(123doc) - Van-De-Nang-Luong-Trong-Mang-Wireless-Sensor-Va-Danh-Gia-Bang-Mo-Phong

Mc lc
Mc lc......................................................................................1
Thut ng vit tt....................................................................4
Li ni u................................................................................ 6
Chng I : Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor........................7
1.1. Gii thiu mng cm bin khng dy..............................7
1.2. Nn tng pht trin mng................................................7
1.2.1. Mng Ad hoc khng dy............................................7
1.2.2. Nn tng cng ngh..............................................10
1.3. M t h thng..............................................................12
1.3.1. M t h thng tng qut.......................................12
1.3.2. H thng WISENET..................................................13
1.4. Tng quan v kin trc mng.......................................17
1.4.1. Lp ng dng............................................................18
1.4.1.1. Giao thc qun l Sensor...........................................18
1.4.1.2. Giao thc phn nhim v v qung co s liu........19
1.4.1.3 Giao thc truy vn Sensor v ph bin s liu..........20
1.4.2 Lp giao vn..............................................................20

1.4.3 Lp mng...................................................................21
1.4.4. Lin kt lin mng....................................................21
1.4.5 Lp lin kt s liu....................................................22
1.4.5.1 iu khin truy nhp mi trng truyn dn...............22
1.4.5.2 iu khin sa li........................................................23
1.4.6 Lp vt l...................................................................24
1.5. c im ca mng Wireless Sensor............................25
1.5.1. Kch thc vt l nh v tiu th cng sut thp.......25
1.5.2. Hot ng ng thi vi tp trung cao..............26
1.5.3. Kh nng lin kt vt l v phn cp iu khin hn
ch.................................................................................... 26
1.5.4. Tnh a dng trong thit k v s dng.................26
1.5.5. Hot ng tin cy....................................................27
1.6. ng dng ca mng Sensor............................................27
1.6.1. ng dng trong qun s..........................................27
1.6.2. ng dng v mi trng............................................29
1.6.3. ng dng trong y t.................................................30
1.6.4. ng dng trong gia nh........................................30
1.6.5. Cc ng dng thng mi khc..................................31
Chng II : Nng lng trong mng Wireless Sensor....................33
2.1. Tnh c th ca mng.................................................33
2.1.1. Hn ch phn cng..................................................33
2.1.2. Mi trng hot ng................................................34
2.1.3. Mi trng truyn dn...............................................35
Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT
2.2. S tiu th nng lng.......................................................36

2.2.1. Nng lng cho nhim v cm bin...........................37
2.2.2. Nng lng cho truyn thng.....................................37
2.2.3. Nng lng cho x l...................................................38
2.3. Cc gii php tit kim nng lng...................................38
2.3.1. Gii php nh tuyn.............................................38
2.3.1.1. Cc phng php nh tuyn ti u v nng lng........39
2.3.1.2. Phng php nh tuyn s liu tp trung................40
2.3.1.3. Cc giao thc lp mng khc c xut cho mng
Sensor......................................................................................41
2.3.2. Gii php truy nhp mi trng truyn dn...............46

2.3.2.1. Yu cu vi giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi trng
(MAC) cho mng sensor...........................................................46
2.3.2.2. Cc giao thc MAC cho mng sensor..........................47
2.3.2.3. Cc ch hot ng tit kim nng lng...............50
2.3.3. Qun l ngun cng sut.........................................50

2.3.3.1 Thi gian tn ti..........................................................51
2.3.3.2 Pht hin ngun thp "Low Battery"..........................51
2.3.3.3. Cnh bo "Low Battery"..............................................53
2.3.4. Tn dng cc ngun nng lng trong t nhin...........54

2.3.1.1. T bo quang in...................................................55
2.3.1.2. Cc ngun nng lng khc...........................................56
Chng III : Phn mm m phng nng lng cho mng Wireless

Sensor...................................................................................... 57
3.1. M hnh ho m phng.................................................57
3.1. M hnh ngun nng lng..............................................57
3.3. Thit k phn mm m phng mng Wireless Sensor. .58
3.3.1. Phn mm NS-2......................................................58
3.3.2. C s pht trin m phng mng Sensor trn nn NS2........................................................................................ 61
3.3.3. Cc nh dng mi trong NS-2.................................62
3.3.4. Thay i trong NS-2...............................................64
3.4. Thit lp m lp trnh m phng..................................66
3.4.1. Thit lp knh hin tng v knh d liu.................66
3.4.2. Thit lp mt giao thc MAC cho knh Phenomenon
.......................................................................................... 66
3.4.3. Thit lp cc nt Phenomenon vi giao thc "nh
tuyn" Phenom.................................................................66
3.4.4. Thit lp tc v kiu xung ca Phenomenon. . . .67
3.4.5. nh hnh nt Sensor.............................................68
3.4.6. Thit lp cc nt Non-Sensor (im thu thp d
liu, Gateway)...................................................................69
3.4.7. Gn kt cc tc nhn Sensor.................................70
3.4.8. Gn kt mt tc nhn UDP v ng dng Sensor cho

mi nt..............................................................................70
3.4.9. Khi ng ng dng Sensor....................................70
Chng IV: M phng mng Wireless Sensor.............................71
4.1. Mc nh m phng.....................................................71
4.2. Thc hin m phng......................................................72
4.2.1. M chng trnh.......................................................72
4.2.1. Phn tch kt qu..................................................73
4.2. Kt qu.......................................................................... 74
4.2.1. S tn hao nng lng...............................................75
4.2.2. Tc gim nng lng khi tng s nt mng............77
4.2.3. Tc gim nng lng khi mt mng khng i
.......................................................................................... 78
4.2. nh gi.......................................................................... 79
Kt lun................................................................................... 80
Ti liu tham kho................................................................... 81
n tt nghip i hc
Thut ng vit tt
T vit tt
Ngha ting Anh
ADC
Analogue/Digital converter
AODV
Ad Hoc On-Demand DistanceVector
API
Application program interface
ARC
Adaptive transmitssion rate
control
ARQ
automatic repeat request
BER
CSMA
DSDV
MAC
Bit error rate

Carrier sense multiple access
Destination-Sequenced DistanceVector
Dynamic Source Routing
Frequency division multiple
access
Forward error correction
Global Possition System
HyperText Tranffer Protocol
Industrial, Scientific and Medical
band
Low energy adaptive clustering
hierarchy
Medium access control
MANET
Mobile ad hoc network
ME
MECN
Minimum energy
Minimum energy communication
network
Minimum hop
Network AniMator
Network Simulator version 2
Object-oriented tool command
language
Power available
Quality of service
Request message
Route error packet
Route reply packet
Route request packet
Serial Radio Link - 232
DSR
FDMA
FEC
GPS
HTTP
ISM band
LEACH
MH
NAM
NS-2
Otcl
PA
QoS
REQ
RERR
RREP
RREQ
RS-232
Ngha ting Vit

B chuyn i tng t / s
nh tuyn da vo chui ch hng theo
yu cu tm thi
H giao tip lp trnh ng dng
iu khin tc truyn dn thch ng
C ch sa li bng yu cu lp li t
ng
T l li bit
a truy nhp theo cm bin lu lng
nh tuyn theo chui ch hng vi ch
tun t
Giao thc nh tuyn ngun ng
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s
C ch sa li trc
H thng nh v ton cu
Giao thc truyn siu vn bn
Di tn s dng cho cc ng dng cng
nghip, khoa hc v y hc
Phn cp cm thch ng vi nng lng
thp
iu khin truy nhp mi trng truyn
dn
Mng di ng ad hoc (tm thi, khng c
c s h tng)
Nng lng tiu th cc tiu
Mng truyn thng vi nng lng cc tiu
S bc nhy cc tiu
M t mng bng hnh nh ng
Phn mm m phng mng phin bn2
Ngn ng iu khin bng lnh hng
i tng
Mc nng lng hin ti
Cht lng dch v
Bn tin yu cu
Gi bo li tuyn
Gi p ng yu cu tuyn
Gi yu cu tuyn
Lin kt v tuyn ni tip theo chun
n tt nghip i hc
SAR
SMECN
WISENET
Sequential assignment routing

Small minimum energy
communication network
Self Organizing MAC for Sensor
network
Sensor management protocol
Sensor protocols for information
via negotiation
Sensor query and data
dissemination protocol
Structure Query Language
Sensor query and tasking
language
Scalable Simulation Framework
Task assignment and data
advertisement protocol
Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
Time division multiple access
Temporally Ordered Routing
Algorithm
Wireless Integrated network
sensors
WIreless SEnsor NETwork
WLAN
WSN
Wireless local area network

Wireless sensor network
SMACS
SMP
SPIN
SQDDP
SQL
SQTL
SSF
TADAP
TCP/IP
TDMA
TORA
WINS
RS-232
nh tuyn ch nh lin tc
Mng truyn thng vi nng lng cc tiu
loi nh
Giao thc MAC t t chc cho mng
sensor
Giao thc qun l sensor
Cc giao thc thng tin sensor thng qua
tha thun
Giao thc truy vn sensor v ph bin s
liu
Ngn ng truy vn theo cu trc
Ngn ng truy vn v t nhim v
sensor
C cu m phng m rng
Giao thc phn nhim v v qung co
s liu
Giao thc iu khin truyn dn/giao
thc Internet
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian
nh tuyn bng thut ton tm ng
tun t theo thi gian
Mng cc thit b cm bin tch hp
thit b thu pht khng dy
H thng mng sensor khng dy
WISENET
Mng cc b khng dy
Mng cm bin khng dy
n tt nghip i hc
Li ni u
Trong nhng nm gn y s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh vi
mch in t v vin thng c bit l trong lnh vc v tuyn em li nhiu ng
dng mi, cho php chng ta c th d dng thu thp thng tin bt k iu kin v vng
a l no. C nhiu phng php khc nhau cho php chng ta thu thp thng tin trong
mng Wireless Sensor hin ang c dng ph bin trn th gii v ang dn xm nhp
vo nc ta.
C nhiu vn t ra cho mng Wireless Sensor nh vn nng lng, vn ng
b sensor, vn m rng mng... Nng lng lun l yu t quan trng ca tt c cc loi
mng. Vi mng Wireless Sensor do tnh c th ca mng l hn ch v phn cng v ng
dng nhiu vng a l phc tp nn vn nng lng cng tr ln quan trng.
Trc thc t ny, c s nh hng v ch dn ca Tin s inh Vn Dng, phng
Nghin cu Pht trin Dch v mi v T ng ha, Vin Khoa hc K thut Bu in, em
chn ti n: Vn nng lng trong mng Wireless Sensor v nh gi bng m
phng.
Mc ch ca n ny l tm hiu cc vn lin quan ti nng l ng trong mng
Wireless Sensor, t a ra cc gii php tit kim nng lng trong mng v tn dng cc
ngun nng lng sch trong t nhin.
n gm 4 chng:
1 - Chng I : Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor
2 - Chng II : Nng lng trong mng Wireless Sensor
3 - Chng III : Phn mm m phng cho mng Wireless Sensor
4 - Chng IV: M phng mng Wireless Sensor
Do cn hn ch v kin thc v nng lc nn n khng trnh khi thiu st. Mong c s gp ca thy c v bn b.
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio TS. inh Vn Dng, phng Nghin cu Pht trin
Dch v mi v T ng ha, Vin Khoa hc K thut Bu in, hng dn em v chuyn
mn cng nh phng php lm vic em c th hon thnh n. Qua y, em cng
xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti cc thy, cc c trong Khoa Vin Thng I, Hc vin Cng
ngh Bu chnh - Vin thng gip , to iu kin cho em hon thnh n ny.
H Ni ngy 31 thng 10 nm 2005
Sinh vin
Phan Vit Thi
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
v mng Wireless Sensor
Chng I : Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

1.1. Gii thiu mng cm bin khng dy
Cc thit b cm bin (Sensor) c kt ni thnh mng, phi hp vi nhau thc hin
cc nhim v vi quy m ln, c t nhiu hy vng nhm cch mng ha trong lnh vc
thu thp thng tin bt k iu kin v vng a l no. Mng cm bin khng dy
(Wireless Sensor Network) bao gm mt tp hp cc thit b cm bin s dng cc lin kt
khng dy (v tuyn, hng ngoi hoc quang hc) phi hp thc hin cc nhim v
cm bin phn tn v i tng mc tiu. Mng ny c th lin kt trc tip vi nt qun l
ca gim st vin hay gin tip thng qua mt im thu (Sink) v mi trng mng cng cng
nh Internet hay v tinh. Cc nt Sensor khng dy c th c trin khai cho cc mc ch
chuyn dng nh gim st v an ninh; kim tra mi trng; to ra khng gian thng minh; kho
st, chnh xc ha trong nng nghip; y t;... Li th ch yu ca chng l kh nng trin
khai hu nh trong bt k loi hnh a l no k c cc mi trng nguy him khng th s
dng mng Sensor c dy truyn thng c.
Vic kt hp cc b cm bin thnh mng li ngy nay to ra nhiu kh nng mi cho
con ngi. Cc b vi cm bin vi b x l gn trong v cc thit b v tuyn hon ton c
th gn trong mt kch thc rt nh. Chng c th hot ng trong mt mi trng dy c
vi kh nng x l tc cao. Do , vi mng cm bin khng dy ngy nay, ngi ta c
th khm ph nhiu hin tng rt kh thy trc y.
Ngy nay, cc mng cm bin khng dy c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh cc cu
trc chng li a chn, nghin cu vi sinh vt bin, gim st vic chuyn ch cc cht gy
nhim, kim tra h sinh thi v mi trng sinh vt phc tp...
1.2. Nn tng pht trin mng

Vic pht trin mng Wireless Sensor da trn cng ngh mng Ad hoc khng dy v c
thc y bi hai yu t l nhu cu ng dng v cc tin b cng ngh.
1.2.1. Mng Ad hoc khng dy

Mng Ad hoc khng dy l kiu mng khng c c s h tng nn tng, c trin khai
cho cc mc ch s dng tm thi cn thit lp nhanh chng, thun tin nh tm kim
v cu h, phc v lin lc cho cc thnh vin trong mt cuc hp,.v.v. Mng Ad hoc khng
cn cc thnh phn c s h tng nh tng i, trm thu pht gc hay bt k mt trung tm
iu khin no. Tt c cc nt di ng trong mng Ad hoc c lin kt ng vi nhau mt
cch tu , khng c bt k s iu khin no t bn ngoi. Tt c cc nt ny u c th
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
hot ng nh mt b nh tuyn nh kh nng tm v duy tr tuyn ti cc nt khc trong
mng. Cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng Ad hoc c th chia thnh hai loi:
- Cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng: mi nt mng s duy tr v cp nht thng tin
nh tuyn ti mi nt mng khc.
- Cc giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu: Vic nh tuyn ch c thc hin khi c yu
cu chuyn gi, nh c ch tm ng.
Hin nay c bn giao thc nh tuyn c s dng trong mng Ad hoc:
a) nh tuyn theo chui ch hng vi ch tun t
Trong nh tuyn theo chui ch hng vi ch tun t (Destination-Sequenced DistanceVector - DSDV), mi trm di ng u c mt bng nh tuyn trong ghi cc ch
hin ti, s cc bc nhy n c ch v s th t c gn cho nt ch. S th t
ny c s dng phn bit cc tuyn v nh vy trnh c s hnh thnh cc vng lp.
Cc trm nh k gi bng nh tuyn ca n cho cc nt ln cn ca n. Mt trm cng
gi bng nh tuyn nu mt thay i ng k trong bng so vi ln gi cp nht cui
cng c pht hin. Nh vy, vic cp nht c thc hin c theo thi gian v theo s kin.
Cc bng nh tuyn c th c gi cp nht theo hai cch:

chuyn ton b (full dump) hay cp nht phn gia tng. Theo cch
chuyn ton b, bng nh tuyn s c gi trn vn n cc nt
ln cn v n c th bao gm nhiu gi tin. Ngc li, theo cch cp
nht phn gia tng, ch nhng mc ghi mi ca bng nh tuyn
so vi ln cp nht cui cng mi c gi i v phi va trong mt gi
tin. Khi mng tng i n nh, cc gi cp nht phn gia tng c
s dng trnh vic lu lng tng cao v vic chuyn ton b (full
dump) t c s dng hn. Trong cc mng thay i nhanh, s lng
cc gi cp nht phn gia tng c th tr ln rt ln nn vic chuyn
ton b bng c thc hin thng xuyn hn.
b) nh tuyn bng thut ton tm ng tun t theo thi gian
nh tuyn bng thut ton tm ng tun t theo thi gian (Temporally Ordered Routing
Algorithm - TORA) l mt giao thc nh tuyn trn c s mt thut ton o lin kt
(Link Reversal). N c thit k tm cc tuyn ng theo yu cu, cung cp nhiu
tuyn ti mt ch, thit lp tuyn nhanh v gim ti mc ti thiu phn ph ti
(overhead) bng thut ton khoanh vng chng li cc thay i v hnh trng mng c th
sy ra. Vic ti u nh tuyn (tm ng ngn nht) c coi l th yu v vic nh
tuyn vi cc ng di hn c s dng thng xuyn trnh phn ph ti khi tm ng
mi.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
Hot ng ca giao thc TORA c hnh dung ging nh a nc chy dc xung qua mt
mng cc ng ng v hng ti mt im ch. Cc ng ng m t cc lin kt gia cc nt
mng, cc im ni cc ng ng ny m t cc nt mng v nc chy trong cc ng m t cc
gi tin c nh tuyn hng ti ch. Mi nt c mt cao so vi ch c tnh ton bi
giao thc nh tuyn v cao gim dn trn tuyn, nh vy c th chuyn gi tin mt
cch tun t ti ch.
c) Giao thc nh tuyn ngun ng
im c bn ca giao thc nh tuyn ngun ng ( Dynamic Source Routing - DSR) l
vic s dng nh tuyn ngun. Tc l, ni gi nhn bit c hon ton tuyn ng gm
cc lin kt dn ti ch. Cc tuyn ng ny c lu trong b nh nh tuyn (Route
Cache). Cc gi d liu mang theo thng tin nh tuyn ngun trong tiu gi. Khi mt
nt trong mng Ad hoc mun gi mt gi tin ti mt ch m n cha nhn bit c tuyn ng, n s s dng mt tin trnh tm ng (Route Discovery) xc nh mt tuyn.
Tin trnh tm ng s gi trn lan vo trong mng cc gi yu cu tuyn (Route RequestRREQ). Mi nt nhn c RREQ li tip tc qung b n, tr khi nt l nt ch hoc
c mt tuyn ti ch c lu trong b nh nh tuyn. Cc nt ny tr li cc gi RREQ
bng cc gi hi m nh tuyn (Route Reply-RREP). Cc gi ny c nh tuyn tr li
ngun. Cc gi RREQ v RREP cng c nh tuyn theo ngun. Cc gi RREQ lp ln mt
tuyn xuyn qua mng. Gi RREP nh tuyn tr li ngun bng cch i ngc tr li theo
tuyn ng ny. Thng tin v tuyn c mang tr li bng gi RREP v c lu ti ngun
s dng.
Nu mt lin kt trn mt tuyn b s c, nt ngun c thng bo bng mt gi li (Route
Error-RERR). Ngun s xo tuyn ny trong b nh nh tuyn v bt u mt tin trnh
tm ng mi nu tuyn ny cn cn thit. Trong DSR khng cn mt c ch c bit
no pht hin cc vng lp nh tuyn.
d) nh tuyn da vo chui ch hng theo yu cu tm thi
nh tuyn da vo chui ch hng theo yu cu tm thi (Ad hoc On-Demand DistanceVector Routing - AODV) c im ging DSR l n cng tm cc ng c yu cu thng qua
mt bng mt tin trnh tm ng tng t. Tuy nhin, AODV s dng mt c ch rt khc
lu gi thng tin nh tuyn. N s dng cc bng nh tuyn truyn thng, mi mc
l mt ch. y l im ngc li DSR (DSR c th lu gi nhiu mc cho mi ch).
Khng c nh tuyn ngun, AODV da vo cc mc trong bng nh tuyn truyn
mt RREP tr v ngun v sau ,c s dng nh tuyn cc gi s liu c ti
ch. AODV s dng cc s th t c lu ti mi ch xc nh tnh mi ca thng tin
nh tuyn v chng li cc vng lp nh tuyn. Tt c cc gi u mang theo cc s
th t ny.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
Mt c im quan trng ca AODV l lu gi cc trng thi nh gi cn bn trong mi
nt tn dng cc mc trong bng nh tuyn n. Mt mc trong bng nh tuyn c
th b xo nu n khng c s dng trong thi gian gn.
Giao thc DSDV l giao thc nh tuyn theo bng, cc giao thc DSR, TORA, AODV
thuc loi giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu.
1.2.2. Nn tng cng ngh

Cc tin b trong cng ngh ch to cc thit b in t rt nh gi r vi cng sut thp
v phn ha chc nng cao, cc bc tin trong cng ngh mng khng dy v trong lnh
vc vi iu khin to ra tim nng to ln trong lnh vc cm bin v thu thp d liu.
Vic s dng cc b vi iu khin cng sut thp tch hp khi thu pht v tuyn v cc
thit b cm bin tng t, s khc nhau cho php mt mng cc thit b cm bin khng
dy hot ng bng ngun acquy c th thu thp d liu v mi trng trong phm vi ln.
D liu ny c th c ti n mt my tnh v c lu trong c s d liu. Sau , c
th c phn tch thng qua mt phn mm ng dng. Kt qu c th c truy xut trc
tip hoc bi mt trnh duyt Web chun bt c u trn Internet. Cc mng Sensor
ngy nay c nhng ci tin ng k so vi cc Sensor truyn thng theo hai hng:
- Cc Sensor c th t xa hin tng tc l cc thng tin v hin tng c c nh nng
lc cm bin v phn tch. Theo hng ny, yu cu cc Sensor ln s dng mt s k thut
phc tp nhn bit c cc ch t cc tp m mi trng khong cch xa.
- Nhiu Sensor ch yu ch hot ng cm bin c trin khai. V tr cc Sensor v
hnh trng thng tin c tnh ton cn thn. Chng c lin kt thnh mt mng truyn
thng tin v cc din bin ca hin tng c thm d ti cc nt trung tm, ni tip nhn
v x l d liu.
Mt mng Sensor bao gm mt s lng ln cc nt c trin khai dy c bn trong i tng cn thm d hoc rt gn n. V tr ca cc Sensor phi khng cn nh trc. iu
ny cho php trin khai ngu nhin trong cc vng khng th tip cn hoc trong cc hot
ng trnh s nguy him. iu ny cng c ngha l cc thut ton v giao thc phi c
kh nng t t chc. Mt c trng na ca mng Sensor l kh nng cng tc ca cc Sensor.
Cc Nt Sensor phi c b x l gn trong. Thay v chuyn cc d liu th n cc nt c
nhim v x l, cc nt Sensor s s dng kh nng tnh ton ca n thc hin cc x l
n gin v ch chuyn i cc d liu c yu cu v qua x l s b.
Cc c im trn a n mt phm vi ng dng ln ca mng Sensor. Mt s lnh vc
c ng dng l y t, qun s v an ninh. V d nh cc bc s s kim tra t xa cc d liu
v sinh l bnh nhn. iu ny va thun tin cho bnh nhn va gip cc bc s hiu
r hn v tnh trng bnh nhn. Mng Sensor cn c s dng pht hin cc tc nhn
ha hc trong khng kh v nc. Chng gip ch ra kiu, s c li v v tr ca cc cht.
10
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
V c bn, cc mng Sensor cung cp cho ngi s dng s hiu tt hn, thng minh hn v
mi trng. Chng ta c th thy rng trong tng lai, cc mng wireles Sensor s l mt phn
khng th thiu trong cuc sng, ging nh my tnh c nhn hin nay.
Cc ng dng thc t ca mng Sensor yu cu phi s dng cng ngh mng Wireless Ad
hoc. Mc d vy, c nhiu thut ton v giao thc c s dng cho cc mng Wireless Ad
hoc truyn thng nhng chng khng ph hp lm vi cc c tnh v yu cu ng dng ca
mng Sensor, minh ho im ny, s khc nhau gia mng Sensor v mng Wireless Ad
hoc c c phc ho di y :
S lng nt Sensor trong mng Sensor c th c yu cu mc ln hn rt nhiu so
vi cc mng Ad hoc.
-
Cc nt Sensor c trin khai vi mt ln hn.
Cc nt Sensor thng gp trc trc
Hnh trng mng Sensor thay i rt thng xuyn.
Cc nt Sensor thng s dng m hnh thng tin qung b ngc li cc mng Ad hoc s
dng truyn thng im- im.
-
Cc nt Sensor c hn ch v cng xut, kh nng tnh ton v b nh.
Cc nt Sensor c th khng c nhn dng ton cc do s lng nt Sensor ln.
V mt s lng ln nt Sensor c trin khai dy c nn cc nt ln cn c th rt gn

nhau. Do , truyn thng a lin kt (Multihop) c chn cng sut s dng thp hn
so vi truyn thng n lin kt truyn thng (Single hop).Hn na, cng sut truyn dn
c th gi mc thp, iu ny rt cn cho cc hot ng ngm. Truyn thng a lin
kt cn c mt s hiu qu truyn tn hiu tt hn so vi truyn thng khong cch xa.
Mt hn ch quan trng nht ca cc nt Sensor l yu cu phi ti thiu cng sut tiu
th. Cc nt Sensor ch tch tr c ngun nng lng hn ch v khng c thay th. V
vy, trong khi cc mng truyn thng lun t mc tiu cung cp cht lng dch v (QoS)
cao th cc giao thc trong mng Sensor phi ch trng n s bo tn ngun nng lng. Ngi
s dng phi chn gia tui th ca mng vi hn ch v thng lng hay tr truyn dn
ln.
1.3. M t h thng
1.3.1. M t h thng tng qut
Cc nt Sensor c trin khai trong mt trng Sensor (Sensor field) c minh ha trn hnh
1.1. Mi nt Sensor c pht tn c kh nng thu thp thng s liu, nh tuyn s liu v
b thu nhn (Sink) chuyn ti ngi dng (User) v nh tuyn cc bn tin mang theo
lnh hay yu cu t nt Sink n cc nt Sensor. S liu c nh tuyn v pha b thu
11
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
nhn (nt Sink) theo cu trc a lin kt khng c c s h tng nn tng (Multihop
Infrastructureless Architecture), tc l khng c cc trm thu pht gc hay cc trung tm iu
khin, nh trong hnh 1.1. B thu nhn c th lin lc trc tip vi trm iu hnh (Task
Manager Node) ca ngi dng hoc gin tip thng qua Internet hay v tinh (Satellite).
Hnh 1.1: M hnh trin khai cc nt Sensor

Mt nt Sensor c to ln t bn thnh phn c bn l: b cm bin, b x l, b thu pht
khng dy v ngun. Tu theo ng dng c th, nt Sensor cn c th c cc thnh phn
b xung nh h thng tm v tr, b sinh nng lng v thit b di ng. Cc thnh phn
trong mt nt Sensor c minh ho trn hnh 1.2. B cm bin thng thng gm hai n v
thnh phn l thit b cm bin (Sensor) v b chuyn i tng t / s (ADC). Cc tn
hiu tng t c c t cc Sensor trn c s cm bin cc hin tng c chuyn sang tn
hiu s bng b chuyn i ADC, ri mi c a ti b x l. B x l, thng kt hp vi
mt b nh nh, phn tch thng tin cm bin v qun l cc th tc cng tc vi cc nt khc
phi hp thc hin nhim v. B thu pht m bo thng tin gia nt Sensor v mng
bng kt ni khng dy, c th l v tuyn, hng ngoi hoc bng tn hiu quang. Mt
thnh phn quan trng ca nt Sensor l b ngun. B ngun, c th l pin hoc acquy,
cung cp nng lng cho nt Sensor v khng thay th c nn ngun nng lng ca nt thng
l gii hn. B ngun c th c h tr bi cc thit b sinh nng lng, v d nh cc tm pin
mt tri nh.
Hu ht cc cng ngh nh tuyn trong mng Sensor v cc nhim v cm bin yu
cu phi c s nhn bit v v tr vi chnh xc cao. Do , cc nt Sensor th ng phi
c h thng tm v tr. Cc thit b di ng i khi cng cn thit di chuyn cc nt
Sensor theo yu cu m bo cc nhim v c phn cng.
12
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
H thng tm v tr
Thit b di ng
B cm bin
Sensor ADC
B x l
Thit b x l
B thu pht
Thit b nh
B ngun
B sinh nng lng
Hnh 1.2: Cc thnh phn ca nt Sensor

minh ho r hn v mng Sensor khng dy trong thc t, phn tip sau y s gii
thiu mt h thng mng Sensor in hnh. l h thng WISENET.
1.3.2. H thng WISENET

a) Gii thiu h thng WISENET
WISENET (Wireless Sensor NETwork) l h thng thu nhn d liu v mi trng nh nh
sng, nhit v m t mt mng gm cc thit b cm bin khng dy cng sut
thp c gi l cc ht cm bin (Sensor motes). D liu ny c chuyn ti mt my ch
v c lu trong mt c s d liu. Mt chng trnh Web s nhn d liu phn tch v
hin th trn trnh duyt Web.
Mi ht Sensor c tch hp bi mt vi iu khin, mt b thu pht v tuyn, cc phn t
cm bin mi trng v ngun nui. Mt h iu hnh thi gian thc c gi l TinyOS
(Tiny Operation System) c s dng ti thiu cng sut tiu th m vn cung cp kh
nng iu ch cng sut cao v cho php cc hot ng tp trung ng thi.
b) S h thng WISENET
H thng WISENET gm hai h thng con chnh l phn tch s liu (Data Analysis
Subsystem) v thu nhn s liu (Data Acquisition Subsystem), ba thnh phn chnh l trm
ch (Server), trm ngi dng (Client) v mng cc ht Sensor (Sensor mote network).
13
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Chng I. Tng quan
Hnh 1.3; S h thng WISENET

Cc h thng con chnh l:
- H thng con phn tch s liu: H thng con ny ch gm
phn mm . N da trn c s h tng Internet v Web hin ti
(HTTP) truyn thng tin gia my tnh ch (Server) v my truy
cp (Client). Nhim v ca h thng con ny l chn ly cc d liu
mi trng thch hp cha c x l, c c nh h thng thu nhn d
liu, phn tch v gi kt qu n ngi dng theo yu cu.
- H thng thu nhn s liu: Mc ch ca h thng con ny thu
thp s liu mi trng v lu tr trong c s d liu sau h
thng phn tch s x l. H thng con bao gm mng cc Sensor c kt hp vi my tnh ch c ci t phn mm h thng
(TinyOS Daemon).
Cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng bao gm:
- Trm ngi dng (Client): Client l thnh phn cn thit nhng l

thnh phn bn ngoi. C ngha l ch cn Client l bt c my
tnh no c trnh duyt Web (Web browser) v c ni mng
Internet. N ch ng vai tr l giao din ca ngi s dng i vi
h thng phn tch s liu. N a ra yu cu s liu ca ngi s
dng vi trm ch v thu ly cc s liu yu cu.
Trm ch (Server): y l thnh phn then cht ca h thng, l
mi lin lc gia hai h thng con thu nhn v phn tch s liu.
14
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Chng I. Tng quan
V mt phn tch s liu n l mt my ch HTTP (HTTP Server)

mang mt ng dng Web (Web program). Khi nhn c mt yu cu
v trang Web, my ch HTTP gi ng dng Web ny nhn s liu t
c s d liu (SQL Database), phn tch v a li trang theo yu
cu n my tnh ngi dng (Client). V pha h thng thu nhn
d liu, c mt trnh tin ch hot ng ngm (Daemon) c gi
l wiseDB trao i thng tin d dng vi mng Sensor. WiseDB
m nhn vic gi cc lnh qua lin kt ni tip R232 n cng
giao tip (gateway mote) chuyn ti mng Sensor. N cng m
nhn vic thu thp s liu t mng Sensor (cng thng qua gateway
mote). S liu a n c x l rt t v c chuyn vo c s d
liu. Nh vy, c s d liu SQL l cu ni gia hai h thng thu
nhn v x l s liu. V c s d liu SQL lin lc thng qua TCP/IP
nn ch trm ch HTTP v chng trnh Web cn phi c t
trong cng mt t chc vt l. Trm ch HTTP, c s d liu SQL,
wiseDB c th t trong cc t chc vt l khc nhau v kt ni
thng qua Internet. Trnh t hot ng ca Server c tm tt nh
sau:
Client
yu
cu s
liu
vi cc
iu
kin
Kim tra
cc tham
s iu
kin hp
l.
Nhn s liu
t c s d
liu, tu theo
rng buc
ca trm
khch
To trang
Web vi
d liu
c
yu cu
Gi
trang
Web
n
Client.
Hnh 1.4: Trnh t hot ng ca Server

Mng cc ht Sensor: Mng cc Sensor l thnh phn trng tm ca h thng. Cc Sensor
m nhn vic thu thp s liu mi trng v chuyn cc s liu ny n trm ch. N
cn phi nhn cc lnh t trm ch, c th l yu cu v s liu hay ti chng trnh mi. C
hai phn t thuc thnh phn ny. Th nht l cc ht thng thng (Standard mote). Cc ht
ny c nhim thu thp cc thng tin cm bin t mi trng, bao gm nh sng, nhit ,
m v truyn cc s liu ny n gateway. Chng truyn thng tin qua lin kt v tuyn
cng sut thp di tn ISM 900 MHz v m bo tt c cc gi u c a ti Gateway.
Chng cn c phn cng hiu chnh v gim st cng sut ngun. Ht cng (Gateway mote)
l phn t th hai ca mng Sensor motes. Mc ch chnh ca n l lin lc gia trm ch
v mng Sensor qua lin kt v tuyn RS-232 v chuyn tt c cc gi s liu ti WiseDB.
15
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Chng I. Tng quan
C hai phn t Standard mote v Gateway mote u c cng phn cng v phn mm,
chng ch khc nhau v chc nng.
Hnh 1.5: Cc thnh phn trong ht Sensor gm:

Cc thnh phn trong ht Sensor c minh ho trn hnh 1.5, bao gm:
- Cc Sensor cm bin nh sng, m, nhit (Light, Humidity, Temp); cc LED trng
thi.
- Mch thu pht v tuyn, mch giao tip RS-232 (UARTS), cc b chuyn tng t-s
(ADC), vi x l li 8051, b nh SRAM v FLASH (cha h iu hnh TinyOS, phn
mm) c tch hp trn vi mch CC1010.
- Phn mm h thng (drivers) giao tip RS-232 (ch trong gateway), b thu pht v
tuyn v antent.
-B ngun nui (gm acquy, mch gim st ngun).
c) Cc tiu chun c p dng
* Giao thc truyn siu vn bn (HTTP).
* Ngn ng truy vn theo cu trc (SQL).
* Lin kt v tuyn ni tip RS-232.
* Lin kt ni tip vi iu khin (I2C).
* Quy nh FCC (di tn cng nghip, khoa hc, y t ISM).
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Chng I. Tng quan
1.4. Tng quan v kin trc mng

Ngn xp giao thc c s dng trong b thu nhn (nt Sink) v tt c cc nt Sensor c
minh ha trong hnh 1.6.
Ngn xp giao thc ny phi hp cc tnh ton v nh tuyn v nng lng, kt hp s
liu vi cc giao thc mng, truyn tin vi hiu qu v nng lng thng qua mi trng khng
dy v tng cng s hp tc gia cc nt Sensor. Ngn xp giao thc bao gm lp ng dng
(Application Layer), lp giao vn (Transport Layer), lp mng (Network Layer), lp lin kt s
liu (Datalink Layer), lp vt l (Physical Layer), mt bng qun l nng lng (Power
Management Plane), mt bng qun l di ng (Mobility Management Plane) v mt bng
qun l nhim v (Task Management Plane).
Hnh 1.6: Ngn xp giao thc mng Sensor

Tu theo nhim v cm bin, cc kiu phn mm ng dng c th c xy dng v s
dng trn lp ng dng. Lp giao vn gip duy tr dng s liu khi cc ng dng ca mng
Sensor yu cu. Lp mng tp trung vo vic nh tuyn s liu c cung cp bi lp giao
vn. Do mi trng c nhiu v cc nt Sensor c th di ng c, giao thc MAC phi c
tnh ton v nng lng v ti thiu ha va chm trong vic pht qung b vi cc nt ln
cn . Lp vt l s dng cc k thut iu ch, truyn v nhn cn thit n gin nhng
mnh m. Thm vo , cc mt bng qun l nng lng, di ng v nhim v iu khin
s phn phi nng lng, phi hp di chuyn v nhim v gia cc nt Sensor. Cc mt bng
ny gip cho cc nt Sensor c th phi hp trong nhim v cm bin v gim c tng
nng lng tiu th.
Mt bng qun l nng lng qun l vic mt nt Sensor s dng nng lng ca n nh th
no. V d, nt Sensor c th tt b phn nhn sau khi nhn mt bn tin t mt trong cc
17
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Chng I. Tng quan
nt ln cn. iu ny c th trnh c vic nhn bn tin ti hai ln. Ngoi ra, khi mc nng
lng ca nt Sensor thp, nt Sensor s thng bo ti tt c cc nt ln cn rng mc nng l ng thp ca n thp nn n khng th tham gia vo vic nh tuyn cho cc bn tin.
Nng lng cn li c d tr cho vic cm bin. Mt bng qun l di ng d tm v ghi li
chuyn ng ca nt Sensor, v th mt tuyn ng hng ti nt user lun c duy tr v
cc nt Sensor c th theo di c cc nt Sensor ln cn. Vi vic nhn bit c cc nt
Sensor ln cn, nt Sensor c th cn bng gia nhim v v nng lng s dng. Mt
bng qun l nhim v cn bng v sp xp nhim v cm bin cho mt vng c th.
Khng phi tt c cc Sensor trong vng c yu cu thc nhim v cm nhn ti cng
mt thi im. Kt qu l mt vi nt Sensor thc hin nhim v nhiu hn cc nt khc
tu theo mc nng lng ca chng. Nhng mt qun l ny rt cn thit, nh vy, cc nt
Sensor c th lm vic cng vi nhau c hiu qu v mt nng lng, c th nh
tuyn s liu trong mt mng Sensor di ng v chia s ti nguyn gia cc nt Sensor. Nu
khng, mi nt Sensor s ch lm vic mt cch n l. Xut pht quan im xem xt
trong ton mng Sensor, s hiu qu hn nu cc nt Sensor c th hot ng hp tc vi
nhau, nh th cng c th ko di tui th ca mng.
1.4.1. Lp ng dng
Mc d nhiu lnh vc ng dng cho mng Sensor c vch r v c xut, cc giao
thc lp ng dng cn tim tng cho mng Sensor vn cn l mt vng rng ln cha c khm
ph. Trong phn ny, chng ta s kho st ba giao thc lp ng dng quan trng l giao thc
qun l Sensor (Sensor Management Protocol-SMP), giao thc phn nhim v v qung co
s liu (Task Assignment and Data Advertisement Protocol-TADAP), giao thc truy vn
Sensor v ph bin s liu (Sensor Query and Data Dissemination Protocol-SQDDP), rt
cn thit cho mng Sensor trn c s nhng s c xut c lin quan ti nhng lp
khc v cc lnh vc ng dng mng Sensor. Tt c cc giao thc lp ng dng ny u l
nhng vn nghin cu c tnh m.
1.4.1.1. Giao thc qun l Sensor

Vic thit k mt giao thc qun l lp ng dng c nhiu thun li. Mng Sensor c
nhiu lnh vc ng dng khc nhau v vic truy nhp n cc Sensor thng qua cc mng
nh Internet c nh hng trong mt s cc d n hin nay. Mt giao thc qun l lp ng
dng lm cho phn cng v phn mm ca cc lp thp tr ln trong sut vi cc ng dng
qun l mng Sensor. Tc l, vic s dng cc phn cng v phn mm no cho lp thp
khng nh hng ti hot ng ca cc ng dng qun l mng Sensor.
Cc nh qun tr h thng tc ng ti mng Sensor nh s dng SMP. Khng nh nhiu
mng khc, mng Sensor bao gm cc nt khng c cc s nhn dng ID (IDentify ) ton cc
v chng thng khng c c s h tng mng. V th SMP cn phi truy nhp ti cc nt
bng cch s dng t tn thuc tnh c s v nh a ch v tr c s.
18
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Chng I. Tng quan
SMP l mt giao thc qun l cung cp hot ng phn mm cn thit thc hin
nhim v qun tr mng sau:
- a ra cc quy tc lin quan ti vic tp hp s liu, t tn thuc tnh c s, tp hp
cc nhm nt Sensor thnh cm.
- Trao i s liu lin quan ti cc thut ton tm v tr
- ng b thi gian cho cc nt Sensor
- Di chuyn cc nt Sensor
- Bt v tt cc nt Sensor
- Truy vn cu hnh mng Sensor v trng thi nt, nh dng li cu hnh mng Sensor
- Xc nhn, phn phi kho v bo mt trong truyn thng s liu
1.4.1.2. Giao thc phn nhim v v qung co s liu

Mt hot ng quan trng khc trong mng Sensor l ph bin yu cu v s liu. Ngi s dng c th gi yu cu ny ti mt nt Sensor, ti mt mng con hoc ti ton mng.
Yu cu ny c th l v mt thuc tnh no ca hin tng mc tiu hoc mt s kin
ng quan tm. Sau , cc Sensor lin quan s gi cc s liu c yu cu ti ngi s dng.
Mt phng php khc l qung co cc s liu c sn. Trong phng php ny, cc nt Sensor
qung co cc s liu c sn cho ngi dng v truy vn ngi s dng v s liu m h quan
tm ti . Mt giao thc lp ng dng cung cp cho ngi dng phn mm vi giao din cho
vic truyn t yu cu h tr rt hiu qu cho cc hot ng ca lp thp hn, nh nh
tuyn
1.4.1.3 Giao thc truy vn Sensor v ph bin s liu

SQDDP cung cp cho ngi s dng nhng ng dng bao gm giao din truy vn, phn
hi truy vn v thu thp phn hi gi ti. Cn lu rng hu ht cc truy vn khng c a
ra cho tng nt ring. Thay vo , vic t tn thuc tnh c s v v tr c s c s
dng nhiu hn. V d: v tr ca nhng nt m cm bin c nhit cao hn 70 F
l mt truy vn thuc tnh c s. Tng t nh vy, nhit c ra bi nhng nt trong
vng A l mt v d t tn v tr c s.
Ngn ng truy vn v t nhim v Sensor (Sensor Query And Tasking LanguageSQTL) l mt ng dng cung cp mt tp hp ln dch v. SQTL h tr ba loi s kin c
nh ngha bng t kha receive, every and expire. T kha receive nh ngha cc s
kin c to ra bi nt Sensor khi nt Sensor nhn c mt bn tin (Message); t kha Every
nh ngha cc s kin xy ra nh k theo mt b nh thi gian (Timer), t kha Expire
nh ngha cc s kin xy ra khi mt b nh thi gian khng cn hiu lc. Nu mt nt
Sensor nhn c mt thng bo dnh cho n v bao gm mt on m lnh, nt Sensor s
19
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Chng I. Tng quan
thc hin on lnh . Ngoi SQTL, cc loi SQDDP khc c th pht trin cho nhng
ng dng khc nhau. Cc SQDDP c th c s dng duy nht cho tng ng dng.
1.4.2 Lp giao vn
Lp giao vn cung cp cc dch v t chc lin lc u cui t cc nt Sensor c bo co
cn chuyn ti nt thu nhn (Sink) v nt ngi s dng. Lp giao vn c bit cn thit
khi h thng c k hoch truy nhp thng qua Internet hoc nhng mng bn ngoi khc.
Giao thc TCP vi c ch ca s truyn dn cha ph hp vi c trng ca mi trng mng
Sensor hin nay. Do , vic thit lp mt lin kt u cui t cc nt Sensor trc tip
n nt qun l ca ngi s dng l khng hiu qu. Phng php phn tch TCP l cn
thit mng Sensor tng tc vi cc mng khc v d nh Internet. Trong phng php ny,
kt ni TCP c s dng lin lc gia nt qun l ca ngi s dng v nt thu nhn
(Sink) v mt giao thc lp giao vn ph hp vi mi trng mng Sensor c s dng cho
truyn thng gia nt thu nhn v cc nt Sensor. Kt qu l truyn thng gia nt ngi s
dng v nt thu nhn c th s dng giao UDP hoc TCP thng qua Internet hoc qua v
tinh. Mt khc, vic truyn thng gia nt thu nhn v cc nt Sensor ch s dng hon
ton cc giao thc kiu nh UDP, bi v cc nt Sensor c b nh hn ch.
Khng ging cc giao thc kiu nh TCP, cc phng php truyn thng u cui (end to
end) trong mng Sensor khng a ch ton cc. Cc phng php ny da trn vic t tn
thuc tnh c s ch ra im ch ca gi s liu. Cc nhn t nh tiu th nng lng,
kh nng m rng v cc c trng nh nh tuyn tp trung s liu khin cho mng Sensor
cn phi c nhng c ch khc trong lp giao vn. Yu cu ny nhn mnh s cn thit ca
nhng loi giao thc mi lp giao vn.
1.4.3 Lp mng
Cc nt Sensor c phn b dy c trong mt trng gn hoc ngay bn trong cc
hin tng mc tiu nh trong hnh 1.1. Giao thc nh tuyn khng dy a bc ph hp gia
nt Sensor v nt Sink l cn thit. K thut nh tuyn trong mng ad-hoc thng thng
khng ph hp nhng yu cu ca mng Sensor. Lp mng ca mng Sensor c thit k theo
nhng nguyn tc sau :
- Hiu sut nng lng lun l yu t quan trng
- Hu ht cc mng Sensor l s liu tp trung
- Vic tp hp s liu ch c thc thi khi n khng cn tr hot ng hp tc ca cc nt
Sensor .
- Mt mng Sensor l tng phi nhn bit c vic nh a ch thuc tnh c s v v
tr.
20
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Chng I. Tng quan
1.4.4. Lin kt lin mng

Mt chc nng quan trng khc ca lp mng l cung cp s lin kt mng vi cc mng bn
ngoi nh cc mng Sensor khc, cc h thng pht lnh v iu khin hay Internet. Trong
mt m hnh mng, cc nt Sink c s dng nh mt cng (Gateway) n cc mng khc.
Trong mt m hnh mng khc, mt ng trc c to ra bng vic kt ni cc nt Sink vi
nhau v ng trc ny c truy nhp ti cc mng khc thng qua mt Gateway.
21
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
Cc giao thc
SMECN
Trn
Dy truyn
M t giao thc
To mt lc con ca mng Sensor gm ng ME
Qung b s liu ti tt c cc nt ln cn m khng quan tm
n vic chng nhn n hay cha
Gi s liu ti mt nt ln cn c la chn ngu nhin
SPIN
Ch gi cc s liu ti cc nt Sensor nu chng c yu cu; c 3

loi bn tin : ADV, REQ v DATA
SAR
To nhnh nhiu nhnh cy vi gc ca mi nhnh cy l mt bc

ti nt ln cn t nt Sink; chn mt cy cho s liu nh
tuyn tr li b nhn theo ti nguyn nng lng v vic o QoS b.
LEACH
To cc cm (Cluster) ti thiu ha tiu th nng lng
Truyn tin c
Thit lp cc ch hng cho s liu t ngun ti nt Sink trong qu
nh hng
trnh ph bin s quan tm
Bng 1.1: Tng quan v lp mng
1.4.5 Lp lin kt s liu

Lp lin kt s liu chu trch nhim ghp knh cho cc dng s liu v tch khung s
liu, iu khin truy nhp mi trng v sa li. N m bo s tin cy cho kt ni im
-im (Point to Point) v im - a im (Point to Multipoint) trong mng truyn thng.
Hai phn di s trnh by v chin lc truy nhp mi trng truyn dn v iu khin sa
li cho mng Sensor.
1.4.5.1 iu khin truy nhp mi trng truyn dn

Giao thc MAC trong mng Sensor t t chc a bc khng dy (Wireless Multihop Selforganizing Sensor network) phi t c hai mc tiu. Th nht l phi to ra c s h tng
mng. V hng nghn nt Sensor c phn b dy c trong mt trng Sensor nn giao
thc MAC phi thit lp c nhng lin kt thng tin truyn s liu. Vic ny s lp
ln c s h tng nn tng cn thit cho truyn thng khng dy a bc v to cho mng
Sensor kh nng t t chc. Nhim v th hai l chia s ti cc nguyn thng tin mt cch
hiu qu v cn bng gia cc nt Sensor. Cc giao thc MAC truyn thng c th c
phn loi da trn cc c ch phn b ti nguyn. Bng 2.3 cung cp mt s phn tch cc
u, nhc im v phm vi ng dng ca cc loi ny.
22
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
Phn loi
Kiu chia s ti nguyn
Phm vi ng dng
Nhc im
Ch nh
ring hay phn
b c nh
Phn b c nh c
Thch hp vi lu lng
Khng hiu qu vi
xc nh trc
lin tc v cung cp lu lng cao
hn ch tr
Da trn nhu
cu
Tu thuc vo nhu cu
Hu ch i vi tc
Lm tng ph ti
hay yu cu ca ngi bin i v lu lng (Overhead) v tr do
dng
a phng tin
tin trnh ng k
trc ti nguyn
Truy nhp
ngu nhin
(da trn cnh
tranh)
Tranh dnh knh khi

cn chuyn gi
Ph hp vi lu lng cao
Khng hiu qu vi
lu lng nhy cm vi
tr
Bng 1.2: Phn loi giao thc MAC
1.4.5.2 iu khin sa li
Mt chc nng quan trng khc ca lp lin kt s liu l iu khin sa li cho s liu
truyn dn. Hai phng php iu khin sa li quan trng trong mng truyn thng l sa
li trc (Forward Error Correction-FEC) v yu cu lp li t ng (Automatic Repeat
Request-ARQ). Phng php ARQ cha c p dng trong mng Sensor mc d c nhiu
dng ARQ c kh nng thch ng v hiu qu c p dng cho cc mng di ng khc.
Kh nng ng dng ca phng php ARQ trong mng Sensor b hn ch do vic tng chi ph
trc khi truyn dn v ph ti. Mt khc, phc tp trong m ho ca phng php FEC tng
theo kh nng hiu chnh li. Xt v mt ny, vic s dng cc m n gin l gii php
tt nht cho mng Sensor. Trong thit k ca phng php ny, vn quan trng l phi
xem xt k lng c im ca knh v k thut m. Phn tip theo s trnh by ng lc
ng dng v c s thit k th tc FEC theo yu cu ca mng Sensor.
FEC: tin cy ca lin kt l tham s quan trng trong thit k bt k mt mng khng
dy no, iu ny cng quan trng hn vi mng Sensor do tnh cht gay gt v khng
n nh ca s ng knh trong cc ng dng khc nhau. Mt s cc ng dng nh gim
st di ng v iu hnh my mc i hi chnh xc s liu cao. T s li bt (BER)
l tham s quan trng nh gi tin cy ca lin kt. BER t l thun vi tc k
hiu Rs v t l nghch vi t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR (E s / N0) v mc cng xut pht
Pout. Gi s mt phng php m ho vi t l R c s dng. Nu tc truyn k hiu s
liu c gi khng i so vi trc khi m ho th tc truyn k hiu tng phi tng n
Rs / R. Ngoi ra, nu cng sut truyn dn khng i th nng lng thu c trn mt k
hiu gim n REs. BER o c u vo b gii m, BER ca tn hiu cha c x l,
ln hn BER ca tn hiu sau gii m. iu ny c c nh b gii m bng cch khai thc
phn d tha v cu trc ca b m hiu chnh mt s li ng truyn. Trong thc t,
23
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
mt m sa li tt c nh gi qua mc gim BER v li chung. li m c nh gi
bng cng sut pht thm vo cn thit trong trng hp khng dng m sa li t c
cng BER ca tn hiu sau gii m.
Vic truyn thng s liu mt cch tin cy c th c cung cp bng cch tng cng xut
pht ra (Pout) hoc s dng c ch FEC ph hp. V mt nt Sensor c ngun nng lng gii
hn nn vic tng cng sut pht l khng kh thi. Do , phi tp trung vo FEC v FEC c
th gim ng k BER vi bt k gi tr Pout c cho. Tuy nhin, cng phi tnh n cng
sut x l tng thm do m ho v gii m. Cng sut x l ny gy bt li do gii hn ngun
nng lng ca cc nt Sensor. iu ny rt quan trng i vi mng Sensor mc d c th
khng ng k vi cc mng khng dy khc. Nu cng xut x l pht sinh ny ln hn
li m ho th c qu trnh ny l khng hiu qu v nng lng v h thng chng cn phi
m ho sa li. Mt khc, FEC l rt quan trng vi mng Sensor nu tng cng sut m ho
v gii m nh hn cng sut pht tit kim c.
Gi thit mt knh c Fading Rayleigh chm khng chn lc tn s v s dng m ho
son hiu chnh li. Cc phn tch a n kt lun rng nng lng tiu th trung
bnh cho mt bit c ch tng hm m theo di hn ch ca m v khng ph thuc vo
t l m. Ngoi ra, FEC thng khng hiu qu nu gii m bng mt vi x l v nghin cu
ny gii thiu mt b gii m Viterbi chuyn dng gn trn bng mch. Cc k thut m n
gin c th gii quyt vn hiu qu nng lng cho mng Sensor.
1.4.6 Lp vt l
Lp vt l chu trch nhim la chn tn s, to tn s mang, tch sng, iu ch v m
ho s liu. Vic to tn s v tch sng thuc phm vi thit k phn cng v b thu pht
nn s khng c xem xt y. Cc phn tip theo s ch trng v cc hiu ng pht
sng, hiu xut nng lng v cc phng php iu ch trong mng Sensor.
Hin nhin l truyn thng v tuyn vi khong cch xa l rt tn km xt c v nng lng v phc tp ca hot ng. Trong khi thit k lp vt l cho mng Sensor, vic ti
thiu ho nng lng c coi l rt quan trng, ngoi ra cn cc vn v suy hao, pht tn,
vt cn, phn x, nhiu, cc hiu ng fading a ng. Thng thng, cng sut u ra ti
thiu chuyn mt tn hiu qua mt khong cch d t l vi d n , trong 2 n < 4. S
m n gn 4 vi antent tm thp v cc knh gn mt t in hnh trong mng Sensor.
Nguyn nhn l do s trit tiu mt phn tn hiu bi tia phn x mt t. gii quyt
vn ny, ngi thit k phi hiu r cc c tnh a dng c hu v khai thc chng
mt cch trit . Vi d, truyn thng qua nhiu bc nhy trong mng Sensor c th vt qua
mt cch hiu qu cc vt chn v cc hiu ng suy hao ng truyn nu mt nt
mng ln. Tng t, trong khi suy hao ng truyn v dung lng knh hn ch tin cy
ca s liu th nh ta c th s dng li tn s theo khng gian.
24
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
Vic la chn phng thc iu ch tt l vn quyt nh i vi s tin cy
trong truyn thng ca mng Sensor. Cc phng php iu ch c hai v c s M c so
snh trong [36]. Trong khi mt phng php iu ch c s M c th gim c th gim thi
gian truyn dn bng vic gi nhiu bit trn mt k hiu th n li lm tng phc tp
ca mch in v tng cng sut v tuyn. Vi iu kin cng sut khi kch (c gii
thiu trong phn 2.1.8) vt tri th phng php iu ch c s hai c hiu qu v nng lng
hn. V th, phng php iu ch c s M ch c li vi cc h thng c cng sut khi
kch thp.
Thit b bng tn cc rng (Ultrawideband-UWB) hay v tuyn xung (Impulse Radio-IR)
tng c s dng cho h thng radar xung bng tn gc v cc h thng o khong cch,
gn y c ch trong cc ng dng thng tin c bit l cc mng khng dy trong
nh. UWB truyn dn vi bng tn gc nn khng cn cc tn s mang hoc trung tn.
Thng thng, iu ch v tr xung c s dng. u im chnh ca UWB l kh nng
mau phc hi vi i vi hin tng pht a ng. Vic s dng cng sut truyn thng thp
v thit k mch n gin lm cho UWB rt thch hp vi cc mng Sensor.
1.5. c im ca mng Wireless Sensor

1.5.1. Kch thc vt l nh v tiu th cng sut thp
Trong bt k hng pht trin cng ngh no, kch thc v cng sut tiu th lun chi phi
kh nng x l, lu tr v tng tc ca cc thit b c s. Vic thit k cc phn cng cho
mng Sensor phi ch trng n gim kch c v cng sut tiu th vi yu cu nht nh
v kh nng hot ng. Vic s dng phn mm phi to ra cc hiu qu b li cc hn
ch ca phn cng.
1.5.2. Hot ng ng thi vi tp trung cao

Phng thc hot ng chnh ca cc thit b trong mng Sensor l cm bin v vn
chuyn cc dng thng tin vi khi lng x l thp, gm cc hot ng nhn mt lnh, dng,
phn tch v p ng li. V d, thng tin cm bin c th c thu nhn ng thi bi cc
Sensor, c thao tc v truyn ln mng. Hoc d liu c th c nt Sensor nhn t cc
nt Sensor khc v c hng ti nh tuyn a lin kt hay lin kt cu. V dung lng b
nh trong nh nn vic m mt khi lng ln d liu gia dng vo v dng ra l khng
kh thi. Hn na, mi dng li to ra mt s lng ln cc s kin mc thp xen vo hot ng
x l mc cao. Mt s hot ng x l mc cao s ko di trn nhiu s kin thi gian thc.
Do , cc nt mng phi thc hin nhiu cng vic ng thi v cn phi c s tp trung
x l cao .
25
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
1.5.3. Kh nng lin kt vt l v phn cp iu khin hn

ch
S lng cc b iu khin c lp, cc kh nng ca b iu khin, s tinh vi ca lin
kt x l - lu tr - chuyn mch trong mng Sensor thp hn nhiu trong cc h thng thng
thng. in hnh, b cm bin (Sensor ) hay b truyn ng (actuator) cung cp mt giao
din n gin trc tip ti mt b vi iu khin chip n. Ngc li, cc h thng thng thng, vi cc hot ng x l phn tn, ng thi kt hp vi mt lot cc thit b trn nhiu
mc iu khin c lin h bi mt cu trc bus phc tp. Cc hn ch v kch thc v
cng sut, kh nng nh hnh vt l trn vi mch b gii hn c chiu hng cn h tr qun
l dng ng thi, tp trung nh b x l kt hp.
1.5.4. Tnh a dng trong thit k v s dng

Cc thit b Sensor c ni mng c khuynh hng dnh ring cho ng dng c th, tc l
mi loi phn cng ch h tr ring cho ng dng ca n. V c mt phm vi ng dng Sensor
rt rng nn cng c th c rt nhiu kiu thit b vt l khc nhau. Vi mi thit b ring,
iu quan trng l phi d dng tp hp cc thnh phn phn mm c c ng dng
t cc thnh phn phn cng. Nh vy, cc loi thit b ny cn mt s iu chnh phn
mm mt mc no c c hiu qu s dng phn cng cao. Mi trng pht
trin chung l cn thit cho php cc ng dng ring c th xy dng trn mt tp cc
thit b m khng cn giao din phc tp. Ngoi ra, cng c th chuyn i gia phm vi
phn cng vi phn mm trong kh nng cng ngh.
1.5.5. Hot ng tin cy

Cc thit b c s lng ln, c trin khai trong phm vi rng vi mt
ng dng c th. Vic p dng cc k thut m ha sa li truyn
thng nhm tng tin cy ca cc n v ring l b gii hn bi
kch thc v cng sut. Vic tng tin cy ca cc thit b l l
iu ct yu. Thm vo , chng ta c th tng tin cy ca
ng dng bng kh nng chp nhn v khc phc c s hng hc
ca thit b n l. Nh vy, h thng hot ng trn tng nt n
khng nhng mnh m m cn d dng pht trin cc ng dng
phn tn tin cy.
1.6. ng dng ca mng Sensor

Mng Sensor c th gm cc kiu cm bin khc nhau nh ng t, t trng vi tc
ly mu thp, nhit , hnh nh, hng ngoi, m thanh v d v tuyn (radar) qua c
th kim tra c rt nhiu tnh cht ca mi trng xung quanh nh :
-
Nhit
26
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
-
S di chuyn ca xe c
Cc trng thi chp nhong
p sut
Thnh phn t trng
Mc tp m
Cc thnh phn hin din hay vng mt ca i tng.
Cc mc ng sut ca cc i tng tip xc vi nhau.
Cc c tnh tc thi nh tc , phng hng v kch thc ca mt i tng
Cc nt Sensor c th c s dng thm d lin tc, pht hin s kin, nhn dng s
kin, cm bin v v tr hoc iu khin. tng v vi cm bin v kt ni v
tuyn gia cc nt mng ha hn nhiu lnh vc ng dng mi. C th phn loi cc ng
dng theo lnh vc qun s, y t, mi trng, gia nh v cc ng dng thng mi khc. C
th m rng s phn chia ny vi nhiu loi khc nh thm d khng gian, x l ha hc, gim
ri ro.
1.6.1. ng dng trong qun s

Cc mng Wireless Sensor l mt phn khng th thiu trong cc
ng dng qun s ngy nay vi cc h thng mnh lnh, iu
khin, thu thp tin tc tnh bo truyn thng, tnh ton, theo di k
tnh nghi, trinh st v tm mc tiu. Cc c tnh trin khai nhanh
chng, t t chc v kh nng chu ng li ca cc mng Sensor
cho thy y l mt cng ngh y trin vng trong lnh vc
qun s. V cc mng Sensor da trn c s trin khai dy c vi
cc nt gi r v ch dng mt ln, vic b ch ph hu mt s nt
khng nh hng ti hot ng chung nh cc Sensor truyn thng nn
chng tip cn chin trng tt hn. Mt s ng dng ca mng
Sensor l : kim tra lc lng, trang b, n dc, gim st chin trng,
trinh st vng v lc lng ch, tm mc tiu, nh gi thit hi trn
nh, trinh st v pht hin cc v kh ha hc - sinh hc - ht nhn
(NCB).
- Kim tra lc lng, trang b, n dc: Cc lnh o v ch huy c th kim tra thng
xuyn tnh trng ca qun i, iu kin v kh nng sn sng chin u ca cc trang
b, n dc trong mt chin trng bng vic s dng cc mng Sensor. Mi ngi lnh, xe c,
27
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
trang b u c gn mt Sensor thng bo trng thi. Cc thng bo ny c tp hp ti
mt nt thu d liu (Sink nt ) v c gi ti ngi ch huy. Cc s liu ny c th c hng
ti cc cp cao hn trong phn cp ch huy cng vi cc s liu t cc n v khc ti mi
cp.
- Theo di chin trng : Ti cc vng quan trng, cc tuyn tip cn, cc con ng v eo
bin, cc mng Sensor c th c trin khai nhanh chng theo di hot ng ca i phng mt cch r rng, b mt. Khi bn cng tc c chun b, cc mng Sensor c th
c trin khai bt c lc no theo di i phng.
- Trinh st vng v lc lng i phng: Khi cc mng Sensor c trin khai ti cc vng
chin lc, cc thng tin tnh bo c gi tr, chi tit v kp thi c th c thu thp trong mt
vi pht trc khi b i phng ngn chn.
- Tm mc tiu: Cc mng Sensor c th c kt hp cht ch vi cc h thng hng o
trong cc qun trang thng minh.
- nh gi thit hi ca trn nh: Ngay trc hoc sau khi tn cng, cc mng Sensor c
th c trin khai trong vng mc tiu tp hp cc s liu nh gi thit hi trong trn
nh.
- Trinh st v pht hin cc v kh ha hc, sinh hc, ht nhn: Trong cc cuc chin tranh
sinh hc v ha hc, vic pht hin chnh xc v kp thi cc tc nhn l iu rt quan
trng. Cc mng Sensor c trin khai trong vng chim ng v c s dng nh cc h
thng cnh bo v kh sinh ha c th cung cp cho qun i cc thng tin v cc tc nhn
c th gy nguy him, thng vong. Cc mng Sensor cn c dng gim st chi tit sau
khi cc tn cng sinh, ha v ht nhn c pht hin. Ngi ta c th c c s trinh st v
v kh ht nhn m khng phi a cc i trinh st vo vng bc x nguy him ca.
1.6.2. ng dng v mi trng

Mt s cc ng dng v mi trng ca mng Sensor bao gm theo di s di chuyn ca cc
loi chim, loi th nh, cn trng; kim tra cc iu kin mi trng nh hng ti ma mng
v vt nui; tnh trng nc ti; cc cng c v m cho vic gim st mt t phm vi rng
v thm him cc hnh tinh; pht hin ha hc, sinh hc; tnh ton trong nng nghip;
kim tra mi trng khng kh,t trng, bin; pht hin chy rng; nghin cu kh tng v
a l; pht hin l lt; v bn sinh hc phc tp ca mi trng v nghin cu nhim
mi trng.
- Pht hin chy rng : V cc nt Sensor c th trin khai dy c, t do cc v tr
cn thit nn chng c th cung cp tin tc chnh xc v ngun gc pht la trc khi chng
pht tn rng khng kim sot c. Hng nghn nt Sensor c th c trin khai v tch
hp nh cc h thng quang v cc tn s v tuyn. Ngoi ra, cc nt Sensor cn c trang
b cc phng php thu nng lng, v d nh dng pin mt tri, cc Sensor c th t duy
28
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
tr trong nhiu thng thm ch nhiu nm. Cc nt Sensor s cng tc vi cc nt khc
phn tn s cm bin v chng li cc tr ngi nh cc cnh cy, khi lm cn tr tm
nhn ca cc Sensor.
- V bn sinh hc phc tp ca mi trng: Vic lp bn sinh hc ca mi trng i
hi phi tip cn mt cch tinh vi kt hp cc thng tin qua cc trc khng gian v thi
gian. Cc tin b k thut trong lnh vc cm bin t xa v thu thp d liu t ng cho
php phn gii khng gian, quang ph v thi gian cao ti mt n v din tch. Da
vo cng ngh hin nay, cc nt Sensor c th c kt ni Internet, iu ny cho php
ngi s dng t xa c th iu khin, kim tra v theo di cc thnh phn sinh hc trong
mi trng.
Mc d cc h thng cm bin v tinh v trn my bay rt hu ch

cho vic theo di tnh a dng sinh hc v m nhng chng khng
tinh vi tip cn cc thnh phn sinh hc c kch c nh. Do
cn thit phi s dng mng Sensor theo di chi tit cc
thnh phn sinh hc mt cch y .
- Pht hin l lt: mt v d v ng dng pht hin l lt l h thng ALERT c trin
khai ti M. Nhiu kiu Sensor c trin khai trong h thng ALERT l cc cm bin v lng ma, mc nc v thi tit. Cc Sensor ny cung cp thng tin cho h thng c s d liu
trung tm. Cc d liu ny c tnh ton, phn tch a ra d bo v tnh hnh nguy
c l lt.
- Cc tnh ton cho nng nghip: mt s cc h tr trong nng nghip l kim tra, tnh
ton kp thi mc mm bnh trong nc ung, mc xi mn t v mc nhim.
1.6.3. ng dng trong y t

Mt s ng dng trong y t ca mng Sensor l cung cp kh nng giao tip cho ngi
khuyt tt; kim tra tnh trng ca bnh nhn; chn on; qun l dc phm trong bnh
vin; kim tra s di chuyn v cc c ch sinh hc bn trong ca cn trng v cc loi sinh
vt nh khc; kim tra t xa cc s liu v sinh l con ngi; gim st, kim tra cc bc s v
bnh nhn bn trong bnh vin.
- Kim tra t xa cc s liu v sinh l con ngi: Cc s liu v sinh l thu thp c bng
cc mng Sensor c th c lu tr trong thi gian di v c th c s dng kho st y
hc. Mng Sensor cn c s dng kim tra v pht hin tnh trng ca ngi cao tui
nh s t qu. Cc nt Sensor nh ny cho php cc i tng c th di chuyn t do trong
phm vi rng v cc bc s c th pht hin cc triu chng c nh ngha trc mt cch
d dng. Cc mng Sensor ny to thun li hn cho cc bnh nhn so vi vic n cc
trung tm iu tr. Mt nhm c tn l Health Smart Home c t chc ti khoa y hc
ca Grenoble France nh gi, cng nhn tnh kh thi ca cc h thng ny.
29
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
- Gim st v kim tra cc bc s v bnh nhn bn trong bnh vin: Mi bnh nhn c
cc nt Sensor nh v nh c gn vi h. Mi nt Sensor c mt nhim v ring. V d,
mt nt c th theo di nhp tim, trong khi mt nt khc theo di huyt p. Cc bc s cng
c th mang theo cc nt Sensor cc bc s khc bit c v tr ca h trong bnh
vin.
- Qun l dc phm trong bnh vin: Cc bnh nhn c gn cc nt Sensor c th nhn
bit cc d ng thuc v cc dc phm cn thit. Nh vy, c th gim ti a cc sai st
trong vic k n thuc v s dng thuc ca bnh nhn.
1.6.4. ng dng trong gia nh

- T ng ha trong gia nh: Vi cc tin b k thut hin nay, cc nt Sensor v cc b
iu khin thng minh c th c gn trong cc thit b gia nh nh my ht bi, l vi
sng, t lnh, ... Cc nt ny c th tng tc vi cc nt khc v mng bn ngoi thng qua
Internet hoc v tinh. Nh vy, ngi s dng c th gim st, iu khin cc thit b gia
nh t xa mt cch d dng.
- Mi trng thng minh: mi trng thng minh c thit k c th gm hai khi khc nhau
l phn con ngi (human- centered) v phn k thut (technology centered ) (G.D.
Abowd, J.P.G. Sterbenz, Final report on the interagency workshop on research issues for
smart environments, IEEE Personal Communications (October 2000). Trong phn con ngi,
mi trng thng minh phi p ng cc yu cu ca ngi s dng thng qua giao tip vo/ra.
V phn k thut, cc k thut phn cng, cc gii php mng v cc dch v phn sn
(middleware) c pht trin. Cc nt Sensor c th c gn vo cc dng v thit b gia
nh v chng c th thng tin vi cc nt khc v trm ch cn phng (room Server). Cc
room Server cng c th lin lc vi nhau trao i cc cng vic cn phi lm hoc
cn c h tr nh vic in n, qut nh v fax. Cc room Server v cc nt Sensor kt hp vi
cc thit b trong gia nh tr thnh mt h thng thch nghi vi kh nng t t chc v t
iu chnh trn c s cc trng iu khin.
1.6.5. Cc ng dng thng mi khc

Cc ng dng thng mi c th c k n l : kim tra s mt mi c th; xy dng
cc bn phm o; qun l s kim k; kim tra cht lng sn phm; xy dng cc khng
gian lm vic thng minh; iu khin mi trng trong cc to nh cng s; cc robot iu
khin v ch o trong cc mi trng ch to t ng; chi tng tc; cc bo tng thng
minh; nh my iu khin t ng; kim tra cc vng nguy him; kin trc thng minh vi
cc nt Sensor gn trong; cc my chn on; vn ti; kim tra v pht hin v trm xe;
gim st xe c; ...
- iu khin mi trng trong cc to nh cng s: cc trng thi khng kh v nhit
ca hu ht cc cng s c iu khin c t mt trung tm. Bi vy, nhit trong mt
30
n tt nghip i hc
Chng I. Tng quan
cn phng c th c thay i trong mt phm vi nh, ni ny c th c nhit m hn
mt ni khc v ch c mt b iu khin trong mt cn phng m dng khng kh chy
t mt h thng trung tm li khng c phn b ng u. Mt h thng mng Wireless
Sensor phn tn c th c thit lp iu khin khng kh v nhit ti cc phn
khc nhau ca cn phng. K thut phn tn ny gim c rt nhiu chi ph nng lng cho
iu ho khng kh v gim ng k lng carbon sinh ra.
- Bo tng tng tc thng minh: trong tng lai, tr em c th tng tc vi cc i tng trong
bo tng hiu hn v chng. Cc i tng ny c th phn ng li cc va chm hay li
ni. Ngoi ra, tr em cn c th tham gia vo cc th nghim nguyn nhn - kt qu theo
thi gian thc hc tp v khoa hc v mi trng. Thm vo , cc mng Wireless
Sensor c th cung cp th t v s nh v bn trong bo tng. Mt v d l bo tng
thm him San Francisco Exploratorium, trng by kt hp s o lng s liu v cc th
nghim nguyn nhn kt qu.
- Pht hin trm cp xe hi: Cc nt Sensor c th c trin khai pht hin v nhn
ra k trm trong vng a l v thng bo cho ch nhn thng qua Internet.
- Qun l s kim k: mi th trong kho c c th gn mt Sensor. Ngi s dng c th
tm thy chnh xc v tr ca ca i tng v kim k s lng ca cc i tng cng loi.
Nu ngi s dng mun thm mt s kim k mi th phi lin lc vi cc nt Sensor thch
hp. Qua c th gim st v nh v cc i tng trong bn k bt c lc no.
- Gim st v theo di xe c: c hai phng php gim st v theo di xe c. Th nht, ng
i ca xe c xc nh trong cc cm v c chuyn ti trm gc, th hai l cc s liu cha
qua x l t cc nt Sensor c chuyn ti trm gc, ti y chng c phn tch xc
nh v tr cc xe.
31
n tt nghip i hc
Chng II. Nng lng trong
mng Wireless Sensor
Chng II : Nng lng trong mng Wireless Sensor

2.1. Tnh c th ca mng
2.1.1. Hn ch phn cng
Tt c cc thnh phn ca nt Sensor phi t va vo trong mt khi. Thng thng kch
c c yu cu nh hn 1 centimet khi, i khi, phi nh c th treo trn khng
trung. Ngoi cc yu cu v kch c, khi lng, vic thit k cc nt Sensor cn b hn ch
bi cc yu cu nghim ngt khc l :
+ Cng sut tiu th phi v cng thp
+ Hot ng trong mt th tch cao
+ Gi thnh sn xut thp v c th b b qua m khng nh hng ti ton mng
+ C th t ng t chc, qun tr v hot ng khng cn can thip
+ Thch nghi c vi mi trng.
V cc nt Sensor thng khng tip cn c nn thi gian tn ti ca mt mng Sensor ph
thuc vo tui th ngun nng lng ca nt. Nng lng cng l ti nguyn him do b ngun
c kch c gii hn. V d, tng nng lng d tr trong mt ht Sensor thng minh l 1J.
Trong mng Sensor tch hp v tuyn (WINS), dng in trung bnh cung cp phi nh
hn 30 A m bo thi gian sng di. Cc nt WINS c cung cp nng lng t pin
lithium (Li) tiu chun hnh ng xu (ng knh 2.5 cm dy 1cm). Ngoi ra, c th tng
thi gian sng ca mng bng cch tm ly nng lng t mi trng. Cc pin mt tri l mt
v d.
B thu pht ca cc nt Sensor c th l cc thit b quang th ng hoc tch cc hoc
cc thit b v tuyn (RF). Truyn thng tn s v tuyn yu cu iu ch, b lc thng
di, gii iu ch v ghp knh lm cho chng tr ln t v phc tp. Ngoi ra, suy hao
ng truyn tn hiu gia hai nt Sensor t l theo lu tha bc bn ca khong cch do
cc nt Sensor s dng antent ng hng. Tuy nhin, truyn thng v tuyn c quan tm
trong hu ht cc d n nghin cu v cc gi tin truyn trong mng Sensor c kch thc
nh , tc s liu thp (thng nh hn 1 Hz) v kh nng s dng li tn s cao do khong
cch truyn thng ngn. Cc c im ny to ra cho thy h s s dng h thng v
tuyn l thp. Tuy nhin, vic thit k cc mch v truyn c hiu qu v nng lng v h
s s dng thp vn cn l mt thch thc cng ngh. Cc k thut v tuyn thng mi hin
nay vn khng c nh mong mun v chng cn tiu th nhiu nng lng.
Mc d c cc b x l cng sut tnh ton cao vi kich thc nh nhng hin ti chng
vn cha c ph bin. V d, mt vi ht thng minh (smart dust mote) nguyn bn l mt b
vi iu khin 4 MHz Atmel AVR 8535 vi 8 Kb b nh tc cao, 512 byte RAM v 512
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
byte EEPROM (ROM lp trnh bng in). H iu hnh TinyOS c s dng trong b
x l ny, vi 3500 byte khng gian cha m OS v 4500 byte khng gian c sn. B x l
ca mt nt Sensor nguyn bn khc, gi l AMPS (-Adaptive Multi-domain Power aware
Sensors-Vi cm bin nhn bit nng lng a min thch ng), c mt vi x l 59 206
MHz SA 1110 s dng h iu hnh a nhim -OS.
Hu ht cc nhim v cm bin yu cu c mt s hiu bit v v tr. V cc nt
Sensor thng c trin khai ngu nhin v hot ng t ng, nn chng cn phi c mt h
thng tm ng. H thng ny cng c yu cu bi nhiu giao thc nh tuyn. Thng
thng, cc nt Sensor cn c trang b h thng nh v ton cu GPS c chnh xc
nh hn 5m. Nh vy, chng c th t ng tm v tr thch hp v c kh nng nh v
chnh xc cc hin tng ch.
2.1.2. Mi trng hot ng

Cc nt Sensor c trin khai dy c rt gn hoc trc tip bn trong hin tng
quan st. V th, chng thng hot ng t ng ti cc vng cch xa. Chng c th lm vic
trong cc mi trng sau:
+ Trong cc phn tip gip
+ Bn trong cc b phn ln
+ y bin
+ Bn trong cc hin tng phc tp
+ Trn mt bin, trong mt thu li
+ Cc vng nhim sinh ho
+ Cc vng chin s
+ Cc ngi nh hay to nh ln
+ Cc nh kho ln
+ Gn vo cc con th
+ Gn vo xe c
+ Trong cc ng ng hay dng sng theo dng chy
Nh vy, cc nt Sensor phi lm vic vi cc iu kin rt kh khn: di p sut cao di
y bin; cc mi trng khc nghit nh vng chin s hay cc ng nt; di sc nng
hay lnh; trong cc mi trng tp m ln. Vi mi loai phi c mt k hoch thit k
thch hp.
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
2.1.3. Mi trng truyn dn

Trong mt mng Sensor a lin kt, cc nt mng thng tin vi nhau qua mi trng khng
dy. Cc lin kt ny c th l sng v tuyn, hng ngoi hay cc tn hiu quang. Vic
chn mi trng thng tin lin quan n yu cu nhim v ca mng v chng phi m bo
cc quy nh quc t v thng tin trong khng gian c th hot ng c mi ni.
Lin kt v tuyn s dng cc di tn cng nghip, khoa hc v y hc (Industrial,
Scientific and Medical-ISM). Cc di tn ny c thng tin t do trong hu ht cc nc.
Bng phn phi tn s quc t nm trong khon S5 trong quy nh tn s ch ra mt s
di tn dnh cho cc ng dng ISM (Bng 2.1).
Di tn
Tn s trung tm
Bng 2.1. Cc di tn dnh cho cc ng dng ISM

Mt s cc di tn ny c s dng cho cc h thng in thoi cm tay v mng ni
b khng dy (Wireless LAN). Cc mng Sensor s dng b thu pht kch c nh, gi r v
cng sut tiu th cc thp. Do cc hn ch v phn cng v s cn bng gia hiu qu
antent v cng sut tiu th gii hn nn phi la chn sng mang thuc di tn rt cao (UHF).
Cc b thu pht s dng di tn 433 MHz ISM chu u v 915 MHz Bc M. Thun li
chnh ca cc di tn ISM l s dng t do, ph rng v thng dng. Chng khng vt khi
cc tiu chun ring, do c th ph hp vi cc k hoch tit kim nng lng. Mt khc,
cn c cc hn ch khc nh gii hn cng sut v nhiu gy hi t cc ng dng trin khai
do cc di tn ISM khng c qun l.
Mt kiu truyn thng khc trong mng Sensor l s dng hng ngoi. Thng tin hng
ngoi c s dng t do v c kh nng chng nhiu t cc thit b in. Cc b thu pht
hng ngoi c gi thnh r v d ch to. Ngy nay, cc my tnh xch tay, my tnh cm
tay v in thoi di ng u c cng giao tip hng ngoi. Tr ngi chnh ca vic s
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
dng hng ngoi l yu cu phi c mt ng nhn thng gia ni gi v ni nhn. iu
nay lm cho hng ngoi kh c s dng trong trng hp mng Sensor.
Mt hng pht trin ng quan tm l cc vi ht thng minh (smart dust mote), mt h
thng cm bin, tnh ton v thng tin t ng, s dng mi trng truyn dn quang hc.
C hai phng php truyn thng tin: th nht l truyn thng th ng s dng mt my
phn chiu c dng tam din ch nht (Corner-cube-retroreflector (CCR)); th hai l truyn
thng tch cc s dng cc diode lazer v cc gng chuyn ng. Hin nay cc diode lazer
ti ni pht c gn trn bng mch, c th chuyn ng li chm sng vo chnh xc ni
nhn.
Cc ng dng c bit i hi mi trng truyn dn phc tp hn. V d, vi cc ng
dng di bin th mi trng truyn dn l mi trng nc. Do phi s dng bc x bc sng
di i xuyn trong nc. Vi cc vng kh hu khc nghit hay cc vng chin s, th
phi vt qua c cc sai li v nhiu ln. Ngoi ra, cc antent ca Sensor thp hn v c cng
sut bc x nh hn cc thit b v tuyn khc. Do ,mi trng truyn thng phi c h
tr bng cc phng thc iu ch v m ho chng li ph hp vi c im tng loi knh
truyn.
2.2. S tiu th nng lng

Nt Wireless Sensor l mt thit b in rt nh nn ch c trang b ngun nng lng
hn ch (<0.5Ah, 1.2V). Trong hu ht cc ng dng, vic tip thm nng lng l khng
thc hin c. Cho nn, thi gian tn ti ca nt Sensor ph thuc ch yu vo tui th ca
ngun nng lng. Trong mng Sensor a lin kt, mi nt ng hai vai tr l im khi u
s liu v nh tuyn s liu. S trc trc ca vi nt c th l nguyn nhn quan trng
ca vic thay i hnh trng mng, phi nh tuyn li gi tin v phi t chc li mng. Do
, vic bo tn ngun nng lng v qun l ngun nng lng l rt quan trng. Do cc
nguyn nhn ny m nhiu nh nghin cu tp trung vo vic thit k cc thut ton
v giao thc nhn bit, tnh ton nng lng cho mng Sensor.
Trong cc mng a lin kt v di ng khc, vic tiu th nng lng l mt vn quan
trng trong thit k song khng phi vn chnh v ngun nng lng c th c ngi s
dng thay th. iu quan trng hn l vn cung cp cht lng dch v (QoS). Tuy
nhin, trong cc mng Sensor, hiu qu nng lng l mt vn v cng quan trng v n
nh hng trc tip ti tui th ca mng. Cc giao thc ring cho tng ng dng c thit k
c c s cn bng thch hp gia cc vn v tr v thng lng vi hiu qu
nng lng.
Nhim v chnh ca mt nt Sensor trong trng Sensor l theo di cc s kin, x l
nhanh s liu cc b v truyn thng s liu. Cng sut tiu th bi ba thnh phn chnh:
cm bin, truyn thng v x l s liu.
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
2.2.1. Nng lng cho nhim v cm bin

Nng lng tiu th ca b cm bin v cc thnh phn ca n c th thay i tu theo ng
dng c th. Vic cm bin ri rc s tiu th cng sut nh hn so vi vic theo di cc
hin tng mt cch lin tc. phc tp ca nhim v quan st hin tng ng vai tr quyt
nh trong vic xc nh mc nng lng tiu hao. Cc mc tp m bin cao l nguyn
nhn lm tng phc tp trong vic quan st hin tng ca cc Sensor. Do , lm tng
cng sut tiu th cho nhim v cm bin.
2.2.2. Nng lng cho truyn thng

Trong ba thnh phn nu trn trong mt nt Sensor, phn truyn thng s liu tiu th nng
lng nhiu nht, bao gm c pht v thu s liu. c im truyn thng trong mng Sensor
l phm vi ngn v cng sut bc x thp (~ 0 dbm), chi ph nng lng cho vic pht v thu
l gn nh nhau. Trong mch thu pht, cc b trn, cc b tng hp tn s, cc b dao ng
iu khin bng in p, cc vng kho pha (PLL) v cc b khuch i cng sut tiu th
cng sut ng k. iu quan trng l tnh ton ny khng ch quan tm n cng sut
tch cc m cn xem xt n tiu th cng sut khi pht trong mch thu pht. Thi gian
khi pht ln ti hng trm micro giy lm cng sut khi pht tr ln ng k. Gi tr cao
ca thi gian khi pht c cho l do thi gian kho ca vng kho pha (PLL). Khi kch c gi
tin truyn gim nh th cng sut khi pht s chim u th so vi cng sut tch cc. Kt
qu l vic chuyn trng thi (thu, pht) gia ON va OFF khng hiu qu v s tiu th mt
khi lng in nng ln mi ln chuyn trng thi v ON.
Cng sut v tuyn tiu th c tnh nh sau:
Pc = NT [ PT ( Ton + Tst ) + Pout ( Ton )] + NR [ PR (Ron + Rst ) ]
Trong , PT/R l cng sut tiu th bi b pht/b thu; P out l cng sut u ra ca b pht;
T/Ron l khong thi gian pht/thu trng thi ON; T/R st l khong thi gian khi pht ti mch
pht/thu; NT/R l s ln mch pht/thu chuyn mch sang ON trong mt n v thi gian, ph
thuc vo nhim v v phng thc iu khin truy nhp mi trng. Ton c th vit li
bng L/R , trong , L l kch thc gi, R l tc s liu.
Vi tin b k thut hin nay, cc b thu pht v tuyn thng c PT v PR khong 20 dbm
v Pout gn 0 dbm. Gi tr mc tiu ca Pc khong 20 dbm.
2.2.3. Nng lng cho x l

Nng lng tiu th cho x l s liu nh hn nhiu so vi nng lng dnh cho truyn thng
s liu. Do nh hng ca fading v do s suy gim ng truyn theo lu tha bc bn nn
cng sut tiu th ca b thu pht ln khi khong cch truyn thng tng. Trong khi , b x
l thng khng phc tp v tc khng cao nn tiu th cng sut nh.
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
Mt nt Sensor phi c kh nng tnh ton v tng tc vi mi trng xung quanh. Gii hn
v chi ph v kch thc dn n s la chn cng ngh bn dn oxit kim loi (CMOS) cho
b vi x l. Tuy nhin, cng ngh ny li b hn ch v hiu qu nng lng.
Ngoi ra, trong nt Sensor cn c cc mch m ho v gii m, cc mch tch hp cc ng
dng c bit. Khi thit k cc giao thc v thut ton cho mng, phi tnh ton cc nh hng n cng sut tiu th ca cc thnh phn ny.
2.3. Cc gii php tit kim nng lng

2.3.1. Gii php nh tuyn
Vic nh tuyn trong mng sensor cng nh trong cc mng khc c thc hin ti lp
mng.
Cc nt Sensor c phn b dy c trong mt trng gn hoc ngay bn trong cc
hin tng mc tiu nh trong hnh 1.1. Giao thc nh tuyn khng dy a bc ph hp gia
nt Sensor v nt Sink l cn thit. K thut nh tuyn trong mng ad-hoc thng thng
khng ph hp nhng yu cu ca mng Sensor. Lp mng ca mng Sensor c thit k theo
nhng nguyn tc sau :
- Hiu sut nng lng lun l yu t quan trng
- Hu ht cc mng Sensor l s liu tp trung
- Vic tp hp s liu ch c thc thi khi n khng cn tr hot ng hp tc ca cc nt
Sensor .
- Mt mng Sensor l tng phi nhn bit c vic nh a ch thuc tnh c s v v
tr.
2.3.1.1. Cc phng php nh tuyn ti u v nng lng

Cc phng php c s dng chn tuyn ng c hiu sut nng lng cao c minh
ho trn hnh 2.1.
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
Hnh2.1: Hiu qu nng lng trong nh tuyn

Trong , T l nt ngun cm bin hin tng mc tiu. N c bn ng c th lin lc vi
b thu nhn (Sink) nh sau :
. ng 1 : Sink - A - B - T, tng PA = 4 , tng =3
. ng 2 : Sink - A - B - C - T , tng PA = 6 , tng = 6
. ng 3 : Sink - D - T , tng PA = 3 , tng = 4
. ng 4 : Sink - E - F - T , tng PA = 5 , tng = 6
Vi PA l mc nng lng hin ti ca ngun nui ti nt (Available Power) v i l nng lng
cn thit truyn mt gi s liu qua kt ni lin quan. Theo cc tiu ch khc nhau, c
bn phng php chn ng c hiu qu cao nht v nng lng.
1) ng tng mc nng lng ngun nui hin ti (PA:power available) cc i: l ng c
tng cc mc nng lng ngun nui hin ti ca cc nt lin quan ln nht. PA tng c tnh
bng tng cc PA ca mi nt dc theo ng. Theo phng php ny, ng 2 c la chn.
Tuy nhin, ng 2 li bao gm nhng nt trong ng 1 v mt nt m rng. V th, d c PA
tng cao hn nhng n khng phi l ng c hiu sut nng lng cao nht. Nh vy, nhng
ng nhn c t vic m rng cc ng c th kt ni Sensor ti Sink s khng c tnh.
Loi tr ng 2, ng 4 l ng c hiu sut nng lng cao nht khi s dng phng php PA
ti a.
2) ng nng lng cc tiu (ME: minimum energy): ng m nng lng tiu th cc tiu khi
truyn mt gi s liu gia nt Sink v nt Sensor c gi l ng ME. Nh vy ng ME
l ng c tng cc nh nht. Trong v d ny, ng 1 l ng ME.
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
3) ng c s bc nhy cc tiu (MH: minimum hop): l ng c s lin kt t nt Sensor
ngun ti nt Sink l nh nht. ng 3 trong v d ny l ng c hiu sut cao nht theo
tiu ch ny. Lu rng phng php ME s chn ra ng tng t nh phng php MH khi nng
lng tiu th cho vic truyn mt gi tin tt c cc lin kt u nh nhau, tc l tt c
mi lin kt u bng nhau. V th, khi cc nt pht qung b vi cng mc nng lng m
khng c bt k s iu khin nng lng no, MH l tng ng vi ME.
4) ng c PA cc tiu ln nht (Maximum minimum PA nt): l ng m dc theo n, PA
cc tiu ln hn cc PA cc tiu ca cc ng khc. Theo tiu ch ny, ng 3 l ng c
hiu sut nng lng cc i v ng 1 l ng c hiu sut ln th hai. Phng php ny
ngn nga vic s dng cc nt Sensor c PA thp sm trong khi c th s dng cc nt khc
c PA cao hn. Nh th c th trnh c hin tng mt s nt b cn ngun nng lng sm lm
nh hng n hot ng ton mng.
2.3.1.2. Phng php nh tuyn s liu tp trung

Mt vn quan trng khc ca lp mng l nh tuyn c th da trn vic tp trung s
liu. Trong nh tuyn s liu tp trung, vic ph bin cc yu cu (cc ni dung c
quan tm) c thc hin nhm phn nhim v cm bin ti cc nt Sensor. C hai phng
php c s dng ph bin yu cu l: nt Sink ph bin ni dung c quan tm ti cc
nt Sensor cn thit v cc nt Sensor pht qung b mt qung co cho s liu c sn v
i mt yu cu t cc nt Sink c nhu cu v cc s liu ny.
nh tuyn s liu tp trung yu cu phi t tn thuc tnh c s. Nguyn nhn cn
phi t tn thuc tnh c s l ngi s dng thng quan tm ti truy vn thuc tnh ca
hin tng hn l truy vn ti mt nt ring l. V d, nhng khu vc ni nhit vt qu 70
F l mt truy vn c s dng thng xuyn hn l nhit c c bi mt nt no
. Vic t tn thuc tnh c s c s dng truy vn v cc thuc tnh ca hin tng. Vi vic t tn thuc tnh c s, cc phng thc pht qung b, pht n mt nhm
theo thuc tnh c s (attribute-based multicasting), pht theo a l (geo-casting), pht bt
k ( any-casting ) tr ln quan trng i vi mng Sensor .
Tp hp s liu l mt k thut c s dng gii quyt nhng vn trng lp v
chng cho trong nh tuyn s liu tp trung. Trong k thut ny, mt mng Sensor c
m t vi cu trc cy pht a im o ngc (reverse multicast tree) nh trong hnh 2.2.
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
Hnh 2.2: V d v tp hp s liu

B thu nhn (Sink) yu cu cc nt Sensor bo co v trng thi xung quanh hin tng. S
liu t nhiu nt Sensor c tp hp li khi chng ti cng mt nt trn ng n nt Sink
nu chng cng ch v mt thuc tnh ca hin tng. Trong v d trn, nt Sensor E tp
hp s liu t cc nt Sensor A v B. Trong khi , nt Sensor F tp hp s liu t cc nt
Sensor C v D. Vic tp hp s liu c th c hiu nh l mt nhm cc phng php t
ng kt hp s liu ti t nhiu nt Sensor thnh mt tp thng tin c ngha. V mt
ny, vic tp hp s liu c xem nh l hp nht s liu. Ngoi ra, s cn trng l rt cn
thit khi tp hp s liu bi cc c trng ca s liu, nh v tr ca nhng nt Sensor bo
co, khng cho php c b st. Nhng c trng nh vy c th rt cn thit cho mt ng
dng no .
2.3.1.3. Cc giao thc lp mng khc c xut cho mng Sensor

a) Mng truyn thng vi nng lng cc tiu loi nh ( SMECN : Small Minimum Energy
Communication Network ): giao thc MECN c pht trin tnh ton mt mng con c
hiu sut nng lng cao trong mt mng truyn thng nht nh. Mt thut ton mi c gi
l SMECN c xut cng nhm cung cp mt mng con nh vy. Mng con, tc l mt lc con, c cu trc bi SMECN nh hn mng con c cu trc bi MECN nu vng
pht qung b l hnh trn vi cng sut nht nh. Lc con G ca lc G, m t mng
Sensor, ti thiu nng lng s dng vi cc iu kin sau: s cnh trong lc con G nh hn
trong lc G gm tt c nt trong G, nu hai nt u v v c kt ni trong G , chng cng
c kt ni trong G; nng lng cn thit truyn s liu t nt u tt c cc nt ln cn
trong lc con G nh hn nng lng cn thit truyn s liu ti tt c cc nt ln cn
trong G. SMECN cng tun theo c tnh ME m MECN s dng cu trc nn mng
con. c tnh ME l c tn ti mt ng ME trong lc con G gia u v v vi mi cp
(u,v) c kt ni trong G.
Cng sut cn thit truyn s liu gia u v v tnh nh sau: p(u,v) = td(u,v)n , vi t l
mt hng s, d(u,v) l khong cch gia u v v v n 2 l hm m suy gim bi truyn dn
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
v tuyn. Ngoi ra, cng sut cn thit nhn s liu l c . V p(u,v) tng ln theo lu
tha n (n 2) ca khong cch gia u v v, cng sut chuyn tip s liu c th nh hn
cng sut truyn dn s liu trc tip gia nt u v v. ng dn gia u (tc l u0) v v ( v
d uk) c c trng bi r , vi r = ( u0, u1,..,uk) trong lc con G = (V,E) l mt dy c th t
ca cc nt nh cp (ui, ui+1) thuc E . Ngoi ra, di ca r l k . Tng cng sut tiu th
gia cc nt u0 v uk l:
Vi p(ui,ui+1) l cng sut cn thit truyn dn s liu gia nt u i v ui+1; v c l cng

sut cn thit nhn s liu. Tuyn ng r l mt ng ME t u0 ti uk nu C(r) C(r)
vi mi ng r gia nt u0 v uk trong G. Nh vy, mt lc con c c tnh ME nu vi
tt c cc cp (u,v) thuc V, c tn ti mt ng r trong G l mt ng ME gia u v v trong
G.
b) Giao thc trn (Flooding): thut trn l mt k thut c c th cng c s dng
nh tuyn trong mng Sensor. Trong thut trn, mi nt ang nhn mt gi s liu hoc
mt gi iu khin lp li n bng cch pht qung b, tr khi gi ny t c s bc
nhy cc i cho php hoc gi ti ch. Thut trn l mt k thut phn ng v n
khng cn duy tr kin trc mng t tin v thut ton tm ng phc tp. Tuy nhin, n
c mt vi hn ch nh :
+ S trng lp (Implosion): trng lp l mt trng thi m cc bn sao ca gi tin c gi ti
cng mt nt. V d, nu mt nt Sensor A c N nt Sensor ln cn m cng l nhng
nt ln cn ca nt Sensor B, nt Sensor B nhn N bn sao ca bn tin c gi i bi nt
Sensor A.
+ S chng ln (Overlap): nu hai nt chia s cng mt vng quan st, c hai nt c th cm
nhn cng mt kch thch ti cng mt thi im. Kt qu l cc nt ln cn nhn c cc
bn tin sao li.
+ S m ti nguyn (Resource Blindness): giao thc trn khng a vo bo co cc ti
nguyn nng lng hin ti. Mt giao thc nhn bit c ti nguyn nng lng phi a vo bo
co mc nng lng ca cc nt ti mi thi im .
c) Giao thc dy truyn (Gossiping): vi giao thc dy truyn, cc nt khng pht qung
b m gi i nhng gi ti ti mt nt ln cn c chn ngu nhin. Mt nt Sensor la chn
ngu nhin mt trong cc nt ln cn gi s liu. Khi nt ln cn nhn c s liu,
n li la chn ngu nhin mt nt Sensor khc. Mc d phng php ny trnh c vn
trng lp (Implosion) do ch c mt bn sao ca bn tin ti mt nt bt k, nhng n phi mt
mt thi gian kh di truyn bn tin ti tt c cc nt Sensor.
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
d) Cc giao thc thng tin Sensor thng qua tha thun (Sensor Protocols for Information
via Negotiation-SPIN): mt h cc giao thc c kh nng thch ng c gi l SPIN c
thit k khc phc nhc im ca giao thc trn (Flooding) c in bng tha thun
v kh nng thch ng ti nguyn. H giao thc SPIN c thit k da trn hai tng c
bn: 1) Cc nt Sensor hot ng hiu qu hn v c th bo tn nng lng bng cch ch
gi cc s liu m t v s liu cm bin thay v gi ton b s liu; 2) Cc nt Sensor
phi gim st s thay i trong ti nguyn nng lng ca chng.
SPIN c ba kiu bn tin l ADV (qung co), REQ (yu cu) v DATA (s liu). Trc khi
gi bn tin DATA, Sensor pht qung b mt bn tin ADV gm mt bn m t (meta-data) ca
DATA ch ra trong bc 1 trn hnh 2.3. Nu mt nt Sensor ln cn quan tm n s liu
ny, n s gi mt bn tin REQ v s liu v bn tin DATA s c gi ti nt Sensor ny nh
cc bc 2 v 3 trn hnh 2.3. Nt Sensor ny li lp li tin trnh trn nh ch ra bc 4, 5, 6.
Kt qu l tt c cc nt Sensor trong ton mng Sensor c nhu cu v s liu ny s nhn
c bn sao ca s liu.
Hnh2.3: Giao thc SPIN

Lu rng SPIN da trn nh tuyn s liu tp trung trong cc nt Sensor pht qung
b mt qung co i vi s liu c sn v i mt yu cu t cc nt Sink c nhu cu.
e) nh tuyn ch nh lin tc (Sequential Assignment Routing-SAR): mt tp hp cc

cc thut ton thc hin cc hot ng t chc, qun tr v qun l di ng trong mng
Sensor c xut. MAC t t chc cho mng Sensor (Self Organizing MAC for Sensor
network-SMACS) l mt giao thc phn tn cho php mt nhm cc nt Sensor c th pht
hin ra cc nt ln cn ca chng v thit lp cc tin trnh truyn / nhn m khng cn
ti h thng qun l trung tm. Thut ton nghe trm v ghi li (Eavesdrop And Register-
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
EAR) c thit k h tr kt ni lin mch ca cc nt di ng. Thut ton EAR da
trn nhng bn tin mi (Invitation) v da trn vic ghi li cc nt tnh ca cc nt di ng.
Thut ton SAR to nn nhiu nhnh cy, trong , gc ca mi nhnh cy l mt bc nhy
gia nt ln cn v nt Sink. Mi nhnh cy pht trin ra pha ngoi t nt Sink v trnh
cc nt c cht lng dch v (QoS) qu thp (tc l thng lng thp / tr cao) v d tr nng
lng qu t. Kt thc th tc ny, phn ln cc nt thuc v cc nhnh cy ny. iu ny
cho php nt Sensor c th la chn mt cy chuyn thng tin ca n v Sink. C hai
tham s c gn vi mi ng dn (nhnh cy) tr v Sink:
+ Kh nng v nng lng: kh nng nng lng c nh gi bng s lng gi m nt Sensor
c th gi nu nt Sensor s dng duy nht ng ny.
+ o QoS b : Vic o c QoS b cng cao c ngha l QoS thc t cng thp.
Thut ton SAR la chn ng da trn cc kh nng v nng lng v vic o QoS cng
thm ca mi ng v mc u tin ca gi. Kt qu l mi nt Sensor s la chn c ng
n nh tuyn cho s liu v Sink.
Ngoi ra, hai thut ton khc c gi l tuyn chn mt ngi chin thng (single winner
election) v tuyn chn nhiu ngi chin thng (multiwinner election) iu khin vic
bo hiu cn thit v cc nhim v chuyn giao s liu trong x l thng tin hp tc ni b .
f) Phn cp cm thch ng vi nng lng thp (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering HierarchyLEACH ): LEACH l mt giao thc lp cm c s (Clustering - Based) nhm ti thiu s
suy hao nng lng trong mng Sensor. Mc ch ca LEACH l chn ngu nhin cc nt
Sensor nh cc u cm (cluster-head), v th s suy hao nng lng ln trong truyn thng vi
cc trm gc c tri ra ti tt c cc nt Sensor trong mng Sensor. Hot ng ca LEACH c chia thnh hai giai on l giai on thit lp v giai on n nh. Khong thi gian
ca giai on n nh di hn so vi khong thi gian ca giai on thit lp gim
thiu ph ti (overhead).
Trong giai on thit lp, mt nt Sensor chn mt s ngu nhin gia 0 v 1. Nu s
ngu nhin ny nh hn ngng T(n), nt Sensor ny l mt u cm. T(n) c tnh nh sau :
trong cc trng hp khc

Vi P l phn trm mong mun tr thnh mt u cm; r l chu k hin ti v G l
tp cc nt khng c chn lm u cm trong 1/P chu k cui. Sau khi u cm c la
chn, cc u cm s thng bo ti tt c cc nt Sensor trong mng rng chng l cc u
cm mi. Khi cc nt Sensor nhn c thng bo ny, chng xc nh cm m chng mun
gia nhp da trn mnh tn hiu ca thng bo t cc u cm ti cc nt Sensor. Cc nt
Sensor bo co cho u cm thch hp rng chng s l mt thnh vin ca mt cm. Sau
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
, u cm ch nh thi im m cc nt Sensor c th gi s liu da trn ph ng
php a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA).
Trong giai on n nh, cc nt Sensor s cm bin v truyn s liu ti u cm. u
cm cng tp hp s liu t cc nt trong cm ca chng trc khi gi nhng s liu ny ti
trm gc. Sau mt khong thi gian n nh no , mng vo li bt u giai on thit
lp v vo chu k mi trong vic la chn nhng u cm.
g) Phng thc truyn tin c nh hng (Directed Diffusion): trong m hnh ph bin s
liu c truyn theo nh hng, nt Sink gi yu cu m t v nhim v (Task
Description) ti tt c cc nt Sensor nh ch ra trong hnh 2.4(a). Cc m t nhim v c
t tn bng vic gn cc cp gi tr thuc tnh m t nhim v. Mi nt Sensor sau lu
tr mc yu cu (Interest Entry) trong cc (Cache) nh ca n. Mc yu cu bao gm mt trng nhn thi gian v cc trng ch hng (Gradient field). Khi yu cu ca Sink c truyn
xuyn qua mng, cc ch hng (Gradient) t ngun tr v nt nhn c thit lp nh trong
hnh 2.4(b). Khi ngun c s liu theo yu cu, ngun s gi s liu dc theo cc ch hng
nh trong hnh 2.4(c). Vic truyn pht, tp hp s liu v yu cu c xc nh mt cch
cc b. Ngoi ra, b nhn phi lm mi li v tng cng cc yu cu khi n bt u nhn s
liu t ngun. Ch phng thc truyn tin c nh hng da trn nh tuyn s liu tp
trung trong , b nhn qung b yu cu.
Hnh 2.4: V d v truyn tin nh hng: (a) Pht yu cu,

(b) Thit lp nh hng, (c) gi s liu.
2.3.2. Gii php truy nhp mi trng truyn dn

Cc gii php truy nhp mi trng c thc hin trong lp lin kt s liu.
2.3.2.1. Yu cu vi giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC)

cho mng sensor
Yu cu i vi giao thc MAC cho mng Sensor l phi c chin lc bo tn ngun nng lng, qun l di ng v khc phc c nhng sai hng. Mc d nhiu giao thc truy nhp
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
mi trng truyn dn c xut cho MANET, vic thit k mt giao thc MAC hiu
qu vi kiu mng Sensor vn l mt vn ng. V th, c hai kiu phn b c nh
(Fixed Allocation) v truy nhp ngu nhin (Random Access) trong truy nhp mi trng
truyn dn c xut. Phng php iu khin truy nhp mi trng theo yu cu
(Demand - Based) c th khng ph hp cho mng Sensor do ph ti (Overhead) v tr thit
lp kt ni ln. Vic bo tn ngun nng lng c th t c bng vic s dng cc ch
hot ng tit kim nng lng v dng gii hn thi gian trong cc bn tin bo nhn.
V cc thit b v tuyn phi c tt i trong sut thi gian ri vic tit kim
ngun nng lng nn giao thc MAC phi c ci bin t TDMA. Vic truy nhp knh trn c
s cnh tranh (Contention-Based Channel Access) c coi l khng thch hp do nhng yu
cu ca chng v iu khin knh truyn ti mi thi im. iu ny phi c ch , tuy
nhin, truy nhp mi trng truyn dn ngu nhin cng c th h tr vic bo tn ngun
nng lng, nh trong tiu chun IEEE 802.11 cho WLAN (mng ni b din rng), bng vic
tt thit b v tuyn theo trng thi ca vector nh v li (Net Allocation Vector). Cc phng php iu khin tc thch ng v s ln lng nghe c nh (Constant Listening
Times) cng c th gip t c hiu sut nng lng cao trong phng thc truy nhp ngu
nhin cho mng Sensor. Cc phn tip theo s trnh by mt s giao thc MAC c xut
cho mng Sensor.
2.3.2.2. Cc giao thc MAC cho mng sensor

a) SMACS v thut ton EAR : giao thc SMACS (Self-oganization MAC for Sensor
network) hon thnh vic khi ng mng v t chc lin kt lp (Network Start-up and
Link-layer Organization) cn thut ton EAR cho php kt ni lin mch (Seamless
Connection) gia cc nt di ng trong mng Sensor. SMACS l mt giao thc xy dng c
s h tng phn tn cho php cc nt c th pht hin ra cc nt ln cn ca chng v thit
lp cc tin trnh truyn / nhn cho thng tin m khng cn ti bt k nt ch (master nt)
ton cc hay cc b no. Trong giao thc ny, cc giai on pht hin nt ln cn v ch
nh knh c kt hp trong thi gian cc nt lng nghe cc nt ln cn, chng c th
to ra mt kt ni mng. Mt kt ni truyn thng bao gm mt cp khe thi gian hot ng
ti mt tn s c nh c chn ngu nhin (hoc chui nhy tn). y l mt s la chn
c th thc hin trong mng Sensor v bng thng c php s dng ln hn nhiu tc
truyn s liu ti a cho cc nt Sensor. Phng php ny trnh c s bt buc phi ng
b trn din rng mc d vic truyn thng gia cc nt ln cn trong mng con vn phi
c ng b thi gian. Vic bo tn ngun nng lng l nh s dng tin trnh bo thc ngu
nhin trong giai on kt ni v nh tt thit b v tuyn trong cc khe thi gian ri.
Giao thc EAR m bo cung cp dch v thng trc cho cc nt di ng trong c hai
iu kin di ng v c nh. y, cc nt di ng m nhn ton b vic iu
khin mt qu trnh kt ni v cng nh quyt nh khi no b kt ni, do ti thiu ha
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
phn ph ti ca bn tin. EAR l trong sut i vi SMACS SMACS hot ng cho
n khi a c cc nt di ng vo trong mng. Trong m hnh ny, mi nt di ng bt
k u c mt s cc nt tnh trong vng ln cn ca n. Mt hn ch ca phng php ch
nh khe thi gian ny l kh nng cc thnh vin thuc v cc mng con khc nhau c th
khng bao gi c kt ni.
b) Truy nhp mi trng da trn CSMA: Cc phng php da trn CSMA (a truy nhp theo
cm bin lu lng) truyn thng l khng thch hp v chng u hot ng ch yu vi lu
lng phn b ngu nhin v c xu hng h tr cc dng im - im c lp. Ngc li, giao
thc MAC cho mng Sensor phi c kh nng h tr bin i lu lng tun hon v c tnh tng quan cao. Bt k phng php truy nhp mi trng truyn dn CSMA no cng c hai
thnh phn quan trng l c ch lng nghe v phng php lm gim cng sut (Backoff).
Theo kt qu m phng cc khong thi gian lng nghe c nh c hiu qu v nng l ng
v s a vo tr ngu nhin cung cp mt phng php mnh m chng li cc va chm lp.
Ca s c nh v phng php gim cng sut theo hm m nh phn c xut
duy tr tnh cng bng cn xng trong mng. Mt s thay i pha ti mc ng dng c
thc hin vt qua bt k mt hiu ng bt gi no. Hiu qu nng lng c th hin
nng lng tiu th trn mt n v thng tin hon thnh.
Mt phng php iu khin tc truyn dn thch ng (Adaptive transmitssion Rate
Control-ARC) t c s cng bng trong truy nhp mi trngtruyn dn bng vic cn
bng cc tc khi u v thng lng qua tuyn cng c xem xt. iu ny m bo
rng cc nt gn cc im truy nhp hn th khng c u tin hn cc nt su trong mng.
ARC iu khin tc khi u s liu ca mt nt cung cp thng lng qua tuyn
cho truyn dn. Mt c ch bo hiu tin b c s dng thng bo cho cc nt gim
tc khi u s liu ca chng. ARC s dng mt phng php tng tuyn tnh v gim
bi (Linear Increase and Multiplicative Decrease). Trong khi s tng tuyn tnh dn ti s
cnh tranh knh mnh m hn th s gim bi iu khin khi truy nhp ng truyn tht
bi. V vic mt lu lng qua tuyn c hi hn nn lu lng qua tuyn c u tin hn lu lng
khi u.
Cc tnh ton ca phng php ny lm cho hiu sut nng lng tng ln nhiu hn phng
tho thun v thng bo bng v tuyn. ARC cng c gng gim vn v cc nt n
trong mng a bc bng s iu chnh thng xuyn tc truyn dn v thc hin cc
thay i pha cc dng tun hon t xy ra va chm lp i lp li.
c) MAC trn c s lai ghp TDMA/ FDMA: phng php MAC theo iu khin trung tm
ny c gii thiu trong ti liu [nghin cu v hot ng ca cc Sensor nhn bit c
nng lng thch ng]. Trong , nghin cu chi tit hiu qu in t ca lp vt l
khng l tng trn thit k giao thc MAC cho mng Sensor. H thng c to ln bi cc nt
Sensor b hn ch nng lng lin lc vi mt trm gc n, gn v c cp ngun nng lng
cao (< 10 m). C th l ng dng iu khin my ca mng Sensor vi nhng yu cu
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
nghim ngt v tr s liu v phng php truy nhp mi trng truyn dn lai ghp TDMA
- FDMA c s dng. Trong khi phng php TDMA thun ty dnh ring bng thng cho mt
nt Sensor n l th phng php FDMA thun ty ch cp bng thng tn hiu ti thiu
cho mi nt. Mc d thc t l phng php TDMA thun ty ti thiu c tr truyn thng
song khng c s dng nhiu do cc chi ph cho ng b thi gian kt hp. Mt cng thc
nhn c t nghin cu trong [36] tm ra s knh ti u s tiu th nng lng h thng
l thp nht. iu ny dn n vic phng php lai ghp TDMA-FDMA c s dng. S
knh ti u c tm ra ph thuc vo t l tiu th nng lng gia my pht v my thu. Nu
my pht tiu th nhiu nng lng hn, phng php TDMA s c coi trng hn, trong khi
phng php truy nhp s cng nghing v pha FDMA khi my thu tiu th nng lng cng
nhiu.
Giao thc
Kiu truy nhp

knh
Cc c trng mng
Sensor
Bo tn ngun nng lng
SMACS v
EAR
Ch nh cp
Khai thc bng thng
Kch hot ngu nhin
khe thi gian c ln so vi tc s liu trong khi thit lp v
nh ti tn s c
tt thit b v tuyn
nh
trong khi ri
Lai ghp
TDMA-FDMA
Phn chia theo tn

Ti u s lng knh
Ti thiu nng lng h
s v thi gian
ti thiu nng lng tiu thng trn c s phn
th
cng
Da trn
CSMA
Truy nhp ngu

Chuyn pha ng
S dng thi gian lng
nhin trn c s cnh dng v tr trc truyn nghe c nh t
tranh
dn
hiu qu nng lng
Bng 2.2: Tm tt cc giao thc MAC cho mng Sensor
hiu hn v cc c im ni bt v hiu qu ca cc giao thc MAC cho mng

Sensor, bng 2.2 s a ra mt s im tng quan v so snh cc giao thc ny. Ct cc c
trng mng Sensor nhm minh ha nhng c im mi v quan trng ca mng Sensor cho
php p dng cc giao thc. ng thi bng 2.2 cng trnh by s bin i khc bit t cc
phng php MAC truyn thng khng th p dng cho mng Sensor v vic cc giao thc
mi ny t c hiu sut nng lng nh th no .
2.3.2.3. Cc ch hot ng tit kim nng lng

Bt k phng php truy nhp mi trng truyn dn no c s dng cho mng Sensor
u phi h tr cc kiu hot ng tit kim nng lng cho nt Sensor. Vi d r rng nht
ca vic bo tn ngun nng lng l tt b thu pht khi n khng c yu cu. Mc d, phng php tit kim nng lng ny dng nh cung cp s tng thm nng lng nhng mt im
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
quan trng khng c php b qua l cc nt Sensor lin lc bng cc gi s liu ngn. Cc
gi cng ngn th nng lng khi kch cng ni tri. Trong thc t, nu chng ta tt thit
b v tuyn mt cch my mc trong thi gian khe ri, chng ta c th lm cho nng l ng tiu
th nhiu hn khi thit b ny c bt. Kt qu l hot ng trong mt ch tit kim
nng lng ch t hiu sut nng lng cao nu thi gian c s dng ch ln hn vi
mt gii hn no . C mt s ch c ch nh vy p dng cho nt Sensor khng dy,
tu thuc vo s lng trng thi ca vi x l, b nh, b bin i A/D v b thu pht. Mi ch
ny c th c m t bng s tiu th nng lng ca n v nng lng chuyn trng thi t
v ti ch . Mt phng php qun l nng lng ng cho mng Sensor khng dy
nghin cu v nm ch tit kim nng lng v vic chuyn tip gia cc ch .
Thi gian gii hn ti thiu cho mi ch ph thuc vo thi gian chuyn tip v yu cu
v tiu th nng lng ca ring tng ch .
2.3.3. Qun l ngun cng sut

Gi thnh thp v s tiu th nng lng thp l nhng vn ca mng cm bin khng
dy, n ht sc quan trng trong vic thit k h thng cung cp ngun trong mt node
cm bin .
Vn qun l cng sut c kt hp cng cc node mng cm bin, da trn s cung cp
v tiu th: Khi c mt s cung cp nng lng, node phi tiu th n tc thp nht c
th. Vn tr nn phc tp, bi cu trc nng lng c cung cp bi ngun s cp th
him khi ti u cho nhn v truyn s liu. Hn na, cng sut kh dng t ngun v s tiu
th trong vic truyn nhn d liu khc nhau mi thi im , vic truyn nhn d liu
phi c cung cp hp l ti tt c thi gian m bo vn hnh ng.
C rt nhiu cc ngun cng sut khc nhau v cc thit b c bin ng ln, do
khng c mt h thng cung cp cng sut ring l no c ti u cho cc node mng cm
bin khng dy. Thay vo thit k h thng cn ph hp gia ngun cng sut vi mch
np d liu. Khi cc ngun in( nh l PIN ) hoc cc ngun khc cng s hn ch v nng
lng c s dng th h thng phi c thit k vn hnh vi s tiu th cng sut nh
nht c th. Do s ti da chu k sng ca node. Khi cng ngh ngun sch (energyscavenging) c s dng, s m rng thi gian tn ti ca nt mng. Nu mt thi im
no cng sut ngun ln hn gi tr c yu cu th mt vi th tc v iu kin
ngun s yu cu ngun nng lng th cp. Tt nhin, gi thnh v hiu qu ca h thng lu
tr th cp phi bao gm trong vic thit k node mng.
S thit k bt k h thng cung cp cng sut no u bt u cng s la chn
ngun cng sut. cp trong s la chn mt ngun cng sut bao gm: kh dng, gi
ban u v gi vn hnh, thi gian gia cc dch v, kh nng chu ng bn trong, in
p kh dng, kch thc v mi quan tm ti sinh thi hc. Mt s la chn cc ngun cng
sut in thu gn c cp cho cc ng dng ngun thp.
R rng, kh nng lm vic ca ngun cng sut l iu quan trng u tin. Tuy nhin
ta phi xt n s tng quan gia kh nng lm vic vi gi thnh ca ngun. c bit l
vi ngun mt chiu. y l loi ngun c gi thnh tng i thp v hin ang c s
dng rng ri trn th gii. Thi gian gia cc ln bo dng cng ht sc quan trng c bit
i vi mt mng ln. Vic la chn mt qui tc tt c p dng chia khong thi gian
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
trung bnh gia cc ln bo dng mi node l ht sc quan trng duy tr mng. Qui tc
ny l tiu im ca cc thit k trn quan im ca ngi s dng.
in tr trong ca ngun l ht sc quan trng, bi dng in chy trong cc node mng
cm bin l kh nh. Hn na, Cc cm bin thng trng thi ngh trong khong thi gian
di sau mt chu k hot ng dng cao. Ngun vi in tr trong cao c th p ng nhu
cu dng in trung bnh ca node mng v cc cm bin cng cc hoat ng, nhng khng
p ng c dng nh cao. Ngun cng sut phi c kh nng cung cp dng cao cn
thit m khng c hin tng ri in p ngoi.
Vic ri in p c th gy ra vic khi ng li b vi x l, mt d liu, hoc cc tc
ng c hi khc. Cc ngun cng vi in tr trong cao cn phi c iu ho, thng thng
vic iu di dng mt t in hoc mt ngun mt chiu in tr trong thp lm trung
gian h tr cho cc dng nh, hn na chng cng c kh nng cung cp dng trung
bnh d dng. Cc ngun c in tr trong tng theo thi gian s c thi gian sng khng ph
thuc vo s d tr nng lng ca chng m ph thuc vo s mt kh nng h tr dng nh
yu cu.
2.3.3.1 Thi gian tn ti

Tiu chun u tin trong thit k linh kin ngun mt chiu l s gii hn thi gian sng,
iu ny quyt nh ti vic ngun mt chiu c thay th hoc np li. Cc t bo s
cp th khng th np li v s tiu tn ng k trong vic vn hnh nu c s dng trong
mt mng ln. Cc t bo th cp th c th c np li trnh phi mua cc ngun mi
trong cc iu hnh thng thng; Tuy nhin chng c mt nng lng thp hn cc t bo
s cp, do vi hai t bo cng kch thc vic np li t bo th cp phi thng xuyn hn
vic thay th cc t bo s cp.
2.3.3.2 Pht hin ngun thp "Low Battery"

Bi mi ngun c mt thi gian tn ti gii hn, trnh node hng khi vn hnh, phi c
ch th khi ngun mt chiu gn ht thi gian sng, khi ta c th thay th chng. Mi
loi ngun c mt cch biu hin khc nhau khi sp kt thc chu k sng, v vy nguyn l
xc nh nng lng cn li ca ngun phi ph hp vi cht ho hc cu thnh ln ngun.
Vic xc nh r thi gian tn ti cn li khng ch l chc nng ca ngun m cn l
chc nng ca ti trng (the load). Ni ng ra, ti trng s xc nh im kt thc thi
gian sng ca ngun, bi vic xc nh thi im m ngun khng cung cp nng lng
cn cho ti trng. Thng thng l khng cung cp in p tiu chun, Ti trng cng xc
nh dng in ti in p ny c m bo, dng in cho bi cc node mng cm bin
th rt bt n cng dng nh kh cao gin on vi cc chu k kh di ca s tiu th dng
thp. Tuy nhin hin trng dng ny khng lm gim thi gian sng ca ngun.
Do mch pht hin ngun thp (low battery) l ht sc quan trng gim st vic vt
ngng tm thi. Mt cch thc hin iu ny l ch kch hot mch pht hin ngun
thp sau chu k dng nh cao khi in p ngun c gi tr thp nht. Mch pht hin
ngun thp c vn hnh nh tng u ca th tc "gim m"(warm down), chng c s
dng lm cc node mng t ch tch cc sang ch ngh. Mt u im ca cch
tip cn ny l ch mt cng sut nh c s dng cho mch pht hin.D nh nhng n
cng l ng k khi so snh vi cng sut trung bnh tiu th bi node mng. Mt u im
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
khc l in p ngun s n nh hn iu ny dn ti s vn hnh tin cy hn ca vic
cnh bo ngun thp
nng cao thi gian sng ca ngun, t l dng trung bnh trn dng nh c lm
gim cui thi gian sng ca ngun dng nh c gim. iu ny c thc hin
bng cch xen k cc hot ng ca mch ngun cao chng khng hot ng ng thi.
Bng cch lm gim ti dng nh trn ngun, ngay lp tc in p ri dc in tr trong
ca ngun c th c gim khi in p cc s ln hn ngng ngun thp(low battery)
Mch pht hin ngun thp rt quan trng trong vic xc nh mt ngng chnh xc. Mt
node mng cm bin c th c thi gian sng ca ngun l 1 nm. Nu qu thi gian ny,
in p cc ca n di 0.5v, v nu cho rng in p ri l tuyn tnh theo thi gian th
in p s st khong 1,37mV/ngy, tng ng vi 10mV/tun.Mt sai s ngng dng (ngng ln hn gi tr yu cu) s trc tip lm gim gian sng ca node mng do s cnh bo
ngun thp trc khi n thc s cn thit. Mt sai s ngng m (ngng thp hn gi tr yu
cu) s lm tng thi gian sng ca node mng.
Hin tng tr trong mch pht hin ngun thp cng rt quan trng. Mt in p ri t
hn 10nV/tun l s thay i rt chm, c bit l vi cng ngh SoC(low-cost systemon-a-chip). Tuy nhin in p ngun chu nh hng ca mt lng nhiu ng k gy ra bi
nhiu nguyn nhn trong mch s. Nhiu ny gy ra hin tng sai lch trong cnh bo
ngun thp(Low battery) khi in p ngun gn vi gi tr ngng. Do in p ri l rt
chm nn hin tng sai lch ny c th duy tr nhiu hn mt tun. Mt gii php a ra l
cht cnh bo ngun thp ti ln u tin vt ngng th khng c mong i. iu ny
khng ch lm gim tui th ca ngun m cn khng xc nh c chnh xc cc tc
ng gy ra bi nhiu. Mt gii php gii quyt vn ny l s dng hin tng tr
trong mch pht hin ngun thp(low battery). Hin tng tr ny c th ly t nht 2
khun dng: continuous-time hoc sampled hystrsis.
2.3.3.3. Cnh bo "Low Battery"

C nhiu tn hiu cnh bo ngun c to ra, n phi trc tip tc ng ti ngi s dng
qun l cc hot ng ca ngun. Cc biu tng quen thuc v tn hiu cnh bo ngun
thp(low battery) c thy trn camera, cell phone v cc PDA c th c s dng trong cc
ng dng nh nguyn l my tnh c nhn khng dy(wrireless PC) ni m ngi s dng ch
thy cc tn hiu cnh bo. Ch rng ngi s dng c th gp nhiu vn cc
node mng khng c hin th v nhng ni kh qun l. Thng th bc in cnh
bo c gi lun phin thng qua mng cm bin ti mt node ang chy cc tin ch trng
thi mng.
Mt tin ch trng thi mng l mt cng ni m ngi s dng c th qun l trng thi ca
mng. Ph thuc vo cc ng dng, tin ch trng thi mng c th l:
-
M x l nn chy trn mt node mng

Mt x l ang chy trn phn chuyn dng ca phn cng(nh l Laptop hoc PDA)
c nh k truy nhp vo mng.
Mt x l ang chy ti cng node mng(nu c), y ngi s dng c th truy
cp cc tin ch thng qua mng Internet.
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
Trong nhiu cc ng dng, tin ch trng thi mng l vn then cht quyt nh ti
thnh cng ca vic thit k mng. Mc d mng c th t t chc v t vn hnh nhng
ngi s dng mt mng ln vn phi chc chn mng m bo cc chc nng ca n; Hn
na trong nhiu cc ng dng c bit trong trng hp khn cp trng thi mng phi hu
dng .
Nu cnh bo ngun thp c gi thng qua chnh mng cm bin, th node mng phi
c thit k chc nng thu pht l chc nng sau cng trong cc iu khin. Cn cc
chc nng khc ca node nh s vn hnh Sensor, Actuators v giao din ngi s dng phi
chp nhn s dng ngun thp m bo cho chc nng truyn nhn c thc hin v
tn hiu cnh bo ngun thp c gi
Cc nguyn l thit k node mng cm bin node c kh nng iu ho ngun thp:
- Node mng ch gi bc in "thay i trng thi" n ti v tr trung tm ch khi no
cnh bo ngun thp c thit lp. Nguyn l ny ti u ho mo u lu lng mng nhng
cng cung cp mt thng tin ti thiu.
- Node mng c th gi bc in "cp nht trng thi mng" mt cch nh k ti gc mng.
Mc d nguyn l ny lm di bc in vn hnh mng nhng n cung cp thng tin quan
trng ti ngi s dng.
- Nu mng khng h tr bc in "cp nht trng thi mng", node c th chia s thng tin
trng thi ngun ti tt c cc node ln cn. Node ny c th tr li cc truy vn lin quan ti
trng thi ca n nu n c th thc hin c iu ny. Khi ngun ca n hng cc node
ln cn s thng bo cho mng l do node hng.
2.3.4. Tn dng cc ngun nng lng trong t nhin

Trong nhiu trng hp, vic ly nng lng trc tip t mi trng c th m bo cho vic
vn hnh cc node mng cm bin. Nng lng ny ngi ta gi l nng lng sch v thut ng
"energy scavenging" bao gm quang nng, ng nng v cc ngun nng lng khc.
Cc node mng tn dng nng lng sch c gi l "live off the land" thay th cho
ngun nng lng s dng bi chnh n. Nu c thit k hp l cc node mng s dng nng
lng sch c th rt nh bi chng khng cn mang theo ngun cha nng lng. Ngun nng lng c ly t mi trng c bin ng rt ln v chng c th c ngt trong qu trnh hot
ng. Thng thng vic ngt ngun s c d on trc, nh l vic thay i chu k ca
thit b chuyn ng. Trong trng hp khc vic ngt ngun l do s c, do d bo
thng k thng c s dng. Xc sut ngun ngng hot ng l rt ln bi v cng sut t
mi trng cho vn hnh khng th m bo tt c thi gian. Do ngi thit k phi
chn mt mc tin cy dc trn cc kiu ngun nng lng sch khc nhau v thit k node
mng ph hp vi yu cu.
V d, vic nh gi h thng nng lng mt tri phi cp n hiu ng gii hn
thi gian chiu sng. Vic thit k phi h tr cho s vn hnh ban m hay nhng lc
khng c nh sng. Hn na vic thit k cng phi ch n v tr ca cc min vng
khc nhau, bi v thi tit kh hu v thi gian chiu sng ca mt tri cc vng khc
nhau l khc nhau. Do ngi thit k phi m bo mt mc tin cy da trn da trn
kh dng ca mt tri v tr thit k.
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
Mt c im chung ca hu ht cc ngun nng lng sch l cng sut trung bnh thp
ch khong 1mW hoc thp hn. Mc d cng sut trung bnh cn cho node mng cm
bin c th thp hn cng sut trung bnh ca ngun nng lng sch nhng cng sut nh
cn cho node mng th lun ln hn cng sut tc thi nh nht cung cp bi ngun.
p ng yu cu cng sut nh ny v h tr s bin ng u ra ca cc
ngun nng lng sch. Hu ht cc ngun nng lng sch phi c mch iu ho cng sut.
Mch iu ho cng sut t gia ngun cng sut v ti m bo ph hp gia dng
v in p ti u ra ca n thch hp vi yu cu ca ti. ng thi phi ph hp dng v ti
yu cu ti u vo ca ngun. Hu ht cc mch iu ho cng sut yu cu mt phn t
lu tr nng lng th cp, thng thng l ngun th cp hoc t in. V bn cht ngun
nng lng sch l nhng dng chy nh np cho thit b lu tr th cp t y nng lng c
chuyn ti node mng. Ngun nng lng th cp c mt nng lng ln hn so vi t in,
do chng c th cng sut nh cao hn trong chu k di hn. Tuy nhin chng cng c
tc np li cao hn nn lm tng s tiu th cng sut trung bnh. Tu thuc vo s chn
la cng ngh, qu trnh chuyn i in p c th c thc hin trc hoc thit b lu
tr th cp, hoc sau thit b ny hoc l c trc v sau hoc l khng.
Mt nhn t c cp trong sut qu trnh thit k h thng cung cp nng lng sch
l cch thc thc hin bt v tt ngun. Ti thi im bt, thit b lu tr th cp c th
ang c np v vy mch iu ho cng sut s khng th cung cp cho ti cho ti thi
im cui ca qu trnh np. y l mt kh khn bi v mch iu ho cng sut khng
c hoc khng u ra trong sut thi gian ny, mch iu khin pht hin ra iu
kin khi ng v gim st trng thi np ca thit b lu tr th cp v cui cng kt ni ti
ti u ra ca mnh iu ho cng sut. Ngun cng sut sch c th c c tnh bin
ng ln v vy vic thit k cc mch iu khin gp phi thch thc ln. Hn na,
chng cn phi m bo cung cp nng lng cho node mng hot ng ngay c khi ngun
nng lng sch tm thi gin on.
Mch khi ng phi khng gy nh hng ti chc nng iu ho node cho ti khi vic
iu ho c pht hin. chc nng tt ngun ca h thng c th c thc hin trong
khi nng lng vn kh dng trong thit b lu tr th cp. Nu nng lng sch c s dng
trc tip cho vic vn hnh khi mt mt ngun nh c th c thc hin cung cp
mch iu khin.
2.3.1.1. T bo quang in
Hin nay hu ht cc cng ngh ngun sch s dng cc t bo quang in thu nng
lng mt tri. Cc t bo ny c t ti v tr c th thu c nhiu nng lng mt
tri nht v c s dng ti cc node mng m ngun chnh v ngun s cp khng kh thi,
cc v tr ny thng l cc vng xa.
Cng sut in c ly ra t cc t bo quang in tng ng vi din tch ca t bo
v mt chiu sng ca mt tri. in p cc ca t bo ging vi in p ca diode bn
dn v c cng kh ln. Trong khi dng ra ph thuc trc tip vo cng chiu sng.
Dng ra ca cc t bo quang in tng khi nhit tng.
Hin ti c rt nhiu loi t bo quang in khc nhau v hu ht l cc t bo silicon.
Chng c gi hp l v kh nng cm nhn nh sng bc sng gn 800nm. C 3 loi t bo
silicon thng c s dng: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, v amorphous. Cc t bo
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
monocrystalline c hiu sut rt cao (khong 15%) v c gi cao nht. T bo amorphous
c hiu sut thp nht (khong 6%) v cng c gi r nht. Cn li l cc t bo
polycrystalline c hiu sut khong 14%. Do cc node mng cm bin yu cu cng sut
thp do cc t bo amorphous c s dng nhiu nht. Do mt cng sut chiu
sng ca mt tri ti b mt tri t khong 100mW/cm2 nn ch cn 4cm2 t bo
amorphous c hiu sut 6% c th sn sut khong 25mW (nu c chiu sng hon
ton ) tng ng vi dng in 50mA.
in p mch h Voc ca t bo Si khong 0,5V. c kt hp vi in p chun cng
nghip cho mch tch hp. Do c t bo phi c t ni tip tng in p ra.
in p ra l tng i n nh so vi s bin ng ca cng chiu sng. Tuy nhin
trong vi ng dng cc t bo quang in khng c s dng vi s iu chnh ln. Trong
hu ht cc trng hp vic iu ho cng sut phi c s dng cung cp dng trong
khong thi gian m cc t bo quang in b che ti v khng th to ra dng mnh
cung cp cho ti. Vic thit k mch iu ho cng sut phi ch ti cc nhn t nh
hng ti t bo quang in.
Mt v d v mng cm bin khng dy s dng cc t bo quang in l chng trnh
vi ht thng minh ( Smart Dust ) ti trng i hc California. Cc vi ht trong h thng c
kt ni vi nhau bi ng quang thay cho truyn dn v tuyn. V kt ni c thc hin
bi si quang nn vic yu cu thm cc thit b chiu sng nn chng l khng cn thit.
2.3.1.2. Cc ngun nng lng khc

Cc ngun nng lng khc gm ng nng, c nngHin ti cc loi ngun ny cha c
sut cho mng sensor. Tuy vy chng c nghin cu v hng pht trin cho cc d n tng
lai.
Chng III : Phn mm m phng nng lng cho mng

Wireless Sensor
3.1. M hnh ho m phng
Trn c s phn tch bi ton m phng v xc nh r mc tiu v k hoch, vic m
hnh ho m phng nhm tru tng ho h thng thc bng m hnh khi nim, mt tp cc
quan h ton hc v logic lin quan n cc thnh phn v cu trc ca h thng. Vic
xy dng m hnh l cc k quan trng. M hnh c xy dng cng chi tit v tng qut
th m phng cng gn thc t. Ngoi ra, tnh hiu qu v kh nng m rng, tc l c
th s dng lm nn pht trin thm, ca m hnh cng rt c quan tm. Ngoi ra,
v vic xy dng mt m hnh chi tit, tng qut cho ton h thng l rt kh thc hin
nn thng vic m hnh ho s tp trung vo cc vn cn quan tm trong h thng, cc
phn khc ch cn m bo mc chnh xc trong cc nh hng ca chng ti h thng.
3.1. M hnh ngun nng lng

M hnh ngun c xy dng trn c ch khu tr nng lng. Mt nt Sensor c ba thnh
phn tiu th nng lng chnh l thit b cm bin, thit b thu pht v tuyn v b x l
vi cc c ch tiu th nng lng khc nhau. Cc thnh phn ny li c th hot ng cc
trng thi khc nhau vi tc tiu th nng lng khc nhau. M hnh ngun nng lng cung
cp kh nng m phng trng thi ngun nng lng ca nt. Ban u, mi nt Sensor c
nh cu hnh vi mt khi nng lng xc nh. Mi khi nt Sensor thc hin mt hnh
ng nh nhn mt tn hiu cm bin, thu hoc pht cc gi tin v tuyn, x l tn hiu,
ngun nng lng d tr ca nt s b khu tr theo cng sut c nh ngha trc cho
tng thnh phn. Khi nt Sensor khng c hnh ng no, nng lng s c khu tr theo
cng sut ri (Idle power).
Vi cc mng Sensor hin nay, nht l vi cc mng khng c kh nng tm ngun nng lng
bn ngoi, v d nh s dng cc tm pin mt tri th tui th ca ngun nng lng l yu t
quyt nh thi gian tn ti ca mng. Do , cc thut ton v giao thc c s dng cho
mng Sensor u phi ch n hiu qu s dng ngun nng lng. Vi vic m hnh ho
ngun nng lng cho nt Sensor, mi trng m phng cung cp kh nng kho st hiu qu s
dng ngun nng lng ca cc thut ton, cc giao thc v cc cch t chc, trin khai nt
khc nhau c p dng cho mng Sensor. M hnh ny cn cung cp mt s c ch khu tr
ngun trong thc t c kim chng bng thc nghim
3.3. Thit k phn mm m phng mng Wireless Sensor

Trong thit k phn mm (cn c gi l chuyn i m hnh), m hnh m phng c
pht trin bng mt ngn ng lp trnh no . Trong n ny, vic m phng mng
Sensor c thc hin trn phn mm m phng mng NS-2 m rng cho mi trng mng
Sensor. Do , phn tip theo s trnh by v phn mm NS-2 v phn m rng
NRLSensorsim trn NS-2 cho m phng mng Sensor
3.3.1. Phn mm NS-2

a) Gii thiu NS-2
NS-2 ( Network Simulator phin bn 2) l chng trnh m phng mng theo phng php m
phng cc s kin ri rc. NS-2 h tr m phng mng c dy v khng dy, TCP, UDP , cc
giao thc truyn thng im-a im v nh tuyn khc,.v.v. NS-2 c vit bng C++
v ngn ng hng i tng Tcl (Otcl: object-oriented tool command language).
NS-2 c mt lch s kh di, bt ngun t cc phn mm REAL ca UCB (1989) v
NEST ca Colombia (1992). n nm 1995, NS-2 c pht trin trong d n VINT (Virtual
InterNet Testbed hay nn kim th Internet o). VINT l d n hp tc gia AT&T Reseach,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, ETH TIK, Xerox PARC, UCB-Berkeley v
USC/ISI. Hin nay, Ns ang tip tc c pht trin trong cc d n SAMAN v CONSER,
cng vi s hp tc ca nhiu nh nghin cu v ACIRI. Nhng t chc ng gp ng k
vo NS-2 l UCB Daeledus, UMU Monarch v Sun MicroSystems.
So vi cc phn mm m phng mng khc, NS-2 c nhng u th sau:
- NS-2 c m ngun m min ph.
- NS-2 c kin trc m, to iu kin thun li cho vic m rng
- NS-2 c pht trin t cc phn mm ni ting trn th gii nh REAL, NEST nn n c
nhng im mnh v khc phc c nhng yu im ca cc phn mm ny
- NS-2 h tr cc tnh nng c bn ca mng IP, t c th pht trin thm cc phn t
mng.
- NS-2 c cu trc modul, rt thun tin cho vic nghin cu tm hiu v pht trin.
Nhn t pha ngi s dng , NS-2 l chng trnh bin dch m Otcl c lin kt ti th vin
C++ . Cc i tng c s nh tcp, CBR,..c xy dng trong C++. u vo NS-2 l tp m
lnh Otcl , u ra l cc tp tin m phng tin trnh theo yu cu c th hin trong tp
lnh Otcl.
Tp lnh
Otcl ( m
ngun )
NS-2
Chng
trnh bin
dch Otcl
Kt qu m
phng
Cc th vin
C++
Hnh 3.1: Cu trc chng trnh NS-2

Kt qu m phng c th quan st bng hnh nh m t trc quan vi ng dng Nam ( the
Network Animator ), bng th (s dng Xgraph) hoc c th c x l bng cc tp
lnh tu chn. Vi cu trc ny, vic s dng NS-2 tr ln n gin hn nhiu so vi s
dng trc tip C++ nhng vn c c nhng tnh nng ca C++.
Vi nhng c im trn, NS-2 thc s l mt cng c phn mm hu ch cho vic
hc tp, nghin cu mng thng tin, gip cho vic thc hnh mng tr ln hiu qu hn.
b) C ch hot ng ca phn mm NS-2
Hot ng ca NS-2 c chia thnh hai phn l phn d liu (c xy dng trong C++)
v phn iu khin (c xy dng trong Otcl). gim thi gian x l gi v s kin,
thi biu s kin v cc i tng thnh phn mng c bn trong phn s liu c vit v
bin dch bng C++. Cc i tng c bin dch ny c to sn v c lin kt ti Otcl qua
b thng dch Otcl. Mi i tng C++ ny c iu khin v c thit lp cc tham s
thng qua mt i tng iu khin tng ng trong Otcl. Cc i tng C++ khng cn iu
khin hoc ch hot ng ni ti trong phn C++ th khng cn lin kt n Otcl. Tng
t, cng c mt s i tng (khng nm trong phn d liu) c th hot ng hon ton ch
trong Otcl. Cc i tng iu khin trong Otcl c nh x 1-1 ti cc i tng cn iu
khin trong C++. Nh vy, cu trc phn cp cc i tng ny trong hai phn C++ v Otcl
l tng t nhau. Quan h gia C++ v Otcl c minh ha trn hnh 3.2.
Hnh 3.2: Tnh i ngu gia C++ v Otcl
Hnh 3.3 ch ra kin trc NS-2. Trong kin trc ny, ngi s dng (khng phi ngi pht
trin NS-2) v tr gc di bn tri. D liu u vo l tp lnh Otcl c phn tch bi
lp Tcl. Vic thit lp v chy m phng trong Tcl s dng cc i tng trong th vin Otcl.
Thi biu cc s kin v hu ht cc thnh phn mng hot ng trong C++ v c lin
kt ti Otcl. Vic ny c thc hin bi lp tclcl.
Chng trnh NS-2 c nhiu phin bn chy trn cc h iu hnh khc nhau v vi cc yu
cu ci t khc nhau. Trong n ny, phin bn ns-allinone-2.27, chy trn Windows
trong mi trng Cygwin/X c s dng tm hiu mt s cc tnh cht ca mng
Wireless Sensor. Cygwin/X cung cp mt giao din chng trnh ng dng (API) ging nh
h iu hnh UNIX trn khun dng Windows do NS-2 khng chy trc tip trn Windows.
Thi biu cc s kin
NS-2
tclcl
Otcl
Cc
thnh
phn
mng
Tcl 8.0
Hnh 3.3: Kin trc tng quan ca NS-2

Mi trng ns - 2 l cng c ht sc linh hot trong vic nghin cu cc c tnh ca mng
cm bin khng dy (Wireless Sensor network) v n c sn cc m hnh cho mng ad-hoc
khng dy, c rng buc v nng lng. Trong ns - 2, mt mng Sensor c th c xc nh
vi nhiu t hp cc c tnh nh thc t. Mi trng mng di ng trong ns - 2, cung cp s
h tr ln nhau gia cc giao thc nh hnh 3.12
Lp ng
dng
CBR
FTP
Telnet
Lp giao
vn
TCP
UDP
Lp mng
DSDV
DSR
TORA
AODV
OLSR
Lp lin kt
s liu
802.11
TDMA
SMAC
Lp vt l
Cc kiu
pht v
tuyn vi
suy gim
bc 4 : trong
khng gian
t do, mt
t hai tia,
bng ph.
Antent
li n.
Hnh 3.4: Cc giao thc c h tr trong NS-2 m phng mng khng dy

Vi c s ny, ta ch cn thm vo NS-2 mt s i tng v thuc tnh m phng
mng Sensor.
3.3.2. C s pht trin m phng mng Sensor trn nn NS-2

C s duy nht cn thiu trong NS-2 cho m phng mng Sensor l vic nh ngha mt
"Phenomenon" (hin tng). V d nh cht ho hc, m thanh,... cc i tng ny c th di
chuyn v kch hot cc Sensor gn qua mt knh nh phm cht khng kh hay rung
ng mt t. Khi mt Sensor pht hin tn hiu t mt hin tng trong knh ny, Sensor
s phn ng tu theo ng dng c nh ngha bi ngi s dng NS-2. Cc ng dng ny s
quy nh vic Sensor lm g khi pht hin ra hin tng mc tiu. V d, Sensor c th
nh k gi thng bo n mt s im thu thp s liu nu n cn tip tc pht hin
thy hin tng, hoc c th lm mt s vic phc tp hn nh cng tc vi cc Sensor ln
cn c c thng tin c th chi tit hn v hin tng trc khi cnh bo ngi gim st v
mt hin tng gi nh. Mi mng Sensor c mt ng dng duy nht nh gim st ng t,
mi trng, Phn m rng NS-2 cung cp cc kh nng trnh din cc ng dng Sensor. Vi
cc ng dng ny, chng ta c th nghin cu hot ng ca c s h tng mng d i cc iu
kin khc nhau. C s ca vic xy dng m hnh mng Sensor trong NS-2 c minh ho
trong hnh 3.5.
Hnh 3.5: C s xy dng m hnh mng Sensor s dng NS-2

M hnh trnh din ca cc hin tng trong NS-2 c xc nh vi cc gi qung b c
chuyn qua mt knh c ch nh. Phm vi nh hng ca hin tng l tp hp cc nt c
th nhn c cc gi Phenom qung b trn knh ny. M hnh ny s tun theo qung b
bt c kiu pht v truyn no (khng gian t do, mt t 2 tia hay bng ph, bao gm c
cc cu hnh nt hin tng. Cc kiu pht ny ph sng theo dng gn trn nhng cc hnh
dng khc cng c th c c bng cch thay i phm vi ca cc gi Phenon v di chuyn
mt cch thch hp mt tp cc nt hin tng pht cng kiu.
Vic pht qung b cc gi Phenom c hon thnh nh "giao thc nh tuyn Phenom",
qung b cc gi Phenom vi tc xung xc nh. Khi mt gi Phenom c nhn bi mt
nt trn knh Phenomenon (knh hin tng), mt thng bo v s kin ny s c chuyn
n ng dng Sensor ca nt .
3.3.3. Cc nh dng mi trong NS-2

Gi s c cc nt hin tng (Phenomenon) kch hot cc nt Sensor, lu lng cc nt Sensor
to ra mi khi pht hin thy hin tng ph thuc vo chc nng ca mng. V d, cc mng
thit k hiu chnh ch bng hiu ng nng lng s to ra nhiu lu lng Sensor
n Sensor hn mng thit k cung cp cho gim st vin cc d liu cha qua x l.
Chc nng ny ph thuc vo ng dng ca Sensor v ph thuc vo c tnh lu lng kt
hp vi mng c m phng. i tng v chc nng c nh ngha trong cc file sau:
- Phenom / Phenom.cc, h: Cha giao thc nh tuyn Phenom

s dng cho vic pht tn hiu t cc hin tng. N bao gm cc
tham s cho tc xung v kiu hin tng (Bi cabon, ng t
mnh, ng t nh, ting n hay loi chung). Cc kiu ny c
t tn nhn dng cc ngun hin tng trong file trace (u
ra m phng). Tc xung l tham s duy nht iu khin vic
pht tn hiu t mt hin tng.
Hnh 3.6: Hnh nh m t mng Sensor (c ly t ng dng NAM trong NS-2) vi 25 trm
Sensor c trin khai theo hnh li trn din vung, 20 nt Phenomenon (m t m my
kh gas-hin tng cn cm bin) di ng v mt trm thu thp s liu ( gc trn bn phi).
Cc nt sm mu (mu ) l cc nt ang cm bin c hin tng, cc nt nht mu (mu
xanh l cy) l cc nt khng quan st thy hin tng. Cc vng trn to m t vicpht sng
tn hiu ca cc nt.Cckhi nh mu en biu th cc gi tin trong mng.
- Senso nets-NRL / Senso agent.cc, h: nh ngha cc agent

Sensor, cc agent l im cui, ni cc gi thuc lp mng c to
ra v phn tch, x l . Cc nt Sensor s dng mt tc nhn
Sensor lin kt n knh Phenomenon tip nhn cc gi tin
Phenom v s dng mt tc nhn TCP hay UDP lin kt n
knh ca mng v tuyn to cc gi tin c gi i t ng dng
Sensor. Cc tc nhn Sensor hot ng nh mt ng dn, qua
cc gi tn Phenom c nhn v x l bi cc ng dng Sensor.
Cc tc nhn Sensor khng thc s quan tm n ni dung ca
gi Phenom, n ch n gin nh du cc gi nhn c v
chuyn n ng dng Sensor. Agent ny c nh ngha trong
Sensor agent.cc.
- Sensornets-NRL / Sensorapp.cc, h : ng dng Sensor c nh

ngha trong file ny tn dng mu nt v to ra cc thng bo
Sensor ch ra nt tng ng pht hin ra hin tng ( 4 bin
mi trng c th c s dng l: SILENT_PHENOMENON,
DISABLE_COLORS, MESG_SIZE v TRANSMIT_FREQ). C th, khi
nt ang nhn gi Phenom, ng dng ny thay i mu nt
thnh , kch thot mt bin ton cc "alarm" v gi mt thng
bo Sensor (MESG_SIZE byte) n nt sink (nt thu thp s liu)
ca kt ni UDP, TCP sau mi chu k l TRANSMIT_FREQ giy. Khi
mt nt khng nhn c mt Phenom packet trong thi gian ch
(SILENT_PHENOMENON giy), th mu nt tr v mu xanh l
cy. Nu mu nt c yu cu biu th mc nng lng thay
v trng thi cnh bo Sensor th ng dng b tt vi vic t
DISABLE_COLOR.
- Sensornets-NRL / Phenom_packet.h: File ny nh ngha cu trc gi Phenom. C 5
kiu hin tng (CO, HEAVY - GEO, LIGHT - GEO, SOUND, and TEST - PHENOMENON)
tng ng vi cacbon monoxide (cht carbon monoxide CO), Heavy Seismic actyvity (ng
t mnh), Light Seismic activy (ng t nh), Audible Sound (m thanh), sime
Phenomenon (kiu chung). Cc kiu ny c th c s dng m phng vi nhiu nt hin tng v c th d dng nhn ra v phn bit vi cc hin tng khc m nt Sensor pht
hin, bng cch nhn vo file trace.
3.3.4. Thay i trong NS-2

Hnh 3.7 ra s cy NS - 2 m rng m phng mng Sensor vi cc b sung (nhnh bn
phi) v hiu chnh (nhnh bn tri).
Cc chnh sa trong NS-2 c thc hin trong cc file sau :
- Trace / cmu-trace.cc, h: Lp CMUTrace c s dng in cc phn quan trng ca mt
gi vo file trace. V phn m rng s dng kiu gi mi cho cc hin tng nn cn phi
nh dng gi tng ng trong file ny.
- Tcl / lib / ns-lib.tcl: Thnh phn ny trnh by v cu hnh nt c ch ra trong tp
lnh NS-2. Phn m rng s dng kiu nt mi (cc nt Sensor v Phenomenon). V th,
thm vo mt s im vo chc nng nh cu hnh nt (node-configure) ph hp
vi cc kiu ny.
NS-2.27/
Hnh 3.7: S b sung v chnh sa NS-2

- Tcl / lib / ns-mobilenode.tcl: Trong NS-2, dung lng sn c cho vic lp mng khng dy
a knh c s dng pht cc loi tn hiu hin tng khc nhau. Bng vic s dng knh
ring cho cc hin tng, ta c th m phng mi trng vt l ring cho tng loi hin tng nh
trong thc t. Nh vy, cc nt Sensor cn 2 giao din: mt vi knh 802.11 v mt vi knh
Phenom. Kh nng a giao din ("Multi - homed") c b xung trong ns-mobilnode.tcl.
- Common / packet-h: Mi gi trong ns -2 c lin kt vi mt kiu ring tu thuc vo giao
thc tng ng nh TCP, ARP, AODV, FTP, .v.v..V giao thc pht tn hiu hin tng l mi
nn phi nh ngha kiu gi tng ng trong file tiu packet.h.
- Mac/ Wireless-phy.cc: ns -2 c gm m hnh nng lng cho cc nt khng dy c s dng

nghin cu li ch ca cc k thut duy tr nng lng khc nhau. Nh vic ngh hot ng
hay tn dng cc mt mng ti u. M hnh ny gm cc c tnh ch ra cc yu cu
cng sut ca cc gi pht v nhn hay trng thi ri trong thi gian mng khng hot ng
tch cc. Vic cm bin hin tng l mt qu trnh c th tiu th nng lng ti mt tc
khc, nn y l vn quan trng cn xem xt. Trong mac / Wireless-phy.cc cung cp
kh nng ch ra cng sut tiu th ca cc nt trong khi cm bin cc hin tng.
Mt s sa i khc c thc hin mac / mac.cc, tcl / lib / ns-namsupp.tcl v queue /
priqueue.cc. Mt s sa cha trong th tc nh mu nt, b sung kiu gi Phenom vo t
chc NS-2 c thc hin n gin ho giao din n knh Phenomenon trn nt
Sensor.
3.4. Thit lp m lp trnh m phng

3.4.1. Thit lp knh hin tng v knh d liu
Cc nt Phenomenon s pht trn mt knh khc vi cc nt Sensor trnh s tranh chp ti
lp vt l. Mi nt Phenomenon cn nh cu hnh trn cng mt knh ngay c khi chng
pht t cc kiu hin tng khc nhau. Lnh sau thit lp knh v tuyn v knh ca cc hin
tng (Knh Phenomenon):
setchan1[new$val(chan)]
setchan2[new$val(chan)]
3.4.2. Thit lp mt giao thc MAC cho knh Phenomenon

Chn mt lp MAC s dng cho vic pht Phenomenom qua knh Phenomenon. Vic s
dng 802.11 l khng thch hp v knh Phenomena l knh t nhin nn n pht m khng
cn iu khin tc nghn v tranh chp.
Cc lnh sau thit lp cc th tc iu khin truy nhp mi trng v tuyn v mi trng
Phenomenon:
setval(mac)Mac/80211
setval(PHENOMmac)Mac
3.4.3. Thit lp cc nt Phenomenon vi giao thc "nh

tuyn" Phenom
S dng nt-config ging nh cc nt di ng nhng ch r giao thc nh tuyn Phenom,
cc hin tng c pht i theo cc phng thc c nh ngha trong Phenom / Phenom.cc.
Ngoi ra phi nh hnh knh v lp MAC trc khi ch ra vic qung b Phenomenon. Mt
v d thit lp cu hnh nt Phenomenon mu nh sau:
$nsnodeconfig\
adhocRoutingPHENOM\
Channel$chan1\
llTypeLL\
macType$val(PHENOMmac)\
ifqTypeQueue/DropTail/PriQueue\
ifqLen50\
antTypeAntenna/OmniAntenna\
phyTypePhy/WirelessPhy\
topoInstance$topo\
agentTraceON\
routerTraceON\
macTraceON\
movementTraceON\
propTypePropagation/TwoRayGround
3.4.4. Thit lp tc v kiu xung ca Phenomenon

Hai tham s s dng thay i tu bin Phenomena c ch ra
a. PulserateFloat.
- Ploat phi l mt s thc
- M t tn s mt nt Phenomenon qung b tn hiu ca n.
- Mc nh l mt ln pht trn 1 giy
b.PhenomenonPattern
- Pattern: kiu hin tng, phi l mt trong cc t kho sau: CO, HEAVE-GEO, LIGHTGEO, SOUND, TEST-PHENOMENON tng ng vi oxit carbon CO, ng t nng, ng
t nh, ting ng v mt s kiu hin tng chung khc.
- Tu chn ny c s dng ch yu cho vic m phng cc hin tng bi nt (nhiu nt
hin tng kt hp) nn d dng phn bit vic nt Sensor ang cm bin hin tng no
bng vic nhn vo trace file.
- Mc nh TEST-PHENOMENON
Sau y, minh ho vic t tham s pht tn hiu t Carbon Oxit 10 ln/s
[$node(0)setragent]\
pulserate.1;
[$node(0)setragent]\
PhenomenonCO;
3.4.5. nh hnh nt Sensor

Nt Sensor phi c nh hnh vi thuc tnh Phenom chanell v thuc tnh Wireless
Channel. Knh Phenom Channel phi cng loi vi knh m ta n nh cho Phenomenon.
Knh cn li c s dng truyn cc bo co ca Sensor. Cu hnh nt Sensor cn phi
ch ra mt giao thc MAC cho knh Phenomenon v mt giao thc MAC (nh MAC/802-11)
cho knh chia s vi cc nt khng dy khc.
iu ny c thc hin vi cc thuc tnh Phenom mactype v mactype. Phenom mactype
phi cng kiu vi MAC ca cc nt Phenom v Mactype phi cng kiu vi MAC ca cc nt
khc cng tham gia mng IP. Cc lnh sau minh ha v d nh hnh cho mt nt Sensor :
$nsnodeconfig\
adhocRouting$val(rp)\
Channel$chan2\
macType$val(mac)\
PHENOMChannel$chan1\
PHENOMmacType$val(PHENOMmac)
Nu mun, mt nt Sensor c th c nh hnh vi mt khi nng lng nht nh s c
khu tr t ngun d tr ca nt mi ln nhn mt tn hiu Phenomenon qung b hay pht
v nhn cc gi tin bo co. thit lp tnh cht ny, phi thm cc tham s trong phn
node-configure ca nt Sensor.
energyModelEnergyModel\
rxPower0.175\
txPower0.175\
sensePower0.00000175;\
idlePower0.0\
initialEnergy0.5
Trong :
- rxPower.175 ch ra 175mW tiu th cho vic nhn mt gi kch thc bt k.
- txPower175 ch ra 175mW tiu th cho vic pht mt gi kch thc bt k
- Sensor Power .000 00175 ch ra 1.75W tiu th khi nhn 1 gi qung b

Phenom.
- InctialEnergy5 ch ra tng nng lng d tr l 5J.
Ch :
M hnh nng lng trong NS-2 s dng mu sc minh ho. trnh nhm ln trong
m t nam vic nh mu nt trong ng dng hnh nh Sensor s b tt vi nh ngha
DISABLE_COLOR trong Sensorapp.cc. Trong b xung DISABLE_COLOR, mt s tham s
nt Sensor khc cng c c ch ra trong Sensorapp.cc.
SILENT_PHENOMENON: l khong thi gian (s) yn lng cn thit Sensor i vo
trng thi tt cnh bo. V d:
#defineSILENT_PHENOMENON.2
- MESG_SIZE 256: l kch c (byte) ca bn trn chuyn ti Gateway hay im thu thp
d liu hoc cc nt thu d liu khc c lin lc vi nt Sensor (qua UDP, TCP ). V d:
#defineMESG_SIZE256
- TRANSMIT_FREQ l tn s m mt nt Sensor c kch hot bi cc gi Phenom) s
chuyn mt bn tin n nt thu s liu. Sau mi khong thi gian TRANSMIT_FREQ, nt
Sensor pht i mt thng bo (MESG_S1ZE byte) n Gateway v trong mi khong ny,
nt Sensor c th nhn c mt hay nhiu gi PHENOM. V d:
#defineTRANSMIT_FREQ0.1
3.4.6. Thit lp cc nt Non-Sensor (im thu thp d liu,

Gateway)
Cc nt khng phi Sensor hay Phenomenon nt khng c nh hnh vi mt knh
Phenom Channel v chng ch c giao din duy nht n mng MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc
Network - mng di ng s dng giao thc nh tuyn Ad hoc) c thc hin vi thuc
tnh - Phenom Channel "off". V d:
$nsnodeconfig\
adhocRouting$val(rp)\
Channel$chan2\
PHENOMChannel"off"
3.4.7. Gn kt cc tc nhn Sensor

Lnh ny to ra mt tc nhn Sensor cho mi nt Sensor v gn kt tc nhn ny vi nt
tng ng. Ngoi ra, phi ch ra rng tt c cc gi tin n t knh Phenome u c nhn
bi Sensor Agent.V d:
setSensor($i)[new\Agent/SensorAgent]
$nsattachagent$node($i)\
$Sensor($i)
[$node($i)setll(1)]\
uptarget$Sensor($i)
3.4.8. Gn kt mt tc nhn UDP v ng dng Sensor cho

mi nt
Vic cc nt Sensor phn ng th no khi chng pht hin ra
hin tng mc tiu c nh ngha trong ng dng Sensor. V d
nh chng s thng bo thng tin v hin tng ti im thu thp
d liu qua UDP.
Th d sau minh ho vic thit lp ng dng Sensor:
setsrc($i)[newAgent/UDP]
$nsattachagent$node($i)\
$src($i)
$nsconnect$src($i)$sink
setapp($i)[new\ Application/SensorApp]
$app($i)attachagent$src($i)
3.4.9. Khi ng ng dng Sensor

Nt Sensor c th nhn cc gi Phenom ngay khi Sensor Agent c gn ti nt. Nhng nt
ch c phn ng khi ng dng Sensor c gn kt v khi ng.
$nsat5.0"$app($i)start\
$Sensor($i)"
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
Chng IV. M phng
Chng IV: M phng mng Wireless Sensor

4.1. Mc nh m phng
Mc ch ca phn m phng ny l xem xt mi quan h gia hot ng ca node
mng vi nng lng d tr ca n. Ban u, mi nt Sensor c nh cu hnh vi mt khi
nng lng xc nh. Mi khi nt Sensor thc hin mt hnh ng nh nhn mt tn hiu
cm bin, thu hoc pht cc gi tin v tuyn, x l tn hiu, ngun nng lng d tr ca nt
s b khu tr theo cng sut c nh ngha trc cho tng thnh phn. Khi nt Sensor
khng c hnh ng no, nng lng s c khu tr theo cng sut ri (Idle power).
M phng ny c thc hin vi cc mng Sensor c trin khai theo hnh li vung, trong
bn hnh vung. Khong cch gia cc nt sensor l d, khong cch v tuyn d 2
mt nt c kh nng pht cho 8 nt ln cn. Khong nh hng ca nt Phenomenom (hin tng mc tiu) l d 2 . Kch bn trin khai trng Sensor c minh ho trong hnh 4.1.
Hnh 4.1: Kch bn trin khai trng Sensor trong m phng

Kiu hin tng mc tiu c chn l kh Carbon Monoxit (CO) c biu din bng mt
nt Phenomenon n di chuyn mt cch ngu nhin trong trng Sensor. S lng im thu
thp s liu (Sink) l 1, c t trn bin ca trng Sensor.
Thang nng lng s dng trong cu hnh node (trong phn node-configure):
- rxPower.175 ch ra 175mW tiu th cho vic nhn mt gi kch thc bt k.
- txPower175 ch ra 175mW tiu th cho vic pht mt gi kch thc bt k
- Sensor Power .000 00175 ch ra 1.75W tiu th khi nhn 1 gi qung b
Phenom.
- InctialEnergy0.5 ch ra tng nng lng d tr l 0.5J (hay 0.5 W/s).
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
Chng IV. M phng
4.2. Thc hin m phng

4.2.1. M chng trnh
Cc tu chn v mi trng mng c khai bo nh sau:
;# Kiu knh
set val(chan)
Channel/WirelessChannel
set val(prop)
Propagation/TwoRayGround ;# Kiu pht v tuyn
set val(netif)
Phy/WirelessPhy
;# Kiu giao tip mng
set val(mac)
Mac/802_11
;# Kiu MAC
set val(PHENOMmac) Mac
;# Kiu MAC Phenomenon
set val(ifq)
Queue/DropTail/PriQueue
;# Kiu hng i
set val(ll)
LL
;# Kiu lp lin kt s liu
set val(ant)
Antenna/OmniAntenna
;# Kiu antent
set val(ifqlen)
50
;# S gi cc i trong hng i
set val(nn)
26
;# Tng s nt Sensor v Sink
set val(rp)
AODV
;# Giao thc nh tuyn
set val(x)
451
;# Chiu di bn (m)
set val(y)
451
;# Chiu rng bn (m)
set val(engmodel)
EnergyModel
set val(txPower)
0.175
;# Cng sut truyn (mW)
set val(rxPower)
0.175
;# Cng sut nhn (mW)
set val(sensePower)
0.00000175;
;# Cng sut cm bin (mW)
set val(idlePower)
0.0
;# Cng sut khu tr ri (mW)
set val(initeng)
0.5
;# Nng lng ban u (J)
Mt on chng trnh chnh:

# Main Program
# ======================================================================
# Khoi tao bien toan cuc
set ns_
[new Simulator]
set tracefd [open phenom11.tr w]
$ns_ trace-all $tracefd
set namtrace [open phenom11.nam w]
$ns_ namtrace-all-wireless $namtrace $val(x) $val(y)
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
Chng IV. M phng
Trong chng trnh chnh nh ngha tn File s liu u ra (Trace, NAM) v thit
lp kiu knh, giao thc, nt. Thit lp to cho cc nt v khai bo cc s kin xy ra
trong thi gian m phng.
Sau khi c m u vo c lu trong file phenom.tcl ta bt u chy m phng bng
lnh: nam phenom trong ca s X. Sau khi chy xong ta c th quan st hnh nh bng ng
dng NAM trong ns-2.
4.2.1. Phn tch kt qu

Vic tnh ton kt qu da trn vic phn tch file Trace. File Trace c nh dng
gm cc trng c bn:
[s kin] [thi gian] [s th t nt] [mc Trace] ---- [s th t gi] [kiu gi] [kch thc
gi][a ch Mac][nng lng cn li] [kiu hin tng].
Cc s kin trong trng s kin gm r (nhn gi), s (gi gi), D (mt gi), f (chuyn tip
gi); trng thi gian ch ra thi im xy ra s kin; trng mc Trace ch ra s kin ny
thuc phm vi (mc ) m phng no (tc nhn (nh udp), lp lin kt s liu (MAC) hay
mc vt l, ....).
Vi yu cu tnh ton trong trng hp ny, ta ch cn quan tm ti 4 trng u tin v trng nng lng.
r 1.026254208 _7_ RTR --- 0 AODV 48 [0 ffffffff
------- [8:255 -1:255 30 0] [0x2 1 1 [26 0] [8 4]]
------- [8:255 -1:255 30 0] [0x2 1 1 [26 0] [8 4]]
------- [8:255 -1:255 30 0] [0x2 1 1 [26 0] [8 4]]
------- [8:255 -1:255 30 0] [0x2 1 1 [26 0] [8 4]]
8 800] [energy
(REQUEST)
8 800] [energy
(REQUEST)
8 800] [energy
(REQUEST)
8 800] [energy
(REQUEST)
0.499860]
0.499860]
0.499860]
0.499860]
Da vo file Trace ny chng ta c th thy r nng lng ca node mng s gim theo thi
gian mi khi node mng nhn, gi d liu hoc cm bin hin tng.
Vic phn tch file trace uc thc hin qua hai bc:
- Tch file trace: Ta s tch ra cc trng cn thit cho vic tnh ton kt qu
- Tnh kt qu: Da vo cc trng tch trn, ta s dng cc trng ny tnh ra kt
qu cn thit.
Sau y l cc bc tin hnh c th:
1) Tnh s tiu hao nng lng ca cc node mng
- Dng lnh sau trong ca s cygwinX tch ly cc s kin ti mt node(trong trng hp
ny la node1) nh nhn, gi gi, trng thi gian v mc nng lng tng ng ti thi im .
$ cat energy.tr | grep "_1_" | awk ' { printf ("%c\t%f\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%f\n", $1, $2, $3, $4, $7,
$14)} ' >energy_node1.txt
Sau lnh ny ta s tch ra c s liu nm file energy_node1.txt gm 6 trng. Di y
l mt on file energy_node1.txt:
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
s
s
s
r
r
D
1.068626
1.069666
1.070016
1.071847
1.071872
1.071978
_1_
_1_
_1_
_1_
_1_
_1_
MAC
RTR
MAC
MAC
RTR
MAC
AODV
AODV
AODV
AODV
AODV
AODV
Chng IV. M phng
0.493780
0.493640
0.493640
0.493360
0.493360
0.493220
-Sau khi c c file energy_node1.txt ta s dng lnh sau tnh nng lng cn mi khi
node gi hoc nhn mt gi d liu:
$ cat energy_node1.txt awk ' { dif=old2-$2; if(dif>0) printf ("%c\t%f\t%f\n", $1, $2, dif)}
' >energy_node1_down.txt
Sau lnh ny ta s tnh c s nng lng c th mi khi node1 nhn hoc gi d liu.
Cc s liu ny c ghi vo file nlgiam_node1.txt
Mt on trong file energy_node1_down.txt
r
r
s
r
r
s
1.027420
1.028410
1.029232
1.035203
1.036073
1.036579
0.000280
0.000140
0.000140
0.000840
0.000140
0.000140
Tng t ta lm nh vy vi cc node khc v d vi node 2 ta dng lnh

$ cat energy.tr | grep "_2_" | awk ' { printf ("%c\t%f\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%f\n", $1, $2, $3, $4, $7,
$14)} ' >energy_node2.txt
V lnh: $ cat energy_node2.txt awk ' { dif=old2-$2; if(dif>0) printf ("%c\t%f\t%f\n", $1,
$2, dif)} ' >nlgiam_node2.txt
2)Tnh tc gim nng lng
T cc file energy_node.txt ta c th tnh c tc gim nng lng ca mi node v
tng nng lng cho vic gi d liu v tng nng lng cho vic nhn d liu.
- Tc gim nng lng = Tng nng lng tiu tn/ thi gian kho st
4.2. Kt qu
Kt qu c biu din bng cc bng v th tng ng.
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
Chng IV. M phng
4.2.1. S tn hao nng lng

Ta xt mt mng sensor gm 25 nt c b tr u trong mt din tch c kch thc
651x651(m2). Khi mt mng l 60nut/1km2.
S th t
nt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Nng lng nhn

d liu
Nng lng gi
d liu
Tn hao nng
lng do mt gi
Nng lng
cm bin
Tng nng lng tiu tn
0.019285
0.046183
0.003525
0.09376
0.162753
0.065298
0.056915
0.160718
0.139551
0.038426
0.109089
0.130553
0.074877
0.15393
0.047487
0.137623
0.074405
0.189775
0.164631
0.217707
0.201076
0.133041
0.215369
0.220979
0.193351
0.163264
0.21931
0.146921
0.040937
0.033406
0.05568
0.02309
0.02305
0.046769
0.040506
0.021261
0.027988
0.023981
0.03308
0.034856
0.037263
0.028786
0.01053
0.00711
0.031669
0.020647
0.01945
0.02205
0.022085
0.003814
0.028433
0.020228
0.003478
0.01526
0.002437
0.004672
0.00042
0.001325
0.018258
0.010534
0.013917
0.005717
0.000406
0.022823
0.005593
0.010324
0.006003
0.005957
0.010278
0.010764
0.016523
0.00547
0.112968
0.113328
0.026297
0.019622
0.108743
0.074516
0.071392
0.117594
0.038833
0.152266
0.049413
0.119159
0.017346
0.041165
0
0
0.226932
0.22836
0.214777
0.182643
0.195263
0.242369
0.23374
0.234376
0.222461
0.233239
0.244715
0.23642
0.246231
0.222329
0.230774
0.258545
0.197835
0.260309
0.248908
0.215436
0.243181
0.252493
0.191128
0.047118
0.076103
0.002297
0.002425
0.002703
0
0.015522
0.033383
0.008967
0.000409
0.002453
0.021554
Bng 4.2: Suy hao nng lng ca cc nt sensor
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
Chng IV. M phng
Hnh 4.2: th suy hao nng lng ca cc nt sensor
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
Chng IV. M phng
4.2.2. Tc gim nng lng khi tng s nt mng

Trong phn ny ta s kho st tc gim nng lng trung bnh ca cc nt mng khi s
nt sensor thay i cn kch thc mng c nh 651x651(m2).
S nt Sensor
15
25
37
58
79
150
240
410
585
715
900
1200
1400
1612
Cng sut truyn

gia cc nt (w)
0.3187
0.1
0.04
0.01919
0.006
0.00166
0.0006
0.000174
0.0000778
0.0000572
0.0000285
0.0000154
0.000012
0.0000074
Nng lng tiu tn

trung bnh (j)
Tc gim nng lng

trung bnh ca mng(j/s)
0.8018702188
0.2826000000
0.1183298067
0.0438586242
0.0090531975
0.0006454619
0.0000530490
0.0000086468
0.0000018869
0.0000009930
0.0000002816
0.0000000685
0.0000000146
0.0000000206
0.080187021876
0.028260000000
0.011832980669
0.004385862420
0.000905319748
0.000064546188
0.000005304904
0.000000864676
0.000000188685
0.000000099299
0.000000028160
0.000000006845
0.000000001462
0.000000002061
Bng 4.3: Tc gim nng lng
Hnh 4.3: th tc gim nng lng trung bnh ca mng
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
Chng IV. M phng
4.2.3. Tc gim nng lng khi mt mng khng i

Trong phn ny ta s thay i s lng nt sensor trong mng ng thi cng thay i
din tch kho st m bo mt mng l 60sensor/1km2.
S nt Sensor
Nng lng tiu tn trung

bnh(j)
Tc gim (j/s)
15
25
37
58
79
150
240
410
585
715
900
1200
1400
0.2826
0.285502
0.285502
0.317106
0.123958
0.115942
0.112774
0.083108
0.071784
0.098671
0.541801
0.138967
0.293757
0.02826
0.02855
0.02855
0.031711
0.012396
0.011594
0.011277
0.008311
0.007178
0.009867
0.05418
0.013897
0.029376
Bng 4.4: Tc gim nng lng trung bnh ca mng
Hnh 4.4: Tc gim nng lng
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
Chng IV. M phng
4.2. nh gi
Qua kt qu m phng trn, ta thy vi mt mng c nh nng lng cho vic nhn d
liu chim t l ln nht, tip n l nng lng cho vic cm bin d liu v nng lng
cho vic gi d liu chim t l thp nht.
Mt nt sensor trong mng cng nh hng rt nhiu ti vic tiu th nng lng ca cc
nt mng mt cng cao th tc gim nng lng ca cc nt sensor cng gim. iu ny
c gii thch l do cng sut pht ca cc nt sensor gim. Do khi thit k mng chng
ta phi ht sc ch ti mt nt mng.
Khi mt mng c gi c nh th s nt sensor li l yu t nh hng ti tc tiu
th nng lng ca cc nt sensor. C 3 khong chnh khi tng s nt sensor s nh hng mnh
ti tc tiu th nng lng ca cc nut sensor.
- Khong th nht: Di 100 nt, tc tiu th nng lng trung bnh ca cc nt khong
0.28j/s y l mt tc gim trung bnh.
- Khong th hai: T 100 n 700 nt, tc gim nng lng ca mng n nh
mc thp khong 0.1j/s.
- Khong th ba: T 700 nt tr nn, khi ny tc gim nng lng ca cc nt mng
tng t bin.
Qua y ta thy khi xy dng mng trong khong th hai l m bo tit kim nng lng
nht. Tuy nhin trong trng hp cn trin khai trong mt phm vi ln th ta ln chn s nt
sensor ln hn 1200 nt m bo tit kim v nng lng.
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
Chng IV. M phng
Kt lun
Cc mng Sensor vi gi thnh thp, c kh nng trin khai trong nhiu iu kin a l
kh hu phc tp, c bit l cc kh nng x l cng tc v chu c cc h hng s c
em li mt cuc cch mng trong lnh vc cm bin v thu thp thng tin. iu ny
mng li nhiu li ch thit thc cho cuc sng, cho sn xut v cho khoa hc. Trong tng
lai, mng Sensor c th s l mt phng tin cn thit v thng dng nh my tnh c nhn
v in thoi di ng hin nay.
Trong tng lai mng sensor hon ton c th c p dng nc ta, do vic nghin cu
tm hiu cc vn lin quan ti mng l ht sc cn thit.
n t c kt qu:
-
Khi qut tng quan v mng sensor cng nh cc ng dng ca n.
Nu r vai tr nng lng trong mng sensor v cc bin php tit kim nng lng.
Gii thiu phn mm m phng mng sensor, v cc thit lp c s ban u cho

vic m phng mng, trong c vic thit lp cu hnh ngun nng lng cho nt
mng.
Tin hnh m phng mng, t rt ra quy lut gim nng lng ca cc nt mng.
Vn cn quan tm:
- Cc cng ngh nn tng pht trin mng sensor
- Cc vn v ng b Sensor, cc thut ton nh v, cc thut ton cng tc Sensor.
- Kh nng m rng ca mng.
Hin ti mng sensor c trin khai rng, tuy nhin chng vn ang tip tc c nghin
cu. Do vic nm bt cc cng ngh mi v cc gii php pht trin mng l ht sc
cn thit.
n tt nghip i hc
mng Wireless Sensor
Chng IV. M phng
Ti liu tham kho

1.
Anna Hc (University of Hawait at Manoa, Honolulu, USA),
Wireless Sensor Network Designs, Nh sut bn Jonh Wiley and Sons.
2.
Edgar H. Callaway, Wireless Sensor Network Architectures and
Protocol, Nh sut bn CRC.
3.
inh Vn Dng (Vin khoa hc k thut bu in), Sensor
Network Intallation Guide, Bn Pdf.
4.
The Network Simulator - ns-2.
<http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/>
5.
The ns Manual.
<http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/nsdocumentation.Html>
6.
NRLs Sensor Network Extension to ns-2.
<http://nrlsensorsim.pf.itd.nrl.navy.mil/>
7.
NS-2 by Example
<http://nile.wpi.edu/NS/>
8.
Ian Downard, SIMULATING SENSOR NETWORKS IN NS-2, Naval
Research Laboratory Code 5523, 4555 Overlook Ave, Washington DC,
20375-5337
http://nrlsensorsim.pf.itd.nrl.navy.mil/
9.
Q.Hao, D.J.Holding, Y.Peng, K.J.Blow (Aston university), "Energy
Efficiency Design Challenge in Sensor Network: A survey".

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Mc lc

1.4.2 Lp giao vn..............................................................20

2.2. S tiu th nng lng.......................................................36

2.3.2. Gii php truy nhp mi trng truyn dn...............46

2.3.3. Qun l ngun cng sut.........................................50

2.3.4. Tn dng cc ngun nng lng trong t nhin...........54

Chng III : Phn mm m phng nng lng cho mng Wireless

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

3.4.8. Gn kt mt tc nhn UDP v ng dng Sensor cho

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

Bit error rate

Mobile ad hoc network

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

Ngha ting Vit

Sequential assignment routing

Wireless local area network

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

Chng I : Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

1.2. Nn tng pht trin mng

1.2.1. Mng Ad hoc khng dy

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

Cc bng nh tuyn c th c gi cp nht theo hai cch:

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

1.2.2. Nn tng cng ngh

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

Cc nt Sensor c trin khai vi mt ln hn.

Cc nt Sensor thng gp trc trc

Hnh trng mng Sensor thay i rt thng xuyn.

Cc nt Sensor c hn ch v cng xut, kh nng tnh ton v b nh.

Cc nt Sensor c th khng c nhn dng ton cc do s lng nt Sensor ln.

V mt s lng ln nt Sensor c trin khai dy c nn cc nt ln cn c th rt gn

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

Hnh 1.1: M hnh trin khai cc nt Sensor

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

B sinh nng lng

Hnh 1.2: Cc thnh phn ca nt Sensor

1.3.2. H thng WISENET

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

Hnh 1.3; S h thng WISENET

- Trm ngi dng (Client): Client l thnh phn cn thit nhng l

V mt phn tch s liu n l mt my ch HTTP (HTTP Server)

Hnh 1.4: Trnh t hot ng ca Server

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

Hnh 1.5: Cc thnh phn trong ht Sensor gm:

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

1.4. Tng quan v kin trc mng

Hnh 1.6: Ngn xp giao thc mng Sensor

1.4.1.1. Giao thc qun l Sensor

1.4.1.2. Giao thc phn nhim v v qung co s liu

1.4.1.3 Giao thc truy vn Sensor v ph bin s liu

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

1.4.4. Lin kt lin mng

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

Ch gi cc s liu ti cc nt Sensor nu chng c yu cu; c 3

To nhnh nhiu nhnh cy vi gc ca mi nhnh cy l mt bc

To cc cm (Cluster) ti thiu ha tiu th nng lng

1.4.5 Lp lin kt s liu

1.4.5.1 iu khin truy nhp mi trng truyn dn

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

Kiu chia s ti nguyn

Tranh dnh knh khi