th i c h t g y n h i m vo n g u n nc h o c t
c h
c h
c h
p h
t h i
c h
gy
t i p
2. Thit k nh my
t r
t c
y .
t r
n g .
3. Xy dng nh my
t c h
t r n
l c
n h
n g .
i a .
4. V n h n h n h m y
r o
t r o
v n
s t .
t i t
a n
t o n
k h
t r
n g .
5. G n k t n h m y vi i u kin t n h i n ti a p h n g
-
t h
a n
l a
l o
c n
i n
v t
a n
d .
333
r n
c h
t h
c ,
v t
l i
s i n
c ,
c h
t h
s i n
cng n g h i p ... c thi vo ngun tip nhn. im ngun pht thi l ni lu chuyn
pht tn v d nh ng dn nc, cng rnh, knh m n g ... m t cht gy nhim
c pht thi.
a n
t h
i t
l p
t r
a n
s o
t r i n
khai cc tiu chun cht lng nc h tr cho vic s dng c chn la cua
m i n v qun l nc trong quyn hn ca m nh. C c tiu chun ny c ban hnh
di dng vn bn bng li hoc cc ch s gii hn da trn cc yu t nh hng n
sc kho m n v qun l ngun nc phi m nhn. M t s nc pht trin cng
thit lp nhng tiu chun sinh hc kt hp vi cc tiu chun ha hc v vt l truyn
thng nhm xc nh cht lng ca nc vng m ly.
3. C h n h sc h n g n n g a su y th o i: Cc c
a n
kim sot
nc
thit lp chnh sch ngn nga suy thoi v cc th tc cho vic thc thi. Cc chnh sch
ny c thc hin nhm duy tr v bo v cht lng nc cn thit ca ngun nc
c th m bo c s dng bn vng ngun nc.
Lin m inh Chu u, cc tiu chun cht lng nc c kt hp hi h a vi C1C
yu cu ca ch dn v h thng nc [2000/60/EC ], kt hp vic bo v sinh thi '
vic s dng nc lu di cng nh pht trin bn vng. y l m t cng c m i lip
k hoch v kt hp cc chnh sch. y l m t khung php l cho cch tip cn pt
bin cc nguyn l v cc m c tiu bo v m i trng v pht trin bn vng ti lu VC
sng. M c tiu l nhm bo v thin nhin v cc ngun nc phc v cp nc siih
hot, ngn chn vic x nc thi vo ngun nc ngm v nh gi nc dng. M t \i
nc coi vic xy dng tiu ch cht lng nc l m t tiu chun quc gia, m t s nc
khc th li nhn nhn vn ny c tnh li nhun. Bng 12.1 nu cc tiu chun giM
hn v cht lng ngun nc
334
o.
Bng 12.1. Tiu chun gii hn cht lng ngun tip nhn,
hng dn thc hin ca o, 1987
T
n g
n i t
a m
n g
( N
n i a
n g
t h c
it r a t
i t r i t
h a
3 )
h c
h u
c u
x y
h a
h u
c u
x y
h a
a c b o n
s i n h
h a
t a n
t r
g i
h n
( m
g / 1 )
0 , 5
3 - n
0 , 0 5
3 - N
2 - n
0 , 0 5
0 , 2
P h t p h o
1 0
335
Kho st v thit k
Bc u tin nhn c giy php l phi c m t k s xc nh khu vc d n.
x
c h
t h i t
p h
a u .
c ,
c .
c h
t h
v n
t h m
x c
v n
t h a m
i a
v o
t n
p h
t p
c n
c c
t h
t i n
c h
t h
t h
n h
n g
t n
c a o
c h
t n
n g
c a
Xc nh tiu
c a
c h
t r
c h
n g m
t i
( t h e o
t r
a i
t r c
t h
n g
t h n g
n g
n m
n g
s u t
s o
t r o
q u
t r
t r a
c n
s o
i h
Cc hn c h
C quan chnh quyn c trch nhim t ra cc m c tiu chun gii hn cho php
bo v cht lng nc v cc mc ch s dng nc trong phm vi quc gia hcc
trong khu vc. N hng i tng pht thi trong thnh ph hoc cc im khc cn pi
c x l th cp theo ch dn v nc thi th c a cng ng Chu u. G ii hn K
l th cp ti thiu i vi trm X L N T (tng ng vi dn s 5000 ngi) nu troig
bng 12.2.
336
h u
c u
x y
s i n h
h u
c u
x y
h a
n g
i t
c h t
r n
n g
c h t
( B
( C
t h i
P h t
p h o
Ngun:
/ L
9 , 0
1 5
3 0
( T
( m
1 2 5
6 , 0
2 5
5 )
p H
( T
n g
d n
c a
c n g
n g
h u
1 / 2
7 1 / E
337
P h giy php
C quan php c th thu ph cho qu trnh thm nh v ph hng nm kim sot
giy php v gim st qu trnh hot ng ca nh m y sao cho ph hp vi cc quy
nh trong giy php.
12.3. THIT K NH MY x L
12.3.1. V tr xy dng nh my
Phn ln cc nc u c hn c h cht ch v v tr xy dng nh m y X LN T, nhm
trnh cc v tranh chp quyn s dng t gn hoc ti khu xy dng v/hoc cc
im pht thi nc x l vo cc ngun nc tip nhn. N hng hn c h ny thng
rt c th, cn tho lun vi c quan qun l nc c quyn cp php v v tr xy dng
nh m y X L N T trong qu trnh thit k.
t r
n g
t h m
c h
t i t
x e
c h
1 1 .
12.4. XY DNG NH MY
12.4.1. G im thiu ri ro trong xy dng
N hm gim bt ri ro trong khi xy dng, ngi c trch nhim xy dng nh m y
X L N T thng phi lp m t k hoch bo v m i trng da trn bn bo co cc hot
n g v bin php thi cng xy dng theo d kin. K hoch bo v m i trng trong
khi xy
cn:
d
r n
t h
t h o
c h
t h i
t h i
t h
i t
l t
t h
i n
n g
t h
t i n
c h
t i t
i a
t h
t h e o
n ,
a o
t h
t r n h
v i c
t h i
t r n
l y ,
c n
c u n
c p
t h n g
t i n
v t
l i
t r
. . .
t r o
t r n
t h i
T hng thng khng dng ngun vt liu t thuc nhng vng m ly t nhin.
338
l o
t r o
c h
v t
l i
n g
t h
v t
l i
c h
t h m
c u
c h
t i t
t h ,
y . . .
l u
t c h
l c h
n h
t a
v t
a y
t h i t
v n
t h
t r o
s u t
t h n h
p h
a o
c n
i a
p h t
t r i
trong tng lai ca cc dch v trong thnh ph. T hit k cho php c n g sut s
dng trong bao nhiu nm ? Cn np danh sch chi tit s lng ngi s dng dch
v ca h thng trong khu dn c, trong cc c s t thin, trong khu thng mi v
khu cng nghip.
t h
t r o
t h n h
l i
a y
t h i t
n g
t h i t
s a o
c h
n h
n g
c c
t y
c n
a y
t r m
c ?
k h
c p
t r m
t r
t r n
s u t
c c
c p
t r o
n .
t h o
k t
( t h o
t h
i )
t h
t h
nh th no khi c bo?
N u d n thit k bi lc ngp nc nhm x l nc thi, hy nu r c bao nhiu
n nguyn c xut. Cc n nguyn s hot ng ni tip nhau hay song
song? L iu c kin ngh vic x l b sung?
c h
t i
s a u
k t
t h
t h
i a
h o t
i ?
339
i m
p h t
t h i
v o
t h
t r n g
v o
t i p
n h n ,
b a o
g m
p h
c n
n g
t h
p h p
p h t
t i n
t n
c h t
p h t
t h i.
t h
t h
v o
t r
n g
t i p
t h e o
n g
a y
l i
c ?
t h e o
ph hp ca thit k.
Trong tng lai liu s c bn thi ra? Vi s lng l bao nhiu? S x l nh th
no v u?
Ai s chu trch nhim duy tr h thng? i vi khu vc dn c c h thng cp -
12.5.2. Cc yu cu gim st
dng c li cc ngun nc tip nhn v loi hnh x l. Bng 12.3 gii thiu cc yu cu
c trng i vi cc h thng x l nc thi th v/hoc nh dn hin hnh ti M. Cc
thng s khc cn c trong qu trnh gim st bao gm phtpho v nit amn.
Bng 12.3. Cc yu cu c trng khi gim st nh my x l nc thi
V
t r
g i m
s t
v o
n g
l n g
O
n
D
g
c h t
r n
n g
p H
n g
x
G
c c
Ngun:
340
O
n
p h t p h o
D
c h t
r n
n g
x y
l o
h a
c n
c
t a n
d
k h u n
n g
r u t
t r o n g
p h n
p h t p h o
t h n g
n g
t h n g
n g
t h n g
n g
t h n g
n g
t h n g
t h n g
n g
t h n g
n g
t h n g
n g
n g y
n g
t h n g
n g
t h n g
( t n g
n g
s u t
n g y
n g
s u t
t n
h )
s t
t r n g
K n a n
s a u
l
i m
2 1 n / t u n
t r o n g
t r n g
h p
h p
Cap
g
c
c h t
k h u n
r n
n g
C q u a n b o v m i tr n g M .
n g
r u t
t r o n g
p h n
2 1 n /
t u n
t r o n g
2 1 n /
t u n
t r o n g
t r n g
h p
t r
h p
n g
B n g 1 2 .4 . t r n h b y c c y u c u g i m s t c n t h i t c h o h t h n g x n c t h i n g m .
t r
g i m
s t
n g
s u t
T o n
h
t h n g
i m
t r a
t r c
n g
h o c
q u a n
t u n
n g
c o
h n g
p h ,
T t
i n
k i m
t r a
h
( B
t h m
n h a n h
i t
l o
a o
h i t
j e l d
a h
n i t
d n
n c
t r u n g
l n / n m
l n / n m
l n / n m
l n / n m
l n / n m
l n / n m
l n / n m
p H
n / n m
i t r a t e
l n g
n g
n h n :
t r n
n h
v h
1 0
5 0
n g ,
c c
k t
c c
n g
s i n h ,
t h c
t h n g
b n g
t a .
v n
h o c
v
t h y
t r n g
c :
v t
b o
q u a n
n ,
d n g .
/ L
/ L
n g y
c h t
r n
n g
q u
n g
n g
q u
t h m
n g
q u
n g
n g
v o
t h n g
i t
L
D
n c
n i
c h t
i ,
n g i
t in h
k n h
n h a n h
t h
l i u
v t ,
L
p
t h m
v t
X
l
t .
p h u n :
t h n g
c h u n
t h n g
k h
m
i u
p H
( t r o n g
p h u n )
n h a n h )
T
D
a o / h
t h i
s i n h
t i
h c
b i
t h a m
l n g
n i t
j e l d
a h
i t
a m
n g
t h n g
i t
n it r t
n g
t h n g
n g
t h n g
n g
t h n g
n g
t h n g
l o
l o
r i d
e s
t r a
c h y
t i
p H
c u
n g
n g y
n g
n m
n g
n m
n g
I i m
n g
n m
n g
n m
t i
k h u
t h n g *
n h a n h
i m
n g
pH
P h t p h o
v c
t h m
l i
h t
a o
t h
h u
t r a o
n c
l n / n m
s u t
c h :
Ngun:
t r o n g
q u a n
q u
b o
t r n h
p h t
t h i
t r n g
341
t u
t h
t r
n g
a n
t o n
t i
c h
o m
t r
t h
t h
i ,
t h
i t
t h
t r
trong tnh hung khn cp, tnh hung trong k hoch v bin php phng chng;
G hi chp v bo co tnh hnh sc k h e ngh n g h ip c a cc nhn vin.
i ,
t r o
t h
t h o
t i
ton ca cng nhn. Cc cht thi lin quan bao gm nhng sn phm sau:
Lng ln du m ng / thc vt;
s n
l i
c h
t h
l u
u ;
c h
s c ;
y ;
C ht c hi gy nhim ;
t h
c a o
V t liu c hi;
C ht thi khng c trong giy php;
H a ch t hu c tng hp PCB v ch t dioxin;
t r
t h
Cht aming.
342
n g
t r n
phn ca h thng qun l mi trng, sc khe v an ton hoc ch ring h thng qun
l mi trng tha mn mt s iu kin nht nh. Phn ny s hng dn chi tit cc
iu kin v gii hn qu trnh thc thi c th t c chng nhn h thng qun
l mi trng theo cc iu khon ca ISO 14001:1996.
12.7.1. t ai
t h
t r
n g .
n h
n g
t i m
y t
v n
12.7.4. Cc yu cu php l
t h i t
t r
n g
c h
t i
c h
t r n
k t
t h
t h
t h ,
n g
t h
t h
v i
c h
i m
t r n
t h
c h
t i u
t h
t h i
i n
l i
a y
t c
c h
rd
t
nh hng n mi trng.
344
t r
n g
c h
n h
n g
o t
h .
12.7.7. o to
t r
n g .
t h
t o
a n
t o n ,
k h
c h
t o
t r
n g
c h
t h
t c
i :
n h
t ;
h t
t h
t h
i ;
a n
t r c ;
c h
t h
c h
t r o
c ;
t o ;
a n
t r
n g ;
t r
n g .
v o
t r
n g
x e
p h
c c
c u
t i t
c u
c p
cc thng tin lin quan ti chng trnh nng cp lin tc. T chc cn phi trnh by
q
t r n
t i t
k h
t r o
345
12.7.10. H s m i tr n g
T
t o ,
c h
t r
v i
t r
n g
c h
t r
t r
n g
n g
l i
a o
i m
s t
t r
n g
t n
i a
c h
k h
c .
t r
n g
do
p h
t r i n
n m
1 9 8 1 ,
p h
t r i
t h
c u
v o
1 9 9 1 .
t h
t i n
t c
t r
n g
t r i
l o t
u y t
346
t r a
x e
c h
h a y
c h
t r n
t h t
t r n
t r
n g
t r
n g
n g
s t
t r
" q
n g
n g
t i
s n
c h
n g
t r n
"
c h
v t
i n
c h
c h
n g
c n
k h
t r n
i .
s a u
a o
t h
t c
c h
c n
n g .
n g
t r
n g
t r o
t r n
t h
gi l bn nh gi tc ng chin lc.
i vi cc h thng X L N T chi ph thp s rt thun li khi p dng C L M cho:
a )
i a
n g
t h n g
t h
t r o
t r
n g
c h
t i n
t h
t h
t r o
c h
t h p
s o
t r i
t h
c h
t h p
c ,
1999.
G u id in g
P r in c ip le s
fo r
C o n stru c te d
* E C , 2001.
G u id a n c e o n E I A .
* N PD E S , 2002.
D is c h a r g e r s .
* M PC A , 2002.
T re a tm e n t
W e tla n d s :
N P D ES/SD S
P e r m its :
P e r m ittin g
P ro ce ss fo r
S u rfa c e - w a te r
G r o u n d S u r fa c e a n d S u b s u rfa c e .
* N E U N T E F E L , R., 2005.
W a te r S u p p ly & W a s te w a te r T r e a tm e n t: L e g a l A s p e c t s .
347
C C VN V T CH C V QUN L
348
349
t h
t ,
t i
t r n
a n
c n
t r i
t h
i a
t n
s i n
s i n
vong, tnh hnh bnh tt, tui th (tnh c m c chnh lch v gii tnh, tui,
nhm dn tc);
c im ca cc gia nh: gia inh a th h, t l ph n lm tr ct trong gia
n h ...
350
t r n
t r u
t h
t h
t h a m
t h
c h
i a
c ;
S hp tc phi thng m i;
C c thc th v chnh quyn a phng, khu vc v quc gia.
13.2. G I O DC, T I P CN V s T H A M G IA CA C N G N G
G io dc v tip cn cng ng l nhng vn quan tr n g trong chng trnh qun
l nhm m bo s ng h ca cng ng i vi vic ti tr, thc hin v pht trin
chng trnh. N goi ra, cn tm hiu vic bo tr v vn hnh h thng m bo tnh
hiu qu ca chng trnh. N hn chung, cng chng m un bit:
c h
t r
a o
t i
t h
a y
c c
( n
l n
c h
t r n
t h
t i n
c h
t r n
t i
t i
c n
351
chng. M t chng trnh tip cn cng chng c hiu qu cn lm cho thng tin d tip
cn vi cng chng bng cch trnh by thng tin theo dng thng th ng, kh n g nn
dng nhiu t chuyn m n. N n phn loi, tip xc v t vn cc b n quan tm v cng
c h
c h
t r o
t r n
a n
t r n
t r
r a
t h
i t
y t
t r
n g
c h
t r n
t h
t i p
c n
gio dc cng chng lm m c tiu nhm t c nim tin ca cng chng v chng
trnh qun l. V i cc chng trnh qun l h thng nc thi ti ch, i t ng ca
chng trnh gio dc v tip cn cng chng c th gm:
Ch s hu nh;
Cc nh sn xut;
Cc nh lp t;
Cc nh vn hnh h thng v i tng k hp ng bo tr;
C h s hu ti sn cng nghip hoc thng m i;
Cc nh quy hoch;
t h
a n
c h
t r a
k h
v i
s t ;
Sinh vin;
N hm dn c v hip hi gia nh;
t h
N hm , hi mi trng.
C c th c th qun l ti
ch nn xc tin v h tr
th n h lp cc nhm t vn t
cc th n h vin tro n g cng
n g nhm th i t lp v cng
c a c c q u a n c h c a p h n g v c h n h p h , c c c h s h u
v c c b n q u a n t m , i u n y g i p
s tham
gia c a cng
t n g th m s n g h
ch n g vo ch ng trnh qun
c h n g t r n h . T r o n g c c c u c h p n n t h o l u n c c v a n
l. N h n g nhm ny c th
ng vai tr ct yu i din
cho m i quan tm ca cng
ng
v thc
tr
d i n n t h o l u n c c m i q u a n t m v u t i n c a c n g n g
d o c t h a v o n g h i n c u t r o n g q u t r n h l p k h o c n .
352
c h
i a
c c
/ t h
t i
c h
t h
i ;
t r n
t h
t i
t i n
a o
i o
c h
a u
c h
t r n
G i th tr c tip v d
t r n
t h
t r o
c h
t r o
l a
c h
l a
c c
t h
c o
i .
i n
s a
n n
t c
t h
t .
G im nh;
t h
t h o
a m
c h
Cc bn bo co;
p
TIP CN CNG NG
c h
i a ;
T vn nhm tr n g im ;
Ph ng php lp k hoch
c h
c .
353
13.3. XC NH C IM
ca cc i tng
N hng thng tin th u thp c t trc s cho p h p tm hiu v nhu cu, m i quan
tm , v cc m i quan h v cc i tng, qua xc nh c c ch t chc cho
chng trnh kt h p d kin. Sau , nht thit cn tm hiu trc nhn thc c a cc
i t ng v d n. N n x hi ha d n trc khi tin hnh cc nghin cu v kinh t
v k thut.
Cc nh lnh o;
i a
G io vin.
C c i t ng thc hin d n cn c kin thc v cc vn chnh nh sau
c im nc thi th v cc bin php x l;
t i
t h
c h
i ;
t h
t r
c h
c c
c h
t i
xut
s n
t h
c ;
354
t h
c h
i n
i a
( h
t h
a m
i a ,
hay th );
c h
t h
t h
( h
c h
t h a m
x u
c c
. .
c h
c ,
a n
t m
M t c im-,
N hu c u :
t h
v i
t r c h
c h
l o
c h
c ;
i q u a n t m
C c m i quan h:
Cc lin minh
t h
t h
k t ,
c c
l i
c ,
Cc xung t
c c
a n
t m
a u
c u
c c
t r i
355
ti;
thc
qun
t h
iu
u .
t h u t ,
c h
t o
c h
c u
c p
c h
x e
c h
t r n
356
Tnh
Thi hnh cc
b lut ca
nh nc
v quy nh
ca tnh
C th thu ph,
Thng c
nh gi ti
cp tin qua
phn b v
ti tr
sn, nh thu,
pht hnh ri
phiu, cn i
cc khon ti
chnh chung
Qun / huyn
c bit
Qun/huyn
c i mi
C quan cng
quyn
M t tnh
hnh, xc nh
phm vi
quyn hn
Hon thnh
trch nhim
c th trong
vic s dng
cng c
C th p
dng cch
nh gi ti
sn c bit,
thu ph ngi
s dng v
cc ph khc,
bn tri phiu
C th pht
hnh tri phiu
cho ngn kh
quc gia, thu
ph ngi s
dng v cc
ph khc
Chnh quyn
, thnh ph
C th thu
ph, nh gi
ti sn, nh
thu, pht
hnh tri
phiu, cn i
cc khon ti
C th thu
ph, nh
gi ti sn,
nh thu,
chnh chung
vi nhu cu v
cc vn ca
a phng,
thng chuyn
vic thc hnh
lut cho a
phng
i khi khng
sn sng cung
cp dch v,
hng dn thc
hnh php lut,
gii hn ghi n
c hn nh
C th m
rng cc dch
C th cung
v cng
cp dch v khi
khng cn cc
chnh ph
khon ch tiu
khng th
chnh, ngi
t tr v
nhn dch v
linh hot
thng ng h
C th thc y
ng gp cho
C th thiu
s pht trin
qun l, ti
chnh quyn a vic chia nh
chnh v cc
cc dch v
phng, gi
ngun khc,
ca chnh
nguyn hoc
vic thc hin chia nh dch v ph, c th
xy ra s tr
php lut cn
cng cng
ng lo
tr v qun l
Kh nng ti
tr b gii hn
trong thu nip
v cc tri
phiu, chnh
quyn a
phng phi
tr n
Cng ty phi
Cng ty phi
li nhun
li nhun t
cng
nhn
C th ha vai C th ha vai
tr trong cc
tr trong cc
iu khon nu
iu khon
c hp tc(v ca hp tc (v
d hip hi s d hip hi s
hu nh)
hu nh)
C th thay
i l ph, bn
c phiu, pht
hnh tri
phiu, thu ht
C th thay
ph
ngi s
dng, thu ht
ti tr, i vay
ti tr, i vay
C th cung
cp dch v
khi chnh ph
khng th;; t
tr v linh
hot
Chnh quyn
a phng
c th do d
p dng khi
nim ny
C th cung
cp dch v.
khi chnh ph
khng th; t
tr v linh
hot
ki
C
va
p
h
C
c
p
th
K
quy
t
Cc dch v
c
cn km cht
k
lng hoc
v
c th b
th
chm dt
c
tri
t
t n
t h
t h c
t o n
c h
c h
phng. N u tnh chu trch nhim v hnh chnh v k thut ca chng trnh qun l th
vai tr u tin ca chnh quyn a phng l thc hin cc yu cu ca tnh.
t n
l u
c h
t n
h .
t h e o
t h
t h
t h
t h
t h e o
a phng.
T rong m t s tnh, c quan lp php trao t nhiu trch nhim qun l h thng cho
chnh quyn a phng.
C hnh quyn qun chu trch nhim v cc hot ng q u n l h th n g x l ti ch,
m t qun c th chu trch nhim v cc hot ng c th v d n h lp quy ch cho h
thng x l nc thi ti ch trong phm vi quyn thc thi php l, b sung v h Ir
cc chng trnh qun l nc thi cp x, th trn, thnh ph v tnh b n g cch tr gip
hnh chnh, ti chnh hoc k thut. Cc qun c th cung cp cc dch v ny qua ;
cu hot ng thng thng (v d m t phng, ban ca qun), hoc thnh lp m t huyn
c bit nhm cung cp cc dch v trong phm vi dch v xc nh. T rch nhim
ca c quan cp qun bao gm:
Chp nhn cc yu cu ti thiu ca tnh hoc pht trin cc quy nh cht ch hon;
c o
c h
c h
a n
c h
trch
358
c .
t n
t h
r a
c u
t r
c ,
o t
a ht bao gm din dch v, chc nng, cu trc t chc, quyn ti chnh v cc tiu
ch hot ng.
Cc a ht v thc th qun chng c bit thng c trao quyn ti chnh c
th trnh xin hoc tip cn ngn qu, nh thu dch v, th u ph, kim k ti sn, pht
h
t r i
i a .
t i
c h
c c
chnh quyn thnh ph t tr bao gm quyn thu thu v gnh chu trch nhim v
nhng khon n chung. N hng a ht ny thng l cc thc th h p php c quyn k
kt hp ng, khiu kin hoc b kin. Tnh trng ny c th xy ra tr ng hp cn p
dng quyn n b lp k hoach v thc thi cc chng trnh ti ch c hiu qu.
Cc a ht v thc th qun chng c bit rt c th hp tc vi cc chnh quyn a
p
t n
l p
c h
t h
c h
t r n
n y .
t h o t
t r o
t p
t r u
t r i
c h
t r a ,
c h
a .
c h
t h
i t
k ,
l p
c h
c p
c h
t h
t h
c h
c c
doanh nghip;
K t hp hi ha vic qun l nc thi vi cc chnh sch pht trin v s dng t;
c h
t r n
t h
c h
359
c c
t h
t h
c h
t h
t r a o
c h
t h
t i
c n
t h
t i n
t i t
c h i
s i n
t r o
t h
c h
t r u
t i ;
Cc yu cu i vi h thng x l;
t c
t r
c h
s n
t i
t i
c h
t h
t r
c h
c h
t i
c h
t i
c h
t h
c h
t p
t h
t h
t r n
t h ;
c h
t h ;
c h
t h
i ;
t r n
c h
t i t
t o
r a ,
t r i
h o c
360
5. Xem xt lc lng lao ng hin ti: Qu trnh cnh tranh tim n kh nng lm gim c rq
lao ng, Neu i cng tc hay nh thu nhn c la chn, s phn ca lc lng lao n
hin ti nn c cn nhc k lng (heo quy nh trong qu trnh cnh tranh, cn c n lc ln
gim s thay th trong cc b phn trong chnh quyn thnh ph, s thong ng, t nguyn ngH
hu non. Tong chi ph v tin nghi n cng nn c xem xt trong qu trnh nh gi cc lo
dch v.
4. L p h n nh: L ph nn gi mc hp l, c bit tnh n cc cng dn khng c iu kin krh
t Tin tit kim trong qu trnh cnh tranh nn c ti u t vo cc sng kin tng nng su,
bo dng v ci to c s h tng hay chuyn cho h thong khch hng di dng tr gip l ph.
5. Ph hp vi lut php c bn: cc thit b trong qu trnh qun l ca thnh phn t nhn hay cn
phi p ng vi cc quy nh ang c p dng.
6. Bo v ti sn: B k hp ng dch v thit b nc thi no nn yu cu cc nh iu hnh bt kp
vi cng ngh v bo dng thit b mc tiu chun trong ngnh.
7 .
362
Trch nhim qun c th c giao cho m t thc th c chnh quyn tnh hoc
chnh quyn a ph ng la chn trc nhm qun l m t s hoc tt c cc b phn
trong chng trnh nc thi ti ch. V ic giao trch nhim qun l cho m t thc th
qun l c trch nhim hoc cho m t thc th qun l t to n din hn r rng l m t
gii php thc t gip gy qu v thu ht nhn lc cho cc h o t ng qun l quan
trng. Tuy nhin, s dng thc th qun l c trch nhim khin cho vic pht trin v
thc hin chng trnh qun l phc tp hn. c n tng cng h p tc v xy dng k
hoch nhm thit lp m t chng trnh qun l hiu qu. T hc th qun l c trch
nhim c th thc hin tt c cc hot ng trong chng trnh qun l c m t di
y, trong c m t s hot ng do m t thc th qun l c k h nng hn ch hn
thc hin. T rong phm vi php l m trch nhim ca chng trnh qun l i din cho
thc th qun l c trch nhim , m t c quan iu tit (v d nh: S y t a phng)
phi gim st thc th ny m bo chng trnh t c m c tiu m i trng v
sc khe cng ng ton din. Ty thuc quy nh ca tnh v a phng, cn c m t
bn tha thun chnh thc gia thc th qun l c trch nhim v c quan iu tit cho
qu trnh iu hnh cc b phn trong chng trnh ca T h c th qun l c trch
nhim , v d n h cp giy php.
V ic tham gia thc hin m t s nhim v trong chng trnh qun l ca thc th
qun l khng ton din hay vic thc hin m t s nhim v qun l ton din ca thc
th qun l c trch nhim nn c iu chnh thch hp cho m i tnh hung a
phng. D a vo c im pht trin t nhin ca chng trnh q u n l nc thi, m t
s hot ng cn m t thc th qun l c trch nhim tin hnh v d nh nh cung cp
d
c h
r o
t r
t r c h
c h
i a
c c
c h
l u t ;
363
t h
c h
t r o
Tuy nhin c quan iu tit thng ch y thc cho thc th qun l khng to n din
v trch nhim thc hin m t vi hot ng nu trn. Cc hot ng c u th c cho
thc th qun l khng ton din c xc nh theo kh nng qun l ca h v cc
hot ng c th, cc vn v m i trng v sc khe cng ng v quyn y th c cc
hot ng ny l ca c quan iu tit. V d, nu c trao q uyn s h u v v n hnh
h thng x l trong phm vi dch v, thc th qun l khng to n din s chu trch
nhim tt c cc vn trong h thng qun l bao gm t ra m c ph, thit k v lp
t h thng, tin hnh kim tra v gim st cc h thng ny nhm m bo t c
m c tiu hot ng ca c quan iu tit. O tis, M cC arthy v C rosby (2001) trnh by
m t s ph hp vi qun l hot ng m inh ha cho cc khi nim trn.
H thng kt hp i hi qun l kt hp. c n ghi n h vic thc hin v tn h bn
vng ca k hoch khi la chn m hnh v c cu cho tng trng hp. K hi m
hnh qun l nn bao gm:
M t lnh o thc th xc tin h thng vi cc cng c iu phi v tham gia;
Phm vi qun l ca b phn x l nc thi;
t i
t h
i ;
c h
c h
s t ,
t i
t h
i a
c h
c h
c ;
i ;
364
li hiu qu v c trch nhim , ng dng cng ngh tin tin v k h thi, khng ngng
ci tin k hoch v thay th c s h tng kp thi. Q uyt nh t nhn ha cc loi
hnh ch v hay bn ti sn v m i tr ng l m t trong n h n g m i quan tm ca a
phng, quyt nh ny nn da trn vic kim tra k lng tn h hn h a phng. Cc
quan chc ch nh ph, cc nh qun l, cc nh vn hnh n h m y v cc nh phn tch
ti chnh n n s dng tt c cc cng c lp k hoch v ti chnh nh gi thu o
n h u cu vn hin ti v trong tng lai cng nh cc m c tiu v m i trng.
.......................................... --------
l y
t h
c a u
................................. ............ .. ~
n g n g
C Q a
C C
t h
t h
q u n
I Cung
Cung cp
cp lin
lin tc
tc cc
cc chnh
chnh sch
sch v
v qun
qun l;
l;
1.
Tnh
Tnhph
ph dch
dch v;
v;
ti n c a a p h n g . L o i h n h th c
th q u n l c n th i t th n g p h
I
th n g . ,H
th n g q u n l, u, tin !1!
cha hn l m hnh tt nht. I.
th u c v o n h u c u b o d n g h
I
I
Bt buc
buc ngi
ngi s
s dng
dng dch
dch v
v chp
chp hnh
hnh cc
cc
Bt
quy nh trong chng trnh qun l (v d quy
v
Tdch
? !v);
?v);
* qun (vi d quy
nh
v
nhvvkim
kimtratra
dch
D
u y ttr
r r
ch nhim
in h hhp
p l
Duy
trch
nhim ;i
ti ch
chnh
l;:
Im
Chuyn
Chuyn giao
giao trch
trch nhim
nhim php
php l
l (mt
(mt s
s thc
thc th
th
qun
qun l
l tp
tp trung
trung vo
vo trch
trch nhim
nhimphp
php l
l cho
cho
xi
1
'* * ~ U'
mt
mt t chc trong khi cc thc
thc th khc phn
phn
thn v tho lun vi cng chng,
, ; ; , ' ,: ' 6 2 7, ,: 7 , ly
*
\
,
chia
chia trch
trch nhim
nhimphp
php lcho
cho cc
cc t
t chc);
chc);
l
t t
c h
t h
t h
t h
t h e
a n
l y
c n
i n
huv
vgi
cc nhn
nhn vin
vin c
c ^
ph
ph hp.hp
I T
Thu
gi lai
li cc
trnh
t ,
| .
n .
I
.
t r
i n
l m
c h
t h
t h i
c h
s c h
t h u
365
366
367
chc nng.T heo quyn thc thi lut php, quyn lc c phn ch o m t s chi nhinh
iu tit thc thi cc hot ng.
Trong tr ng hp , cc t
cn thit v nn phi hp cc
hot ng trnh xy ra cc
khong
trng
trong
chng
cc yu cu khc.
M i chnh quyn a phng c m t c cu t chc ring q un l h thng x l
nc thi ti ch da theo nhu cu, nhn thc v thc trng. iu cc k quan trng l
cc quy ch hay b lut phi cho php c quan iu tit v thc th q u n l k h ng ton
din trin khai m t cu trc t chc c to n quyn thc h in cc c h n g trnh iu tit
v k thut th ch hrp. c n c bn nh g i ch n h xc quyn, kh n n g cc m c v
phm vi khc nhau xc nh quyn, phm vi hot ng ca c q u a n iu tit v thc
th qun l khng ton din cng n h l trn h qun l. V ic li ko s th am gia ca cc
t chc y t cng ng, cc nhm m i tr ng, cc c quan pht trin k in h t, cc thc
th chnh tr v cc i tng khc vo q u trnh ny c th m bo rng gii hn v
phm vi hnh ng ca m t chng trnh qun l ti ch c hiu r v c ng h.
T rong m t s tr ng hp cc chnh sch h ay quy nh m i ca nh n c phi c thc
thi cng nhn cc thc th qun l khng ton d in ti ch.
13.5.2.
chng trnh
V ic cp chng chi v cp php cho nhng nh cung cp dch v n h ngi thu gom
ph thi, nh thit k, ngi lp t v nhn vin bo dng c th gip m bo hiu
qu, tnh chp php ca chng trnh qun l v gim gnh nng h n h chnh cho c
368
c h
t t
t i
c u
c h
t i
c h
t h
t r o
k h
c h
c h
c h
ngun nc.
cc ch t nhim t h thng
c h
t h
( c h
i n
) ,
cc cht c hi;
B o v cc khu vc trng trt v vng sinh sng ca cc loi c khi nhim do
m
c h
t h
n g
v o
t r n
t r n
t i
t r
t i p
369
G im
r a
t h
t h
t i
c h
t i
t r
t h
c c
a y
t r o
t h
a n
v a
t r
t i
c h
t h
r a
c a o
t h
s t
t i
t i
c h
t r
370
c h
t r n
Tuy nhin, m t s c quan v cht lng nc thiu qu y n trc tip hoc trch
nhim kim sot cc h thng ti ch. S thiu quyn lc ny d n n nhu cu hp tc
v t ra nhng m c ti u chung gia cc c quan y t c cng q u y n hn. N u khng
tnh n c quan no c quyn hp php qun l cc h thng ti ch th c th nhn ra
rng nhim v ca ch ng trnh qun l cn bao hm c hai m c tiu cht lng nc
v sc khe cng ng. t c cc m c tiu trn cn c m t cch tip cn c tnh
bc n g o t ton din m i c th hon thnh c cc m c tiu c a chng trnh. Hp
tc vi cc c q u an v cc thc th khc nhau l rt cn thit c th kt hp vic
hoch nh, bo v sc khe cng ng v bo v lu vc sng m t cch ti u nht.
13.6.2. Q u y h o c h to n d in
H och nh ton din c ba phn vic quan trng: (1) thit lp v thc hin m t thc
th qun l; (2) thit lp cc qu trnh quy hoch bn trong cho thc th qun l; (3) hp tc
v tham gia vo qu trnh quy hoch s dng t tng th hn. Q u y hoch tng th cung
cp m t c ch m bo cho chng trnh c thng tin cn thit hot ng tt.
C ng cn phi m bo rng cc vn qun l ti ch c k t h p trong c quyt
nh v tng tr n g v p ht trin trong tng lai. M t chng trn h qun l nc thi ti
ch hiu qu nn c th hin trong qu trinh quy hoch s d n g t c th t
c cc m c tiu c a chng trnh v tr gip cc nh quy h o ch trnh c hn ch
ca k hoch tro n g qu kh.
y l nhng vn cn nghin cu c bit quan trng i vi nh ng khu vc h
thng x l nc thi tp trung ang c cn nhc la chn lm gii php thay th cc
h thng phn tn. K hoch tng th v quy hoch s dng t c quan h cht ch vi
n
a u
c h
t h
p h
t r i
c c
c h
s c h
hoch s dng t cung cp khung iu lut chi tit thc h in k hoch tng th.
H o n achefsky (2 000) trnh by m t bn tng kt cc qu trnh q u y hoch ton din t
gc sinh thi. N hn chung, k hoch ton din c th vch ra cc m c tiu bo v mi
trng rng ln cho cng ng v bn quy nh quy hoch vng c th:
t h
c u
t h
t r n
t h i
t i
c h
t n
t i
c c
t r
c h
c h
t r i
t r i
t h
a y
t i
c c
c h
t h o
c ;
V ic kt hp k hoch
tng th v chng trnh
xc nh v yu cu
mc x l thch hp i
vi cc khu vc ring,
khu vc lu vc sng v
ln cn lu vc
sng.
nhim
qun
tro n g l n g lai;
nu cn.
thi ti ch vi cc hot
ng hoch nh v quy hoch c th m bo rng cc gi thu c ch nh cho pht
trin l c c s vi mc thc hin nht nh ca h thng ti ch trong lu ti cc
phn tch v c im v tr xy dng v mc phn ti cc cht thi.
e t chc tt hn qu trnh phn tch ny, mt s chng trnh qun l chn nhng
vng i hi cng ngh v chin lc qun l c th bo v cc ngun mi trng trng
yu. Nhng vng ny c th da trn loi t, a hnh, a cht, thy vn v cc c im
khc. Trong cc vng ny, c quan iu tit c th c quyn nh r mt h thng ti
a, cc yu cu thit k h thng, cc yu cu thc hin v bo dng / vn hnh.
Cc thay i ni ti trong mc ch chng trnh, dn s hc v cc tin b cng
ngh cn c thng tin v phi hp nhm m bo hon thnh mc tiu ngn hn v di
hn ca chng trnh. Rt nhiu bin ng nh hng n qu trnh hoch nh ni ti
chng hn nh cc yu t v v tr v cc loi h thng x l trong khu vc, cu trc t
chc hin ti v tng lai ca thc th qun l v ngun ti chnh cho pht trin v thc
hin chng trnh.
13.6.3. Xc nh cc tiu chun thit k h thng v qu trnh ph chun
Cc yu cu thc hin i vi h thng ti ch c th chia thnh hai nhm chnh cc yu cu bng s v cc tiu ch bng li vn. Cc yu cu bng s t ra gii hn ti
372
Phtpho (i vi nc mt);
Cng sut ca h thng da trn lu lng dng chy trung bnh ngy v cao nht
theo tnh ton;
V tr ca cc thng cha v cc ph tng;
Kch c cng trnh x l v vt liu xy dng;
Cc phng n x l trit nc thi v cch b tr;
Cc yu cu v kch thc v vt liu ca bi lc hp th;
Cc yu cu v vng t hp th thay th;
Kch c v cc c im ca h thng ng ng;
Khong cch ly an ton;
Cc yu cu vn hnh v bo dng (ni t ng x nc, cn nhc v an ton, cc
im gim st);
Yu cu v tin nghi cho vic quan trc, gim st.
37 3
13.6.4. Cc yu cu xy dng v lp t
Chng trnh qun l xy dng tng th s m bo vic xy dng theo ng thit
k v cc tiu ch k thut. Nu h thng khng c xy dng v lp t ng cch th
kh c th t hiu qu hot ng nh d nh.
V d nu cu trc t
t nhin khng c bo v
cc thit b nn t qu
cht) kh nng thm thu
ca t s gim, do lm
tng ti lng thy lc
[USEPA, 198(3]. Vic xy
dng nn tun theo k
hoch c duyt v s
ngi lp t;
chng trnh khc nhm gip gim nguy c hng hc h thng, gim chi ph u t lu
di, gim nguy c nhim nc mt v nc ngm [Eliasson v cc cs., 2001; B Y t
Washington, 1994].
C nhiu cc phng n thc hin cc chng trinh bo dng v vn hnh, bao
gm cc chng trnh t nguyn (ch u t c o to chu trch nhim vn hnh v
bo dng h thng ca h); cc chng trnh phc tp hn v tt nht l cc chng
trnh do c quan qun l c trch nhim la chn v qun l. Nhn chung vic bo
dng t nguyn ch ph hp vi h thng khng c tnh cht c kh v t nhng
khu vc c mt dn s thp. Cng tc qun l cn c tng cng i vi nhng h
thng phc tp hn hoc cc _________________________________________________
ngun cn bo v i hi mc
n to an c a o h n .
C c yu
T~,77
I
. . . - 77 .
. 1
t trong chng trnh vn hnh, bo dirng
C c yu t trong cnuong trnh vn hnh, bo dirng
y
v qun l cc cht tn d
I v^n hanh
,
II
oi
thng tin
tin bo
bo dng,
X
.
Trao
i thng
dng, vvn
n hnh
h n h v nhc
n h c nh
n h cc
cc
lm n gin vic truyn tin I 1 ch
chh
hthongthng;
bo ng, mt s nh sn xut IPht
Phttrin
trinchng
chngtrnh
trnhthanh
thanh tra vthm
thamtra
trathc
thcthi;
thi;
Xy dng
dngcc
cc chng
chngtrnh
trnh cp
cp chng
chngchi/
ch/bng
bngcho
cho cc
cc
pht trin nhng h thng Xy
nhcung
cungcp
cpdch
dchv;
v;
kim sot, X l, gim st t xa
nh
s ^
Sp xp cc c hi o to nu cn thit;
,
,,
,
Xy
dng
cc yu cu qun l cht
cht thi v bo co s
s
nay giao thc v tuyn, my ! Xy
\
dng
v
pht
thi.
tnh, in thoi di ng v cc i
(lng v phat thai.
tr gip c nhn dng k thut
I
I
;
;
I
pht thi / ti s dng. Nhn chung cc nh qun l ca chng trnh thng c gng
gim thiu cc nh hng ca cc ha cht c hi hoc c tim n c t cng nh cc
sinh vt mang mm bnh c trong cht thi i vi con ngi, ng vt, nc ngm v
h sinh thi. Cc mng then cht khc trong chng trnh qun l bn thi bao gm vic
theo di hoc k khai cc h thong trong xc nh cc ngun cht thi,- thit b vn
ti, ch vn chuyn, phng php x l cng nh cc quy trnh kim sot vic tip xc
ca con ngi vi cc cht thi, k c kim sot cc sinh vt mang mm bnh, qun l
nc ma v hn ch vic ra vo cc khu vc chn lp.
13.6.7.
chng
trnh cp chng ch
cho
chuyn
thanh
vin
tra,
lp
I Ln k hoch,
sinh m bo cho
1 tra h thng;.
cc h thng c
lp t v bo tr
ng cch. Bt c
1 Lp chng trnh cp chng ch/giy chng nhn cho i ngu thanh tra;
vi phm no i
vi cc yu cu ca
chng trinh cng
c th dn ti vic
s b thu hi giy
chng nhn v b
tc quyn lp t
hay vn hnh cc
thanh tra
h thng ti ch.
377
Phng php c s lin kt gia tnh chuyn nghip vi cc chnh sch khuyn khch v
kinh t ny c bit hiu qu trong vic duy tr s tun th cc quy nh i vi nhng
chng trnh x l ti ch. Cc chng trnh chi n thun ng k cc nh cung cp dch
v hoc khng th thit lp c cc bin php x l i vi nhng i tng hot ng
km cht lng s khng p ng c cc yu cu v c chuyn mn ln k thut.
Mt s chng trnh cp php v chng ch i vi vic thc thi cc quy nh cng
nh nh gi cht lng thc hin i hi trnh hc vn cao hn. Cc kha o to
thng xuyn cng gi vai tr quan trng trong vic m bo tnh hiu qu ca cc
chuyn gia nh gi, th k, nhng ngi lp giy php, cc nh thit k cng nh i
ng cung cp dch v khc.
13.6.8.
ng ca h thng
Cng tc thanh tra nh k phi c tin hnh tm hiu tnh hiu qu ca h
thng. Cch thc v tn sut thanh tra ph thuc vo quy m ca khu vc, iu kin
thc a, tnh nhy cm ca cc ngun lc, tnh phc tp v s lng h thng cng nh
ngun lc con ngi ca c quan iu tit hoc c quan qun l c trch nghim. Cc
c quan iu tit phi m bo tun th ng theo cc quy trnh.
Cng tc thanh tra theo k hoch trong sut giai on mc nc ngm dng cao c
th cho php gim st hiu qu hot ng trong nhng tnh hung xu nht.
Chng trnh thanh tra ti thc a c th c tin hnh di dng mtchr.g
trnh o to dnh cho ch s hu h thng, vi cc cn b iu hnh c chng ch,
hoc mt chng trnh thng k do mt c quan c trch nhim m nhn. C th
nh gi hot ng ca h thng thng qua vic kt hp quan trc bng mt, gim st \
mt vt l, vi khun hc, ho hc v gim st t xa. Chng trnh qun l phi ra ccc
yu cu c th cho vic bo co ln c quan hu trch. Mt chng trnh thanh tri,
gim st, iu hnh v bo dng hiu qu bao gm cc yu t sau:
Khong thi gian c th gia cc k kim tra bt buc (v d: 3 thngmt ln, 2
nm mt ln, hay ti thi im chuyn giao s hu hoc thay i s dng);
C quyn hp php trong vic thanh tra, quan trc cc thnh phn thuc h thng:
Quan trc tng qut ton b hot ng v hiu qu ca h thng phc tp, bao gm
nhng pht hin t xa v cc h hng my mc quan trng;
Quan trc mi trng tip nhn ti nhng ni tun th theo cc tiu chun cho php;
Xem xt vic theo di dng chy (v d cc ghi chp v mc nc);
Loi hnh v tn sut bo dng bt buc i vi mi cng ngh;
Nhn dng, xc nh v phn tch cc hng hc ca h thng;
K hoch sa cha cc h thng cha t yu cu thng qua vic b sung thit !>
hoc nng cp;
378
L u l i b o c o v c c h th n g k i m t r a , k t q u v c c l u .
Cc chng trnh qun l tng hp thng bao gm c cc chng trnh quan trc
gi vai tr nh mt cch thc hin khng ghp ni gm nh gi k hoch thc a,
thit k, lp t, vn hnh, bo dng v quan trc.
Cc chng trnh quy m hn hng vo cc t chc cho vay nhm phc v cho li
ch ca cc t thanh tra h thng ti thi im chuyn giao ti sn c th l mt
phng php hiu qu nhm pht hin v khc phc cc vn tim n ng thi trnh
c cc bin php cng ch. Nhiu t chc cho vay yu cu phi thanh tra cc h
thng trc khi chp thun vic cho vay bng th chp nh hoc ti sn.
13.6.9. Cc chng trnh hnh ng nhm bc buc tun th, cng ch v x pht
Cc bin php x pht c
,,
, .*
, ,
4.1
* * * , , ,
, -
. r
______
v yu cu hoat ng i vi
J
&,
,
Lp quy trnh bo co v phn hi cc van (v d:
I' Lp quy trnh bo co v phn hi cc vn (vi d:
boco
co khiu
bo
khiuni
nai,, thanh
thanhtra);
tra);
I " Xc nh cc
u thnh ti
cc iu
iu kin
kin C
cu
ti V
v phm
phmquy
quy nh
^
*7
\ ca chng trnh;
I
Lp cc
cc quy
Lp
quytrnh
trnh thanh ira
tra cc vn
vn
nu v k
.
"
'
hochxl;
.
Phi
Pht trin
trin mi
mt h
hthng
thongminh
minh bach
bch
ra
ra cc
cc thng
thng bo
bo
JJ5 r
' ,1 ,
,, ,
.4
v
v2vic
vic
vi phm,
phm, cc
cc
lnh, hay
hay cc
cc hnh
hnh
ng
ng khc
khc
ch
ra cc
cc v
.
II
ch ra
Vphm
phm
.
';
.
*
bt buc tun th v cng ch
\
,
cc ch s hu h thng v vi L_______________________________________ _ _ _ _ j I
cng ng khi c quan iu tit
minh bch v nht qun vi nhim v ca mnh, vi cc quy nh iu hnh v ph hp
vi vn sc kho cng ng v bo v ngun ti nguyn nc. Chng trnh bt
buc tun th v cng ch x l nc thi ti ch phi da trn cc quy nh hp l v
c c s khoa hc, m bo s cng bng v c tc dng rn e i vi nhng i
tng c khuynh hng vi phm cc iu khon nu trong . Cc quy tc phi c
xy dng vi s tham gia ca cng ng v phi c tuyn truyn dng tm tt hoc
chi tit ti tt c cc i tng c lin quan v nhn dn. Cc chng trnh o to dnh
cho nhng nh cung cp dch v s t hiu qu cao nht nu da trn c s gio dc
cc i tng c lin quan v i ng cn b chuyn trch v cc phng php k thut
cng nh mi trng sinh thi ph hp vi quy nh v trnh c cc bin php cng
ch c th xy ra.
C nhiu loi hnh cng c php lut xy dng v ban hnh cc quy nh i vi
cc h thng ti ch. Cc chng trnh iu tit c th c ban hnh di dng cc sc
lnh hoc cc b lut cp nh nc hoc a phng, hay ch n gin l cc vn bn
hng dn. S y t hoc cc c quan a phng c th iu chnh cc yu cu a ra
trong cc b lut cp nh nc ph hp vi iu kin c th ti a phng mnh.
379
thitkv
1 3 .6 .1 0 . T h u t h p s li u , l u h s v b o c o
381
Thu thp v qun l d liu gi vai tr quan trng trong vic hoch nh, pht trin
v thc hin chng trnh. Cc cng vic ca h thng thng tin qun l bao gm pht
trin c s d liu, thu thp d liu, nhp d liu, truy vn, phc hi v tch hp thng
tin, phn tch d liu v bo co. Trn th trng c cc loi phn mm khc nhau phc
v cho vic qun l c s d liu v cc loi thng tin khc. Sau giai on ci t v tm
hiu ban u, cc c s d liu in t c th gim bt gnh nng trong vic thu thp,
lu tr, phc hi, s dng v tch hp thng tin. V d, nu v tr ca cc h thng c
m t di dng ta kinh tuyn, v tuyn th ta c th to ra mt tng d liu cho cc
h thng v a vo h thng bn a hnh. Vic thm vo cc thng tin v h
thng thu lc phc v vic x nc thi, khi lng cht gy nhim d kin v thi
gian pht thi theo tng iu kin thu th c th gip cc nh qun l hiu c c ch
gy nhim cho ngun nc v do h tr cc hot ng khc phc. Cc m hnh
cng c tc dng d on cc tc ng ca qu trnh pht trin d kin ng thi
gip a ra cc quy nh trong hot ng ca cc h thng ti nhng khu vc .
Cc c quan khc c th nm gi v qun l mt s d liu cn thit cho vic qun l
cc h thng x l ti ch. V d cc c quan mi trng hay k hoch thng thu thp,
lu tr v phn tch cc d liu v t ai v c tnh ca ngun nc. Vic pht trin
cc chnh sch chia s thng tin gia cc c quan thng qua cc tho thun hp tc c
th gip a cc t chc cng vo cuc gii quyt cc vn v sc kho v mi
trng, nng cao hiu qu hot ng ton din ca chng trnh. C quan qun l c
trch nhim m bo cho cc d liu v nhng h thng hin ang tn ti c th n
c vi cc cn b y t v cc cn b ph trch ngun ti nguyn nc, do nhng
hot ng v phn tch ca c quan ny phn nh tm quan trng trong cng tc bo
m sc kho cng ng v bo v mi trng.
13.6.11. Cc tiu ch v quy trnh nh gi chng trnh
Vic nh gi tnh hiu qu ca cc yu t trong chng trnh qun l nh lp k
hoch, ngn sch, thc thi xc nhn cc nh cung cp dch v c th a li ngun
thng tin qu gi nng cao hiu qu chng trnh. Vic nh gi thng xuyn v c
t chc bt c chng trnh no cng em n cc thng tin quan trng cho cc nh
qun l chng trnh, cho cng ng, cc nh iu hnh v hoch nh chnh sch, cn
phi thng xuyn nh gi cc chng trnh phn tch cc phng php v quy
trnh ca chng trnh , pht hin cc vn , nh gi kh nng nng cao hiu qu
thng qua cc tin b cng ngh v ci tin chng trnh, m bo ngun ti chnh
nhm mc ch duy tr cc chng trnh v iu chnh cc mc tiu t ra. Qu trnh
nh gi chng trnh cn bao gm:
H thng theo di c lng mc thnh cng, nh gi v iu chnh cc
thnh t ca chng trnh;
Cc quy trnh so snh cc kt qu ca chng trnh t c vi cc mc tiu ra;
382
vng
V 0
384
385
tin hnh cc nh gi i vi ngi tham gia tm hiu xem liu h c phn bi:
c cc ngun nc khc nhau (nc ng chai, nc sch, nc ging v nc thi),
cc phng php ti tiu ang s dng, mc ng tnh ca nng dn vi vic tra
tin mua nc thi qua x l. Nhng thng tin ny b khuyt cho vic phn tch
k thut, gp phn hon thin nh gi v khu vc mc tiu ng thi cung cp d liu
u vo quan trng cho cc la chn v gii php x l nc thi v nc ti c
cng ng chp nhn. Hn na, qu trinh tham gia ca ngi dn cng gip xy dng
mt mng li cc c dn a phng cam kt vi vic nng cao cht lng ngun nc
trong khu vc v th hin vai tr lm ch trong d n. Vic thng xuyn tham kho
kin ngi dn m bo cho d n c c s ng h v chung sc ca cc i tng
hng li. Cc hot ng nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn tp trung vo vic gip h
hiu c nhng li ch ca vic thay i cc phng thc s dng nc hin ti v
chp nhn cc gii php cng ngh m d n a ra.
Mt cng c quan trng trong vic pht trin s tham gia v quan tm ca ngi dn
i vi cc hot ng ca d n v nhn rng kt qu ca d n l s vo cuc ca
cc phng tin thng tin i chng (bo ch, i v truyn hnh). Cc phng tin
thng tin ca Marc a tin v cc s kin nh l k kt tho thun tp th v tin trnh
xy dng nh my. Bn cnh cc phng tin thng tin quc gia, d n xy dng bn
vng ngun nc cn ngh trung tm nghe nhn trng i hc Nng nghip Quc
gia Meknes ghi hnh li cc vn c d n gii quyt, s can thip ca nhm thc
hin d n v kt qu ca cc hot ng thuc d n. Phn ghi hnh trn s c chiu
li trong cc bui gp g gia hi ng a phng v hi ng lin b gii thiu
tin trnh ca d n th nghim.
Pht trin m i quan h hp tc vi cc th c th trong cng ng
Quan h hp tc s cho php nhng ngi gp vn thit lp mt tha thun nghim
tc v ng gp ti chnh a phng v cc ng gp tng t (v d v t ai, nhn
cng), gp phn cng c quyn s hu d n. Cc i tc gm c hip hi nhng ngui
s dng nc AI Amal - ch s hu trong tng lai ca nh my sau khi hon thnh, j
vin khu Agadir - ngi to iu kin thun li cho cc th tc hnh chnh, cng ig
dn c Drarga - nhng ngi hin t cho d n, Ban k hoch v xy dig
(ERAC-Sud) - c quan h tr 30% chi ph ca d n. Quan h hp tc ny r
nh du bng tho thun hp tc k kt gia cc bn bao gm c B Mi trng v d
n xy dng bn vng ngun nc cng vi s tha thun r rng v vic to iu kin
thng xuyn trao i thng tin, tnh hnh tin trin, cc thnh cng cng nh kh khin
ca d n.
X y dng nn g lc
Quan h hp tc trn cng l im khi u cho vic nng cao nng lc a phig
trong qun l nh my sau khi s h tr ca SAID kt thc. V d trong giai on lip
386
American
Society o f
W astewater
Management
Systems.
Unpublished
manuscript
387
Capability to M eet New Market Needs. In Onsite: The Future o f Water Quality,
NOW RA 2000 Conference Proceedings. National Onsite Wastewater Recycling
Association, Inc., Laurel, MD.
OTIS, R.J., MCCARTHY, B.J., and CROSBY, J 2001. Performance Code
Framework f o r Management o f Onsite W astewater Treatnent in Northeast
Minnesota. In On-Site Wastewater Treatment: Proceedings o f the Ninth National
Syinposium on Inividual and Small Community Sewage Systems. American
Society o f Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI.
STEPHENS, L.D., 2000. Remote Management: A Valuable Tool fo r the Future o f
D ecentralized Wasewater Trecilment. In Onsite: The Future o f Water Quality,
NOWRA 2000 Conference Proceedings. National Onsite Wastewater Recycling
Association, Inc., Laurel, MD.
Protection
Agency,
O ffce
of
Wastewater
U.S.
Management.
MC LC
Trang
Li ni u
12
12
1.5. X l nc thi nh th no
13
14
1.7. Mc x l nc thi
16
17
18
20
24
24
26
26
28
3.6. iu ha nc thi
32
34
36
3.9. B cha nc ma
36
3.10. Bm nc thi
37
37
389
4. X l tp trung nc thi
4.1. H sinh hc n nh nc thi
33
4.2. Bi lc ngp nc
64
93
101
118
159
5. X l n nh nc thi
5.1. X l n nh nc thi bng thc vt
169
5.2. Lc ct
181
184
185
185
194
203
206
6.5. Chi ph u t
207
6 .6 . Nhu cu nhn lc
208
208
211
213
222
7.3. V tr v thit lp
225
7.4. Chi ph
225
225
8 . Ti s dng nc thi
390
227
228
244
247
251
252
265
267
267
268
9.4. Cc yu t tc ng n ti sdng bn
271
272
273
9.7. nh hng xu n ma v v t
274
274
276
286
293
304
11. nh gi tc ng mi trng
11.1. nh ngha TM
306
306
11.3. Qu trnh TM
316
325
330
333
334
12.3. Thit k nh my x l
338
12.4. Xy dng nh my
338
339
342
343
346
347
391
13. C c
vn
v t c h c v
qun l
350
351
13.3. Xc nh c im ca cc i tng
354
355
367
369
392
383
387
Bi/I lp :
TRN CUNG
Cli bn :
PHM HNG L
Sa bn in :
TUN MONG
Trnh by ba :
VU BINH MINH
393