Escuela Polit

ecnica Nacional
Facultad de Ingeniera Mec
anica

Turbomachinery Slides
Dr. Esteban Valencia, PhD, MSc, Eng
Semester 2016-A

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Outline of the lecture

Turbomachine definition
Coordinate system
Fundamental laws
Compressible flow relations
Efficiency definition
Unsteadiness
Homework: Compressor efficiency, Reheat factor, Polytropic
efficiency

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Introduction
Turbomachine

Enables energy transfer from or to- fluid continously through a

rotor. Rotor(turbini) rotational continous movement

Figura 1. Energy Exchange in Turbomachinary

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Introduction

Figura 2.Examples of Turbomachinary

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Introduction
According Fluid used

Pumps: water
Compressor: Gas (ej. Air)
Fans: Gas (Air)
Turbines:
-Hyraulic
-Steam: (Phase change)
-Gas: (No phase change- Ideal gas)

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Introduction
According pressure change at rotor

Reaction
- Pressure change rotor
Impulse
-No change of pressure rotor

Figura 3. Examples of Turbomachinary

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Introduction
Elements of the turbomachine:
Rotor: while rotating receives or delivers energy to the fluid, it consists of blades.
Limitations: materials, manufacturing, speeds (fluid and blades), applications (motors,
generators), geometric (space)

Figura 4. Elements of Turbomachinary

Theoretically:
h01 = h02 , If there is no contribution or energy extraction (this applies to reversible and
irreversible processes)

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Introduction
Elements of the turbomachine:

Estator: -Transform the dynamic pressure to static pressure

-Increases losses due to the viscous nature of real fluids
-Redirects the flow (allowing the use of multistep in axial compressors )

Why static pressure is of interest?

-Fixed flow (useful for post-process compressors, turbines useful to improve / facilitate the
performance of the impellers)
-Low speeds ( applications usually related with stationary high pressure fluids)
-This is not always of interest (Nozzle Pelton turbine, gas turbonas turbojets)

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Coordinate System

Figura 5. Examples of Turbomachinary

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Fundamental Laws

Continuity

t
si

no

es

transitorio

I
d +

V dA = 0

Z
d =

cAn = V2 A2

V1 A1 = 0

m 1 = m 2
Force-Momentum
X

I
F =

V V .dA
A

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Fundamental Laws

Continuity
X

I
T =

r xV V .dA
A

Q =

I
(
A

P
V2
P
+
+ gz + u)V .dA + h =
+ u;

Q =

I
(h +
A

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h : entalpy

V2
)V .dA + p
2

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Fundamental Laws
h0 = h +

V2
2

h0 : energia

Q =

de

m = V .dA

estancamiento

I
h0 m + p

Q
p
= h02 h01 +
m
m

q = h02 h01 + Hp

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Fundamental Laws
Adiabatic System
q=0

= h02 h01 + Hp

= cp (T02 T01 ) + Hp
Si es ideal:
Presi
on est
atica: no vara de acuerdo a la velocidad.
Presi
on din
amica: vara de acuerdo a la velocidad. Temperatura est
atica y temperatura
din
amica: an
alogas de las presiones.
Se mantiene la temperatura total (entalpia total) sin importar las p
erdidas (procesos
reversibles e irreversibles)
La presi
on total no se mantiene (las perdidas viscosas se expresan como una perdida en
presion total)

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Fundamental Laws
Torque-Angular Momentum

I
r xcV .dA

T =
A

A = m

d
(rc
dt

A = m(r
2 c2 r1 c1 )
Wx = (h01 h02 ) = U1 c1 U2 c2

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Fundamental Laws
Rothalpy and relative velocities
I = h0 Uc
1
I = h + c 2 Uc
2
For rotating blade rows, the relative stagnation enthalpy is constant
through the blades provided the blade speed is constant.
1
I = h0,rel U 2
2

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Second Law of Thermodinamics

Tds = Pdv
h = u + Pv
dh = du + Pdv + vdP
Tds = dh vdP
-Entropy related to lost work
-Isentropic process are the best possible to achieve.

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Bernoulli

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Bernoulli
Q w =

I
(

V2
P
+
+ gz + u)V .d A + wP

- P : energa de presi
on
2

etica
- V2 : Energa cin
-gz: energa potencial
-: Energa interna

qw =(

P
V2
+
+ gz)21 + HP

w Htm : Hturbomaquinaria
Si q=0
V2
V2
P1
P2
+ 1 + gz1 Htm =
+ 2 + gz2 + HP

2
Where: Hp son H de p
erdidas

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Compressible flow relations

T0
1 2
=1+
M
T
2

P0
T0
1 2 (1)
= ( ) (1) ) = (1 +
M )
P
T
2

+1
m CP T0

1 2 0,5 (1)
M(1 +
=
M )
An P0
2
( 1)
p
P0,rel T0,rel 0,rel m CP T0,rel
,
,
,
= f (Mrel ).
P
T

A P0,rel

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Compressible flow relations

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Efficiencies

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Efficiencies
(Wx ) =

(Wmax ) =

ntt =

1
W x
) = h01 h02 = (h1 h2 ) + (c12 c22 )
m
2
W max
1
2
= h01 h02s = (h1 h2s ) + (c12 c2s
)
m
2

(Wx )
h01 h02
=
; Steam
(Wmax )
h01 h02s

and

ntt =

nts =

nts =

turbines

(Kinetic

energy

useful)

h1 h2
h1 h2s

h01 h02
(Wx )
=
.
(Wmax )
h01 h02s

(h1 h2 )
;
(h1 h2s + 0,5(c12 )

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gas

Kinetic

energy

BASIC CONCEPTS OF TURBOMACHINERY

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Efficiencies
Hydraulic turbines

1
d W max = m(dh

+ (dc 2 ) + gdz)
2
(Wmax

Z
= m(

1
1
(dP) + (c12 c22 ) + g (z1 z2 ))

1
1
(Wmax = m(
(P1 P2 ) + (c12 c22 ) + g (z1 z2 )) = mg
(H1 H2 )

h =

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(Wx
W x
=
g (H1 H2 )
W max

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Flow unsteadiness

Dh0
1 P
=
Dt
t
P
P
P
=
=U
t

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