Qworld Last minute Revision : Tanmay Mehta

BIOCHEMISTRY
LAST MINUTE REVISION

Qworld Last minute Revision : Tanmay Mehta

VITAMINS

Vitamin Responsive conditions:

Thiamine responsive:
Thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia
Maple syrup urine disease
Leighs encephalomyelopathy
Niacin responsive:
Carcinoid
Hartnups disease
Pyridoxine responsive:
Convulsion
Anemia
Xanthurenic acidemia
Cystathionuria
Homocystinuria
Oxaluria
Vitamin C responsive
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Chediak Higashi syndrome
Swimming pool syndrome def. of pantothenic acid, circumcorneal vascularization
Riboflavin def.
Cerebellar ataxia vit. E def.
Methyl malonic aciduria - Vit B6 def.
Transamination

Pyridoxine / B-6

Coenzyme A ( co A)
Or
Acts as cofactor after modification

Pantothenic acid

Max vit C in body

Adrenal cortex

Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin requires

Factor 7 , 10 , 5 and calcium

Nicotinic acid metaboism product

1.
2.
3.
4.

Respiratroy catalyst

B-2 /riboflavin (FAD) (

AAA- vitC)

Warburg yellow enzyme

B-2

Cofactor in glycine metabolism

Folic acid

Serine to glycine

Folic acid and B-6

Trigonelline
Nicotinuric acid
N-methyl nicotanamide
N-methyl 6-pyridone 3carboxamide

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Low serum carotene level by

Malabsorption syndrome

Rx of homocystinuria

B-6

FIGLU is a metabolite of

histidine

HDN is d/t def of

Vit K

NOT pyridoxine dependent

Maple syrup urine ds

Biotin def NOT cause

Anemia

NOT seen in thiamine def

Cerebellar dysfunction

constituent of cyt c reductase -

B2

Heat Stable and light sensitive

Vitamin required for electron Transport (Coenz. Q)
Dopa and Gaba : Metabolism depend on
For the Function of Co.A
Folic acid is
Folinic Acid is
Erythrocyte Maturation Factor
Vitamins Stored in Liver
Vitamin Stored in fat
Richest Source of Vitamin A
Vitamin E
Prophylactic Dose of Vitamin A
Main Source of Thiamine in Indian Diet
P.E. T and Achalasia are expected to be due to deficiency of
Yellow Crystalline Substance
Red Crystalline Substance
White Crystalline Substance
Vitamins Which are present in animal Foods only
Heat Labile Vitamins
Vitamins That are synthesised in Gut (Flora)

Vitamin K and Riboflavine

K1, B2
Pyridoxine
Pantothenate
Pteroyl Glutamic acid
Citrovorum factor
B 12
A, D, K, B 12, Folate
D
Codliver Oil
Halibut Liver oil
66,000 Micrograms
Cereals
Thiamine
Riboflavine
B 12
Ascorbic Acid
B12, D
Vitamin C and Folic acid
B2, B12 ( Not useful) and
Vitamin K
Vitamin D
B 12
B 12
Diphyllobothrium Latum
Vitamin E
Vitamin C ( Methylene Blue
also useful)
A and D
Pyridoxine

In body (Skin)
F.I.G.L.U excretion is secreted in deficiency of
Methylmalonic acid Excretion is increased in deficiency of
Worm infestation causing B 12 deficiency
Vitamin which is an antoxidant
Vitamin useful in the treatment of methemoglobinemia
Vitamins with which Hypervitaminosis occurs
Vitamin deficiency which leads to convulsions

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Vitamin useful in treatment of Homocystinuria
Vitamin useful in treatment of Alcaptonuria
Vitamin that is used peripheral vascular disease
Vitamins that causes Hemolysis
Vitamin that causes Neonatal Jaundice
Vitamin that causes sensory polyneuropathy in megavitamin
doses
Vitamin deficiency that causes pseudo paralysis
Vitamin for wound healing
Magenta red tongue is due to deficiency of
Raw beef tongue is due to deficiency of
Cataract formation and Corneal vascularisation are due to
deficiency of
Vitamin that does not cross placenta
Vitamin Destroyed by Ultra Violet Light
Folic acid deficiency may be caused by

Pyridoxine
Vitamin C
Vitamin E. ( For
intermittent Claudication)
Vitamin K
Vitamin K
Pyridoxine
Vitamin C, Vitamin D
Vitamin C
Riboflavine
Niacin
Riboflavine
Vitamin D
B 12
(A) Phenytoin(B)
Primidone(
C)Phenobarbitone(D)
Aminopterin( E)
Methotrexate( F)
Pyrimethamine( G) CTM
(H) Oral Contraceptives

Facts:
Micronutrints c/d when daily reqiurement is < 100 mg
inhibit lactation - B6
B12 stores in body as - methyl B12
pyruvate dehydrogenase contain - FAD, NAD , co A
component of CO-A = pantothenic acid , adenylic acid , sulphhydryl group
Hydroxylation of proline and lysine requires = O2 , dioxygenase , ascorbate
Feture of scurvy is d/t def of - lysyl hydroxylase
Copper is required in collagen synthesis for - Lysyl oxidase
B 12 = extrinsic factor of castle
most indespensible during mitosis FA
NOT THF inhibitor - cytosine arabinoside
destroyed by heat biotin

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def NOT occcur in newborn - vit C

useful in cancer- vit A
reaction inhibited in thaimine def = pyruvate to acetyl co A
thiamin is essential for = pyruvate dehydrogenase
source of nucleotide portion of NAD is - tryptophan
Tocopherols are derivative of - tocols

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CARBOHYDRATES
Respi chain
NOT a component of transport system

Receptor activation

Acetyl co A is necessary for

Only FA synthesis

In TCA co2 is released from

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Max redox potential is for

Fe 2+

Internal respiration

Exergonic and catabolic

Connecting link b/w urea cycle and TCA cycle

Fumarate

NOT a product of HMP shunt - D sedoheptulose 7 phosphate / glycerol 3- phosphate

NOT a product of HMP shunt = 1-co2
NOT a polymer of glucose inulin
Fructosan is = inulin
Reduction of glucose with calcium produces = sorbitol
Sorbitol - sugar alcohol
UDP glucose converted to UDP glucuronic acid by - NAD+
esential for conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver - UTP
NOT an intermediate in formation of glucuronic acid from glucose UDP galactose
Increased uronic aicd in urine - mucopolysacharidosis
Oxidation of primary alcohol group in glucose results in - glucuronoic acid
NOT decrease in DM - pyruvate carboxylase
Hepatic enzyme NOT incrased in DM - citrate clevage enzyme
Enzyme deficient in DM - glucokinase
production of fructose in seminal fluid by glucose 6-P -- fructose 6-p fructose
tissue with highest glycogen content ( mg /100 g) liver
deoxy sugar characteristic of blood group polysachharide -- L fructose
true blood sugar level measures = glucose + fructose

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beta oxidation of stearic acid produces - 147 ATP

Number of ATP generated in conversion of glycogen to lactate = 2 ATP
GTP is NOT asubstrate for - nucleoside diphosphate kinase
NOT require nucleotide linked sugar intermediate -glucose 6-p to mannose 6-p
Transketolase - transfers two carbon fragments to aldehyde acceptor
Reaction : acetyl coA + succinate = succinyl co A + acetoacetate NOT occur in - liver
Fructokinase is necessary for - fructose 1-P
Reducing sugar in urine - galactosemia
NOT seen in marquios ds - mental retardation
reducing ability of carbohydrate is d/t presence of - hemiacetal
component of polysacharide glucosamine
starch and glycogen are both polymers of - alpha glucose
adrenaline act on - phosphorylase - in glycogenolysis
first product of glycogenolyis - glucose 1 phosphate
C AMP incrase glycogenolysis by - activating protein kinase only
C-AMP increases glycogenolysis by - contributing phosphate
TCA :
OAA + acetyl co A +H2o = citrate + coA is an example of - condensation
main pathway of metabolism in brain - glycolysis and TCA
TCA cycle substrate level phosphorylation at thiokinase
Kreb's / TCA cycle absent in - mature RBC
substrate for only irreversible reaction in TCA = alpha KG
in TCA citrate is converted to after losing a molecule of H2O = cis acotinate
in TCA block citrate fluroacetate
Fluroacetate inhibits - acotinase
correct order in TCA = citrate - KG OAA
Specific poison for succinate dehydrogenase - maloante
Cyanide inhibits reaction b/w - cytochrome oxidase and molecular O2
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Glucose is indispensible source of energy for - RBC

no free aldehyde or ketone group sucrose
Cannot be metabolised in body - sucrose
Aldolase is ann enzyme where substrate is - fructose 1,6 BP
Allosteric inhibition with ATP affects PFK
enzyme NOT involved in glycolysis - glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
first COMMITED step in glycolysis hexokinase
in glycolysis ATP is produced by -- phosphoglycerate kinase
NOT occcur in glycolysis hydration
in glycolysis - complete braek down of glucose
inhibition of glycolysis by o2 = pasteur effect
Dead end in glycolysis - lactate
insulin act on - glucokinase - in glycolysis
STARVATION :
Major fuel for brain after several weeks of starvation - beta OH butyrate
Heart uses - fats - in starvation
COMPLETELY dependent on glucose as fuel retina
In fasting state glucose is ontatine from - LIVER glycogen
In starvation nitrogen is carried from muscle to liver and kidney via - alanine
Myocardium normally utilise FA
muscle lack - glucose 6- phosphatase
muscle glycogen is utilised for supplying energy mainly to - muscle
A sprinter utilises in first 3-4 min = muscle glycogen
In exercising muscle - glycogen and CK used aerobically
GSD :
hyperuricemia in GSD - type 1
muscle nOT involved in GSD - type 1
type 5 GSD - myo phosphorylase def
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X linked glycogenesis transmission - phosphorylase B kinase

Debranching enzyme = amylo 1,6 glucosidase
Pompe's ds - def of acid maltase
Anderson's ds - def of branching enzyme
GLUCONEOGENESIS :
max contribution to gluconeogenesis is from - alanine
Enzyme NOT involved in neoglucogenesis - phosphoglucomutase
gluconeogenesis occurs in liver and - kidney
source of glucose in glycolysis in renal medullary cell in fasting
= gluconeogenesis by renal cortex
Gluconeogenesis is promoted by - GH

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LIPIDS
Stored TG and cholesterol are released by

HORMONE sensitive
lipase

Undergo autooxidation

PUFA

C17 H29 COOH

Lino lenic acid

beta oxidation of stearic acid produces -

147 ATP

Highest cholesterol content

Beta lipoprotein

Daily normal excrtetion of KB

1 mg

KB / FA / cholesterol synthesised from

Acetyl co A

NOT detect cholesterol

Winslow test

Product of microbial reduction

Coprostenol

Anionic gap is NOT seen in

RTA

NOT form ganglioside

Glycerol / phosphate

Cerebroside contains

Sphingosine

FA transport from adipose tissue to other tissue for metabolism Plasma albumin
is afunction of
In DM factor Limiting synthesis of TG in adipose tisue

Alpha glycerophosphate

HMG coA is NOT formed in metabolism of

Bile acids

canNOT use KB

Liver

Most essential FA

Linoleic acid !!!

Carnitine is formed from

Lysine

Used to transport cholesterol from intestine to liver

Apo-B ( chylomicrons !!!!)

Apo Lp activating L-CAT

A-1 ( HDL !)

In alcoholism

Decreased NAD+ level

Saponification means hydrolysis of fat by

Alkali

Apo B-48 & B-100 are main proteins of different Lp d/t

RNA editing

w-6 FA

1. Gamma linolenic acid

2. Linoleic acid
3. Arachidonic acid
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( alpha linoleic acid is

w-9 )
Lp with scavanging action

LDL

Beta oxidation in peroxisome is differentiated from

mitochondria by

H2O2 formation

Lipotrophic factors

1. Choline
2. Lecithin
3. Methionine

Fat free carbohydrate rich diet - cont to grow obeses - Lp

elevated

VLDL

FA not produce glucose d/t absence of

Phosphoenol pyruvate
kinase

LDL contains

Apo-B 100 only

Brain lipid binding protein expressed by

Mature astrocytes

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PROTEINS
Glutamate is NOT a precursor of

Histidine

Obstructive jaundice

1. Absent urobillinogen in
urine
2. u. Bilirubin glucuronide
+++
3. u.Bile salts +++

Dopamine synthesis in brain is increased by

Amantadine

Metabolite of epinephrine

Metanephrine

a.a. carrier defect in

Cystinuria

Histamine is produced by

Decarboxylation

Rate limiting enzyme in bile salt synthesis

7. Alpha hydroxylase

Guanidoacetic acid is formed

In KIDNEY ; from
ARGININE + GLYCINE

Urea is formed in liver and partly in

Brain

Co factor in glycine metabolism

FA

DFP is useful in enzyme chemistry -combine with active site of

Serine

DFP reacts with serine protease irreversibly

Noncompititve inhibitor

In ureolytic animals carbamoyl group are transffered to

Ornithine

Creatine is formed from

Arginine

By product of urea cycle

Fumarate

Millon's test detects

Tyrosine

Corpoporphyrin 3 is

Excreted in lead poisoning

Most direct precursor of taurine

Cysteine

Ingestion of benzoic acid results in increase urinary

Hippuric acid

Precursor of protoporphyrin

Glycine

Betaine

Quarternary ammonium
compound

a.a. not involved in urea synthesis

Histidine

Pathway of spermine and spermidine synthesis reequires

Ornithine
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decarboxylation of
Glycine is NOT a precursor of

Thymine

5-HIAA false negative if patient is taking

Aspirin

Rationale of using benzoic acid in urea cycle defect

It provides alternative
route for N2 excretion
through glycine conjugate
hippuric acid

Source of nucleotide portion of NAD include

PRPP (AAA) , tryptophan

(SDK)

Homocystinuria is d/t metabolism of

Methionine

Normal value of BUN

10-20 mg/dl

Preservative used for urine in testing porphyrin

HCL

Norepinephrine is converted to epinephrine by

N-methylation

Guanido acetate is converted to

Creaine phosphate

Erythropoeitic porphyria

Def of
FERROCHELATASE

In porphyria cutanea tarda

Type 1 & 3 uroporphyrins

excreted in urine

Avg no of high energy bondsrequired for 1 peptide bond

synthesis

Iron in Hb is held by

Polar bonds

Vibrational property

Tertiary structure

Colour of cheloglobin

Green

Sulfa Hb

Dirty green

Siderophyllin

Beta globulin

PH > isoelectric point protein will

Migrate to ANODE

Derived protein

Peptone

Sideropphyllin is

Transferrin

Heme in Hb

Suurounded by nonpolar
environment
(hydrophobic pocket)

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a.a. not participating in alpha helix formation

Proline

a.a. whose ionisation is max affected by changes in local

microenvironment

Histidine

Integral membrane protein of RBC

Glycophorin

Tetrameric glycoprotein

Insulin receptor

At Ph 7 2,3 DPG binds Hb at

Amino terminal

Phospholamban is a protein

That sequester calcium in

ER

At PH 7 migrate slowest to anode

Lysine

NOT acute phase protein

Haptoglobin

Collagen triple helix NOT found in

Cytoplasm

Most conserved parameter in protein

Tertiary structure

Copper is required in collagen synthesis for

Lysyl oxidase

Alpha helix

Has NO net dipole

movement

Negative charged side chain under physiological condition

Aspartic acid

Example of phosphoprotein

Casein

At higher temperature most enzymes are inactive d/t

Loss of tertiary structure

Biological value of protein is related to

Protein QUALITY

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ENZYMES
Enzyme diagnostic of MI in hypothyroidism

CPK - MB

Tyrosinase

Oxidase

Hexokinase

Transferase

Glucokinase

Transferase

Fumarase

Lyase

Glutamine syntheatase

Ligase

LDH

Isozyme

Synthetic reaction

Acetylation

MAX NUBER OF SUBSRTATE per mole enzyme

Trypsin

Dehydrogenase NOT require as coenzyme

Ferri proto porphyrin

Non vitamin co enzyme

Lipoic acid

Coenzyme + enzyme

Holoenzyme

Coenzyme functions to

Accept one of the clevage

products

Coenzymes

NONPROTEIN organic
compounds

component of CO-A

= pantothenic acid ,
adenylic acid ,
sulphhydryl group

Kinases require

Mg++

DFP reacts with serine protease irreversibly

Noncompititve inhibitor

H2O2 is a product of reaction catalysed by

L-amino acid oxidase

Enzyme marker for golgi apparatus

Galactosyl transferase

Addition of water in C-C bond by

Hydrolase

ENZYME SITE:
Mitochondria
TCA cycle
Fatty acid oxidation

Cytosol
Glycolysis
HMP synthesis
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Decarboxylaton of pyruvate
Ketone bodies synthesis
Electron transport chain
Urea cycle (1st 2 rxn)
Prophyrin synthesis (initial and last 2 Rxn)

Fatty acid synthesis

Cholesterol synthesis
Rest of urea cycle
Rest of porphyrin synthesis

Rate limiting enzymes:

Glycolysis Glycogen synthetase

Glycogenolysis phosphorylase
Glycolysis PFKI
Gluconeogenesis PEPCO
Fatty and synthesis Acetyl CoA carboxylase
Cholesterol synthesis HMG CoA reductase
Ketone body synthesis HMG CoA Synthetase
Bile acid synthesis

7 hydroxylase

Urea synthesis Carbomyl phosphate synthase I

Porphyrin synthesis ALA synthetase
Uric acid synthesis xanthine oxidase
Purine synthesis PRPP synthetase

Enzyme marker:
Plasma membrane 5 nucleotidase, adenylate cyclase, Na +-K+ ATPase
Endoplasmic reticulum G-6-phosphatase
Golgi complex Galactosyl transferase
Inner mitochondrial membrane ATP synthetase
Peroxisome Catalase, uric acid oxidase
Cytosol LDH
Mitrochondria Glutamate dehydrogenase
Nucleus DNA
Lysosome Acid phosphatase

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PROSTAGLANDINS
PROSTAGLANDIN

Irritates nervous tissue

Skeletal muscle in comparison to heart muscel has

High carnosine

Anticoagulant used for PT

Sodium citrate

Anticoagulant normally present in animal cell

Heparin

Ergothionine manly found in

RBC

NOT present in sweat

Uric acid

Etheral sulfate mainly excreted in

Urine

2, 4 dinitrophenol

Decresases H gradient

Xeroderma pigmentosa

Def of DNA endonuclease

NOT a major reaction in hepatocyte

Bile pigment synthesis

ER is NOT permeable to

Phenyl pyruvate

Emiocytosis / reverse pinocytosis requires

Ca++

Brain NOT contain

Glycogen

Most imp buffer in ECF

H2Co3/HCO3

Buffer most effective at PH 5

Acetate buffer

Earliest sign of impaired renal function

Specifiic gravity

NOT a crystal of abnormal urine

Cholesterin

Liver NOT synthesise

Gamma globulin / VWF

Most imp mechanism of compensation in meta acidosis

Increase NH3 excretion by

kidneys

In metabolic alkalosis

Less ammonia in urine

Base stacking of DNA is by

Hyperchromacity

Most imp intracellular anion

Protein

Most diffusible ion in excitable tissue

Cl -

Aggrecan

Proteoglycan in cartilage

Common metabolic process in human and bacteria

Purine synthesis

Cell surface molecule involving perpheral tolerance induction

B7 & CD28
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TESTS
Hb detected by

Spectrophotometry

Rothera's test

Acetone

Ehrlich's aldehyde test

Urobilinogen

Fourchet's test

Bile

Murexide test

Uric acid

Indican in urine is detected by

Obemeyer test

Biurate test

Protein

Half saturation test

Globulin

Addis urine sediment count

Renal test of severity of ds

Sehlesingar's test

Urobillin

Modified koopnayi's method to estimate

Barbiturate in urine

Winslow test

S erum / urinary amylase

Gerhardt's test

Ketosis

Sulkowitch test

Urinary calcium

Boiling test

Urine protein

Guaiac test

Hematuria

Molisch's test is NOT positive in

Phospholipids

Radioisotope NOT used in

ELISA

Gene mapping for segments > 50-100 kb done by

Chromosome walking

Prenatal diagnosis NOT possible for

Ectodermal dysplasia

PROTEIN
Fluorescamine detect

Amino acid

Ninhydrin detect

Alpha amino acids

Ninhydrin reaction gives purple colour and evolves co2

With asparagine

Intact peptide bonnd is required for

Ninhydrin test

In determining protein structure , performic acid is used to

Oxidise disulfide bonds

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Helical content of peptide estimated by

Optical rotatory

Same charged wo protein separation is done by

Sephadex

The klett summerson's photoelectric calorimeter for Hb

estimation uses reagent

Drabkin's reagent

Structure of protein is best studied by

X ray crystalography

Best method to differentiate protein

Gel chromatography (
depends on molecular size
of protein)

Protein separation on basis of size

SDS- PAGE

Unusual urine odors:

Maple syrup urine disease Maple Syrup, burnt sugar
Glutaric acidemia + isovaleric acidemia sweaty feet, cheesy
Phenylketonuria Mousy or musty
Multiple carboxylase deficiency Cats urine
Hawkinsuria Swimming pool
Tyrosinemia Rancid butter, rotten cabbage
Trimethylaminuria Rotting fishy

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MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY
Inosinic acid is Biological precursor of

adenylic acid and guanylic

acid

Atom in UTP NOT derived from

Glycine

% of chromosome involved in transformation

1%

Doland and da silva method detect

Sickling trait

r-RNA produced in

Nucleolus

Potentially lethal mutation

Insertion of one base

Breakdown product of ribonuclease action is

Nucleoside 3' phosphate +

oligonucleotides

B-alanine is a end product of

Thymydilate

Function of Sn RNP

Processing of RNA

Conservative mutation

Glutamine to glutamate

1st step in synthesis of human insulin

C-DNA identification in
pancreatic cell

NOT seen in genetic code

Punctuation

Total no of genes in human

30,000

Smallest fundamental unit coding for DNA synthesis

Cistron

Release of polypeptide chain from ribosome is catalysed by

Release factors

Correct sequnce of arms in t-RNA from 3' (acceptorarm)

towards 5'end

Pseudouridine arm variable arm - anticodon

arm - D arm (PVAD)

Selective supression of a functional gene by functional allele

c/d

Knockout

Component of cell wall with carbohydrate moiety

GM2 gangliosides

Transmembrane region of protein have

Stretch

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Cloning vector:
Plasmid
Phage
Cosmid
Bacterial artificial chromosome, P vector
Yeast artificial chromosome
-

RET gene

0-10kB
10-20 kB
35-50 kB
50-250 kB
0.5-3 MB

Point mutation in Medullary Ca thyroid

Rearrangement In papillary Ca thyroid

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NUMERICAL VALUES
PH of sweat

4.5

Infant gastric juice Ph

Normal diastatic index

7 - 33.3

Freezing point of normal human plasma

-0.54C

MW of Myoglobin

16800

1 mmol of NaCl

58.3 mg

Plasma potassium conc

0.5 % of total body

potassium

Osmol conc of plasma

290 Mosm/L

Blood conc of H2CO3

20 meq/L

Colour index of blood

0.9-1.0

Overnight fasting gastric output

40-60 meq/L

Total energy expenditure on protein synthesis per day

15 %

Daily excretion of iron in urine

0.06 -0.1 mg

Normal daily excretion of urea

25 g

Normal serum cholesterol

50 -150 mg/100ml

Energy requirement for body function maintainance in 4o kg man

1000 Kcal

Green colour on benedicts implies

Sugar < 0.5 %

Benedict reagent detect glucose minimum up to

0.1 %

S.G. of whole blood

1.045 - 1.065

Normal S.G. of urine

1.015 - 1.020

Urinary sp gravity in new born

1.004 - 1.005

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