Ti liu 100: Qu trnh x l ca bn hot tnh v s c ni bt.

CC YU T CN THIT CHO NH VN HNH H THNG X L

NC THI:- MI NH VN HNH NN BIT IU G V QU
TRNH BN HOT TNH.
X l nc thi Qu trnh bn hot tnh
Cc nh my x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc c thit k v hot
ng da trn nhu cu oxy (BOD hoc COD) nhn c v loi b. Do thng
tin chnh xc v nng nc thi u vo BOD (hoc COD) v th tch l iu
cn thit.
X l nc thi Qu trnh bn hot tnh
Qu trnh x l ca bn hot tnh sau y cung cp cho cc nh vn hnh, cc cp
qun l c mt cuc kim tra u tin v gim st qu trnh bn hot tnh. xc
nhn cc hot ng thc tin xy ra tt trong h thng. Trong trng hp u tin
cc cht c cp n x l nc thi trong mt c s cng nghip, mc d
nhiu cht cng c lin quan n qu trnh bn hot tnh bt k tnh hung no.
Tnh cht v mc ca cc s c c th ny sinh trong khi vn hnh nh my c
th l phc tp v a dng v trong phm vi c bn. Hng dn khng th i vo
chi tit cung cung cp x l s c ton din v t vn gii quyt s c. Ni cc
s c pht sinh th nm ngoi kh nng gii quyt ti ch ca nhn vin, nn cn c
ngay chuyn gia h tr bn ngoi.
Cn bng khi lng
y l vic lm tt thc hin s cn bng khi lng ang din ra trong nc,
nc thi v x l cht rn trong nc thi. Nhiu bin php p dng nh vy c
thit k ph hp vi c tnh c th v cc yu cu ca vn hnh nh sn. Ni
cc cht khc (v d dung mi, kim loi, cht hu c v v c c hi c trng)
c tim n tc ng bt li n hot ng ca nh my x l nc thi, sau
cng nn c theo di s dng k thut cn bng khi lng. Qu trnh x l ca
bn hot tnh sau y nhm cung cp mt hng dn chung v phng php lun
in hnh.
Cn bng nc
Gim thiu s dng nc l mong mun ca bt k c s cng nghip gi gn
ngun nc, i vi vic gim thiu chi ph qu trnh hot ng x l c hiu
qu v gim thiu khi lng nc thi x thi.
Mt phng trnh cn bng nc tiu biu nc c biu din nh sau:

Nc u vo = Nc u ra + nc tiu th + nc mt i
Nc u vo (v d):
Nc mt (vd ly t sng, h)
Nc ngm
Nc t thp cha
Nc tiu th (v d)
Nc c thm vo sn xut
Nc b mt do bay hi
Nc u ra ( v d)
Nc thi ca thp gii nhit
Nc x t y ca ni hi
Nc trong cht thi (vd bn sinh hc hoc bn khc)
Hy c cun s ghi chp ca s cn bng nc, tt c nc u vo v u ra phi
c o. Nu u vo v u ra khng tng ng, phi c mt vi ch tiu th
nc cha xc nh c, hoc dng nh nc b mt mt (v d r r).
Cn bng nc thi
iu quan trng cho vn hnh thnh cng ca nh my x l nc thi phi c
c thng tin chnh xc lin quan n th tch nc thi c x l. Cn ghi chp
mi ngy v s cn bng nc xung quanh nh my. Mt phng trnh cn bng
tiu biu l:
Nc thi u vo + Nc c thm vo = Nc thi u ra + Nc trong bn
Nc thi u vo (v d):
Nc thi hng ngy trong ng dn chuyn tip t b cn bng (phi c o)
n cc b x l pha sau.
Thay i th tch nc trong b cn bng c c trong tnh ton th tch c
bit n ca nc thi cha c x l i vo b cn bng
Nc c thm vo ( v d):
Nc pha long c thm vo (v d nu mn ca nc thi u vo qu
cao)
Nc gii nhit ( nu qu trnh hot ng c nhit qu cao)

Nu nc thi u ra x l c ti s dng vi nh my x l nc thi (v d

nc gii nhit ca thp gii nhit), iu ny khng nn tnh vo nc c thm
vo trong cng thc cn bng trn.
Cn bng cht rn trong nc thi
qun l tt qu trnh ny, cn bng cht rn l cn thit lin tc gim st
trng thi ca cc cht rn l lng (S.S). Mt cng thc in hnh cn bng cht
rn c th tnh ton nh sau:
SS trong nc thi u vo + Cht rn mi hnh thnh = Thay i trong MLSS +
Cc cht rn trong bn d tha + SS trong nc thi u ra cui cng.
Ln ny mc ch ca cn bng cc cht l xc nh s hng th hai trong cng
thc trn, l Cht rn mi hnh thnh. y l lng sinh khi mi (phn ln l
cc t bo vi khun) c to ra mi ngy. Thng tin ny l cn thit thit lp
mt s ghi chp v tui bn (sludge age) rt quan trong trong vic gim st cc
thng s ca nh my s tho lun thm pha di. Khi khc s hng th 4 c th
c o, Cht rn mi hnh thnh c tnh ton bng cng thc khc
Kim sot qu trnh, x l s c v gii quyt s c
Vic theo di lin tc v gii thch lin quan n cc thng s kim sot qu trnh
cung cp c s x l s c v gii quyt s c thnh cng. Cc kha cnh ch
yu ca cc phng php c nu ra di y.
Cc thng s kim sot qu trnh:
Cc thng s gm c:
Ti trng BOD (hoc COD)
Nng cht rn l lng (MLSS)
Ti trng F/M
Tui bn (Thi gian lu bn trung bnh)
Nng oxy ha tan (DO)
Cht dinh dng cn thit
Kh nng lng ca bnh hnh nn
Ch s th tch bn (SVI)
Sn lng bn d tha
Xem xt kh nng trn
Kim tra bn di knh hin vi
Vn tc dng chy ngc (b lng)

 Ti trng BOD (hoc COD)

n v: kg/ngy
Cc nh my x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc c thit k v vn
hnh da trn nhu cu oxy (BOD hoc COD) nhn c v loi b. Do thng
tin chnh xc v nng nc thi u vo BOD (hoc COD) v th tch l iu
cn thit. Mc d th nghim BOD chnh xc hn l din tp theo qu trnh sinh
hc, th li ch thc t ca th nghim BOD b hn ch phn no bi thc t kt qu
o xc nh BOD mt 5 ngy. l l do ti sao th nghim COD c th c thay
th qu trnh kim tng ngy. Tuy nhin t l ca BOD trn COD phi c thit
lp chnh xc v kim tra u n. Nng BOD (mg/L) trong nc thi u vo
c th c s dng tnh ton tng ti trng BOD trn ngy c x l. y l
cng thc c thc hin n gin bng cch nhn nng BOD (mg/L) vi lu
lng nc thi u ra hng ngy t cc c s sn xut (m3/ngy) v chia cho
1000.
Cho v d

Nng cht rn l lng (MLSS)

n v: mg/L
Thng s ny cn c theo di trn c s hng ngy. L yu t cn thit tnh
ton ti trng F/M (v tui bn). i lc, thng s MLSS c thay th bng thng
s Nng cht rn l lng bay hi (MLVSS) c s dng. iu ny lin quan
n s bay hi hoc phn hu c ca MLSS v tiu biu bng 80% gi tr MLSS.
Ti trng F/M
n v: kgBOD/kgMLSS/ngy.
y l t l thc n trn sinh khi. T l xc nh mc loi b BOD c kh
nng t c. Ti trng F/M cng thp bao nhiu th vic loi b BOD cng t
hiu qu cao by nhiu. Tuy nhin, nu t l F/M tr nn qu thp , chc chn xy
ra nhiu s c trong vn hnh h thng nc thi (xem bng cc s c vn hnh h
thng nc thi pha di)
in hnh, t l F/M trong khong t 0.05 n 0.1 kt qu l hiu qu loi b BOD
vo khong 95 n 99%. Giao ng gia 0.1 v 0.2 th hiu qu loi b c th

khong 90 n 95%. Nhiu th nghim quy m nh (pilot trials) c s dng i

vi mt nh my theo yu cu xc nh c phn ln hiu qu loi b BOD.
Tui bn (Thi gian lu bn trung bnh)
n v: ngy
Tui bn hoc thi gian lu bn trung bnh (MCRT) c th c nh ngha nh
sinh khi ca cht rn (MLSS) trong nh my ti bt c thi im no chia cho
sinh khi ca cht rn mi c hnh thnh mi ngy. Sinh khi ca cht thi rn
mi hnh htnh c xc nh bng cch s dng cng thc cn bng cc cht rn
trong nc thi c cho pha trn. Ti trng F/M cng cao hn th tui bn cng
ngn hn v ngc li. Bi v sinh khi mi c hnh thnh vi tc nhanh khi
thc n b sung th cao v tc sinh khi gim khi thc n b sung b gim.
V nguyn nhn ny h cn xem xt tui bn nh l mt bin php ca vic o tc
quay vng ca cc cht rn trong nh my Do c mt ci tn khc thay th
l thi gian lu bn trung bnh (Cell residence time).
Tui bn tiu biu l khong 20 30 ngy trong hot ng ca nh my bn hot
tnh vi hiu qu loi b BOD cao (>95%). Tui bn lu lu c yu cu cho cc
mc tiu c th no , qu trnh nitrate ha l thng dng nht. Tuy nhin, cc
s c v vn tch cht rn cht lng c th l kt qu nu tui bn qu lu
(xem bng cc s c vn hnh h thng nc thi pha di).
Nng oxy ha tan (DO)
n v: mg/L
Nng oxy ha tan nn c duy tr trn 1 mg/L trong tt c cc phn x l ca
b hiu kh. i vi h thng s dng thi kh b mt thng yu cu nng
khong 1.5 mg/L c o ti b mt cht lng. Ni m qu trnh nitrate ha i hi
nng oxy ha tan cn thit ln n 2 mg/L hoc cao hn trong tt c cc phn
ca b hiu kh.
B hiu kh nn c mt h thng gim st nng oxy ha tan c lp t c
nh v phi thng xuyn c hiu chnh. Ch s o di 1 mg/L nn c quan
tm cng vi s thn trng nh b hiu kh c th khng c nng oxy hin din
di nhiu trng hp nh th nu thit b khng th hiu chnh c.
Cht dinh dng cn thit
Cc cht dinh dng ch yu thng phi c cung cp di dng cht ha hc
l nit v photpho. Yu cu ti thiu thng thng ca cht dinh dng c lin
quan n BOD trong nc thi cha c x l (nc thi u vo). T l l
100:5:1 (BOD:N:P). Thng thng, mt dy ca cc vi cht dinh dng (v d:

kim loi vi s lng rt nh nh ng, mangan, cobalt, selenium) c th cn

c thm vo. C l iu ny ch c th xy ra nu nh my nc c kh
ion cho qu trnh s dng. Cc sn phm c cha s cn bng cc vi cht dinh
dng c b sung cho nh my x l nc thi th c sn trn th trng.
Kh nng lng ca bnh hnh nn
n v: mL/L
S ghi chp hng ngy ca th tch bn lng trong mt bnh hnh nn o khi
lng cht rn lng xung (hoc, nu khng c, hy dng mt ng ong chia 1
lit theo quy chun) nn c gi li. iu ny cung cp mt ch th cho khuynh
hng v kh nng lng ca bn v l mt h thng ang c s cnh bo sm
cho cc s c tch cht rn ra khi cht lng sp xy ra. Khng c gi tr ti u
ph bin cho kh nng lng ca bnh hnh nn, mt s nh my c th hot ng
n nh ti gi tr cao nh 800 n 900 mL/L, trong khi mt s nh my khc c
cc gi tr tiu biu t 300 n 400 mL/L hoc thp hn. iu quan trng y l
tnh n nh, bt k xu hng tng t ngt gi s MLSS l khng i c th
ch ra s c ca qu trnh hot ng.
Ch s th tch bn (SVI)
n v: mL/g
nh ngha: SVI c nh ngha nh l th tch (mL) ang s dng bi mt gam
bn hot tnh sau khi c thi kh vo trong cht lng c lng cho 30 pht,
do :

Hn hp cht lng thng c lng trong mt ng o bng n v L. i vi mt

cht lng c th cha cha 3000 mg/L cht rn l lng. Ch s SVI l 50 v 200 s
ln lt ch ra c tnh lng tt v xu. Nhn v b ngoi th dng nh SVI ph
thuc vo nng thay i khng d on trc c ca cc cht rn l lng
trong cht lng, tt hn ht l trch dn c hai con s vi nhau. Ch s SVI cng
ph thuc vo nhiu thng s khc nh ng knh ng o, chiu su ca bn v
mc chuyn ng khng u ca bn.
Kh nng lng ca bnh hnh nn (mL/L)/ MLSS (g/L)
(Ch , n v ca MLSS l gam/lit)
Th nghim o kh nng lng ca bnh hnh nn l mt ch th mang tnh ch quan
no v khng a lng bn lng vo trong tnh ton nng MLSS. Ch s
SVI l mt s n lc xc nh mt tr s tuyt i hn ca bn lng tim n. i
vi hot ng ca nh my x l nc thi cng nghip, gi tr SVI ph hp

thng trong khong t 100 n 200, i vi nh my x l nc thi tp trung

khuynh hng c gi tr SVI thp hn.
Sn lng bn thng d
n v: kg/ngy
Mt s ghi chp s liu nn c gi li vic o lng bn cht rn d tha c
loi b t nh my mi ngy. Nu bn c kh nc trc khi loi b ra ngoi th
ti trng ca vt liu c kh nc nn c theo di, cng vi hm lng cht
rn.
Xem xt kh nng trn
Ni m thit b sc kh b mt c s dng cung cp nng lng cho s khuy
trn y ca cc b phn trong b hiu kh th thng nm trong khong 15 n
30 W/m3, ty thuc vo thit k hnh hc ca b. i vi h thng khuch tn
khng kh c rt nhiu loi thit k v cc nh sn xut nn c t vn xc
minh ngun in s dng v cung cp khng kh (hoc oxy tinh khit) theo yu
cu.
Kim tra bn di knh hin vi
Kim tra thng xuyn cc mu hn hp cht lng nn c thc hin bng cch
s dng mt knh hin vi. Nng phng i x100 n x200 l thch hp. Cc kha
cnh chnh cn lu l:
- Kch thc v hnh dng ca vi khun hnh thnh bng bn
- S hin din ca vi khun dng si
- S hin din ca ng vt nguyn sinh (protozoans) (trng roi - flagellates, trng
c lng mao - ciliates)
- S hin din ca trng bnh xe (rotifers)
C nhiu loi khc c th c quan st thy nhng cc loi vi khun trn s
cung cp mt du hiu ng tin cy cho thy v tnh trng tng th ca bn.
Vn tc dng chy ngc (b lng)
n v: m / h
i vi hiu qu tch cht rn ra khi cht lng trong mt b lng, iu cn thit l
gia tng tc ca cht lng (vn tc dng chy ngc) nn c nh hn ng k
so vi tc lng t nhin ca cc cht rn. Nu y khng phi l trng hp th

s c s mang sang chuyn ti ca cht rn cng vi nc thi u ra cui cng.

Vn tc dng chy ngc (upflow velocity) c tnh bng cch chia tng lu
lng qua b (m3 / h) cho din tch b mt ca b (m2). Kt qu tnh bng n v
m / h.
Vn tc dng chy ngc mong mun ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cc ht rn
c loi b. gii quyt tha ng cc cht rn bn hot tnh vn tc dng chy
ngc trong mt b lng cui cng tr s tiu biu l 0,5-1 m/h, trong khi lc nh
git cc cht rn - dy c hn v gii quyt nhanh hn - c th c gii quyt
thnh cng trong mt b lng c vn tc dng chy ngc cht lng ln n 2 m / h
X l s c v gii quyt s c
Khi vn hnh h thng cc s c hay xy ra nht nh sau:
Bung bn
Bng bn im (pin-floc)/Bng bn phn tn (deflocculation)
S to bt (sinh hc)
Tng cht rn (qu trnh kh nitrate)
x l v khc phc s c thnh cng, thng tin c to ra bng cch ghi li
cc thng s kim sot qu trnh trc tin phi c sn.
Bung Bn
Quan st hnh nh:
- Bn cht rn khng lng c trong cc b lng cui cng
- Cc cht rn chuyn ti mang sang cc b khc cho kt qu cc cht rn l lng
trong nc thi u ra cao
c tnh:
- S hin din ca vi khun dng si (kim tra bng knh hin vi)
- Tng SVI v kh nng lng trong bnh hnh nn
- Ni ln trn b mt cht lng mt cch r rng sau khi lng qu lu
Nguyn nhn chnh:
- Hot ng di ti trng (F/M qu thp)
- Nng oxy ha tan qu thp
- Thiu ht cht dinh dng

K hoch iu chnh:
Cc thng s (plots) sau y cn c thc hin:
(i) F/M v SVI (hoc kh nng lng trong bnh hnh nn) so vi thi gian
(ii) Nng oxy ha tan v SVI (hoc kh nng lng trong bnh hnh nn) so vi
thi gian
(iii) Cung cp cht dinh dng (*) v SVI (hoc kh nng lng trong bnh hnh
nn) so vi thi gian
(*) (trong nc thi cha x l cng vi lng dinh dng c thm vo)
C th mt nhiu tun thit lp li qu trnh hot ng ca h thng vi s c
bung bn nghim trng (u th ca vi sinh dng si). Do cc thng s iu
chnh cn c theo di ng lc cc tnh hung xy ra trong mt thi gian vi
thng tr li - thit lp khi s c bt u pht trin. Vi kinh nghim s c th
lin kt vi mt mt xu hng SVI tng cng vi F/M thp ko di lu, nng
oxy ha tan thp hoc thiu ht cht dinh dng. Mt khi nguyn nhn c
xc nh, mt k hoch iu chnh thch hp c th c thc hin.
Lu : Nu nguyn nhn c xc nh l F/M thp, iu cn thi c th lp t
mt b chn lc hoc b tip xc. V y l mt sn phm chuyn ngnh, cn thit
tm kim s h tr ca chuyn gia v thit k ca b chn lc hoc b tip xc.
Bng bn im (pin-floc)/Bng bn phn tn (deflocculation)
Hnh nh quan st:
- Mang cc cht rt mn vo trong nc thi u ra cui cng
- c hoc mu trng c xut hin trong nc thi u ra cui cng.
c tnh:
- Cc bng bn cha vi khun tan ra thnh nhng mnh nh li ti c kch thc
nh u kim, vi khun dng si khng chim u th (kim tra bng knh hin vi)
- Th nghim kh nng lng trong bnh hnh nn c th cho thy mt s cht lng
tt nhng cc cht ni ln ging nh mt m my lm cho nc b vn c,
khng thay i v vic lng lu di.
Nguyn nhn chnh:
- Hot ng cc k di ti trng (F/M rt thp)
- S hin din ca cc cht c hi

K hoch iu chnh:
Kim tra s ghi chp hot ng mt ln na trong khong thi gian ko di (c
th 1 n 2 thng) t l F/M thp ko di . Cng c th kim tra cc ghi chp sn
c i vi s hin din ca cht c hi trong nc thi cha x l. iu chnh
thng s lin quan n s c hi. Nu l mt xu hng bng bn im (pinfloc)/bng bn phn tn (deflocculation) tn ti vi nng thp ( thng xy ra
trong khi x l nc thi u ra t ngnh sn xut ha cht) sau tip tc thm
vo mt s cht tr lng (v d cht polyelectrolyte) l iu c th khng th trnh
c.
S to bt (sinh hc)
S to bt sinh hc l do cc iu kin hot ng trong nh my x l nc thi.
Bt c tp trung trn b mt ca b hiu kh v c th chuyn tip mang sang b
lng cui cng v x thi ca nc thi u ra. S dng cht ty ra cng to ra bt
nhng cc kin di y ch lin quan n to bt sinh hc (vi khun)
Hnh nh quan st:
- Bt loi 1: trng, si ln (frothy), c bit bt khng n nh
- Bt loi 2: bt c mu trng/nu, n nh v c cha cc ht mn ca hn hp
cht rn v cht lng
- Bt loi 3: bt mu ti, m, n nh, ging nh mn kem chocolate
c tnh:
- Bt loi 1: t hoc khng c vi sinh dng si (kim tra di knh hin vi), ti
trng F/M cao hoc tnh hung khi ng h thng mi.
- Bt loi 2: quan trng - nhng khng nht thit phi chim u th - s hin din
ca cc vi sinh dng si (kim tra bng knh hin vi)
- Bt loi 3: c th xy ra s hin din ng k ca vi sinh dng sng bc cao nh
trng bnh xe (rotifer) (kim tra bng knh hin vi); F/M thp, tui bn lu.
Nguyn nhn chnh:
- Bt loi 1: cc cht protein khng phn hy bng sinh hc l do F/M d qu
nhiu hoc, trong tnh hung khi ng h thng mi, cha t c s ti u ha
nng MLSS.
- Bt loi 2: mt vi vi khun dng si no sn xut ra cc cht ngoi bo
polyme (ECP) l mt cht hot ng tch cc trn b mt v gy ra ni bt
(foaming).
- Bt loi 3: tui bn lu ca h thng hot ng vi nit cao trong nc thi cha
c x l to ra hn hp cht lng c nng nitrate cao l do qu trnh sinh hc
nitrate ha. Trong trng hp khng c mt c s ring bit cho qu trnh kh

nitrate, nitrate c th c kh trong b hiu kh v b lng cui cng. Kt qu l

kh nit c th gy ra hin tng MLSS ni trn b mt ca b lng cui cng v
b hiu kh, ang hnh thnh bt c c tnh mu nu sm hoc bn ni ln.
K hoch iu chnh:
- Bt loi 1: Gim F/M (v d bng cch nng MLSS). Trong mt nh my khi
ng h thng mi, MLSS t nhin s tng ln v thng thng khng cn c
mt hnh ng c th c thc hin. Hy kim tra vic s dng cht ty ra l
khng qu nhiu v cht ty ra to bt th ging tng t nh loi bt protein.
- Bt loi 2: S dng k hoch ging vi k hoch x l bung bn
- Bt loi 3: Lp t mt b thiu kh (anoxic) c thit k ring bit cho qu
trnh kh nitrate.
Tng cht rn (qu trnh kh nitrate)
Hnh nh quan st:
Cc cht rn ang tng trn b mt b lng cui cng v c chuyn ti mang
sang cc vch ngn u ra vi s x thi ca nc thiu ra
c tnh, cc nguyn nhn chnh v k hoch iu chnh:
y l thc cht cng mt vn vi s to bt s to bt dng hi km pht
trin nh bt loi 3 c tho lun pha trn. C th c kh nng lm gim s
mt mt ca cc cht rn n mt nng chp nhn c bng cch tng t l
bn tun hon, do lm gim xu hng i vi cc iu kin thiu kh pht
trin trong b lng cui cng. Nu iu ny khng hiu qu khi mt b thiu kh
cn c lp t.
CC YU T CN THIT CHO NH VN HNH H THNG B X L
NC THI.
Mi nh vn hnh nn bit iu g v qu trnh bn hot tnh
Kin thc
Bn hot tnh

Nguyn l
Vi sinh vt c a vo
tip xc vi nc thi
cha thc n. (thng s
c o nh nhu cu oxy
sinh ha [BOD]) v oxy.
Di iu kin tt, thc
n (cht thi) c tiu
th bi vi sinh vt.

Nghin cu thc t
Vi sinh vt pht trin
mnh di cc iu kin
ca mi trng thch hp.
Cc thng s c bit quan
trng l
Qun th sinh khi (s
lng vi sinh vt)
pH

H thng bn hot tnh

truyn thng

MLSS (qun th) kim

sot vic s dng F/M

Nhit
khuy trn
Sau tch ri cch vi
Thi gian tip xc
sinh vt ra, li nc
Oxy v
sch (nc thi u ra).
S hin din ca cc cht
dinh dng duy tr s sng
Cc iu kin cn thit
y l quy trnh tiu biu cho loi h thng ny bao
l mt b hiu kh theo gm:
sau l b tch cht rn- Thi gian lu t 8 n 12
cht lng v nu cn thit, gi trong b hiu kh
dng bm tun hon bn (khng kh thm vo nhiu
hot tnh. Cng c th t hn)
hn l mt phng php Nng cht rn l lng
thm khng kh v oxy (MLSS) t 1500 n 3500
vo v mt phng php mg/L
loi b cc vi sinh vt d Khuy trn thch hp.
qu nhiu c gi l
Nng oxy ha tan
lng bn hot tnh x
(DO) khong 2 mg/L v
thi(WAS).
T l thc n cho vi sinh
vt (F/M) tt
cn bng ti trng cht WAS c loi b, hoc
thi ca thc n (lb ca thi b, t h thng th
BOD5 trn ngy) vi
cp, duy tr t l F/M
qun th vi sinh vt, bn thch hp. tnh ton
cn mt t l F/M l 0.2 F:M., chia thc n cho
n 0.5.
sinh khi ton b trong h
thng th cp.
Thc n = lu lng
(mgd) x 8.34 lb/gal x
BOD5 mg/L
Vi sinh vt = [th tch b
hiu kh (million gal)
8.34 lb/gal nng cht
rn l lng bay hi
(MLVSS) mg/L] + [th
tch b lng (million gal)
8.34 lb/gal tng cht rn
l lng d bay hi trong

MLSS (qun th) kim

sot vic s dng thi
gian lu bn trung bnh
(MCRT)

Mt cch khc cn
bng ti trng thi ca
thc n (kg BOD5 mi
ngy) vi qun th ca vi
sinh vt l duy tr mt
MCRT t 5 n 15 ngy.

pH

pH nn gia 6.5 v
8.5

Nhit

Cc nh vn hnh khng
th kim sot nhit
nc thi u vo, tuy
nhin, mt khong chung
l gia 10C v 38C
(50F n 100F)

b lng ca th nghim
coretaker (TVSS) (mg/L)
V th, F:M = Thc n :
vi sinh vt
tnh ton MCRT, o
khi lng sinh khi trong
ton b h thng th cp
v chia cho khi lng
sinh khi x thi mi ngy.
C th, mt MCRT l mc
tiu c duy tr.
V d, nu bn c mt
MCRT l 10 ngy, bn s
x thi 10% sinh khi mi
ngy. Nu nc thi u ra
c TVSS thp, s thit hi
ca vi sinh vt tiu biu b
b qua trong tnh ton
MCRT.
Vi sinh vt khng pht
trin tt trong khong pH
nm ngoi khong thch
hp. Hy c bit ch
n pH nu vic cung
cp nc mm, chng hn
nh nc ly t mt h
nc.
Hy hiu rng cc vi sinh
vt c th gp kh khn
khi pht trin nhit
cao hn 38 C (100 F).
Lm mt c th l gii
php cn thit.
C mi ln nhit tng
ln 10C, s h hp vi
sinh vt tng gp i.
Trong khi nhit lnh
mt qun th nhiu hn s
l cn thit t c kt

Khuy trn

Thi gian tip xc hoc

thi gian lu nc

Oxy

qu x l tng t - c
ngha l mt F:M thp hn
hoc mt MCRT cao hn.
B c khuy trn tt s
m bo rng cc vi sinh
vt tip xc tt vi thc
Khng phn bit cu hnh n, oxy, v mi iu kin
ca loi b hiu kh, b khc. Kim tra iu ny
cn c khuy trn tt. bng cch o DO, MLSS,
hoc tng cht rn l lng
ti mt s v tr trong b kt qu kim tra s tng
t ging ti mi v tr.
HRT c tnh bng cng
thc chia th tch b hiu
kh cho lu lng trn
ngy sau nhn vi 24
gi mi ngy c c
mt kt qu ca nhiu gi.
Mt phng php d dng
kim tra nu HRT lu
Thi gian lu nc
l kim tra tc hp
(HRT) trong b hiu kh th oxy (OUR) ang ri
phi lu cho cc vi
khi b hiu kh (trc khi
sinh vt tiu th tt c
tch cht rn-lng). Nu t
thc n t do c sn.
l l ni sinh - c ngha l
cc vi sinh vt tiu th
tt c thc n t do c sn
v ang tiu th ngun
thc n d tr v tiu th
mi thc n khc nhau HRT l lu cho lu
lng, ti trng, v nng
MLSS.
Duy tr mt nng DO y l mt Quy tc bn
d t nht l 2 mg/L ti
tay vng. Nh my c th
bt c ni no trong b chy nng DO thp
hiu kh.
hn. Nng DO cao hn
c th l cn thit nu

nng DO thp s c s
hin din ca vi sinh dng
si v nng DO th
khng xm nhp vo bn
trong bng bn.
Khong 0,45 kg (1 lb) ca
oxy l cn thit tiu th
0,45 kg (1 lb) BOD5.
Xp x 2,0 kg (4.3 lb) ca
oxy l cn thit chuyn
i 0,45 kg (1 lb)
amoniac.
Theo nh Quy tc
Photpho phi c sn cho
Number One, vi sinh vt
cc vi sinh vt v tng
cn cht dinh dng, khi
qut c gi l
lng cho khi lng,
orthophosphate.
Cc cht dinh dng duy 100:5:1:0.5 cho BOD5:
Orthophasphate i qua
tr s sng
N: P: Fe.
mt b lc 10 micro meter.
iu c ngha l c
Tng qut nit y c
cho mi 100 lb BOD5, th
cp n amonia-nit
cn 5 lb ca nit, 1 lb
(NH3-N)
photpho, v 0.5 lb st.
C mt mi tng quan t
l h hp ca MLSS cao
OUR l "nhp th" ca
hn khi thc n t do sn
cc vi sinh vt, i khi
c hin din.
c gi l "tc h
Gim st OUR hoc
hp."
Oxygen uptake rate
DOUR ti nhng im m
OUR = mg oxy c tiu
dng chy u vo v u
th mi L mi h.
Tc hp th oxy
ra ca b hiu kh. im
ti li ra s hin th tc
C th s dng Quy tc
h hp ni sinh.
DOUR (xem ti liu s
Tc h hp cng s
28)
khc nhau lin quan n
nng ca vi sinh vt.
Qu trnh tch cht rn Sau khi cc vi sinh vt
Mt sinh khi c cht
lng
c nui cy trong mt lng s kt bng (t li
b hiu kh iu kin
vi nhau hoc kt dnh vi
mi trng vt tri,
nhau) iu kin khuy

"Cht lng sinh khi" s

lng tt trong mt b lng
trn nh. S khuy trn
hoc tch tt trong mng
thng xy ra khi MLSS
sinh hc.
ri khi b hiu kh v
S o tiu biu su
theo dng chy n b
nc l gia 3.7 v 4.6 m
lng. Nhiu b lng c
(12 v 15 ft).
vch ngn u vo
Tc chy trn ca b
phc v cho mc ch
mt lng tiu biu nh
trn.
hn 24,450 L/m2 xd (600
Bm lng bn tun hon
gal/ft2 x d) lu lng
(nu cn thit) phi loi b
trung bnh v nh hn
mt lng bn hot
48,900 L/m2 xd (1200
tnh duy tr su bn
gal/ft2 x d) lu lng
hp l - c th chiu su
trong gi cao im .
lp bn l 0.15 n 0.6 m
T l tun hon bn hot
(0.5 n 2 ft).
tnh (RAS) c th l 50%
Trnh mt t l tun hon
ti 150% ca lu lng
bn hot tnh (RAS) cao
trong nh my. Tuy nhin,
hn mc cn thit duy
khong t l trn s thp
tr chiu su lp bn thp.
hn i vi cc nh my
ln.
S dng mt bnh o kh
nng lng, kim sot th
Cc biu c xu hng
nghim lng.
s cho php theo di cc
Kt qu ca th nghim 5
s c v lng xy n.
Th nghim o kh nng v 30 pht nn th hin
Bc tip theo c th kim
lng
trn mt biu c xu
tra di knh hin vi i
hng ti tn sut th
vi vi sinh dng si, iu
nghim, iu ny c
chnh t l WAS.
lm thng xuyn hng
ngy.
Ch s th tch bn (SVI) SVI l th tch bn chim SVI nh hn 80 mg/L =
trong ng th nghim c nhn chung l lng rt tt.
lin quan n 1g MLSS SVI gia 80 v 150
sau 30 pht lng xung. mg/L = lng tt
SVI c o bng n v SVI ln hn 50 mg/L =
mL/g
nhn chung l lng km v
i hi phi c bc khc

phc.
Mt khi u tt l kim
tra di knh hin vi. Xem
xt cc vi sinh dng si,
tnh a dng ca vi sinh
vt v s thiu ht cht
dinh dng i vi nhn
vin bt u vn hnh h
thng.
(1) Mt thit b coretaker c s dng ly mu nc trong b lng m t
c t y n mt nc. Mu ny c cho vo mt thng sau trn u v
phn tch tng cht rn l lng d bay hi (TVSS) (mg/L). Trong trng hp ny
c hai TVSS v MLVSS u l phng php o cc vi sinh vt hin din trong
ton b h thng bn hot tnh.
Khi vn hnh h thng bn hot tnh s gp rt nhiu s c nh: bung bn, vi sinh
dng si, vng bt, tng cht rn v mi hi. Cc sn phm BFL c th gii quyt
trit cc s c trn v c th kt hp cng nhau vi t l hn hp cc sn phm
thch hp mang li hiu qu cao nht v x l cng nh chi ph, hy ghi
nh Quy tc T l vng. Bn cnh cng cn quan tm v xem xt cht lng
nc thi c ph hp vi quy trnh x l hay khng, hy ghi nhQuy tc Bn tay
vng. Hiu qu v tc ng ca cht dinh dng nh hng n qu trnh x l
sinh hc, hy ghi nh Quy tc Number One. nh gi nhanh s tng sinh
khi ca vi sinh vt, hy nh Quy tc Ngn tay ci.
Ti liu 13: Khi ng h thng mi S c vng bt v cc s c khc
Khi ng h thng mi hoc khi ng li h thng sau khi ngng hot ng
Mt s th m bn cn quan tm mt cch nghim tc khi khi ng h
thng mi l g v mt s s c no c th xy ra?
Hin nhin, vic ch yu l cn quan tm n cc thng s k thut ca nh sn
xut, tt c cc quy trnh hot ng theo tiu chun v m bo p ng c quy
tc Bn tay vng.
i khi nhng g cc k s khng ni cho bn bit, bn khng th lun lun khi
ng mt nh my x l nc thi mi ngay tc th tc ton din (full-blown
speed). Nu bn lm iu ny th c th s c s c xy ra Ti trng cao v cc

vi khun cn non tui khng c trn u nn khng c nhiu iu kin cho vi

khun pht trin. H thng ca bn s gp s c c nhng cn sng bt trng
nghim trng! H thng ca bn s c c rt cao v TSS. Nng BOD s vn
kh cao nc thi u ra.
y l nh my ru, ch mi bt u khi ng h thng mi. Nh my c con
sng bt cao t nht 5-6 feet (150 -180 cm) pha trn ca b hiu kh, trn ra
ngoi t pha trn cng ca b, tt c trn trn mt t v trn ra bn ngoi ng dn
nc thi!!!

C bt trong cc h nc thi (the sumps), cc ng ng, trong b iu ha v

trong nc thi u ra cui cng ca b cha. Bt k ni no vi khun c th pht
trin, vi khun hot ng kh ti tnh khi bn c th thy bi nhng du hiu
ca bt cng mu trng (crisp white foam).
Ha ra l cc nh sn xut ru d on c BOD t 4.000 n 8.000 nhng ti
thi gian bt u khi ng h thng mi, cc vi khun c gi n bt k ni
no c BOD t 16.000 n 100.000. Mt s thay i ln trong ti trng. Nc thi
t nh my ru ging nh nhng vin ko cho cc vi khun l cc hp cht
carbon n gin. Cng vi lng khng kh, cc cht dinh dng, nhit v mt
ngun thc n tt nhiu hn cho vi khun tng trng cc k nhanh. Nhanh
n ni, hng tn bt c hnh thnh v dng trn ra ngoi h thng.

Thm ch c bt tro ra khi l ng cng.

Khi vi khun trong giai on pht trin mnh v non tr, hu ht lun lun c bt
cng mu trng. Cng vi s khi ng ca mt nh my, trong trng hp ny
BOD cao 20.000 - 30.000 v cc loi ng c cu trc n gin t mt nh my
ru, cc vi khun pht trin nh nhng a tr trong mt ca hng ko. Trong
sut qu trnh khi ng, lu lng trong b hiu kh ch c th l 1/3 n 1/2 cho
vi ngy u tin cho php c ch trng cho bt (foam). Bt u thay i mu
ca bt (foam) t bt cng mu trng thnh bt nh d tan v sau l bt tt c
mu nu, lu lng ca b hiu kh c th t t nng ln cao n 1/2, 3/4 v sau
cng hot ng vi lu lng trung bnh ca nh my. Bn cng c th lun lun
rt ngn thi gian, v thm cc vi khun b sung vi liu lng cao qu trnh
pht trin nhanh chng cng vi cc cht vi dinh dng.
Hy ghi nh qu trnh phn hy thng l thi gian v cc con s ca mt tr chi
cng vi vi khun trong h thng x l nc thi. Thi gian bao lu, cc con s l
bao nhiu v bao nhiu ngun thc n cho s phn hy. Cng nhiu thc n hn,
cng mt nhiu thi gian hoc nhiu con s hn l iu cn thit. T khi bn b
gii hn thi gian do khng gian cho php b c nh trong cc b phn ca thit b
trong h thng v thi gian lu c nh, ch c mt cch chin thng tr chi

ny l thay i cc con s. Bn c th gim lng ph, vn hnh vi lng bn tun

hon (RAS) hoc s dng vi khun b sung.
y bt khng l mu trng v bt u tr thnh nh, d tan hoc mu nu. Rt t
bt c hnh thnh v sinh khi bt u bng bn lung tui hn mt cht. Nhiu
cu trc bng bn c hnh thnh v cc vi khun sng bc cao hn ang bt u
xut hin.

y bt vn cn non tr t mt nh my giy, nhng khng trong giai on

khi ng. Bn c th thy s khc bit v mu ca bt (foam). Chc chn bt nh,
c mu nu.
Di y l mt nh my x l trong giai on khi ng ti nh my sn xut
chocolate. Mt ln na, bt xut hin nhiu trong giai on khi ng h thng lc
ban u, mc d liu lng nui cy vi khun cao ca giai on ban u khi
ng h thng gip lm gim mt lng bt v thi gian bt cn pht trin sinh
khi tt hn v MLSS nhiu hh.

Mu ca bt thay i nh tui ca vi khun

y l mt nh my ru Australia, bn c th nhn thy lng bt trong hnh

bn phi vi hnh bn tri trong giai on non tr vi BOD v t l F/M cao.
Thng xuyn nhn vo bt, c th cho bn bit chuyn gi ang xy ra.

y l mt nh my ru t Napa trong sut tun u tin ca giai on khi

ng. C s khi u pht trin MLSS nh bn c th thy cc cht rn di y
bnh th nghim o cht rn (Settleometer). Vn cn hng tn cc vi khun n
bo, bn c th nhn thy mt khi vn c c trong nc thi. Mt vi ngy dng
li vn cn c sinh khi tt v t bt ni ln (foaming). Nh mi ngy tri qua, bn
c th thy s hnh thnh MLSS.
Bn c th tng nng ca ti trng v nng nng mt cht mi ngy b
hiu kh trong khi bt t t gim xung cng vi ngy cng nhiu MLSS c
hnh thnh.

Hnh bn tri l t nh my sn xut chocolate. Nng MLSS c xc nh

cn bng vi ti trng. Hu nh qu nhiu MLSS v thi gian cui cng khi
u l cht rn lng cn. Cc vi khun c lng mn t do bi li trong nc thi v
cu trc bng bn tt c xc nh hnh thnh trong mu th. ut hin cc cht
ni trong sut ni trn b mt. Cui cng, nh my c th t c nng TSS l
15-20 mg/L v BOD l 30 mg/L vi trng COD l 4.000 8.000 mg/L ti mt thi
im.

Hnh bn phi l nh my giy cng vi hai b hiu khi c bt nh mu nu. Nh

bn c th thy, b bn tri c s c D.O, chng minh bi cc cht rn ni ln b
mt ngay lp tc trong bnh th nghim o cht rn (Settleometter)

Nhiu nh my thch s dng cht chng ni bt. Thc s, cht chng ni bt nh

l mt gii php tm thi trong mt tnh hung bc bch phi thc hin (as a bandaid in a pich they work), nhng nhng g cht chng ni bt thc s lm l loi b
khng kh, y l iu quan trng i vi vi khun ang trong mt giai on tng
trng mnh l cn oxy, nn vi khun phi mt nhiu thi gian hn thot khi
giai on tng trng mnh v cng c th b sung lng BOD d c trong nc,
thm ch c th gy ra hin tng bn non tui hn, s thiu ht cht dinh dng
v hn bao gi ht l bt ni ln tn ti di lu.
Bin php thay th cho ha cht l s dng phng php c hc c ngha l s
dng u phun cao p, phun nc thi hoc nc sch trn b mt bt lm tan
bt. Tn dng nc thi u vo l bin php d nht, khi bn khng cn phi
pha long b c bt bng cch chm thm nc vo v khng cn rt ngn thi
gian lu trong h thng vo lc bn thm nc sch.

n gin l bn c th t ch cho mnh vi phun cao p hoc bn mua ngoi. Bn

s dng vi cao p cng vi mt bm chm ngay ti cng trnh, v thm vi h
thng ng nha.
y l mt th nghim cho nh my sn xut chocolate v mt ln na, dng vi
phun cao p, phun nc thi u vo ln trn b mt bt ph bt. Bn cnh cc
li ch ca vic lm ny l gi nhit xung di mt cht, lu thng v trn u
b hiu kh v gip thm vo mt cht t D.O cho h thng nh l mt bin
php tri ngc vi vic s dng ha cht chng bt.

Mt s nh my s dng vi phun cao p cho cc nh my lu i hn c hin

tng ni bt nh l mt bin php kim sot bng tnh vt l thay v s dng cht
chng ni bt.
y khng phi l khi ng mt h thng mi nhng l mt nh my x l nc
thi tp trung c nhiu s c vi vi khun dng si gy ra hin tng ni bt. Nc
thi u vo c s dng bng cch phun hai bn ca b ph bt v kim
sot hin tng ni bt trong khi qu trnh thay i ang c thc hin.
Nu bn c mt nh my bn hot tnh, qu trnh thay i nh nhiu ln kt hp
vi s gim st cht ch v kim sot sinh khi c th gip phc hi s c nhanh
chng hoc ch nng cao hiu qu qu trnh. Khng phi tt c cc nh my cn
cc hot ng sinh hc. Mt s nh my ch cn ci thin cc thng s trong quy
tc Bn tay vng.
Mt s nh my c s thay i lin tc nc thi u vo. Bt lun h kim sot
tt nh th no chng na, s sinh khi vi sinh thay i lin tc. i lc s dng
thm mt sn phm sinh hc hoc vi cht dinh dng c th gip lm n nh v
nng cao hiu sut sinh khi vi sinh.

Cc li ch ca s tng sinh khi: Cc li ch quan trng

* Nng cao kh nng loi b BOD v TSS
* Gim s tiu th polyme
* Gim nguy c gy nhim mi trng (environmental liabilities)
* Tng tin cy v hiu qu trong h thng
* Tng kh nng gim lng bn/ Gim chi ph x l cht rn
ng dng ca cc sn phm sinh hc trong nhng trng hp sau:
* H thng bn hot tnh: BFL 4000SU
* Cy vi khun amoni cho qu trnh nitrate ha: BFL 4500NT, BFL 5800NT
* Bioblocks cho cc trm bm v nhng im kh tip cn: BFL 4700PS, BFL
5150PS
* H thng tp trung- Cy vi khun vo h thng thot nc v ng ng: BFL
4000SU
* Vi cht dinh dng: BFL 6400MN
* Kim sot du m v bo tr trm bm: BFL 4700PS, BFL 5150PS
* m ph
* Khc phc hu qu trong ao, h v sng
Ti li u 300. Mt s s c v hng gii quyt b hiu kh v b lng 2
C rt nhiu s c c th xy ra b hiu kh v lng 2. Sau y l mt s hin
tng v hng x l chng.
Mi hin tng, s c s l mt phn, tip theo l nguyn nhn v cc hng
gii quyt tng ng.
1. Bn ni trn b mt b lng 2
1.1. Vi sinh dng si chim u th trong qun th vi sinh (bn to, vn cc)
* Tng D.O nu DO < 1mg/l
* Nu pH khng ph hp, chnh pH ~ 7.0 (hoc cao hn, ty thuc vo yu cu
qu trnh)
* iu chnh li cc t l dinh dng cho ph hp: BOD: N : P : Fe = 100 : 5 : 1 :
0.5
* Nu thiu cht dinh dng, chm thm liu lng BFL 6400MN.
* Cho 5 60 mg/L Chlorine vo ng bn tun hon n khi SVI < 150. Dng
knh hin vi xc nh lng chlorine s dng.
* Cho 50 200mg/L H2O2 vo b hiu kh n khi SVI < 150. Dng knh hin vi
xc nh lng H2O2 s dng.
* S dng liu lng ch phm vi sinh BFL 5050BC, chi tit lin h Mnh
Khng

* Gim thi gian lu bn (SRT or MCRT)

* Gim lng bn tun hon (RAS)
1.2. C hin tng kh nitrate ha b lng 2; c cc bong bng kh nito gn vo
trong bng bn v lm bn ni ln tng mng
* Tng lng bn tun hon (RAS)
* Tng lng D.O
* Gim thi gian lu bn (SRT ho c MCRT)
1.3. Cnh khuy b hng hoc bin dng
* Thay th, sa cha cnh khuy.
1.4. H thng thu hi bn hot ng km
* Tng tc hoc hiu qu thu hi bn
* Lp t thm cc vch ngn gim lng bn tri dt ra ngoi t mng trn ca
nc thi u ra.

nh 1: Bn ni trn b lng
2. Phn phi nc thi u ra khng u: Mng trn b nghn
2.1. Tch ly cht rn v sinh trng vi sinh
* Chi ra nh k mng trn
* Tin oxy ha
3. Ht bn (c u mi kim) ni trn b mt b lng (Ch s SVI tt nhng
u ra b c)

3.1. Khuy trn qu mc trong b hiu kh

* Gim khuy trn
3.2. Bn b oxy ha qu mc
* Tng lng bn thi (WAS) gim thi gian lu bn (SRT)
3.3. DO qu thp trong b hiu kh (gn nh t iu kin k kh hoc thiu kh)
* Tng lng DO trong b hiu kh
* Tng lng bn thi (WAS)
3.4. Nc u vo c cht c
* Cy bn hot tnh t mt nh my c nc thi tng t. Hy m bo cht
lng bn tt.
* Nui cy thm liu lng ch phm vi sinh Biofuture, chi tit lin h Mnh
Khng
* S dng liu lng ch phm vi sinh Biofuture cng vi lng bn ly t nh
my c nc thi tng t.
* Tun th cc quy chun x thi nc thi cng nghi p
3.5. Chiu cao lng thp
* Tng chiu cao lng
3.6. Tun hon dng chy bn tnh trng k kh
* Xc nh nguyn nhn v tm hng gii quyt.

nh 2: Bn u kim ni trn b lng

4. Bt nu en, n nh trong b hiu kh (Bt kh b)
4.1. SRT/MCRT qu cao
* Tng lng bn thi gim SRT
* Gim lng bn tun hon (RAS)
* S dng liu lng ch phm vi sinh Biofuture thch hp, chi tit lin h Mnh
Khng
5. Bt trng dy, cun cun trong b Aerotank
5.1. Bn tr, MLSS qu t . Khng tng sinh khi ph hp vi ti trng cht hu
c
* Gim lng bn thi (WAS) tng MLSS/ SRT
* Tun hon bn (RAS) ti a
5.2. Cc cht hot ng b mt, cht ty ra
* Tm hiu ngun gc v tm cch khc phc.
* S dng sn phm BFL 4300SS hay BFL 5600SS
5.3. Ti trng u vo tng cao:
* X l tm thi bng cch phun nc ph bt.
* Xc nh nguyn nhn v tm cch khc phc
* S dng ch phm vi sinh Biofuture ph hp.
5.4. C mt cation Polymer Polyacrylamide
* Tm hiu nguyn nhn v tm cch khc phc.

nh 3: Bt trng cng
6. B hiu kh chuyn mu en; bn tri ra ngoi b lng 2
6.1. Lng kh sc khng ph hp
* i bm hoc t thm bm.
* Thm nitrate mc 100mg/L v b sung ch phm vi sinh Biofuture thch hp,
chi tit lin h Mnh Khng
* Gim ti trng bng cch t thm b hiu kh
* Xem ng ng dn kh c b r r khng
* Lm sch cc a thi kh
7. Cc b aerotank c nng MLSS n nh khc nhau
7.1. Do phn phi nc gia cc b khng u
* Kim tra van v iu chnh li cho ph hp.
8. Trong b aerotank, bt kh ln, tch t trn mt s khu vc
8.1. a sc kh b nght
* Thay i hoc lm sch a sc kh.
* Kim tra u lc kh u vo ca bm gim lng kh bn c thi vo
8.2 Improper tank design
* Correct design problem
9. Chiu cao lp bn cao bng b mt b lng v chy trn ra ngoi
9.1. Lng bn tun hon khng ph hp
* Nu bm bn tun hon b h, thay bm bn khc.
* Nu bm bn tt, tng lu lng bn tun hon. Kim tra chiu cao bn thng
xuyn.
* Gi chiu cao bn l 0.3 1m. Nu chiu cao lp bn tng ln th tng lng
bn tun hon.
* Lm sch ng ng nu b nght.
9.2. Phn phi lu lng vo b lng khng ph hp lm lu lng nc vo b
lng qu ln.
* iu chnh cc van v/ho c cc van cng u vo iu chnh u lu lng
9.3. Lu lng thi vo b lng qu ln trong mt s thi im

* iu ha li lu lng nc u vo
* Lp t thm b lng ho c m r ng thm h thng
9.4. Lng cht rn qu cao lng
* Tng lng bn thi (WAS) gim MLSS

nh 4: Bn y b lng, trn ra ngoi

10. pH xung di 6.7 v lp bn di tr nn nng hn
10.1. ang xy ra hin tng nitrate ha v lng kim ca nc qu thp
* Tng lng bn thi (WAS) gim MCRT/SRT nu h thng khng cn n
qu trnh nitrate ha
* Chm kim vo h thng (Soda hoc vi). Hy m bo lng kim cn d c
trong 50mg/L CaCO3.
10.2. C Acid vo h thng
* Tm hiu ngun gc v ngn chn n. Chm thm alkali iu chnh pH
11. Nng bn tun hon thp (~8000 mg/l)
11.1. T l tun hon bn cao
* Gim t l tun hon bn
11.2. Vi sinh dng si pht trin
* Tng DO, tng pH, thm Nitrogen, thm Chlorine

11.3. Vi sinh Actinomycetes chim u th

* Thm st nu nng st ha tan < 5mg/L
12. C cc im cht trong b Aerotank
12.1. a sc kh b nght
* Thay i hoc lm sch a sc kh.
* Kim tra hay lp u lc kh u vo ca bm gim lng kh bn c thi
vo
12.2. D.O thp
* Tng lng kh sc nng DO thnh 1 3 mg/L
13. ng ng rt bn b nght
13.1. Do lng cht rn qu ln v c kt dnh cao
* Gim lng bn
13.2. Tc rt bn thp
* Xc ra ng ng b nght
* Tng tc bm bn
* Kim tra li ng ng
14. Bn xp ni trn b lng
14.1. B mt nc trn b lng khng n nh
* Xc nh nguyn nhn v tm hng gii quyt
14.2. Ma st lm v bng bn
* Gim lng ma st
14.3 Bn xp trn b lng l do thanh gt bn chuyn ng khng n nh
* Gim tc thanh gt bn
15. Thi gian lng trong b lng thp
15.1. Lu lng nc vo ln
* Thm mt b lng na gim lu lng vo

15.2. Thnh b lng thp

* Nng chiu cao thnh b
15.3. Thit b b hng
* Thay th cc thit b b hng
15.4. Lng cht rn vo ln
* Gim lng cht rn
* Tng kh nng lng b cc cht rn phn u h thng
16. Momen xon qu mc do dc thy lc
16.1. Ti lng bn vo b lng cao
* Thay th sa cha nhng ch hng hc.
* Ngn chn s hnh thnh ca bng trn thnh hoc b mt b.
* Tng thi gian lng
* Tng thi gian hoc hiu sut bm bn.
* Tch nc v kim tra cc cn bn.
16.2 Weir not level
* Level weirs
16.3 Equipment malfunction
* Replace malfunctioning equipment
16.4 Large accumulation of solids and grit
* Remove solids and/or grit
* Improve grit removal operation
17. V bng bn b lng
17.1. Cht c hoc acid vo trong h thng
* Xc nh v ngn chn ngay ti ngun
* Thm b phn chm pH vo h thng
17.2. iu kin k kh trong b hiu kh
* Tng lng kh sc
* Ngn chn/ kim sot dng chy bn ca b aerotank trnh iu kin k kh
17.3. B aerotank b qu ti
* Tng thm b aerotank

17.4. Nito/ Photpho u vo khng ph hp

* Chm thm cht dinh dng
18. Deflocculation in Settling Tank
18.1 Toxic or acid waste entering system
* Identify/correct at source
* Install pH adjustment equipment
18.2 Anaerobic conditions in aeration tank
* Increase aeration rate
* Eliminate/control anaerobic side streams
18.3 Aeration tank overloaded
* Place additional basins in service
18.4 Inadequate nitrogen/phosphorus in influent
* Add required nutrients by chemical addition
Ti liu 3.21 Nhn dng bt
khc phc vn vn hnh lin quan n sn xut v tch ly bt; cn thit phi xc nh
ng bt sinh ra (Bng 21.1). Mt s dng x l s c c th c s dng xc nh cc bt
xy ra trong qu trnh bn hot tnh (Hnh 21.1). Vic s dng cc t kha c da trn phn
tch hin vi bt v hn hp dung dch, kim tra cc mu nc thi v xem xt cc d liu hot
ng thch hp.
Bng 21.1 Cc loi bt chnh trong qu trnh bn hot tnh
Bt
Cu trc v mu
Sinh vt dng si
Nht nu chocolate
Trng cun (bn non)
Thiu dng cht
Nhn xm (bn gi)
Trng cun, trng, nu, nht nu sm and nu
Lo ha bn ( bn gi)
m vi mnh vn
Zoogloeal tng trng
Trng cun
Cht hot ng b mt d tha
Trng cun
Tng kim
Trng cun
Hin din ca
Trng cun
cc polymer cation
Tch t FOG
Nht nu m hoc en

Tai liu 300. Mt s s c va hng gii quyt b hiu kh va b lng 2

THU V BO QUN MU NC THI
Cc mu bt, hn hp dung dch v cc mu nc thi khc cn thit cho vic xc nh bt nn
c thu thp trong chai nha sch c np. Mt kch thc nh khong 50 ml l cho mi mu.
Nn cn thn khng gy nhim bn hn hp dung dch vi bt hoc bt vi hn hp dung
dch.
Cc mu nc thi c th cn c thu thp v s dng xc nh cc bt bao gm b cha
bn, centrate, lc v lng dng th cp hoc hn hp dung dch.
Cc mu c ly xc nh cc bt c th c s dng ngay lp tc sau khi thu thp hoc lu
tr ln ti 1 tun. Cc mu nn c lu tr trong chai nha sch v gi lnh 4C ( 1C) .Tt
c cc mu chai phi c dn nhn vi ngy, gi v a im ca mu cng nh mu sc v kt
cu ca mu. t nht mt na th tch cc chai mu cn c mt khong khng. Mu gi lnh c
a n nhit phng v cn c lc u (khuy ng) trc khi s dng.
SINH VT DNG SI

Bt sinh ra bi cc sinh vt dng si th sn st v mu nu chocolate. Bt ny thng c cc

sinh vt dng si sn xut bt mt cao hn trong dung dch hn hp. xc nh xem cc
sinh vt dng si sn xut bt c nhim v sn xut bt trong qu trnh bn hot tnh nh th
no, cc thao tc sau y c xut:
1) Mt lng hn hp t cn c xem xt v nh gi ch quan s lng sinh vt dng si
trong dung dch hn hp phi c thc hin.
2) Mt vt bt nn c xem xt v nh gi ch quan s lng sinh vt dng si trong knh pht
(mu ca mt cht pht ln soi knh kin vi) nn c thc hin.
3) Nu cc sinh vt dng si trong bt mt thp hn trong dung dch hn hp, th n khng
ging cc sinh vt dng si chu trch nhim sn xut bt.
4) Nu cc sinh vt dng si trong bt mt cao hn trong dung dch hn hp, n c th l
nhng sinh vt dng si chu trch nhim sn xut xp. Nhum Gram v nhum Neisser vt bt
nn c thc hin xc nh mt tng i ca cc sinh vt dng si, c bit l cc loi
m 0092.
5) Do c nhiu sinh vt dng si khng to bt, v d nh Sphaerotilus natans, loi 021N v loi
1701, nhng c th c tm thy trong lp bt, v vy cn thit xc nh nhng sinh vt dng si
chim u th trong cc bt xem liu chng c phi l sinh vt dng si to bt khng (Bng
21.2).
Bng 21.2 Sinh vt dng si to bt
Sinh vt dng si
Bit c
Microthrix parvicella
X
Nocardioforms
X
Nostocoida limicola
Type 0041
Type 0092
Type 0581
Type 0961
Type 1863
X

Nghi ng

X
X
X
X
X

Nu cc sinh vt dng si chim u th trong bt nht v nu chocolate th l nhng sinh vt

dng si to bt v c mt cao hn trong dung dch hn hp, nhng sinh vt dng si ny gp
phn to bt.
THIU DNG CHT
Bt c sinh ra bi cc ht bng thiu dinh dng th c mu trng (nhiu nh sng bin ng)
khi bn tr v bn nhn mu xm khi bn gi. xc nh liu bt l do cc ht bng thiu dinh
dng trong qu trnh bn hot tnh hay khng, cc thao tc sau y c thc hin:
1) Thu thp v lc mt mu nc thi hn hp dung dch trong iu kin ti cao im khi cBOD
ha tan c mt trong cht thi cng nghip. Phn tch dch lc t hn hp dung dch s lng cc
ion amoni v ion orthophosphate xc nh xem cc gi tr mc tiu cho cc cht dinh dng
cung cp.
2) Thc hin nhum mu India trn mt mu hn hp m thu c trong iu kin ti cao im.
Xc nh xem hu ht cc ht bng kim tra kt qu nhum mu m hay dng.
3) Xc nh bt k sinh vt dng si chim u th trong dung dch hn hp v lit k cc iu
kin pht trin thch hp ca chng.
Mt ch s ca thiu ht cht dinh dng trong qu trnh bn hot tnh l s hin din ca nng
cc ion amoni v ion orthophosphate trong dung dch hn hp nc thi lc t hn so vi cc
gi tr ch khuyn co l 1,0 mg/l NH4+ v 0,5 mg/l HPO42-. Ch s b sung cho s thiu ht cht
dinh dng bao gm nhum mu India vi hu ht cc ht bng trong hn hp dung dch v s
hin din ca sinh vt dng si pht trin nhanh chng trong s thiu ht dinh dng (Bng
21.3). Nu cc ch s ny xy ra khi c bt bin trng (bn non) hoc bt nhn mu xm (bn
gi), th s thiu ht cht dinh dng c nghi ng l gp phn to bt.

Bng 21.3 Sinh vt dng si sinh si ny n nhanh chng trong s thiu dng cht
Type 021N
Type 0041
Type 0675
Type 1701
Fungi
Haliscomenobacter hydrossis
Nocardioforms
Sphaerotilus natans
Thiothrix spp.
BN GI
Mt s loi bt sinh hc c sinh ra thng qua bn lo ha. Nhng loi ny bao gm mu trng
ng, mu trng sc nt, nu sc nt, mu nu sm nht v sn st mu nu sm vi cc mnh
v. Nu bt khc sinh ra thng qua bn lo ha khng th c chng minh, th bt sinh ra thng
qua bn lo ha nn c nghi ng. Cc loi bt c sinh ra thng qua bn lo ha c th tng
quan vi tui bn, cu trc ht bng, cht rn lng nc thi th cp v ng vt nguyn sinh
chim u th v metazoa trong bn hot tnh (Hnh 21.2).

Hnh 21.2 S lo ha cc ht bng, bt, ng vt nguyn sinh, sinh vt dng si v metazoa. Vi

s gia tng tui bn, mt s bin i quan trng xy ra trong s pht trin ca cc ht bng, bt,
nhm ng vt nguyn sinh chim u th, s hin din ca sinh vt dng si v s xut hin ca
metazoa. Nhng bin i trong s pht trin ca cc ht bng c th quan st c thng qua
kim tra bng knh hin vi hoc c th c quan st thy trong cc loi ht bng xut hin trn
b mt ca vng lng th cp. Nhng thay i trong bt c th c quan st thy i vi kt
cu v mu sc ca n v cc nhm sinh vt n bo chim u th v s xut hin ca mt s
lng ln metazoa c th tng quan vi s gia tng hiu qu x l.
Bt trng cun
Bt trng cun c to ra khi mt vi khun tng i nh hoc nng MLVSS thp, v d
<1000 mg/l. Khi mt vi khun nh c trong bn hot tnh, cht hot ng b mt khng b
phn hy y . Cc cht hot ng b mt nondegraded to bt hoc bt trng cun.
Bt trng
Bt trng sc nt c to ra khi qu trnh bn hot tnh c vn hnh ng. Mt y cc
vi khun c mt lm suy gim hot ng cc cht b mt trong cc dng thi. Bi v s phn
hy cc cht hot ng b mt v s hin din ch mt s lng tng i nh cc cht tit sinh
hc trong cc ht bng, nn bt trong b sc kh th trng sc nt.
Bt nu
Bt nu sc nt c sinh ra trong bn gi khi mt lng ln cc cht tit sinh hc (cht bo v
cc loi du) c hp th bi cc ht bng. Cc cht tit hp th bao bc bi bong bng v
cc loi kh v mu nu thu c ca cht tit trong bt. Bt nu cn xy ra trong mt qu trnh
sc kh m rng c hot ng ng cch. Bt nu xy ra trong mt qu trnh bn hot tnh
truyn thng c vn hnh vi bn gi.
Bt nht nu en
Bt nht mu nu sm c sinh ra trong mt qu trnh bn hot tnh vi bn qu gi. V bn gi,
s lng ln sinh vt dng si to bt pht trin chm c th c mt. S lng ln cc cht bo
t cc sinh vt dng si to bt, cht tit t vi khun to bng v s hin din ca bong bng kh
th chu trch nhim cho vic sn xut bt nht mu nu sm.
Bt gelatin nu sm vi mnh vn rc
Bt Gelatin mu nu sm vi cc mnh v c sinh ra trong qu trnh bn hot tnh khi s lng
ng k vt liu ht c hp th vo cc ht bng. S lng ng k vt liu ht c ly ra
t s lng ln bn trong mt qu trnh bn hot tnh rt n nh. Qu trnh ny c rt nhiu vi
khun v cc qun th tng i ln v tch cc ca ng vt nguyn sinh c lng v metazoa.
TNG TRNG ZOOGLOEAL
Bt c sinh ra bi s tng trng Zoogloeal c mu trng cun. xc nh liu bt sinh ra l
do Zoogloeal tng trng trong qu trnh bn hot tnh hay khng, cc thao tc thc hin sau
y:
1) Mt lng hn hp dung dch cn c kim tra v s c mt ca tng trng Zoogloeal v
nh hnh hoc ui gai.
2) Nu tng trng Zoogloeal c tm thy, s lng n (ng k hoc khng ng k) nn c
xc nh.
Nu tng trng Zoogloeal ng k c tm thy v bt trng cun hin din trn b mt ca b
sc kh, th tng trng Zoogloeal nn c nghi ng l gp phn sinh ra bt.
CHT HOT NG B MT D

S hin din ca cc cht b mt qu nhiu hoc iu kin qu trnh gii gn tng t chat hot
ng b mt d tha kt qu dn n sn sinh ra bt hoc bt trng cun (Bng 21.4). xc
nh liu bt sinh ra l do cht hot ng b mt, phn tch ha hc nng cht hot ng b
mt trong hn hp dung dch cn c thc hin theo cc phin bn mi nht ca phng php
chun. Nu s gia tng ng k nng cht hot ng b mt xy ra m khng c s gia tng
nng MLVSS hay s hin din ca mt iu kin qu trnh hn ch xy ra, th s hin din ca
cht haotj ng b mt d tha nn c nghi ng l gp phn sinh ra bt.
Bng 21.4 iu kin hot ng gii hn cho php to bt t cht hot ng b mt
Nng MLVSS thp (<1,000 mg/l)
Bn x ca cht hot ng b mt
c tnh
TNG KIM
S gia tng kim trong qu trnh bn hot tnh dn n mt s thay i trong sc cng b mt
ca hn hp dung dch. Thay i sc cng b mt ny cho php sn sinh ra bt trng cun. S
gia tng kim c th xy ra thng qua vic x cht thi kim (v d nh cc ion amoni) n
qu trnh bn hot tnh hoc thng qua vic x thi cc hp cht nit-hu c nh protein gii
phng cc ion amoni khi chng phn hy.
xc nh liu bt sinh ra l do s gia tng kim, phn tch ha hc ca cc mu hn hp
dung dch dng vo cho s lng kim v tng nit Kjeldahl (TKN) phi c thc hin theo cc
phin bn mi nht ca phng php chun. TKN o lng hp cht nit-hu c trong mu nc
thi. TKN hn hp dung dch dng vo cung cp mt c tnh s lng ca cc ion amoni c th
c gii phng khi cc hp cht nit-hu c phn hu.
C mi 5 mg/l cc hp cht nit-hu c b phn hy th c khong 2 mg/l ion amoni c gii
phng (sinh ra).
Nu tng ng k nng kim v TKN ca hn hp dung dch dng vo xy ra, th tng kim
nn c nghi ng l gp phn sinh ra bt.
HIN DIN CC POLYMER CATION
Polyme cation, c bit l polyme polyacrylamide thng c s dng ti cc qu trnh bn hot
kt bt (kt dnh) cc cht rn, rn kh nc (bn) v cc cht rn dy c (bn). Polyme
cation polyacrylamide cha hai hp cht l acrylamide v axit acrylic (hnh 21.3). Cc axit acrylic
c lin kt vi mt amin bc bn. Nu polyme cation polyacrylamide c p dng sai hoc s
dng vt qu v cc polymer vo qu trnh bn hot tnh, bt trng cun c th c sinh ra.

Hnh 21.3 Cc hp cht ha hc polymer cation polyacrylamide. Polyme cation polyacrylamide

cha acrylamide v axit acrylic. Cc axit acrylic cha mt amin bc bn. Khi polyme cation
polyacrylamide phn hy trong b sc kh; nhm amino (-NH2) v cc amin bc bn c sinh
ra. Cc hp cht ny c gii phng mt cch nhanh chng chuyn thnh ion amoni (NH 4+)
trong b sc kh. Cc ion amoni sinh ra lm tng kim v thay i sc cng b mt ca nc
thi cho php to bt xy ra.
Bt trng cun sinh ra l kt qu ca s phn hy cc polymer.
Khi phn hy polymer, nhm amin (-NH2) c sinh ra trong b sc kh.
Cc nhm ny s c chuyn i mt cch nhanh chng thnh cc ion amoni (NH 4+). Cc ion
amoni lm tng kim v lm thay i sc cng b mt ca hn hp dung dch, dn n vic
sinh ra bt trng cun.

 xc nh liu bt sinh ra l do s hin din ca polyme cation polyacrylamide hay khng, cc

thao tc thc hin sau y:
1) Thu thp mu dng cht thi nghi ng c tip xc vi cc loi polyme, v d lng dng
thi th cp (chnh) hoc lc.
2) Thu thp mu bn phn hy ang c chuyn n cho cc my p bn. Hy chc chn rng
cc cn thc n khng tip xc vi cc loi polyme c s dng cho my p bn.
3) Trn t t v nh nhng vi nhau khong 50 ml dng cht thi nghi ng v khong 50 ml bn
phn hy trong mt cc thy tinh sch v gi cho mu hn hp khng b xo trn. Nu bng bn
phn hy, th cc dng thi nghi ng c cha polymer d tha.
Nu polymer cation polyacrylamide d tha c mt trong mt dng cht thi i vo qu trnh bn
hot tnh v bt trng cun xut hin trn b mt ca b sc kh, th polymer cation
polyacrylamide d tha nn c nghi ng l gp phn sinh ra bt.
TCH LY CC FOG
S tch t ca FOG trn b mt ca cc ht bng sinh ra bt nht mu nu sm hoc en. Du
m v du m chu trch nhim sinh ra bt nht en. xc nh liu bt sinh ra l do s tch t
ca FOG, cc thao tc thc hin sau y:
1) Mt lng hn hp dung dch cn c kim tra s hin din ca mt lp ph FOG trn nhiu
ht bng v nhum mu ngc India mt lng mu nn c kim tra xc nh s hin din
ca cc git du c cha cc ht bng nh v tng trng phn tn.
2) Phn tch du v m ca hn hp dung dch cn c thc hin theo cc phin bn mi nht
ca phng php chun xc nh xem liu nng cao ca cc loi du v m c mt khng.
3) Phn tch cc phn trm MLVSS nn c thc hin xc nh xem s gia tng ng k phn
trm MLVSS xy ra.
Nu cc phn tch di knh hin vi cho thy s hin din ca FOG v c s gia tng ng k
nng FOG v phn trm MLVSS trong hn hp dung dch, th s tch t ca FOG nn c nghi
ng l gp phn sinh ra bt.