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S - T Chronicle IAS (Shashidthakur23.Wordpress - Com)
S - T Chronicle IAS (Shashidthakur23.Wordpress - Com)
TECHNOLOGY
(P
AR
T-1)
(PAR
ART
CONTENTS
Sl. No.
TOPICS
Pg. No.
GENERAL GEOGRAPHY
1.
2.
3.
4.
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
CHRONICLE
IAS ACADEMY
DEVELOPMENT HISTORY
In 1947, with the emergence of a new
politically independent nation, India continued
to march ahead pursuing a programme of using
modern science and technology for national
development. Today India spends about 1.5 per
cent of its GNP on science and technology. In
this effort not only has India established
capabilities of its own but has also cooperated
with developed as well as developing countries
in its progress towards the use of science and
technology for national development.
Soon after Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru became
the Prime Minister of India, he created a Ministry
of Scientific Research and Natural Resources,
and actively supported the atomic energy
programme for peaceful purposes. In 1948, the
Atomic Energy Act was passed and the
Department of Atomic Energy was directly
under his charge. Till his death in 1964, he was
the Chairman of the Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research. His long association with
the India Science Congress Association is well
known. Under the farsighted leadership of
Nehru, the nation, the government and the
public leaders became committed to the
promotion of science and technology for
national development in a phased manner.
[5]
Triggering
in the mindset and value
systems to recognize respect and reward
performances which create wealth from
S&T derived knowledge.
[6]
of
TECHNOLOGY MISSIONS
The Technology Missions were the brain
child of Mr. Rajiv Gandhi. The missions started
in 1985 and were an offshoot of the Seventh Plan.
Launched in the fields of literacy, immunization,
oilseeds, drinking water, dairy products and
telecommunication, it had the following aims:
1. Make a substantial improvement in the
literacy level of the population.
2. Immunize all infants against six diseases and
women against tetanus.
3. Cut down imports of edible oils.
4. Improve the availability and quality of
drinking water in rural areas.
5. Improve milk production and rural
employment.
6. Extend and improve the telecommunication
network especially in the rural areas.
In the light of the new industrial and
economic policies adopted by the Government,
the approach to technology development has
had to be fine-tuned. Besides enhancing the flow
of technology from abroad, the Department of
Electronics has decided to launch a series of
Technology Missions, essentially to meet the
following three objectives:
(a) Strengthening the technology base
infrastructure.
(b) Commercializing indigenous technolog-
[7]
Technology Development
[8]
[9]
Support to Research
The Department has been funding four
institutions namely the Tata Institute of
[10]
Manpower Development
The Department of Electronics has been
supporting projects relating to manpower and
skill development. The programme on generation
of special manpower of computers aims at
bridging the gap between supply and demand
of trained manpower of computers. Activities
under this programme include providing funds
for courses such as M. Tech., B. Tech., MCA,
PGDCA, etc and training for teachers of DCA,
MCA and ITIs.
Seven Centres of Electronic Design and
Technology (CEDT) have been set up for
imparting training in design and manufacturing
aspects of electronics products. The department
has launched a pilot programme for Computer
Literacy and Studies in Schools (CLASS) in
participation with other PSUs like BEL, ECIL,
ITI, BHEL, etc.
CMC Limited
CMC Ltd., set up in 1976 is committed to
the creative use of computers and information
technology tools in core sectors of the economy
[11]
[12]
Roorkee (Uttarakhand)
CCMB
Hyderabad
CDRI
Lucknow
CECRI
Karaikudi (T.N.)
CEERI
Pilani (Raj)
CFRI
Dhanbad
CFTRI
Mysore
CGCRI
Kolkata
CIMAP
Lucknow
CLRI
Chennai
CMERI
Durgapur (W.B.)
CMRI
Dhanbad
CRRI
New Delhi
CSIO
Chandigarh
CSIR
New Delhi
IHBT
Palampur (H.P.)
CSMCI
Bhavnagar (Guj.)
ERDA
Vadodara
IICB
Kolkata
IICT
Hyderabad
IIP
Dehradun
IMT
Chandigarh
INSDOC
New Delhi
ITRC
Lucknow
NAL
Bangalore
NBRI
Lucknow
NCL
Pune
NEERI
Nagpur
NGRI
Hyderabad
NIO
Panaji, Goa
NISTADS
New Delhi
Development Studies
NML
Jamshedpur
NPL
New Delhi
PID
Delhi
RRL
Bhopal, Jorhat,
Thiruvananthapuram,
Jammu, Bhubaneswar
TES
SERC
Chennai
[13]
[14]
(SAC-DBT) and Standing Advisory CommitteeOverseas (SACO). With the advice of SAC-DBT,
13 task forces have been constituted in the areas
of : (i) aquaculture and marine biotechnology;
(ii) animal biotechnology, veterinary sciences,
animal husbandry and leather biotechnology; (iii)
basic research emerging areas and R and D
facilities; (iv) biochemical engineering,
downstream processing and instrumentation; (v)
bioinformatics; (vi) biological pests control,
diseases and weeds; (vii) environmental
biotechnology; (viii) fuel, fodder, biomass,
horticulture and plantation crops and
sericulture; (ix) industrial biotechnology; (x)
microbial biotechnology; (xi) plant molecular
biology and agricultural biotechnology.
Initiatives have been taken to promote
transgenic research in plants with emphasis on
pest and disease resistance, nutritional quality,
silk-worm genome analysis, molecular biology
of human genetic disorders, brain research, plant
genome research, development, validation and
commercialisation of diagnostic kits and vaccines
for communicable diseases, food biotechnology,
biodiversity conservation and bioprospecting,
setting up of micropropagation parks and
biotechnology based development for SC/ST,
rural areas, women and for different States.
AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTIONS
The Department has set up under its
administrative control two autonomous
institutions in the country. These are the National
Institute of Immunology (NII) at New Delhi and
the National Facility for Animal Tissue and Cell
Culture (NFATCC) at Pune. Both these
institutions have independent governing bodies
and scientific advisory committees. At NII,
significant developments have been made in the
field of immunodiagnostics. The facility at
NFATCC acts as a cell repository, tissue bank in
the area of molecular biology, immunology and
cell products preparation. It has already supplied
a number of consignments of cell lines to different
laboratories in the country.
[15]
CAPART
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE
PRODUCTION AND SUPPLIES
A substantial part of defence stores needed
by the Services is now being developed and
produced in the country. The responsibility for
this has been entrusted to the Department of
Defence Production and Supplies in the Ministry
of Defence. The Department directs and
coordinates production of material and
equipment required by the armed forces.
[16]
Ordnance Factories
At present, 41 ordnance factories spread all
over India operate a wide-range of technologies
and product mix. Some of the important products
are field guns, anti-aircraft guns, various small
arms, ammunition for weapons and guns,
rockets, projectiles, pyrotechnics, bombs,
grenades, mines, demolition clothing, optical
and fire control instruments, engineering
equipment, supply dropping equipment,
including parachutes, rubberized items, various
knitted and woven items like blankets, web
equipment and a wide range of general stoppers
are produced by them.
Defence Undertakings
There are eight public sector undertakings
under the Department of Defence Production
and Supplies. These are Hindustan Aeronautics
Ltd. (HAL), Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL),
Bharat Earth Movers Ltd. (BEML), Mishra
Dhatu Nigam Ltd. (MIDHANI) and others.
Seven of these undertakings are wholly owned
by the Government of India.
Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., set up in
1964, has 19 production divisions, 10 R &
D Centres and one Facility Management
Division spread across various locations at
Bengaluru, Nashik, Hyderabad, Lucknow,
Kanpur, Korwa, Koraput and Barrackpore,
with its corporate office at Bangalore. The
principal function of the company is to
design, manufacture, repair and overhaul
various types of aircrafts, helicopters and
related aero engines avionics, instruments
and accessories.
HAL is currently manufacturing SU-30MKI
multi-role fighter, Hawk Advanced Jet Trainer,
Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), Intermediate Jet
Trainer (IJT), Jaguar, Dornier 228 Light
Transport Aircraft, Dhruv (Advanced Light
Helicopter), and Chetak, Cheetah and Cheetal
helicopters and various types of aero-engines.
HAL is also participating in future acquisitions
planned by IAF and other Defence Services.
These are Medium Multi-role Combat Aircraft
(MMRCA), Multi-role Transport Aircraft (MTA),
Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) and
Indian Multi Role Helicopters (IMRH) and Naval
Multi-role Helicopter (NMRH).
Bharat Electronics Ltd. was established in
1954 at Jalahalli, Bangalore. Since then, it
[17]
[18]
[19]
CHRONICLE
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[20]
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[21]
Immunization Programme
Reduced immunity of the body results in its
unusually high susceptibility to infection and
may lead to a number of disorders or diseases.
Immune deficiencies may arise due to some
genetic defects in the body. They may also be
acquired as a consequence of malnutrition,
metabolic abnormalities, and exposure to X-rays,
toxic effects of drugs or pathogenic organisms.
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[22]
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1. Dengue
[23]
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2. Cancer Control
[24]
3. Malaria Eradication
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Prevention
of
progression
of
uncomplicated malaria into severe malaria
and thereby reduce malaria mortality.
4. Kala-Azar Control
[25]
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5. Filaria Control
What is Filaria?
[26]
6. Leprosy Eradication
Milestones in NLEP
7. Tuberculosis
Control
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Existing
dapsone
monotherapy
supplemented with one or more
bactericidal drugs (multi-drug treatment)
for treatment of the disease to achieve cure
of diseases;
[27]
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Contribute
to
health
system
strengthening, by collaborating with other
health programmes and general services.
8. Blindness
[28]
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9. Goitre Control
[29]
Programme
Following the successful trial of iodised salt
in Kangara valley, Himachal Pradesh in 1962,
India has launched a 100 per cent centrally
sponsored National Goitre Control Programme.
In 1992, the National Goitre Control Programme
(NGCP) was renamed as National Iodine
Deficiency Disorder Control Programme
(NIDDCP).
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Objectives
10. Anthrax
[30]
11. Hepatitis-C
SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED
DISEASE CONTROL
Sexually-transmitted diseases (S.T.D.) like
syphilis and gonorrhoea are fairly widespread
in India. For the management and control of
STD, the Government initiated a centrally -aided
National Control Programme on STD during the
Second Five year plan.
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AIDS Programme
[31]
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[32]
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MENTAL HEALTH
[33]
Aims of NMHP
Prevention and treatment of mental and
neurological disorders and their
associated disabilities.
2.
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1.
Objectives of NMHP
1.
Alzheimer's disease
Epilepsy
[34]
Cantab-paired Associate Learning (Cantabpal) test: This test was invented by Dr. Barbara
Sahakian and Professor Trevor Robbins which
detects Alzheimers disease with 98 per cent
accuracy. It distinguishes Alzheimers sufferers
from patients with depression and people
without any neuropsychiatric disorder.
Cantab-pal works by flashing patterns and
images on the computer screen. Patients have to
identify where the image first appeared.
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FOOD ADULTERATION
[35]
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1. Nuclear Medicine
[36]
2. Chronotherapy
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5. Artificial Hearts
FORENSIC TOOLS
1. Narco Analysis
2. Polygraph
A polygraph (commonly known as a lie
[37]
Areas of Application
Telemedicine enables a physician or specialist
at one site to deliver health care, diagnose
patients, give intra-operative assistance, provide
therapy, or consult with another physician or
paramedical personnel at a remote site.
Telemedicine system consists of customized
medical software integrated with computer
hardware, along with medical diagnostic
instruments connected to the commercial VSAT
(Very Small Aperture Terminal) at each location
or fibre optics.
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3. Brain Fingerprinting
Telemedicine
TELEMEDICINE
[38]
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DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
[39]
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Goals of NRHM:
[40]
a)
b)
c)
d)
f)
Resource
Strengthening PHCs
Strengthening
Mechanisms
Disease
Control
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f)
Decentralized Planning
Proposed Goal
Mission
One Urban Primary Health Centre (UPHC) for every fifty to sixty thousand
population.
b)
c)
Achievements:
[41]
d)
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Extending Public Health Services: NHP2002 envisages that in the context of the
availability and spread of allopathic graduates
in their jurisdiction, State Governments should
consider the need for expanding the pool of
medical practitioners; to include a cadre of
licentiates of medical practice and also
practitioners of Indian Systems of Medicine and
Homoeopathy. Simple services/procedures can
be provided by such practitioners even outside
their disciplines, as part of the basic primary
health services in under-served areas.
[43]
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[44]
ELECTRONICS &
COMPUTERS
IAS ACADEMY
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CHRONICLE
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
[45]
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[46]
ELECTRONICS IN THE
SERVICE OF SOCIETY
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(ii)
(i)
(a)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
(d)
[47]
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[48]
(ii)
SOCIO-ELECTRONICS PROGRAMME
The scheme for training of medical and paramedical personnel was taken up with a view to
provide effective support in the repair and
maintenance of Electro-medical equipment.
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(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
b)
c)
d)
e)
NATIONAL POLICY ON
ELECTRONICS 2012
[49]
g)
h)
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f)
k)
l)
[50]
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COMPUTER REVOLUTION
[51]
SUPER COMPUTERS
A supercomputer is a computer that is at the
frontline of current processing capacity,
particularly speed of calculation. Supercomputers were introduced in the 1960s and
were designed primarily by Seymour Cray at
Control Data Corporation (CDC), which led the
market into the 1970s until Cray left to form his
own company, Cray Research.
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Remote Sensing
Image Processing
Signal Processing
Computational Physics
Computational Chemistry
Material Science
Computational Mathematics
Aerodynamic application
C-DAC
[53]
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[54]
Param Yuva II
2.
Titan
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1.
3.
Sequoia
4.
K computer
5.
Mira
6.
Stampede
7.
JUQUEEN
8.
Vulcan
9.
SuperMUC
10. Tianhe-1A
EKA Supercomputer
Infrared Supercomputer
Earth Simulator
[55]
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QUANTUM COMPUTERS
[56]
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2.
It is an example of computation at a
molecular level, potentially a size limit that
may never be reached by the
semiconductor industry.
3.
4.
5.
DNA COMPUTER
[57]
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(ii)
(v)
[58]
In addition, design rules for lightregulated DNA logic gates were derived.
A step-response, which can be found in a
controller, was demonstrated. Photochemical inputs close the gap between
DNA computation and silicon-based
electrical circuitry, since light waves can
be directly converted into electrical output
INTERNET
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OPTICAL COMPUTING
This approach appears to offer best shortterm prospects for commercial optical
computing, since optical components could be
integrated into traditional computers to produce
an optical or electronic hybrid. However,
optoelectronic devices lose 30 per cent of their
energy converting electrons into photons and
back. This also slows down transmission of
messages. All-optical computers eliminate the
need for optical-electrical-optical (OEO)
conversions.
SIMPUTER
[59]
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(i)
(ii)
[60]
Ipv6
Indian Internet service providers and
Government agencies have decided to adopt a
new Net protocol which will enable creation of
trillions of new Internet addresses. The new net
protocol is known as Internet Protocol version 6
(IPv6), it will offer improved address space,
quality of service and data security capabilities.
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IT IN INDIA
[61]
C
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(ii)
[62]
to
(ii)
in
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Computer Immunology
[63]
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[64]
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Indian Scene
[65]
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TELECOMMUNICATION SECTOR
FIBRE OPTICS
[66]
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[67]
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Global Market
GPON Technology
[68]
WI-MAX TECHNOLOGY
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WIFI
BI-FI
[69]
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BROADBAND
[70]
Installation flexibility
Scalability
Spread Spectrum
Narrowband Technology
Infrared Technology
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3G MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
4G TECHNOLOGY
(ii)
[71]
How 4G Works?
Bluetooth Technology
Bluetooth is a short range, wire free, secure
and international standardized wireless
technology
that
provides
wireless
communication system between the Bluetooth
enabled devices in a short ranged network.
Bluetooth technology is a short range wireless
technology that was developed by the
collaboration of mobile phones and IT companies
such as Nokia, Intel, Toshiba, Ericsson and IBM.
Bluetooth develops short range wireless
connections between the laptops, handheld PCs,
wireless communication devices and mobile
phones. Bluetooth is only available to the
personal area networks in an office or a home
network. It reduces the usage of power as
compared to the Wi-Fi. Bluetooth is an
international standardized technology that is
used for the wireless communication between
the Bluetooth held devices such as mobile phones,
digital camera, laptops, desktop computers,
keyboard, mouse, MP3 players, video cameras
and other devices.
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Benefits of 4G
Tele-geoprocessing: It is a combination of
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and
Global Positioning Systems (GPS), working
together in a high-capacity wireless mobile
system. Using this, public safety will be enhanced
by reading the environment of even a remote
place and understanding the problems of the
concerned area.
[72]
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Applications of Bluetooth:
n
infrared
was
CDMA
[73]
Computers
in
Telecom
Services:
Computers have been introduced to modernise
business and consumer services in the large
telephone system. The first phase of the project
in operation involved directory enquiry service.
The facility is being extended to cover commercial
billing fault analysis and fault control traffic
accounts.
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[74]
Provide
affordable
and
reliable
broadband-on-demand by the year 2015
and to achieve 175 million broadband
connections by the year 2017 and 600
million by the year 2020 at minimum 2
Mbps download speed and make available
higher speeds of at least 100 Mbps on
demand.
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IPR IN INDIA
[75]
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[76]
COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
Classification of Computer
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Computer Devices
[77]
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(ii)
[78]
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Multi-media:
Multi-media
means
integration of two or more media elements.
It is one of the most recent information
technologies that is becoming popular
world-wide due to its multi-dimensional
approach and uses.
[79]
CHRONICLE
ROBOTICS
TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
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IAS ACADEMY
[80]
Asimov
2.
3.
PARTS OF ROBOT
Arm
End Effectors
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Controller
Sensors
TYPES OF ROBOTS
3.
[81]
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5.
6.
APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTS
Welding industries
Inspection
Laboratory applications
(B) Exploration
[82]
Modular Robots
Modular robots are a new breed of robots
Approaches to AI
Initially, researchers thought that creating an
AI would be simply writing programs for each
and every function an intelligent person
performs. As they went on with this task, they
realized that this approach was too shallow.
Even simple functions like face recognition,
spatial sense, pattern recognition and language
comprehension were beyond their programming
skills.
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Nanorobots
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Neural Networks
[83]
Expert Systems
Finance
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Applications of AI
[84]
Computer Science
Aviation
Weather Forecast
Swarm Intelligence
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[85]
SCIENCE
&
TECHNOLOGY
(PART II)
CONTENTS
Sl. No.
TOPICS
Pg. No.
GENERAL GEOGRAPHY
1.
2.
3.
4.
MANO
TECHNOLOGY
CHRONICLE
IAS ACADEMY
Typhoid Detection Kit: Using the nanosensor, developed by Prof. A.K. Sood of IISc,
Bangalore, a Typhoid Detection Kit has been
developed by DRDE, Gwalior. Typhoid fever
caused by Salmonella typhi is a major health
problem and an important challenge to health
authorities of third world countries due to
unsatisfactory water supply, poor sanitary
conditions, malnutrition, emergence of antibiotic
resistant strains, etc.
Gas Flow Induced Generation of Voltage
from Solids: Prof AK Sood, Professor of Physics
at IISc and his student Shankar Ghosh have
found that the liquid flow in carbon nano-tubes
can generate electric current. One of the most
exciting applications to emerge from the
discovery is the possibility of a heart pacemaker
- like device with nano-tubes, which will sit in
the human body and generate power from blood.
Instead of batteries, the device will generate
power by itself to regulate defective heart
rhythm.
Drug Delivery System: A research group
headed by Professor A. N. Maitra of the
University of Delhi has developed 11 patentable
technologies for improved drug delivery systems
using nanoparticles. Four of these processes have
been granted U.S. patents. One of the important
achievements at the initial stage of drug delivery
research was development of a reverse micelles
based process for the synthesis of hydrogel and
smart hydrogel nanoparticles for encapsulating
water-soluble drugs. This method enabled one
to synthesize hydrogel nanoparticles of size less
than 100 nm diameter.
[5]
processes,
therapeutic
potential
of
biotechnologically engineered antibodies, ocular
and maxillofacial implants, and 12 start-up
companies are under incubation presently as
Resident Incubates on items like maxillo-facial
surgery, organic chemical synthesis etc. Support
to other ongoing projects in this category
continued during the year. Significant progress
has been made in these projects.
[6]
Objectives
The Nano Mission is an umbrella programme
for capacity building which envisages the overall
[7]
Organizational Structure
The Nano Mission is a Mission-Mode
programme within DST. At the apex level, it is
steered by a Nano Mission Council (NMC). It is
currently being chaired by Professor CNR Rao.
The technical programmes of the Nano Mission
are also being guided by two advisory groups,
viz. the Nano Science Advisory Group (NSAG)
and the Nano Applications and Technology
Advisory Group (NATAG).
DST Activities in Nano Science and
Technology: The Nano Mission is the second
phase of DST activities in Nano Science and
Technology. DST, in October 2001, had
launched a modest programme in Nano Science
and Technology, called the Nano Science and
Technology Initiative (NSTI), and the Nano
Mission is the successor of this programme.
Under NSTI, and since May 2007 under the
Nano Mission, DST has supported a number of
activities in Nano Science and Technology. A
brief resume of those programmes is being given
below:
(i)
Strengthening of Characterization
Facilities: Research with nanoscale
systems
requires
sophisticated
characterization facilities which were not
available in our institutions. Realizing this
gap, DST has established an array of
sophisticated equipments such as Optical
Tweezer, Nano Indentor, Transmission
Electron Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force
Microscope (AFM), Scanning Tunneling
Microscope (STM), Matrix Assisted Laser
Desorption Time of Flight Mass
Spectrometer (MALDI TOF MS),
Microarray Spotter & Scanner etc. at
various locations in the country.
[8]
2.
3.
4.
Nanotechnology
and
Ecology:
Nanotechnology has the potential of
[9]
6.
7.
8.
9.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS
Bio-Nanotechnology
The biological and medical research scientists
have exploited the unique properties of nanomaterials for various applications e.g., contrast
agents for cell imaging and therapeutics for
treating cancer. Biological tests measuring the
presence or activity of selected substances become
quicker, more sensitive and more flexible when
certain nanoscale particles are put to work as
tags or labels. Magnetic nano-particles, bound
to a suitable antibody, are used to label specific
molecules, structures or microorganisms. For
example, gold nano-particles tagged with short
segments of DNA can be used for detection of
genetic sequence in a sample.
The overall drug consumption and sideeffects can be lowered significantly by depositing
the active agent in the morbid region only and
in no higher dose than needed. This highly
selective approach reduces costs and human
sufferings. They could hold small drug molecules
transporting them to the desired location. Some
potentially important applications include
cancer treatment with iron nano-particles or gold
shells.
Nanotechnology can help to reproduce or to
repair damaged tissue. This so called tissue
engineering makes use of artificially stimulated
cell proliferation by using suitable nanomaterialbased scaffolds and growth factors. Tissue
engineering might replace todays conventional
treatments, e.g. transplantation of organs or
artificial implants.
[10]
Energy
Consumer Goods
[11]
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[18]
NUCLEAR PROGRAMME
first nuclear power plant to obtain ISO14001 accreditation for its environment
management system.
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(b)
(c)
[19]
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(ii)
(v)
[20]
2.
3.
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RESEARCH CENTRES
[21]
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[22]
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BHAVINI
[23]
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[24]
Uranium Imports
By December 2008, Russia's Rosatom and
Areva from France had contracted to supply
uranium for power generation, while
Kazakhstan, Brazil and South Africa were
preparing to do so. The Russian agreement was
to provide fuel for PHWRs as well as the two
small Tarapur reactors, the Areva agreement was
to supply 300 tU.
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[26]
In line with past practice such as at the eightunit Rajasthan nuclear plant, NPCIL intends to
set up five more "Nuclear Energy Parks", each
with a capacity for up to eight new-generation
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NUKE COMMAND
[27]
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[28]
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[29]
2.
3.
Provision of records.
4.
5.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
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NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION
[30]
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
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[31]
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Indias Objections
force
without
clause
is
[32]
in
its
Downstream facilities:
The following downstream facilities would
be identified and separated as civilian.
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Upstream facilities:
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Institute of Physics
(g)
(h)
Board of
Technology
(i)
Radiation
and
Isotope
Safeguards
[33]
(ii)
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NUCLEAR POLLUTION
[34]
CHRONICLE
DEFENCE
IAS ACADEMY
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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
[35]
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[36]
Development
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[37]
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b)
c)
b)
c)
d)
Prithvi
Type: Short range, surface-to-surface
[38]
The Air Force version, designated as the SS250 had a range of 250 km and could carry up
to a maximum of a 500 kg as its payload. By
using boosted liquid propellant to generate more
thrust-to-weight ratio, DRDO has increased the
payload of the SS-250 to 1000 kg. The Prithvi
reportedly has the highest warhead-weight to
overall-weight of any missile in its class.
Agni
Agni-III Missile:
Agni VI Missile:
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Though the first development trial of AgniIII carried out on July 9, 2006 could not achieve
the desired result, subsequent tests conducted on
April 12, 2007, May 7, 2008 and February 7, 2010
from the same base were all successful.
Agni-IV Missile:
Akash
Warhead:
Pre-fragmented
activated by proximity fuse.
warhead
[39]
Range: 4 km
Warhead: Tandem shaped charges
Propulsion: Solid propellant motor
Tested: First time on Nov. 24, 1990
Single,
solid
composite
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Propulsion:
propellant
Avatar:
Trishul
[40]
Production programme.
Planned Product Variants
Tejas Trainer : Two-seat operational
conversion trainer for the Indian Air Force.
Tejas Navy : Twin- and single-seat carriercapable variants for the Indian Navy. The LCAs
naval variant is to be ready for carrier trials by
2013 and is slated for deployment on the INS
Vikramaditya as well as the Vikrant class aircraft
carrier.
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Future Development
MBT-Arjun:
Bhishma:
[41]
Lakshya:
Dhanush:
On October 5, 2012 India successfully testfired nuclear capable Dhanush, the naval version
of Prithvi short-range ballistic missile, from a
warship off Odisha coast. The indigenously
developed Prithvi missile has a strike range of
up to 350 km and can carry 500kg of
conventional or nuclear warhead. Developed by
the DRDO, the missile is about 8.53 metre in
length and 0.9 metre in diameter. This single stage
missile uses liquid propellant. The Dhanush
missile can be used as an anti-ship weapon as
well as for destroying land targets depending on
the range. The naval variant was first tested on
11 April 2000 from one of the Indian Navys
Sukanya Class vessels. Inter-Continental missile
was designed and formulated by Indian Scientist
under the guidance of Dr. Abdul Kalam.
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[42]
ALH is a twin engined cost effective, multipurpose and multi-role helicopter with rugged
design to meet the stringent requirements of the
armed forces. It has been designed and developed
by the HAL, Bangalore. It incorporates state of
the art technology to meet the diverse operational
requirements of the Air Force, Navy and the
Army. It has a maximum continuous speed of
290 kmph and a cruise speed of 245 kmph. It
has a range of 800 km and an endurance of four
hours with a 20 minute reserve.
Hans-3:
2.
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Pichora:
Sarath:
Supersonic BrahMos
[43]
Silent Radar
India has developed low-probability
intercept radar that cannot be detected by an
incoming aircraft and can escape from an antiradiation missile attack. The radar for naval
applications has been developed by Bharat
Electronics Limited (BEL).
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SUPERSONIC INTERCEPTOR
MISSILE OF INDIA
[44]
INS Chakra:
INS Trikand:
INS Trikand, the last of the three Follow On
Talwar Class frigates built in the Russian
Federation, was commissioned into the Indian
Navy on 29 June 2013 at Kaliningrad, Russia.
The commissioning of INS Trikand marks the
culmination of a three ship contract for Follow
On Talwar Class ships built in Russia, and is
therefore a milestone in the Indo-Russian
military-technological cooperation. The other
ships of the class viz, INS Teg and INS Tarkash
were commissioned in 2012 and are now
undertaking operations as part of the Western
Fleet. The keel of INS Trikand was laid on 11
June 2008 and the ship was launched on 25 May
2011. Extensive Acceptance trials were
conducted in the Baltic Sea in April and May
2013.
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INS Arihant:
Key facts
INS Delhi:
[45]
Warship Ghariyal:
INS Mysore:
Indian Navys most modernized indigenously
built warship.
INS Vikramaditya:
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INS Sagardhwani:
[46]
Aeronautics
The
Aeronautical
Development
Establishment (ADE), and Gas Turbine Research
Establishment (GTRE) in the Ministry of Defence
and National Aeronautical Laboratory (NAL) in
the CSIR were set up and their area of research
were defined. While the NAL was asked to
conduct R & D mainly related to the aircraft of
the flight vehicle, GTRE was asked to concentrate
on the development of prototypes of advanced
technology gas turbines and ADE was directed
to concentrate on the aircraft systems and such
other tasks as may be given to it from time such
as simulators, pilotless target aircraft, remotely
piloted vehicles etc. The country is also involved
in developing an Airborne Warning and Control
Systems (AWACS) aircraft and several missile
programmes.
Major products manufactured at the HAL
are: Jaguar, Kiran, MIG, BIS, MIG 27 M and HBT
32 aircraft, Chetak and Cheetah helicopters, aero
engines for various aircraft avionics, accessories
and instruments, forgings and castings and parts
required for space programme of the Indian
Space Research Organisation. HAL is a major
participant in the LCA development program.
Electronics Warfare
Electronic Warfare (EW) is the focal theme
of the Defence Electronics Research Laboratory,
Hyderabad. The laboratory is engaged in several
technique-oriented investigations in the EW area
while developing hardware systems to meet the
requirements of the services.
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radiopharmaceutical, radioimmunoassay,
radiobiology, health physics bioengineering and
experimental medicine. It renders medical advice
to the members of the armed forces as well as to
others. The concept of radio iodine split dose
therapy in the management of hyperthyroidism
introduced by the institutes prestigious Thyroid
Research Centre has been well accepted in India
and abroad.
Ocean Science
[47]
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BIOLOGICAL AND
CHEMICAL WEAPONS
[48]
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[49]
CHRONICLE
ENERGY RESOURCES
IAS ACADEMY
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[50]
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[51]
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[52]
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NON-CONVENTIONAL
SOURCES OF ENERGY
[53]
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[54]
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[55]
Wave Energy
Movement of large quantities of water up
and down can, in principle, be harnessed to
convert it into usable form of energy, such as,
electricity or mechanical power. Several types
based on flats, flaps, ramps and oscillating air
water columns have been worked upon to
harness wave energy. It is more reliable than the
wind energy because here the fluctuation is less
than the wind. However at present, due to infant
stage of its technology, the cost per unit of energy
converted is high because of the need for special
structures at sea, corrosion problem associated
with the use of sea water and the problem of
transmitting the power onshore.
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[56]
Tidal Energy
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4. HYDRO ENERGY
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
[57]
Bio-Engery
6. ALTERNATIVE FUELS
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[58]
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NON-CONVENTIONAL
ENERGY PROGRAMME
[59]
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Energy
Availability
and
Access:
Supplement energy needs of cooking,
heating, motive power and captive
generation in rural, urban, industrial and
commercial sectors;
POLICY ON NON-CONVENTIONAL
ENERGY
[60]
1. Urja Grams
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Centre for Wind Energy Technology (CWET) and Wind Turbine Test Station are
fully operational.
[61]
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[62]
Objective:
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NATIONAL HYDROGEN
ENERGY ROAD MAP
[63]
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[64]
Another project for the introduction of HCNG blends on a trial basis in existing CNG
Vehicles has been undertaken by the Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy jointly with the
Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers
(SIAM). The project is the first public-private
partnership project in this new technology area.
The project aims for the introduction of H-CNG
blend as a fuel on trial basis in buses, cars and
three wheelers. The Indian Oil Corporation is
also participating in this project and the existing
hydrogen dispensing facility set up at its R&D
In
the
second
phase
of
the
mission, Jatropha will be cultivated on not
less than 11.2 million hectares of
government-owned as well as private land
for increasing biodiesel production.
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BIOFUEL MISSION
[65]
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[66]
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[67]
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[68]
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[69]
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[70]
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
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[72]
CONTENTS
Sl. No.
TOPICS
Pg. No.
GENERAL GEOGRAPHY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
OCEAN DEVELOPMENT
CHRONICLE
IAS ACADEMY
2.
[5]
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Phytoplanktons are the principal plants in
the ocean and are the base of the food chain.
The distribution of zooplankton which feed on
the phytoplankton is worlds major fishing areas.
Oceans have become major source of food and
are more likely to become so in future. Because
of its sheer size, oceans will have a larger food
potential. Again due to increased population,
little option is left for agricultural extension on
land and henceforth the human population will
be under compulsion to move towards the ocean
to satisfy its demands. Ocean food resources are
nutritionally advantageous or better source of
amino acids in correct proportion, better source
of vitamin-B12, low in cholesterol and fat, high
in polyunsaturated fats and essential fatty acids.
India is a littoral state with a vast coastline
of about 6000 km and the Exclusive Economic
Zone (EEZ) of about 2.02 million sq km. About
50 per cent of sustainable fishing zone of Indias
EEZ lies in inshore zone of less than 50 metres
depth. India ranks 8th in the annual fish catch
in the world. In India, the marine fish accounts
for about 56 per cent of the total national fish
catch. However, the annual potential in India is
about 10 million tonnes. Intensive prawn farming
has been developed at Nellore in Andhra Pradesh
and improved shrimps farming in Andaman and
Nicobar.
FRESH-WATER RESOURCES
Oceans, ice-caps and glaciers constitute
about 97.2% and 2.15% of worlds water supply
respectively. Fresh water extracted from the sea
is one of the most valuable resources, especially
for the countries where land water availability
is very difficult and costly. Icebergs, another
source of fresh water, would be found by some
mechanism to the areas where water is needed
like Saudi Arabia, California, Australia, etc.
Ocean water is neither fit for human
consumption nor for agricultural purposes. But,
it can be converted into fresh water through
[6]
MINERAL RESOURCES
Oceans are the storehouse of valuable
minerals in the world. Mineral resources,
available in ocean, are of different kinds like
energy resources (oil, gas, and coal), metallic
minerals (manganese, iron, tin, etc.), chemicals
(salt of sodium and chlorine and bromine, etc.),
manganese nodules and polymetallic nodules
and others (coral, limestone etc).
a)
b)
[7]
Geotraces in India
A network of research projects being
executed by a number of research and academic
institutions. The objective is to map the
distribution of trace elements and isotopes in the
Indian Ocean and to identify the factors
influencing these distributions. The activities are
various stages of implementation and currently
involved in acquisition and analysis of samples.
One Oceangraphic cruise onboard Sagar
Sampada was conducted in the Arabian Sea.
Samples from several water profiles were
collected along 680 E transect for analysis of trace
elements and their isotopes in sediments and
corals of the northern Indian Ocean.
Trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) play
important role in the ocean as nutrients and as
tracers of the contemporary and the past
processes. Trace elements regulate ocean
processes, such as marine ecosystem dynamics
and carbon cycling. Several other trace elements
also play vital roles in cell physiology and in
biochemical reactions.
ENERGY RESOURCES
Almost all concepts and laws of science are
the subjects related to development to improve
the quality of life of our people. Science has made
it possible for man to alter his living and working
conditions and by doing so it is the society, which
derives its benefit. Science provides new tools to
society to enlarge and intensify its scope for the
exploitation of resources and to use them to
improve the socio-economic conditions of the
people.
Evidently there are several scientific
discoveries, which give us clues for their use in
serving the needs of society. Since ancient times,
oceans have served mankind in countless ways.
The seas around India constitute a natural
frontier of our country. Since times immemorial
the inhabitants of India have used the seas for
transport and communication for trade and
[8]
Ocean waves
2.
Ocean tides
3.
4.
Ocean currents
5.
Ocean winds
6.
Salinity gradient
7.
Ocean geothermal
8.
Bioconversion of seaweeds
[9]
[10]
ANTARCTIC RESEARCH
In March 2012, India successfully
commenced operations at Bharati, the third
permanent station in the Antarctica. The
summer complement of the 31st Indian Scientific
Expedition to Antarctica returned from
Antarctica after completion of targeted activities.
During the 6th expedition to the Southern
Ocean 2011-12, continuous observations were
carried out for ocean currents, atmospheric
parameters and biogeochemistry by operating
various instruments.
India entered in the field of Antarctic
research with its first expedition Operation
Gangotri in December 1981. The third
expedition constructed the permanent scientific
research station Dakshin Gangotri in 1983-84.
The second research station Maitri was set up
in 1988-89. The various scientific programmes
of Antarctic Research included studies in the
field of meteorology, radio-wave-propagation,
geology, Geophysics, Oceanography, Marine
biology, Microbiology, upper atmosphere
chemistry, Glaciology, etc. India was admitted
as a consultative member of Antarctic treaty in
1959. In September 1983, India became a
member of the scientific committee on Antarctic
[11]
[12]
GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF
INDIAN OCEAN
Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean of the
world. It covers 20.7 per cent ocean area which
is 7.5 crore sq. km. It is the only ocean named
after a country, indicating Indias association
with this vast water-body since the dawn of
human civilization. India lies at the apex of the
triangular water-body and has rightly been
called the crown of the ocean. India covers
about 1/8th coastline of the ocean. The ocean is
bordered by 46 littoral and island sovereign
States. India is not only the largest in area just
after Australia, but alone has more than 50 per
cent population of the region. Circled on the
north by India and Arab countries, in the west
by Africa, east by Malaysia, Indonesia, etc. and
south by Antarctica, it is an embayed ocean or
landlocked sea.
It was not until 1500 AD that the real
importance of this centrally-located ocean was
recognized. The Portuguese were the first to
understand the military importance of this ocean
and within 17 years of the arrival of Vasco-deGama, they were in the commanding position.
They took command of Malabar region for reexport of East Indian spices, and Goa became
their capital. Besides Goa, Daman and Diu,
Portuguese base were made at Madras, Hooghly,
Chittagong and Ceylon. But, the fall of the Strait
of Malacca to the Dutch in 1595 led to the
collapse of the Portuguese defence system. By
that time, British and French presence was also
felt.
The Britishers dominated Indian Ocean
during their rule over India. But after World
War-II, British Government started gradually
[13]
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION
I. Induced changes of Sea Level
There is a likelihood of an accelerated rate of
sea level rise in the present century as a result of
culturally induced global climatic change,
specially the global warming. Many scientists
expect a rise of up to 60 cm by the year 2050, up
to 1m. by 2100 and up to several metres by 2200.
Environmental change on such a scale would
be without precedent and the impacts would be
serious.
The projected sea level change in the near
future caused by global warming will have an
effect on shrinkage of the land area and the
wiping out of some islands because of drowning.
There are many possible impacts of such rise.
These include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
[14]
[15]
INDIA IN SPACE
CHRONICLE
IAS ACADEMY
C
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BRIEF HISTORY
[16]
C
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[17]
C
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[18]
INFRASTRUCTURE
The Space Commissions tasks include
framing of policy, approval of space
programme budget and implementation of
national policy in all matters concerning outer
space.
C
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[19]
C
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Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle: The fourstage, 275 tonnes, 15 storey tall (44 m) PSLV has
heralded a 4 new era in the countrys space
programme as the first rocket to use liquid
propellants in its two stages. Liquid propellants,
developed here itself, are the latest in space
technology.
[20]
C
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The finally chosen GSLV design is a threestage vehicle, the core being a 125 tonne solid
booster as in PSLV with four liquid strap-ons of
Vikas engine, each with a propellant loading of
40 tonnes. The second stage of GSLV is the Vikas
liquid propulsion system as in PSLV and the last
upper stage, a 12 tonne restartable cryogenic
engine which uses liquid oxygen and liquid
hydrogen. The most interesting aspect of GSLV
is its modularity, which without strap-ons has
the same capability as PSLV, with two strap-ons
can launch over 1600 kg into a polar orbit and
with all the four strap-ons can launch 2.5 tonnes
into Geo-synchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).
Excepting for the addition of a new cryo-stage,
the first two stages fully exploit PSLV pedigree.
With just three stages, GSLV should prove to be
a world class launch vehicle in terms of reliability,
cost competitiveness and payload fraction.
[21]
C
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[22]
INDIAN SATELLITES
Aryabhatta:
Bhaskara I:
Bhaskara II:
IRNSS-1A:
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SROSS:
Apple:
Disaster Management
Precise Timing
Kalpana-1:
Satellite
Communication
(Satcom)
technology offers the unique capability of
simultaneously reaching out to very large
numbers spread over large distances even in the
most remote corners of the country. The
hallmark of Indian Space Programme has been
the application oriented efforts and the benefits
that have accrued to the country. In the past
[23]
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EDUSAT Programme
[24]
Special Networks
C
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Telemedicine Programme
It is an innovative process of synergising
[25]
community
health.
The
Mobile
Teleopthalmology facilities provide services to
the rural population in ophthalmology care,
including village level eye camps, vision
screening for Cataract /Glaucoma / Diabetic
Retinopathy.
C
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c)
Television
[26]
C
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Disaster Management
[27]
RECENT SATELLITES
INSAT-3D:
GSAT-12
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19 channel Sounder
GSAT-10:
[28]
GSAT-8
GSAT-5P
GSAT-4
INSAT4CR
INSAT4B
C
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[29]
C
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b) Wetlands
The 74th Constitution Amendment Act 1992 and more specifically under the 12th
Schedule of Municipal Functions envisages
[30]
INTRODUCTION OF SOME
LATEST SATELLITES
C
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(a) BHUVAN
[31]
Drawing 2D objects
Drawing 3D Objects
C
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[32]
(b) YOUTHSAT
2.
(c) RESOURCESAT-2
(f) Megha-Tropiques
C
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Y
(e) SRMSat
(g) Chandrayaan I
[33]
C
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Y
Scientific Objectives
Space Craft
[34]
(h) RISAT-1
C
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A N
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Y
RECENT MISSIONS
[35]
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
C
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Y
[36]
b)
c)
d)
I. GLONASS
C
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Global Navigation Satellite System is a radiobased satellite navigation system operated for the
Russian government by the Russian Space
Forces. Development on the GLONASS began
in the Soviet Union in 1976, with a goal of global
coverage by 1991. Beginning on 12 October 1982,
numerous rockets launches added satellites to
the system until the constellation was completed
in 1995. Following completion, the system fell
into disrepair with the collapse of the Russian
economy. Beginning in 2003, Russia committed
to restoring the system and by 2010 it had
achieved 100% coverage of Russias territory. As
on July 30, 2013, total satellites in the GLONASS
constellation were 29, in which 24 satellites being
operational, while one satellite is in maintenance,
one in Flight Tests phase and 3 more are spare
ones.
II. GALILEO
[37]
C
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[38]
NEW TECHNOLOGY
CHRONICLE
IAS ACADEMY
SUPER-CONDUCTIVITY
C
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A
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Y
[39]
LASER
C
IA H
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A N
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A
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Y
[40]
C
IA H
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A N
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A
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Y
[41]
C
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A N
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A
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Y
[42]
C
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A
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RADAR :
[43]
MISCELLANEOUS
Scientific Institutions
Location
Pune
Bose Institute
Kolkata
Bengaluru
Kolkata
Bengaluru
Thiruvananthapuram
Kolkata
Bengaluru
Lucknow
Mumbai
Hyderabad
C
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Institutes
New Materials
Dehradun
Bengaluru
New Delhi
New Delhi
Kolkata
Allahabad
Mumbai
Kalpakkam
Indore
Kolkata
Hyderabad
Mumbai
Hyderabad
Mumbai
Mumbai
[44]
Jharkhand (Jaduguda)
Mumbai
Hyderabad
Mumbai
Mumbai
Kolkata
Bhubaneshwar
Allahabad
Chennai
Ahmedabad
Bengaluru
Thiruvananthapuram
Bengaluru
Sriharikota
Ahmedabad
Bengaluru,
C
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Y
Hyderabad
Ahmedabad
Thiruvananthpuram
Bengaluru
New Delhi
Pune
New Delhi
Lucknow
New Delhi
Trivandrum
Karnal, Haryana
[45]
COMPUTER TERMINOLOGY
C
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Y
[46]
C
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Multithreading:
The
concurrent
processing of several tasks or threads
inside the same program. Because several
[47]
C
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Y
Protocol:
In
networking
and
communications, the specification that
defines the procedures to follow when
transmitting and receiving data. Protocols
define the format, timing, sequence, and
error checking systems used.
Semaphore: In programming, an
interprocess communication signal that
indicates the status of a shared system
resource, such as shared memory.
[48]
C
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[49]
http://www.somewhere-else.com/
example/, that URL is said to be
masked.
Ping: A program for determining if
another computer is presently connected
to the Internet.
C
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A N
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[50]
CHRONICLE
GREAT INDIAN
SCIENTISTS
ARYABHATTA
C
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A N
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A
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EM
Y
IAS ACADEMY
[51]
C
IA H
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A N
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A
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EM
Y
[52]
C
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A N
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A
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P C Ray was born on 2 August 1861 in RaruliKatipara, a village in the District of Khulna (in
present day Bangladesh). His early education
started in his village school. After attending the
village school, he went to Kolkata, where he
studied at Hare School and the Metropolitan
College. The lectures of Alexander Pedler in
the Presidency College, which he used to attend,
attracted him to chemistry, although his first love
was literature. He continued to take interest in
literature, and taught himself Latin and French
at home. After obtaining a F.A. diploma from
the University of Calcutta (now Kolkata), he
proceeded to the University of Edinburgh on a
Gilchrist scholarship where he obtained both his
B.Sc. and D.Sc. degrees.
Achievements & Contribution
[53]
C
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[54]
C
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SIR C. V. RAMAN
[55]
C
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A N
C IC
A
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Y
[56]
C
IA H
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A N
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A
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Y
2)
3)
[57]
VIKRAM A SARABHAI
C
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A
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Y
[58]
C
IA H
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A
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Y
Centre,
[59]
C
IA H
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A N
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A
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EM
Y
[60]
for
National
SUBRAHMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR
C
IA H
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A N
C IC
A
D LE
EM
Y
[61]
C
IA H
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A N
C IC
A
D LE
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Y
[62]
C
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A N
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A
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Y
SRINIVASA RAMANUJAN
[63]
C
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A N
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A
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Y
[64]
MEGHNAD SAHA
Meghnad Saha was a great Indian scientist.
He made remarkable contribution to the field of
C
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Y
RAJA RAMANNA
[65]
C
IA H
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A
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EM
Y
[66]
C
IA H
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A N
C IC
A
D LE
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Y
[67]
C
IA H
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A N
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A
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Y
[68]
BIRBAL SAHNI
C
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A N
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A
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EM
Y
[69]
C
IA H
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A N
C IC
A
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Y
[70]
C
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A N
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A
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Y
[71]
C
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Y
[72]
M.S. SWAMINATHAN
C
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[73]
NEW DEVELOPMENTS
CHRONICLE
IAS ACADEMY
1. MRAM Technology
C
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[74]
C
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3. Greenest Supercomputer
[75]
C
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Mission Facts
[76]
Thermal
Infrared
Imaging
Spectrometer(TIS): This device will measure the
thermal emission both during day and night. TIS
can also map surface composition and
mineralogy of the planet.
C
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The aircraft has a totally digital flyby-wire control system; the wings are
made entirely of composite structures.
8. World's
Unveiled
First
Nanotube
Computer
[77]
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Disadvantages
[78]
C
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Hawk-Eye, Eagle Eye, or Virtual Eye: balltracking technology that plots the
trajectory of a bowling delivery that has
been interrupted by the batsman, often
by the pad, and can determine whether it
would have hit the wicket or not.
Hot Spot: Infra-red imaging system that
illuminates where the ball has been in
contact with bat or pad.
Rapid Prototyping.
Disadvantages
Issues of counterfeiting.
3D printing applications
[79]
Light weight
Corrosion resistance
Weather resistance
C
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Non-magnetic
Applications
Construction
of
FRP
Composites
in
[80]
CHRONICLE
Sample Questions
IAS ACADEMY
CH
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S ON
AC IC
AD LE
EM
Y
I. The "i" in 1080i means it presents fastmoving action much more clearly.
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) Both
(d) None
Country
I. Japan
(a) I and II
(b) I, II and IV
(d) I only
A. SMART-1
B. Luna 2
II. USA
C. Hiten
D. GRAIL
Codes:
(b) I and II
(d) All
(a) Only I
(b) Only I and III
(c) Only II and III
(d) None of the above
9. What is Surface Computing?
(a) Surface computing is the ability to use
computing capability without a pre-defined
location and/or connection to a network
to publish and/or subscribe to information.
CH
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S ON
AC IC
AD LE
EM
Y
Codes:
(a) I only
(b) II only
I only
(b) II only
(d) II and III
CH
IA R
S ON
AC IC
AD LE
EM
Y
Codes:
(d) Only IV
Codes:
(a) I, II, only
(d) All
(c) 0 or 1
CH
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S ON
AC IC
AD LE
EM
Y
(a) bits
(a) I only
(b) II only
(a) I, II only
(d) All
(a) I only
(b) II only
(a) I and II
CH
IA R
S ON
AC IC
AD LE
EM
Y
(b) Only II
Codes:
(a) Only I
(b) II only
Codes:
(a) I, II only
(d) All
(a) I, II only
(d) All
CHRONICLE
IAS ACADEMY
14. (a)
2. (b)
15. (d)
3. (d)
16 (b)
4. (b)
17. (c)
5. (a)
18. (a)
6. (a)
19. (b)
7. (b)
20. (c)
8. (d)
21. (a)
9. (b)
22. (b)
10. (b)
23. (d)
11. (c)
24. (b)
12. (c)
25. (d)
CH
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S ON
AC IC
AD LE
EM
Y
1. (d)
13. (c)
CHRONICLE
UPSC Questions
IAS ACADEMY
5. Mercury
6. Lead
7. Plutonium
CH
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S ON
AC IC
AD LE
EM
Y
(a) 1 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
2. Sorbitol
3. Fluoride
4. Formaldehyde
5. Uranium
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
3. With reference to the usefulness of the byproducts of sugar industry, which of the
following statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
6.
(a) 1 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
2. tolerate extremes of PH
1. Beryllium
2. Cadmium
3. Chromium
4. Heptachlor
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
CH
IA R
S ON
AC IC
AD LE
EM
Y
3. Flowering plants
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Chronicle IAS Academy
CH
IA R
S ON
AC IC
AD LE
EM
Y
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(a) 1 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
CH
IA R
S ON
AC IC
AD LE
EM
Y
(b) 2 Only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(a) 1 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
25. A new optical disc format known as the Bluray Disc (BD) is becoming popular. In what
way is it different from the traditional DVD?
(a) 1 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
CHRONICLE
IAS ACADEMY
14. (b)
2. (a)
15. (a)
3. (d)
16 (d)
4. (b)
17. (b)
5. (a)
18. (c)
6. (d)
19. (a)
7. (d)
20. (d)
8. (d)
21. (d)
9. (a)
22. (a)
10. (a)
23. (c)
11. (c)
24. (c)
12. (b)
25. (b)
CH
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S ON
AC IC
AD LE
EM
Y
1. (a)
13. (c)