Unit 2. Discourse of Mathematics

TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.

Cea mai ndrznea i neverosimil
aventur
a spiritului, matematica, a vorbit
uneori o limb stranie, dezvluind o
realitate a naturii de neconceput pn
atunci (Petre Ru)
UNIT 2. DISCOURSE OF MATHEMATICS

This chapter was so designed as to provide a selection of
variegated samples of mathematical discourse with graduallygrowing degrees of difficulty. Thus, excerpts describing different
time intervals and personalities in the history of international and
national mathematics are put together with fragments extracted
from linguistic studies on the discourse of mathematical
didactics, to finish with a few examples of the highly specialized
language used in communicating and disseminating results of
scientific research.
To be able to perform translations from the field of
mathematics, beginner translators need to exercise and develop
their skills with the typologies of mathematical discourse, with its
terminology, concepts and symbols. This requires a stage of
preparatory work, before embarking upon the translation of
mathematical texts proper. This stage consists in the reading of
mathematical literature and in the procurement of specialist
dictionaries (some downloadable from the internet).
1. Suggested readings:
Apreutesei, N., Vasile Moroanu, 2000, Ecuaii difereniale neliniare
de ordinul al doilea n spaiul Hilbert, Bucureti: Matrix Rom
Corduneanu, A., Pletea, A., 1999, Noiuni de teoria ecuaiilor
difereniale, Bucureti: Matrix Rom
Vernescu, A., 2011, Exemple i contraexemple n analiza
matematic, Bucureti: Matrix Rom
2. Suggested web pages:

Societatea de tiine matematice din Romnia:
http://ssmr.ro/publicatii/gma/volume_gma
http://mate.info.ro/Resources/roRO/Mari_matematicieni_romani.aspx
3. Recommended dictionaries:
1.
2.
Clapham, C., Nicholson, J., 2009, Oxford Concise Dictionary

of Mathematics, Oxford University Press
Rileanu, B., 2013, Dicionar englez-romn de termeni
tehnici i matematici, Contemporary Literature Press,
Bucureti (downloadable from the internet)
17

3.
Previato, Emma, (ed.), 2003, Dictionary of applied math for

engineers and scientists, CRC Press, London
18

SECTION A. Translate into Romanian
Text 1.
Mathematical discourse is multisemiotic because it involves
the use of the semiotic resources of mathematical
symbolism, visual display and language. []
Given the traditional compartmentalization of
academic disciplinary fields, this is not so surprising. M.A.K.
Halliday's systemic functional model of language, however,
provides a comprehensive linguistic theory from which to
proceed. [] A historical look at the evolution of the genres
of mathematical texts suggests that the lexicogrammar of
mathematical symbolism may have evolved from natural
language because mathematical texts were initially written
in the prose form of verbal rhetorical algebra. These texts
contained detailed verbal instructions about what was to be
done for the solution of a problem. In later texts, there
appeared abbreviations for recurring participants and
operations in what is known as syncopated algebra. The
use of variables and signs for participants and mathematical
operations in the last 500 years resulted in symbolic
algebra and the contemporary lexicogrammar of
mathematics. Thus, we may conjecture that the grammar of
modern mathematical symbolism grew directly out of the
lexicogrammar of natural language and this may explain the
high level of integration of symbolic and linguistic forms in
mathematical texts.
(Extracted from OHalloran, Classroom Discourse in Mathematics, in
Linguistics and education, 2000, 3: 359-388)
Ways with words

1. Find all the meanings of the following words
conjecture, architecture, lecture, model and, in your own
six sentences, illustrate which of these words
behave as nouns, verbs and adjectives.
2. Write a lexical card for each of the following words,
to include all those which may be derived from
symbol, function and theory.
3. Find the Romanian/English equivalents for :
1. Thomas Moruss words Theory without practice is
blind.
19

2. Matematica este regina tiinelor, iar aritmetica este

tiina matematicilor.
(Carl Gauss quotation- http://www.scientia.ro/homohumanus/49-note-si-adnotari-carti-celebre/1906-ce-spunmatematicienii-despre-matematica.html)
20

Text 2.
Our sources of information on the history of Greek geometry
before Euclid consist merely of scattered notices in ancient
writers. The early mathematicians, Thales and Pythagoras,
left behind no written records of their discoveries. A full
history of Greek geometry and astronomy during this
period, written by Eudemus, a pupil of Aristotle, has been
lost. It was well known to Proclus, who, in his commentaries
on Euclid, gives a brief account of it. This abstract
constitutes our most reliable information. We shall quote it
frequently under the name of Eudemian Summary.
Text 3.
To Thales of Miletus (640-546 B.C.), one of the seven wise
men, and the founder of the Ionic school, falls the honour
of having introduced the study of geometry into Greece.
During middle life he engaged in commercial pursuits,
which took him to Egypt. He is said to have resided there,
and to have studied the physical sciences and mathematics
with the Egyptian priests.
Plutarch declares that Thales soon excelled his
masters, and amazed King Amasis by measuring the heights
of the pyramids from their shadows. According to Plutarch,
this was done by considering that the shadow cast by a
vertical staff of known length bears the same ratio to the
shadow of the pyramid as the height of the staff bears to
the height of the pyramid. This solution presupposes a
knowledge of proportion, and the Ahmes papyrus actually
shows that the rudiments of proportion were known to the
Egyptians. According to Diogenes Laertius, the pyramids
were measured by Thales in a different way; viz. by finding
the length of the shadow of the pyramid at the moment
when the shadow of a staff was equal to its own length.
Ways with words
4. Having recorded all the meanings and the
derivatives of the following words, use two of them
to fill in the blanks: mathematics, honour, declare,
knowledge. Now use one of these words to fill in the
blanks:
21

Paul is said to have a head for

And we all know he is an man.
5. Write a lexical card for each of the following words,
to include all the meanings and words derived from
equal, staff, excel and amaze.
22

Text 4.
Thales may be said to have created the geometry of lines,
essentially abstract in its character, while the Egyptians
studied only the geometry of surfaces and the rudiments of
solid geometry, empirical in their character. With Thales
begins also the study of scientific astronomy. He acquired
great celebrity by the prediction of a solar eclipse in 585
B.C. Whether he predicted the day of the occurrence, or
simply the year, is not known. It is told of him that while
contemplating the stars during an evening walk, he fell into
a ditch. The good old woman attending him exclaimed,
How canst thou know what is doing in the heavens, when
thou seest not what is at thy feet?"
(Excerpt from Cajori, Florian, 1909, A History of Mathematics,

downloadable from www.ForgottenBooks.org)
Text 5.
We will model derivations algebraically by using the socalled Ore polynomials. These have first been considered by
ystein Ore in [Ore33]. They are a generalisation of
ordinary polynomials which offers a unified way of
describing linear differential and difference operators. They
share many properties with the ordinary polynomials but
since they model operators, their multiplication is not
commutative. We will introduce Ore polynomials in Section
2.1 and summarise those properties there that are
important for the rest of this report.
We will introduce matrices over Ore polynomials in
Section 2.2. That section contains all the basic definitions
and notations that will be used later. As in the commutative
theory, normal forms are an important tool for the analysis
of matrices and the systems they represent.
Ways with words
6. Find all the meanings of the following words: solid,
ditch, multiplication, report. Now use two of these
words in sentences of your own.
7. Read all the four preceding texts and draw a list of
syntagms consisting of a personal name + common
23

noun. Give the Romanian equivalents of your

findings.
8. Distinguish between scatter, drift and dissipate in
examples extracted from a good English dictionary.
Use examples to distinguish specific meanings of
each word.
Text 6.
This report will concentrate on two normal forms, namely
the Hermite form and the Popov form. Both are normal
forms for left equivalence, i. e., for matrix M there are
unimodular matrices U and V such that the product UM is in
Hermite form and VM is in Popov form. (This will be made
precise later).
The Hermite normal form was first introduced and
proved to exist by Charles Hermite, for non-singular square
matrices over the integers. It was later extended to more
general matrices. Its main application is solving of
Diophantine equations. We will introduce the Hermite form
in Definition 12 in Section 2.3.
Text 7.
The Popov normal form was first described by Vasile Mihai
Popov in [Pop72]. Together with similar concepts like rowreduction that is sometimes also called row-properness it is
widely used in control theorysee for example [Zer07]. We
will treat the Popov normal form in Definition 13. Grbner
bases have been first mentioned in [Buc65]. Devised
originally for ideals of (commutative) multivariate
polynomials they have since then been extended to noncommutative domains and also to (free) modules over
them. See for example [CS98] for a treatise and an
application of Grbner bases for Ore polynomials. An
introduction to extensions of Grbner bases to modules may
be found in the textbooks [AL94] for the commutative case
and similarly in [BGTV03] for non-commutative domains. We
will use the latter book extensively in this report.
Text 8.
Grbner bases are important in modern day computational
algebra because they provide two useful features: First,
24

they solve the ideal membership problem. That is, they

provide an algorithmic way to check whether a given
polynomial is contained in a given ideal. Second, Grbner
bases have an elimination property which makes them
useful for solving systems of polynomial equations. The
same properties carry over to the non-commutative and to
the module case. In [KRT07] it was shown that Popov and
Hermite normal forms of matrices with (univariate)
polynomial entries are actually Grbner bases for their row
span. This result can easily be generalized to Ore
polynomial rings. We do this in Theorems 25 and 27.
25

Text 9.
The FGLM algorithm is an efficient method to convert
Grbner bases of zero-dimensional ideals from one
admissible ordering to another. It was presented in
[FGLM93] for ideals of commutative polynomials. The main
reason for its efficiency is that it manages to translate the
problem from polynomial to linear algebra. The FGLM
algorithm may lead to a speed-up of Grbner basis
computations for slow orderings like the lexicographic
ordering by first computing a Grbner basis with respect to
a faster ordering like a degree ordering and then converting
it to the desired ordering.
We will translate the original algorithm from the case
of commutative ideals to modules over non-commutative
domains in Section 3.3.4. There, we will in particular deal
with the problem that the modules we consider are not
zero-dimensional, i. e. that their quotient spaces can be of
infinite dimension.
(Extracted from Popov to Hermite via FLGM J. Midekke 2010.pdf)
Ways with words

9. Fill in the columns of the table below with your own
examples:
Nouns of Greek origin
Singular
Plural
basis
bases
thesis
theses
Nouns of Latin origin

Singular
Plural
forum
forums/fora
10.
Write a lexical card for each of the following
words, to include all those which may be derived
from similar, dimension and norm. Now use two of
your newly found examples into sentences of your
own.
11.
Read the preceding text and provide four
adjectives derived from nouns, by applying the rule
n + -al, as in example: dimension- dimensional
26

12.
Google for Popov and Hermite and write lexical
cards to preserve the information related to these
two words.
27

Text 10.
Artless innocents and ivory-tower sophisticates:
Some personalities on the Indian mathematical
scene*1
At the beginning of the 20 th century, science was still an
esoteric pursuit of reclusive intellectuals. The quiet
revolution in the academic worlds of Gttingen,
Copenhagen, Cambridge and Paris of the early decades
exploded into global awareness of science with Hiroshima.
[.]
Physicists dominated this celebrity parade, but there
were chemists and biologists in fair number. Many great
names in mathematics are entirely unfamiliar to people
outside the scientific community. This article is about some
mathematicians who have contributed significantly to
mathematics in the 20th century. [.]
His work on what is now called the Ramanujan tau
function, which evoked only a moderate response at that
time, later proved to be profound and central to what is
called the Theory of Modular Forms. Hecke, a great German
mathematician who was one of the architects of the theory
was born in the same year 1887 as Ramanujan; it does
seem a great pity that the two never met. A conjecture of
Ramanujan on the tau function was settled in 1974 by Pierre
Deligne, a leading mathematician of our era. One of the
most fruitful techniques applied successfully to diverse
problems in Number Theory is known as the Circle Method.
Ramanujans notebooks are a treasure house of beautiful
formulae and identities, set down without details. Providing
proper proofs to these has been a challenge and at the
same time, a public service to the mathematical community.
Experience indicates that there is likely to be much more to
many of these results than the formal beauty which by itself
makes them attractive. It has been said that in the matter
of formal manipulations Ramanujan has no equals in the
history of mathematics, other than Euler and Jacobi.
1
Based on a public lecture delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Indian

Academy of Sciences, held at Chandigarh in 2002.
28

A partition of a positive integer n is an expression of n

as a sum n = n1 + n2 + + nr, each ni a positive integer
with 0 < n1 n2 nr. The number of different ways of
writing n as a sum of other positive integers is denoted by
p(n). Clearly, p(n) is a function of n. This function on the set
of positive integers is called the partition function.
Ways with words
13.
Having recorded all the meanings of these
words: hapless, hype, esoteric, pursuit, set (paying
attention to its mathematical meaning), use two of them
to fill in the blanks:
Some people enjoy reading literature
was the Indian Lord of Wealth and the North-direction
14.
Fill in a table in your notes with four
examples from the preceding text, as follows:
English noun groups
celebrity parade
Romanian noun groups

parada celebritilor
15.
words, to distinguish between:
(a)
difference differential
(b) quotient quotation
(c) inclusive reclusive
(d) cite quote
16.
Match the following English proverbs with
their Romanian equivalents:
A
1. He who laughs last
laughs longest.
2. He who gives a duck
expects a goose.
3. He who greases his
wheels helps his oxen.
4. He who excuses himself,
accuses himself.
B
a) La necaz ai nevoie de
prieteni.
b) Cine fur azi un ou mine
va fura un bou.
c) Astzi d un ou s capete
mine un bou.
d) Cine unge osia carului i
ajut boii.
29

5. Misery loves company.
e) Cine rde la urm rde

mai bine.
f) Cine se scuz se acuz.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
17.
words, to include all those which may be derived
from commute, analysis, algebra and polynomial.
30

Text 11.
The partition function
Hardy is much less of an enigma even to us in India,
than Ramanujan himself. He was, of course, one of the
major mathematical figures of the twentieth century and, as
the Ramanujan story shows, he was a wonderful human
being. He was also exceptionally articulate and a gifted
writer of English prose. His little book, A Mathematicians
Apology, giving his view of his profession, makes delightful
reading. Hardy was very much the ivory-tower intellectual
and the book is not so much an apology as an emphatic
affirmation of his belief in the irrelevance of social relevance
in the pursuit of pure science. He has also written an
account of the Bertrand Russell affair the turmoil in
Cambridge caused by Russells unorthodox views and
conduct during the war years 191418.
Hardy was an ardent cricket fan; so ardent indeed that
he calibrated excellence in any field by cricketing greats:
the highest accolade was to be in the Bradman class!
Interesting people were people who had spin in them.
Hardy was an outstanding analyst as well as a number
theorist; his work in analysis has in some ways been more
influential than that in number theory.
Text 12.
It is in the thirties at Annamalai University that Pillais
talents were in full bloom and he cracked a problem that
was engaging some of the finest minds. David Hilbert had
shown that for every integer k > 0, there is a smallest
integer g(k) > 0, such that every positive integer can be
expressed as a sum of g(k) kth powers. Pillais work centred
on the exact determination of g(k). He achieved the
complete determination for k 7, a superb achievement by
any reckoning. He went on a little later to tackle the even
more difficult case k = 6. However, a controversy over
priorities involving the American mathematician L. E.
Dickson was a cause for some distress to Pillai and his
Indian colleagues. Pillai published his great papers in Indian
journals which did not have a wide circulation; nevertheless,
recognition did come eventually for these outstanding
contributions, but tragedy struck once more before he could
31

savour his success. On 31 August 1950, Pillai died in an aircrash over Egypt; he was on his way to the US his first trip
abroad to spend a year at the Institute for Advanced Study
in Princeton, where he had been invited. The news was
received with great shock by the many mathematicians
assembled at Harvard, where Pillai was to participate in the
International Congress of Mathematicians before going on to
Princeton. Pillais work on the Waring problem the
determination of the g(k) is a piece that has given him a
permanent place in the history of mathematics. The
determination of g(k) for all k has now been completed, the
case k = 4 was the one that defied mathematicians the
longest, till about 10 years ago when another Indian, R.
Balasubramanian in collaboration with two Frenchmen,
Deshouillers and Dress settled the matter. Pillai had
numerous other important contributions as well.
Text 13.
There is little doubt that Pillai would have achieved a
great deal more if his life had not been cut short so abruptly.
Hilberts Theorem (1909): Given a positive integer
k, there is a positive integer r such that every positive
integer n is the sum of r kth powers of integers. In
other words, every positive integer n is equal to n1k
+n2k++ nr k for suitable non-negative integers n1, n2,
nr. The same r works for every n. There is evidently a
minimal such r for a given k; this minimal r is denoted
by g(k).
Waring Problem: Determine g(k).
g(1) = 1 (Obvious)
g(2) = 4 (Lagrange)
g(3) = 9 (Wieferich and Kempner, 1912)
Solved by Pillai for k 6 (1936)
g(5) = 37 (Chen, 1936)
g(4) = 19 (Balasubramanian, Deshouillers and
Dress, 1986)
Pillai, in the words of Prof. K. Chandrasekharan was a

person of genuine modesty and remarkable simplicity. He
possessed that rare quality among intellectuals
intellectual honesty which endeared him to his friends, but
lost him many material advantages. He was, says
32

Chandrasekharan, unsophisticated in a peculiar sense. In

the early part of the 20th century, British mathematics held
sway over us.
It did produce some beneficial results. But in the
twenties and thirties, the most exciting developments in
mathematics were taking place in Paris and Gttingen, not
Cambridge. These developments seem to have had no
serious immediate impact on the Indian scene.
(Excerpt from CURRENT SCIENCE, 2003, 85, 4: 526-36)
33

Text 14.
Never more zealously and successfully has mathematics
been cultivated than in this century. Nor has progress, as in
previous periods, been confined to one or two countries.
While the French and Swiss, who alone during the preceding
epoch carried the torch of progress, have continued to
develop mathematics with great success, from other
countries whole armies of enthusiastic workers have
wheeled into the front rank. Germany awoke from her
lethargy by bringing forward Gauss, Jacobi, and hosts of
more recent men; Great Britain produced her De Morgan,
Boole, Hamilton, besides champions who are still living;
Russia entered the arena with her Lobatchewsky; Norway
with Abel; Italy with Cremona ; Hungary with her two
Bolyais; the United States with Benjamin Peirce. The
productiveness of modern writers has been enormous.
It is difficult," says Professor Cayley, to give an idea
of the vast extent of modern mathematics. This word
'extent' is not the right one: I mean extent crowded with
beautiful detail," not an extent of mere uniformity such as
an objectless plain, but of a tract of beautiful country seen
at first in the distance, but which will bear to be rambled
through and studied in every detail of hillside and valley,
stream, rock, wood, and flower." It is pleasant to the
mathematician to think that in his, as in no other science,
the achievements of every age remain possessions forever;
new discoveries seldom disprove older tenets; seldom is
anything lost or wasted.
Text 15.
If it be asked wherein the utility of some modern extensions
of mathematics lies, it must be acknowledged that it is at
present difficult to see how they are ever to become
applicable to questions of common life or physical science.
But our inability to do this should not be urged as an
argument against the pursuit of such studies. In the first
place, we know neither the day nor the hour when these
abstract developments will find application in the mechanic
arts, in physical science, or in other branches of
mathematics. For example, the whole subject of graphical
statics, so useful to the practical engineer, was made to rest
34

upon von Staudt's Geometrie der Lage; Hamilton's

"principle of varying action" has its use in astronomy;
complex quantities, general integrals, and general theorems
in integration offer advantages in the study of electricity
and magnetism. Who, for instance, would have supposed
that the calculus of forms or the theory of substitutions
would have thrown much light upon ordinary equations; or
that Abelian functions and hyperelliptic transcendents
would have told us anything about the properties of curves;
or that the calculus of operations would have helped us in
any way towards the figure of the earth?" A second reason
in favour of the pursuit of advanced mathematics, even
when there is no promise of practical application is that
mathematics, like poetry and music, deserves cultivation for
its own sake.
Ways with words
18.
Find all the meanings of the following words:
determination, genuine, promise, wheel. Now use two of
these words in sentences of your own.
19.
Match the following English proverbs with
their Romanian equivalents:
A
a) He who has an art has
everywhere a part.
b) He whose belly is full
believes not him who is
fasting.
c) He who pays his debts
begins to make a stock.
d) He who wants a mule
without a fault, must walk
on foot.
e) He who digs a pit for
others falls in it himself.
f) He who lives by the sword
dies by the sword.
g) He who swells in
prosperity will shrink in
35
B
1. Cine ridic sabia de sabie
va pieri.
2. Cine n-are datorii poate
deveni bogat.
3. Cine sap groapa altuia
cade singur n ea.
4. Stulul nu crede celui
flmnd.
5. Cine spune ce vrea, va

auzi ceea ce nu-i place.
6. Cine se ngra n
prosperitate va slbi n
adversitate.
7. Cine caut un mgar fr
cusur, trebuie s mearg

adversity.
pe jos.
8. Cine are carte are parte.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
20.
Distinguish between each of the words in the
pairs below, by using them in sentences of your
own:
(a) bloom-blossom
(b) determination-resolution
(c) poetry-poetics
21.
Translate the following article titles into
Romanian: Improved Finsler-Hadwiger inequality
revisited, A refinement of the Finsler-Hadwiger reverse
inequality, A problem suggested by the Aityah conjecture.
36

REVISION EXERCISES
22.
to:
Revise the texts in the foregoing with a view
a) providing four examples of noun groups made up of

(noun+) noun + noun;
b) using each of the examples in sentences of your own;
c) finding four affixes (both suffixes and prefixes) to suggest a
negative meaning; fill in the table in your exercise book
with your findings and their Romanian equivalents:
Prefixes
English
noncommutative
Suffixes
Romanian
English
Romanian
noncomutativ
d) filling in column A in a table in your exercise book with

the English idiomatic structure used in any of the foregoing
texts, to match the Romanian equivalents in column B
A
a purta/duce flacra progresului
de dragul ei/lui
a avea scnteia/sclipirea de
inteligen
a fi mult mai puin enigmatic
a se trezi din somnolen/letargie
n plin progress/n plin
expansiune/dezvoltare
23.
Translate into Romanian, paying attention to
the eponymous structures in the text:
Beattys theorem establishes an equivalence relation
so that the sets {[n], n N} and {[n], n N}
form a disjoint union of N, for , R Q. The case
of Wythoffs pairs is a specific case of Beatys theorem
with = = 1 + 5 2 (the golden ratio) and allows us
to define the golden semigroup (or Wythoff s
semigroup) and on the other hand the Fibonacci word.
The latter, the sturmian characteristic word of slope 1
2, is also obtained as the fixed point of the morphism
37

(0) = 01, (1) = 0 in the free monoid of base A = {0,

1}. Finally, the Fibonacci word allows us to determine a
winning strategy for Rufus Issacs Nim game (or
Wythoff s game).
(Excerpt from http://ssmr.ro/gazeta/gma/2009/gma3-2009-continut.pdf)
SECTION B. Translate into English

Text 16.
Matematica chinez a avut contribuii timpurii,
incluznd scrierea ntr-un sistem numeric. Sistemul numeric
indiano-arabic i regulile de folosire a operaiilor, aa cum le
utilizm astzi, au evoluat de-a lungul primului mileniu n
India i a fost transmis n vest prin matematicienii islamici.
Acetia, la rndul lor, au dezvoltat i extins matematicile
cunoscute pn atunci. Multe texte matematice greceti i
arabe au fost traduse in latin, care au contribuit la o
dezvoltare ulterioar a matematicii n Europa medieval.
Din timpuri strvechi pn la Evul Mediu, perioadele
de nflorire a creativitii matematice au fost urmate de
secole de stagnare. ncepnd cu Renaterea italian din sec.
al 16-lea, noi dezvoltri matematice, interacionnd cu noi
descoperiri tiinifice, au fost realizate ntr-un ritm cresctor,
care continu i astzi.
(Extras din http://www.math.uaic.ro/~leoreanu/depozit/Istoria
%20matematicii-1.pdf, Oct. 10, 2014)
Ways with words

25.
After you have recorded the meanings of each
of the pairs of words below, use two of them in
sentences of your own:
Arabic-Arabian, Asiatic-Asian, Islamic-Islamist,
Hindustani, Indo-Indian
Hindu-
26.
Fill in the table below with words expressing
nationalities, and then create your own examples to
use two of them as nouns and two as adjectives
-ese
-ian
-ish
38
-i

Text 17.
Thales din Milet a devenit celebru pentru c a prezis cu
mult exactitate eclipsa de Soare din 8 mai 585 i.Hr.,
folosindu-se de cunotinele pe care i le-a nsuit de la
babilonieni. A descoperit Carul Mic. Thales din Milet a fost
numit de greci Sophos, adic nelept, pentru c a dat
multe sfaturi, iar cel mai cunoscut este cel gravat pe faada
din Oracolul lui Apolo din Delphi: Cunoate-te pe tine nsui
!. Negustor de profesie, Thales a fcut multe cltorii n
Egipt, Creta i Asia, cltorii care i-au permis s-i
mbogeasc cunotinele din diferite domenii. Thales a
fost unul din cei mai importani oameni din Antichitate i
atunci cnd s-a ntocmit lista cu cei apte nelepi din
Grecia Antic, Thales a fost trecut primul pe acea list. A
ajutat foarte mult la dezvoltarea matematicii, astronomiei i
filozofiei. A fcut multe descoperiri n domeniul matematicii
a formulat mai multe teoreme geometrice care i poart
numele.
Marele filozof grec Thales din Milet a folosit teorema care
i poart numele la calcularea nlimii piramidelor din Egipt,
msurnd umbra acestora cnd umbra unui om este egal
cu nlimea sa. Deci s-a folosit de relaia dintre umbr i
dimensiunea corpului care o proiecteaz. Tot cu ajutorul
teoremelor sale, Thales a calculat i distana unei nave fa
de rmul mrii.
(Din http://www.artacunoasterii.ro/stiati-ca/cei-sapte-intelepti-aigreciei-antice, Oct. 18, 2014)
Text 18.
Oamenii i criticau adesea pe filozofi, reprondu-le
srcia i spunndu-le c filozofia este o ndeletnicire
nefolositoare. Odat, ieind noaptea din cas nsoit de o
btran, pentru a urmri stelele, Thales a czut ntr-o
groap, iar btrna i-a reproat: Cum vrei s tii ce-i n cer,
39

Thales, cnd nu eti n stare s vezi ce-i la picioarele tale?.

Pentru a le demonstra concetenilor si ct de util este
filozofia n viaa de zi cu zi, Thales a previzionat, pe baza
calculelor sale astronomice, c va fi o recolt bun de
msline n anul urmtor i, dispunnd de o sum mare de
bani, chiar din timpul iernii, Thales a nchiriat toate presele
de ulei din Milet i din Chios. Previziunea sa s-a dovedit
corect i, cnd a sosit vremea recoltei i lumea cuta de
zor prese, Thales a nchiriat presele n condiiile stabilite de
el (Thales a realizat astfel primul contract cu opiuni din
istorie). A ctigat astfel o sum important de bani,
dovedind c filozofii se pot mbogi uor, dac asta vor, dar
nu acesta este elul urmrit de ei.
Thales avea cunotine de orientare maritim i a adus
unele mbuntiri pentru navigarea pe mare; a scris un
tratat de navigaie. Thales a fost un inginer foarte priceput
a reuit s schimbe cursul rului Halys, permind armatei
regelui Cresus (al Lidiei) s treac acest fluviu. Thales a fost
cel mai bogat om din portul Milet i s-a implicat n multe
activiti, precum politic i afaceri. Thales din Milet a fost
legiuitor, om de tiin, filozof, savant, matematician, om de
stat. A descoperit cele 4 anotimpuri i a mprit anul n 365
de zile.
(Extras
din
http://www.artacunoasterii.ro/stiati-ca/cei-sapteintelepti-ai-greciei-antice, oct. 18, 2014)
Ways with words

27.
Illustrate the distinction between to preview, to
foresee, to predict in examples selected from internet
sources.
28.
Rephrase so as to continue the proposed
solution and to preserve the meaning of the
sentence:
If she had been in her mothers shoes she wouldnt have
chosen those jewels.
Had...
If you should miss the train do not despair, there are plenty
of buses to take you to Bucureti.
Should ...
The Swedish rarely have hot days in summer.
Rarely ...
40

It seldom snows in Portugal.

Seldom ...
29.
Translate into English:
Nu au vzut niciodat o cetate att de veche i bine

conservat.
Niciodat
tiina i medicina nu au progresat niciodat att de mult
ca n ultimele decenii.
Niciodat
Trebuise s rspund numaidect acestui mesaj pentru c
prietenii mei ateapt rspunsul meu cu mare nerbdare.
Numaidect
Dac ar fi putut traduce textul l-ar fi tradus.
S fi putut traduce
Text 19.
Una dintre cele mai interesante figuri ale matematicii
secolului al 20-lea a fost Aiyangar Srinivasa Ramanujan
(1887-1920), un autodidact indian care a conjecturat sau
demonstrat peste 3000 de teoreme, incluznd proprieti
ale numerelor compuse foarte mari, funcia de partiie i
asimptotele sale, ct i funciile mock theta. El a fcut, de
asemenea, cercetri majore asupra funciilor gamma,
formelor
modulare,
seriilor
divergente,
seriilor
hipergeometrice i n teoria numerelor prime.
n secolul al 20-lea matematica a devenit o profesie.
n fiecare an, mii de noi doctorate sunt acordate n
matematic, iar locurile de munc sunt disponibile att n
predare, ct i n industrie. n nici unul dintre secolele
anterioare nu au existat att de muli matematicieni
prolifici.
ntr-un discurs din 1900 la Congresul Internaional al
Mate-maticienilor, David Hilbert a stabilit o list de 23
probleme nerezolvate n matematic. Aceste probleme, care
acoper multe ramuri ale matematicii, au constituit un
interes major pentru o mare parte din matematicienii
secolului al 20-lea. Pn astzi, 10 au fost rezolvate, 7 sunt
rezolvate parial i 2 sunt nc deschise. Restul de 4 sunt
prea vag formulate pentru a fi declarate ca rezolvate sau
41

nerezolvate.
(Din http://www.math.uaic.ro/~leoreanu/depozit/Istoria
%20matematicii.18.X.2014)
Text 20.
Din matematica babilonian au rmas n scrierea
cuneiform un numr mare de probleme de msurtori
(teorema lui Pitagora). [...]
Matematica greac s-a ocupat de probleme algebrice,
adic prin construcii grafice. Cum rdcina ptrat poate fi
construit cu linia i compasul, matematicienii greci erau
capabili s trateze o serie ntreag de ecuaii rezolvabile n
domeniul numerelor reale. Aceste metode au fost descrise
n cartea lui Euclid (300 .H.), avnd la baz lucrarea lui
Theaitetus (410-368 .H.). Inginerul i matematicianul Heron
a preluat tradiia babilonian i egiptean n ce privete
tratarea ecuaiilor de gradul doi, folosind pentru extragerea
rdcinii ptrate formule aproximative. Astfel de aproximri
se gsesc i la Arhimede. Cercetri privind extragerea
rdcinii ptrate se datoresc matematicienilor indieni.
Metodele lor au ptruns n Europa prin intermediul scrierilor
nvailor arabi, care au contribuit,de asemenea, la
perfecionarea acestor metode.
(Mic enciclopedie matematic, 1975: 109)
Text 21.
Fundamentele matematicii (sau metamatematica) conin un
spectru larg de probleme, de la investigaiile tiinifice ale
diferitelor discipline matematice pn la problemele
filozofice legate de natura unor afirmaii matematice i
cunoaterea matematic. Att timp ct natura problemelor
permite, analiza i clarificarea problemelor interesante se
face cu aceeai precizie i rigurozitate ct este necesar
pentru o tratare cu succes a problemelor matematice.
Una dintre ramurile matematicii cu cele mai ntinse
domenii de aplicaii o constituie studiul ecuaiilor
difereniale. Acestea au aplicaii n cercetarea oscilaiilor
pendulului, orbitelor sateliilor, cutremurelor, construciilor
de avioane i de baraje, oscilaiile membranelor
difuzoarelor, propagrii cldurii n motoarele cu ardere
intern, vitezei reaciilor chimice i a dezintegrrii
42

radioactive.
(Mic enciclopedie matematic, 1975: 109)
Text 22.
Aproape fiecare mrime aleatoare care este de interes n
statistic poate fi considerat ca o sum a unui mare numr
de termeni, independeni ntre ei, fiecare dintre acetia fiind
nensemnat, n comparaie cu ntreaga sum i se poate
considera c repatiia mrimii aleatoare date se deosebete
puin de repartiia normal (potrivit teoremei limit central
din teoria posibilitilor). Aceasta explic rolul determinant
al repartiiei n statistic, unde aproape toate mrimile se
consider c se repatizeaz potrivit legii normale. n afar
de aceasta, aproape toate metodele din statistica
matematic practic elaborate cer s fie ndeplinit condiia
de normalitate pentru mrimile aleatoare care intervin n
problem. Pentru repartiia normal unidimensional,
valorile funciilor de densitate precum i valorile funciilor
de repartiie a probabilitilor sunt tabulate n aproape toate
manualele de teoria probabilitilor i de statistic
matematic.
(Dicionar de matematic i cibernetic n economie, 1979: 547)
Text 23.
Teoria informaiei s-a dezvoltat la nceput exclusiv ca o
teorie matematic a comunicaiilor. n ultima vreme, s-a
format ca disciplin tiinific nou, complex, avnd drept
sarcin cercetarea multilateral a proceselor de transmitere
i recepionare a unei informaii semnificative, cu ajutorul
unor sisteme de semne, n societate precum i n
comunitile biologice. Sub aspect teoretic, teoria general
a informaiei are legturi cu teoria cunoaterii, cu
cibernetica teoretic, cu semiotica i cu lingvistica. Pentru
tiinele social-economice, dezvoltarea teoriei generale a
informaiei prezint interes din punctul de vedere al
metodologiei de cercetare a proceselor informaionale care
se desfoar n societate.
(Dicionar de matematic i cibernetic n economie, 1979: 672)
Text 24. Grigore Gheba
Dl Gheba a fost profesor de matematic la Sc nr. 50,
43

pe Panduri, n timp ce eram n clasele V-VIII; eu am avut alt

profesor, tot aa de bun. Cred c ne-a inut 2 ore nlocuindul pe profesorul nostru cand a fost bolnav. Remarcabil om.
Profesorul Grigore Gheba scoate o culegere de
matematica la 91 de ani. Cel mai cunoscut autor de culegeri
de matematic din Romnia, profesorul Grigore Gheba,
ateapt n aceste zile s-i apar o nou lucrare, Teme
fundamentale n studiul matematicii - Clasele IV-X.
Culegerea, prima pe care venerabilul profesor nu o testeaz
mai nti pe elevii si, are pe coperta figura Gheba, model
geometric ce a limpezit ani de-a rndul minile elevilor.
ntr-o diminea nehotrt de primvar din anul al
91-lea al existenei sale, Grigore Gheba a fcut roat cu
gndul peste ntmplrile ce-i umplu fiina: anii de coal,
anii de rzboi i de lagr, dou neveste, copiii, o iubire care
l-a readus din mori, altele mai mici ce doar i-au reamintit
c e n via. i culegerile de matematic, 34 la numr,
tiprite n peste ase milioane de exemplare. Rndurile de
mai jos ncearc s recompun povestea profesorului
Gheba. Omul care a scos la tabl ara intreag.
Ways with words
30.
Translate into English:
1. n timp ce dl. Gheba a fost profesor de matematic la

coala nr 50 de pe oseaua Panduri, dl. Grigore Moisil a
fost profesor de matematic la Universitatea Bucureti.
2. Se tie c acest dentist scoate dinii pacienilor, nu
ncearc niciodat s-i trateze, de aceea nu-i de mirare
c are foarte puini clieni.
3. Scoate tot felul de motive de te ntrebi dac poi s te
ncrezi ntr-o asemenea persoan.
4. n timp ce unii joac numai cu crile pe mas, Radu
scoate asul din mnec exact atunci cnd te atepi
mai puin.
31.
Fill in the blanks with the correct quantifier:
Romanian
un
mnunchi
de
... cuit
English
Romanian
un
morman
de
... bani
44
English

... flori
... bee
... paie
... lemne
... paie
...cri
32.
Fill in the blanks of the similes in column A
with adjectives selected from column B:
A
... as ---- as Croesus
...
as
---as
Matheuselah
... as ---- as Solomon
... as ---- as a fiddle
... as
---- as a Welsh
pedigree
... as ---- as the hills
B
wise
fit
old
long
rich
Text 25. Anii de coal

M-am ntlnit cu profesorul - i generalul n retragere Grigore Gheba n sufrageria casei sale i am mprit pentru
cteva ore aceeai mas acoperit cu sticl spart la unul
dintre coluri. Ne desprea un mnunchi de poze. Rzboiul,
matematica, femeile iubite. O via.
M-am nscut ntr-un sat de munte din judeul
Vrancea, se cheama Poienia Dumitreti, ca unul dintre cei
apte copii ai unei familii srace. Mama mea, Maria, punea
gaz n lamp doar smbta i duminica, n restul sptmnii
culegeam surcele ca s in focul treaz n sob i s pot face
socoteli cu condeiul pe tblia din piatr moale. Lucram
dintr-o carte, 1001 de probleme de matematic se
numea, primit de la un unchi, inspector de matematic,
povesteste profesorul Gheba. Biatul nu mplinise nc 12
ani cnd tia pe dinafara cartea de probleme, strnind
uimirea unchiului. La imboldul acestuia, ntr-o diminea,
Maria Gheba arunc ntr-o traist patru ou fierte lng un
pumn de mmlig i, cu Grigore de mn, o lu peste
dealuri, cale de 30 de kilometri pe jos, s-i dea feciorul la
liceul din Rmnicu-Sarat.
Ajunser nainte de cderea soarelui, plini de praf i
flmnzi.
45

Femeia ncepu s plng fr s poat spune de ce. i

ag copilului traista pe umr, fcu o cruce mare cu
dreapta i-l mpinse pe poarta colii. Puiul de ran intr ntrun hohot de rs. Uniformele apretate din bnci se hlizeau de
opincile lui. Se oprir doar cnd directorul Gherda i slobozi
glasul ctre nou-venit: Ce tii tu din matematici, biete !?.
tiu tot din cartea asta!, ndrzni Grigore, scond din
traist crulia de la unche. Peste clas se ls o tcere
curioas. Ia scrie-mi tu pe tabl trei milionimi!. Nou
venitul apuc creta i scrijeli cu zgomot ascuit... 0,000.003.
Gherda zmbi, aps un buton i-n cteva clipe pe u se ii
capul contabilului colii. Il iei pe rnoiul asta, l mbraci la
magazinul Mireasa i-l pui la internat, o s fie elevul colii
mele.
Lui Grigore i-au trebuit trei sptmni s nvee s
mearg n ghetele galbene cu toc de patru centimetri pe
care le primise de la coal.
Text 26. Prizonier la cotul Donului
Tnrul Gheba urm apoi coala de ofieri n rezerv
de la Bacu i obinu gradul de sublocotenent. Ii amintete
c a rmas concentrat permanent la Rmnicu-Sarat pentru
c
nevestei
colonelului
Anastasescu,
comandantul
regimentului, i plcea cum dansam.
tia ea, coloneleasa, ceva, de vreme ce, tocmai n
timpul unui bal, sublocotenentul a cucerit inima unei
frumoase nvtoare, Lilica Popescu, care, n 1936, avea
s-i devin soie.
Rzboiul l purt pe sublocotenentul de artilerie
Grigore Gheba n Transnistria, s lupte mpotriva ruilor. Pe
3 noiembrie 1942 czu prizonier la Cotul Donului. Dup ce
am trecut prin trei lagre, dintr-un brbat voinic, la 26 de
ani, ajunsesem s cntaresc 39 de kilograme. Atunci a
aprut ngerul vieii mele.
Text 27. Marusia, ngerul cu ochi albatri
Era medicul lagrului, avea gradul de cpitan, era blond cu
ochi albatri. O chema Marusia Anka. S-a aezat lng
patul meu, plngeam, convins c mai am cteva ore de
trit. M-a ntrebat de ce plng, i-am rspuns c nu voi mai
vedea niciodat ara. M-a mutat ntr-o alt camer i s-a
46

ngrozit de oasele mele cnd m-a dezbracat s m consulte.

A revenit cu nite lapte i ou. Nu mai vzusem de doi ani
aa ceva. Mai trziu am aflat c erau din raia ei...
Aa ncepu ntre cei doi o poveste de dragoste care
continu tot rzboiul. La ndemnul Marusiei, Gheba s-a
nscris n Divizia T. Vladimirescu i a luptat mpotriva
nemilor. A fost de dou ori rnit i decorat de opt ori. In
ciuda acestei evoluii, a avut relaii tensionate cu ctiva
conductori sovietici, accentuate imediat dup rzboi, cnd,
a fost acuzat de antisovietism. Am prsit toate structurile
i m-am nscris la Facultatea de Matematic din Bucureti.
Nu mi s-a permis s acced la catedre nalte pentru ca am
refuzat s m nscriu n partid.
n 1955 prima lui soie a murit, iar Gheba s-a
recstorit doi ani mai trziu cu Lucreia, care-i st i astzi
alturi.
Text 28.
Dintre culegerile care l-au fcut faimos, pe cea dinti
a scris-o n 1958. Erau vremuri tulburi, cnd nvmntul
romnesc suferea de lipsa profesorilor calificai de
matematic. Foarte muli nvtori predau matematica
dup manuale pe care nici ei nu le prea nelegeau. ... n
coli, am constatat c profesorii necalificai fceau erori
grosolane n rezolvarea unor probleme din manualul de
matematic.
La o astfel de vizit, facut chiar n comuna mea
natal, profesorii m-au rugat s le rezolv problemele din
manual i s le trimit prin pot. Am lucrat dou luni
mpreuna cu soia, le-am multiplicat n 50 de exemplare i
le-am expediat la Rmnicu-Sarat. Primind apoi cereri din
toat ara, am scos prima culegere n 350.000 de
exemplare. S-au epuizat n cteva zile. Nici una dintre
culegerile care au urmat nu ddea gre pentru c profesorul
proba toate exerciiile cu elevii pe care ii avea acas, la
meditaii. in minte c, odat, la un concurs de
matematic, din 18 ctigtori, 16 erau pregtii de mine.
Aveam dou serii pe zi, a cte 3-4 copii, nu acceptam mai
muli ntr-o serie pentru c nu era eficient. M sun i acum
din America s-mi mulumeasc fotii elevi.
47

Text 29. Crile, vndute n ase milioane de

exemplare
Gheba nu s-a sfiit niciodat s critice concepia manualelor
colare, fapt care i-a atras antipatia autorilor, dar i
simpatia profesorilor din ar. El a avut marea inteligen
pedagogic s mpart probleme pe genuri de soluii, lucru
care avea darul s fac i algebra i geometria mult mai
uor de neles. In 1975, cnd faima lui era la apogeu, S.
Gdea a ncercat s-i interzic s mai publice. Dar la
intervenia altor capi ai regimului, a lui Gogu Rdulescu, n
special, profesorul i-a putut continua munca. A publicat 34
de culegeri ntr-un tiraj total de peste ase milioane de
exemplare. Cot la cot cu Gheba au lucrat Lucreia Gheba,
actuala soie, i Carmina Gheba Dragomir, fiica adoptiv a
cuplului. La 15 aprilie, Editura Univers va scoate pe pia
cea mai recent dintre culegerile profesorului Gheba.
Profesorul e un pic emoionat. Nu mai are de ani buni copii
la pregtire i nu a probat pe ei, ca n attea alte rnduri,
metodele de rezolvare. Dar n-am cum s dau gre, e
experiena mea de-o via acolo!
La plecare l intreb dac mai tie ceva de cpitanul cu
zulufi i ochi albastri. Imi spune, uor optit, c n 1998, cu
acordul soiei i cu 340 de ruble n buzunar, a zburat la
Moscova, s dea de urma ngerului. Cnd a ajuns n faa
blocului de pe B-ul M. Gorki, unde s-a petrecut o noapte din
dragostea lor, i s-a oprit inima n loc. N-a mai gsit-o pe
Marusia. A rmas la locul ei doar pdurea de molizi de la
marginea Moscovei.
(Textele 19-24 sunt extrase din

http://cugiralba.wordpress.com/2011/02/21/despre-celebrul-grigoregheba-dupa-ale-carui-carti-multi-am-exersat-matematica-gimnaziala/)
Text 30.
Alegerea structurilor de date pentru stocarea
partiiilor ntregi este de o importan crucial pentru
eficiena algoritmilor de generare a partiiilor. Metoda
generrii partiiilor ntregi prin parcurgerea structurilor
arborescente utilizate pentru stocarea lor a fost introdus
de ctre Fenner i Loizou [4,5,6]. n [8], am adaptat
48

algoritmul general pentru parcurgerea n ordine a arborilor

binari la cazul particular al arborilor binari strici pentru
stocarea partiiilor ntregi i am obinut cel mai eficient
algoritm pentru generarea partiiilor ntregi [8, Algorithm 6].
n [9], diagramele binare pentru stocarea partiiilor ne-au
permis s obinem o versiune uor mbuntit pentru
acest algoritm.
(Extracted from http://ssmr.ro/gazeta/gma/2013/gma1-2-2013continut.pdf)
49

REVISION EXERCISES
33.
Translate into Romanian and find translational
similarities in the texts in Section B.
But Mowgli, as a man-cub, had to learn a great deal
more than this. But, as Baloo said to Bagheera, one day
when Mowgli had been cuffed and run off in a temper,
A mans cub is a mans cub, and he must learn all the
Law of the Jungle.
(http://www.planetpublish.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/11/The_Jungle_Book_T.pdf, p. 38)
34.
Translate into English, paying attention to
instances of emphasis though inversion:
1. Peste clas czu o tcere curioas.
2. O tcere curioas czu peste clas.
3. Capul surorii apru de dup u, curioas s vad cum
se simte pacientul.
4. De dup u apru capul surorii, curioas s vad cum
se simte pacientul.
5. Un corp zburtor a aprut i a plutit deasupra oraului
timp de cteva minute, dup care a disprut la fel de
iute cum a aprut.
6. Adun un mnunchi de flori din grdin i le puse ntrun pahar cu ap pe care l aez pe biroul tatlui ei.
7. Cei doi biei au vzut un mnunchi de cuit foarte
aproape de plopul cel nalt i repede au chemat pe unul
din poliiti s-I arate descoperirea lor.
8. Erau siguri c le va lua o zi s mute mormanul de lemne
din faa casei n opron.
9. Femeia lu un mnunchi de paie s porneasc focul;
era sear i se fcuse frig n cmrua ei.
10.Veni, pe la sfritul lui noiembrie i rspunsul pe care l
ateptaser nc de la nceputul primverii.
Popov form, Ramanujan tau function or Grbner basis are
eponymous structures. Read all the texts suggested
for translation in section A and draw a complete list
of the eponymous structures used therein. Try to
find Romanian equivalents for each pattern. To the
following, add your own list of findings:
Beatty theorem, Abelian group, Abels integral equation,
35.
50

Zeckendorf representation, SturmLiouville equations,

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES
36.
Translate into Romanian and find translational

similarities in the texts in Section B.
(a) Dup rzboi, a devenit profesor la University of

California Santa Barbara, de unde s-a pensionat abia n
1982 i unde, ncepnd cu 1957, a deinut pentru civa
ani poziia de ef al departamentului de matematici. n
perioada cnd a fost interesat de spaiile Barbilian a
scris, ntre altele, articolul Barbilian geometry and
the
Poincar
model,
aprut
n
American
Mathematical Monthly, n numrul din mai 1954, la
pp. 311-319. Articolul lui Kelly ncepe astfel: ntr-o
foarte scurt lucrare din Casopis Matematiky a Fysiky
(1934-1935), D. Barbilian definete o clas de spaii
metrice (pe care le vom numi spaii Barbilian) i
enun cteva dintre proprietile lor. [...] Ni se pare c
abordarea lui Barbilian asupra modelului Poincar are
anumite avantaje de simplitate i generalitate. E
vorba, desigur, despre lucrarea prezentat n congresul
de la Praga, care i pstra interesul i la 20 de ani de la
momentul scrierii. Monthly este, probabil, una dintre
cele mai rspndite i vizibile publicaii din lume, n
1954 ca i acum. (P.J. Kelly a publicat de mai multe ori
n Monthly n anii cincizeci). Recenzia din Mathematical
Reviews a articolului lui Kelly avea s fie scris de
Blumenthal. La Bucureti, Dan Barbilian afl din
Mathematical Reviews despre articolul lui Kelly din
Monthly i vestea trebuie s-l fi impresionat.
(b) n 1981, P.J. Kelly a publicat un manual de geometrie
neeuclidian mpreun cu G. Matthews (de la
Universitatea Statului California), volum care se ncheie
cu un capitol dedicat spatiilor Barbilian. Acest capitol
e de o claritate remarcabil i demonstreaz c, n
mna unui educator abil, spatiile Barbilian pot deveni
un
instrument
didactic
folositor
n
ilustrarea
geometriilor ne-euclidiene. Dar asta nu e tot. Lucrarea
din 1934 a revenit n ultimii ani n atenia cercetatorilor,
n special dup ce, n 1995, Alan F. Beardon (de la
Universitatea Cambridge) a reuit o generalizare a ei
(lucrarea a fost publicat n 1998). O monografie mai
51

cuprinztoare asupra subiectului, Hyperbolic geometry

and Barbilian spaces, a aprut n 1996 sub semntura
lui Wladimir G. Boskoff. Oricum, ceea ce ne-am dorit s
prezentm e istoria ideii de spaiu Barbilian
http://www.observatorcultural.ro/Povestea-spatiilor-Barbilian-sauce-s-a-mai-intimplat-dupa-Joc-secund*articleID_13917articles_details.html
37.
Fill in the gaps in the translation below
Calcularea rdcinilor reale

ale
unui
polinom
ntr-o
variabil ce are coeficienii
numere reale se realizeaz
parcurgnd mai multe etape.
Prima dintre acestea const n
gsirea unor intervale ct mai
mici care s conin aceste
rdcini.
The (1) of the real roots

of a polynomial in a
variable which has real
numbers as (2) is (3)
in several steps. The first
of them consists in the
(4)
of
the
smallest
intervals which contain
these (5).
Pentru a atinge acest scop

este necesar gsirea unor
margini ale rdcinilor. Pentru
aceasta, un procedeu este
acela de a calcula margini
pentru modulele rdcinilor
complexe ale polinoamelor,
vezi [1], [2]. Exist ns i
metode specifice rdcinilor
reale.
To reach this aim, some

(6) of the (7) must be
found. To this end, a
process
is
that
of
calculating (8) for the
complex (9) modules of
polynomials, see [1], [2].
There also exist methods
which are (10) to the
real (11).
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

(6) (7) (8) (9)
(10) (11)
38. Translate the following excerpts:
(a)
Definiia 2.1. Numim mulime algebric (real) o
submulime a unui spaiu euclidian Rn descris de un
sistem de ecuaii polinomiale n n variabile. Mai exact, o
52

submulime S a unui spaiu euclidian Rn se numete

algebric dac exist polinoame P1,...,Pv R[x1,...,xn]
(b)
In Gazeta Matematic, seriile A i B, au fost
publicate recent unele rezultate care extind versiunea
clasic a teoremei Stolz-Cesro, asupra teoremei lui
Beatty, irurilor lui Wythoff i cuvntului lui Fibonacci.
(Excerpts from http://ssmr.ro/gazeta/gma/2009/gma1-2009continut.pdf, accessed Oct. 4, 2014)
53

Unit 2. Discourse of Mathematics

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Unit 2. Discourse of Mathematics

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TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS

SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.