PRAMANA

Indian Academy of Sciences

journal of
physics

Vol. xx No. x
June 2015
pp. 1-9

Analytical Solution of Dirac Equation for Hyperbolic

Manning-Rosen-like Potential Using Hypergeometric
Method for Exact Spin Symmetry
OKY RIO PAMUNGKAS1, MIFTAHUL MAARIF1, SUPARMI2, CARI2
1

Physics Departement, Undergraduate Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and

Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
2
Physics Departement, Post Graduate Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and
Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
E-mail : okyriopamungkas@student.uns.ac.id
MS Received
DOI : 10.13140/RG.2.1.1337.6160
Abstract. Analytical solution of Dirac equation for Manning-Rosen-like hyperbolic
potential is obtained using hypergeometric method. The analytical solution is aimed
to determine energy spectrum and radial wave function for this potential with exact
spin symmetry. Behavior of atomic particles can be clearly understood if the energy
spectrum and wave function of particle are known. Dirac equation for exact spin
symmetry is reduced into a second order differential equation like Schrdinger
equation. Hypergeometric method for Dirac equation with Manning-Rosen-like
hyperbolic potential is the same as for Dirac equation with general Manning-Rosen
hyperbolic potential. Energy spectrum is exactly obtained in the closed form and the
radial wave functions are expressed in the form of hypergeometric method.
Keywords: Dirac equation; Manning-Rosen-like potential; Hypergeometric Method.
PACS Nos 02.30.Em; 03.65.Db
1. Introduction
In quantum mechanics, a particle that moving around in a strong potential field must
pay attention to relativistic effect, one example is the particles in an accelerator.
When a particle notice relativistic effects, the behavior of a particle can be described
using Dirac or Klein-Gordon equation.[1]
A charged particle will be influenced by some potentials energy. Potentials that affect
are Coulomb, Morse, Symmetrical Top, Rosen-Morse [9], Pschl-Teller, WoodSaxon [7], Manning-Rosen [8], etc. In this paper one kind of potentials will be
analyzed, that is Manning-Rosen-like hyperbolic potential which suffered by an
electron in an atom. In addition to motion around the nucleus, electrons also do
rotate, has a multi-electron structure of the atom, molecules interactions, core
deflected, and correlation of quantum states that are affected by such potential like
Manning-Rosen potential.

Analytical Solution of Dirac Equation for Hyperbolic Manning-Rosenlike Potential Using Hypergeometric Method for Exact Spin Symmetry
Dirac equation is a difficult equation to be solved in exponential form, need specific
functions to simplify the solution of Dirac equation. One method that can be used is
the hypergeometric method. Dirac equation is reduced to Schrdinger equation that
for nonrelativistic problems like Dirac equation. With separation of radial variable
method, from the reduced Dirac equation then obtained a second-order differential
equation hypergeometric type. If hypergeometric equation has been obtained,
spectrum energy levels and wave function can be acquired easily.[3]
Dirac equation with vector potential V ( r )

and scalar potential S ( r )

is

[2 2+ 2V (r )( E+ M )] ( r )=( E+ M ) ( EM ) ( r )
Assumming =1 ,

1
E=M , V ( r )= V , and
2

(1.1)

EM =E NR so that

[ 2 +2V ( r) M ] ( r )=2 M E NR ( r )

(1.2)

Equation (1.2) is the Dirac equation that reduced to be similar to the Schrdinger
equation for non-relativistic with exact spin symmetry and equation (1.1) will be
used to analysis waves function and spectrum energy levels for particle in ManningRosen-like hyperbolic potential with hypergeometric method.
In the principle, the hypergeometric method finds a variable form that will be
substituted to the Dirac equation so that it becomes a second-orde differential
equation hypergeometric function. Below is the second-order differential equation
hypergeometric function
2

z ( 1z )

d
d
+ ( c( a+b+ 1 ) z ) ab=0
2
dz
dz

(1.3)

Equation (3) has two regular singular points

z ( 1z ) =0
z=0

and

(1.4)
,

z=0

term is used because at

z=0

the equation is more

simple to be solved. Equation (1.3) now can be expressed in series form

=z

an zn =a0 z s +a1 z s+1 +a 2 z s+ 2+

(1.5)

Equation (1.5) differentiated to z and subtitued to equation (1.3) become

z ( 1z ) ( a0 s (s1)z s 2 +a 1 s( s+1) z s1+ a2 (s +2)(s +1) z s +)+ ( c ( a+b+1 ) z ) (a0 s z s1+ a1 (s+1)z s +a 2 (s +
(1.6)

Pramana J. Phys., Vol. xx, No. x, June 2015

Analytical Solution of Dirac Equation for Hyperbolic Manning-Rosenlike Potential Using Hypergeometric Method for Exact Spin Symmetry
Equation (1.6) is the identity equation. Coefficient from each part of z should be
equal to zero, so acquiring
an =

a ( a+1 ) ( a+n1 ) . b ( b+1 ) (b+n1)

c ( c+1 ) ( c +n1 ) n !

(1.7)
Solved form of the hypergeometric differential equation is
(a)n (b)n
n=0 n! (c )n

F1 ( a ; b ; c ; z ) = ( z )=

(1.8)

Manning-Rosen potential is a one dimensional potential Dirac equation that could be

solved by a specific function. Energy and electron potential wave function that
affected by Manning-Rosen hyperbolic potential expressed as
V ( r )=C 2

Q(Q1)
2 qcothCr
sinh 2 Cr

(1.9)

Where C is the centrifugal factor that used to obtain potential length, Q and q are
non-dimensional parameter in Manning-Rosen hyperbolic potential.[6]
2. Dirac Equation for Potential Manning-Rosen-like Hyperbolic
Solution of Dirac equation for a potential Manning-Rosen-like hyperbolic to exact
spin symmetry with hypergeometric method. For Manning-Rosen-like potential is
expressed as below
2

V ( r )=

V 0 sinh r+ V 1 sinh r cosh r +V 2 sinh r cosh r

4

sinh r

(2.1)
Can be simplify into
V ( r )= 2 ( V 0+ V 1 coth r+ V 2 coth 2 r )

(2.2)

Is known that the Dirac equation for relativistic and exact spin symmetry problem is

[2 +V ( r ) ( E+ M ) ] ( r )=( E2M 2 ) ( r )

(2.3)

1 2
1

1
2
r
+
sin

+
r r 2 sin
r 2 sin 2 2
r 2 r

(2.4)

With
2

( )

Pramana J. Phys., Vol. xx, No. x, June 2015

Oky Rio Pamungkas, Miftahul Maarif, Suparmi and Cari

1
Assuming =1 , V ( r )= 2 V

so that

Is taken the radial part

[ ( )

l ( l +1 )
1 2
2
2
r
( E+ M ) V ( r ) ( r ) 2 ( r )=( E M ) ( r )
2
r
r r
r

[ ( )

l ( l+1 )
1 2
r
2 ( E+ M ) ( V 0 +V 1 coth r+V 2 coth 2 r ) ( r ) 2 ( r )=( E 2M 2 ) ( r )
2
r
r r
r
(2.5)

By assuming that wave function in radial part is ( r )=R so

[ ( )

l ( l+1 )
1 2
r
( E+ M ) ( 2 ( V 0+V 1 coth r+ V 2 coth 2 r ) ) R 2 R=( E2M 2 ) R
2

r
r
r
(2.6)

Where

R=

U
r

2
2
2 '
and ( E M ) = E so the equation (2.6) becomes

l ( l+1 ) U
d U
2 ( E+ M ) ( V 0 +V 1 coth r+V 2 coth2 r ) U
= 2 E ' U
2
2
dr
r

If

(2.7)

1
2
=
r 2 sinh2 r , so equation (2.7) becomes
V
( E+ M )V 2l ( l+1 )
sinh 2 r
( E+ M )

d2 U
2
2
dr

( 0+V 2 +V 1 coth r )+

(2.8)

3. Hypergeometric Method for Dirac Equation with Potential Manning-Rosenlike Hyperbolic

By hyperbolic identity
coth r=12 z

csch 2 r=4 z (1z)

Pramana J. Phys., Vol. xx, No. x, June 2015

(3.1)

Analytical Solution of Dirac Equation for Hyperbolic Manning-Rosenlike Potential Using Hypergeometric Method for Exact Spin Symmetry
z
=2 z( z1)
r

d
z

=
=2 z (z1)
dr z r
z
(3.2)

=4 2 z 2 ( z1)2 2 + 4 2 z ( z1)(2 z1)

2
z
dr
z

(3.3)

Subtituted equations (3.1), (3.2), (3.3) in to (2.8) therefore becomes

4 2 z 2 ( z1)2

+4 2 z( z 1)(2 z1)
U 2 [ ( E+ M ) ( V 0 +V 2 +V 1 ( 12 z ) ) +((E+ M )V 2l ( l+
2

z
z
(3.4)

By parameter
V 3=( E+ M ) (V 0 +V 2 )

V 4 =( E+ M ) V 1

V 5=(E+ M )V 2l ( l+ 1 )

So that equation (3.4) becomes to

4 z ( z1)
+4 2 z(z 1)(2 z1)
U 2 [V 3 +V 4 ( 12 z )+ V 5 (4 z ( 1z ))]U =E ' U
2
z
z
2 2

(3.5)
2
Equation (3.5) divided by 4 z(z 1) thus obtained

z ( z1 )

2V4
2 U
U ( V 4 V 3E ' )
+ ( 2 z1 )

V 5 U=0
2
z
4 z (1z)
4(1z)
z

(3.6)
The equation (3.6) is the second-order differential equation that has two singular
points in z=0 and z=1 , the solution was approached by
U z=z ( 1z ) f z

(3.7)

U z

=z ( 1z )
f
f +f '
z
z z 1z z z

2 U z
( 1)
( 1 )
2
2 '
2 '
=z (1z)
f z+
f
f z+
f z
f +f ' '
2
2
2 z
z
(1z) z z
z ( 1z )
z
z
( 1z)

(3.8)

(3.
9)

Pramana J. Phys., Vol. xx, No. x, June 2015

Oky Rio Pamungkas, Miftahul Maarif, Suparmi and Cari

Subtituted equations (3.7), (3.8), (3.9) in to equation (3.6) so

( ( V 4 V 3E ' ) )
2V 4
( 1 )( 1z )
( 2 z1 )
z ( 1 )
( 2 z1 )
f z+
f z
f z
f z
f z+
f +V 5 f z
z
z
(1z )
( 1z )
4 z ( 1z )
4 ( 1z ) z
(3.10)
Taken every coefficients of f z to eliminate the parameter
( 1 )( 1z )
( 1 )
= ( 1 )
z
z

z in the numerator

( 2 z1 )

=2
z
z (3.11)

z ( 1 )
( 1 )
= ( 1 )
( 1z )
(1z )

( 2 z1 )

=2
( 1z )
(1z )

(3.12)

Subtituted equation (3.11), (3.12) to equation (3.10) into

2

'

z ( 1z ) f ''z + [ ( 2 +1 )( 2 +2 +2 ) z ] f z [ V 5 + ( + ) ( + +1 ) ] f z +

'

(3.13)
The equation (3.13) is identically same as the general form of the hypergeometric
equation
z ( 1z )

d2
d
+ ( c( a+b+ 1 ) z ) ab=0
2
dz
dz

With
=

1
'
V 3 + E V 4 )
(
4

2=

1
V 3 + E' +V 4 )
(
4

1
V 3 + E' V 4 )
(
4

(3.14)

1
V 3 + E' +V 4 )
(
4

(3.15)

V 3 + E'
1
1
( + )2= 2 + 2+2 = ( V 3 + E' ) + 2V 42
2
2

(3.20)

1
1
2
2
'
( 3+ E' ) V 4 ( V 3 + E )
2
2
+ =

(3.21)

Subtituted equations (3.14), (3.15), (3.16), (3.17) back to equation (3.13) becomes

Pramana J. Phys., Vol. xx, No. x, June 2015

'

4 ( V 4 +V 3 + E )
4 ( V 3+ E +V
f z+
4z
4 (1z )

Analytical Solution of Dirac Equation for Hyperbolic Manning-Rosenlike Potential Using Hypergeometric Method for Exact Spin Symmetry
'

''

z ( 1z ) f z + [ ( 2 +1 )( 2 +2 +2 ) z ] f z [ V 5 + ( + ) ( + +1 ) ] f z =0 (3.22)
With

a' = + +

1
1
V 5=n
2
4

b' =n 2

1
V 2 ( E+ M )+l(l1)
4

c ' =2 +1
So that the spectrum energy as one of the solution for Analytical solution of Dirac
equation for Hyperbolic Manning-Rosen-like potential using Hypergeometric
method for exact spin symmetry is obtained
V 42

'

E=
4

[(

1
1
V 52 + +n
4
2

[(

1
1
V 52 + +n V 3
4
2

(3.23)

Equation (3.23) can be expressed as

[(E + M )V 1]

'

E=
4

[(

1
1
{(E + M )V 2l (l+1 ) } + +n
4
2
2

[(

2
1
1
{(E+ M )V 2l ( l+1 ) } + +n [ ( E+ M ) (V 0 +V 2 )]
4
2

(3.24)

Thus obtained the wave function for radial part is

U z=

1coth r
2

For function
f n=1+

)(

1+coth r
2

) f (a ,b , c , z )
'

'

'

(3.25)

f ( a' , b' , c ' , z ) it can be expressed as

'
'
'
'
a' b ' a ( a +1 ) b ( b +1 ) z 2
z+
+
2!
c'
c ' ( c' +1 )

(3.26)

The energy bound state nr =0 than f 0=1 . Therefore the bound state wave
function is

Pramana J. Phys., Vol. xx, No. x, June 2015

Oky Rio Pamungkas, Miftahul Maarif, Suparmi and Cari

V 4

z=

1coth r
2

[ ( ) ]

1
2
1
V 5 n
4
2

[ ( ) ]

1
1
2
V 5 n
4
2

V4

1+coth r
2

) [ (
4

1
2
1
V 5 n
4
2

[ ( ) ]

1
1
2
V 5 n
4
2

U
(3.27)

4. Conclusion
The Dirac equation for Manning-Rosen-like hyperbolic potential in the scheme of
centrifugal term approximation is exactly solved using hypergeometric method with
spin symmetric cases. Energy spectrum is exactly obtained in the closed form and the
radial wave functions are expressed in the form of hypergeometric method.

Pramana J. Phys., Vol. xx, No. x, June 2015

Analytical Solution of Dirac Equation for Hyperbolic Manning-Rosenlike Potential Using Hypergeometric Method for Exact Spin Symmetry
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Pramana J. Phys., Vol. xx, No. x, June 2015