Given

Generator Capacity:

25 MVA

Frequency:

60Hz

Load:

20 MW

K.E. of Generator:
Direct Axis Reactance Xd':

2.76 MJ/MVA at rated speed

Reactance of each double ckt line, Xt:

Vg behind transient ractance of generator Et:

0.2 pu on 25 MVA base

0.3 pu
1.03 pu

Soln:
System Reactance:
i) Pre fault Xt1:
ii) During fault Xt2:
iii) Post fault Xt3:
Max Power Transfer
i) Pre fault Pmxi:
ii) During fault Pmxii:
iii) Post fault Pmxiii:

0.4 pu
1.1 pu
0.5 pu

2.575 pu
0.936 pu
2.06 pu

Inertia Constant
M=GH/180f

2.56*10

Initial Condition
Power Output from generator:
o :

0.8 pu
18.1 degree

-4

Initially after the fault , angular position is not changed

Hence, Fault power angle eqn:
0.936*Sin 18.1

0.316 radians
0.29 pu

200

150

100
Point by Point
Runge Kutta 2nd Order 0.4s
50

Runge Kutta 2nd Order 0.5s

Runge Kutta 2nd Order 0.6s
Runge Kutta 2nd Order 0.7s

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.65

-50

-100

(t) *Pa/M

Solution by Point by Point Method:

9.765*Pa

n=n-1+(t)2*Pa/M

n (Degree)

n (Radians)

18.1000

0.3159

0.5092

18.1000

0.2546

2.4862

2.4862

t
0-

Pi

Pmx

Sin

Pmx* Sin Pa =Pi-Pmx*Sin

0.8

2.575

0.3107

0.8000

0+

0.8

0.936

0.3107

0.2908

0avg

0.05

0.8

0.936

0.3516

0.3291

0.4709

4.5983

7.0845

0.1

0.8

0.936

0.4644

0.4347

0.3653

3.5676

10.6521

0.15

0.8

0.936

0.6201

0.5804

0.2196

2.1445

12.7966

0.2

0.8

0.936

0.7784

0.7286

0.0714

0.6970

13.4936

0.25

0.8

0.936

0.9034

0.8456

-0.0456

-0.4453

13.0483

0.3

0.8

0.936

0.9769

0.9144

-0.1144

-1.1168

11.9315

0.35

0.8

0.936

1.0000

0.9360

-0.1360

-1.3278

10.6037

0.4-

0.8

0.936

0.9842

0.9212

0.4+

0.8

2.06

0.9842

2.0275

0.4avg

1.4744

-0.6744

20.5862

0.3593

27.6708

0.4829

38.3229

0.6688

51.1195

0.8922

64.6131

1.1277

77.6614

1.3554

89.5929

1.5636

100.1966

1.7487

104.2151

1.8188

96.5455

1.6850

76.7030

1.3387

45.0961

0.7871

-6.5851
4.0186

0.45

0.8

2.06

0.9694

1.9970

-1.1970

-11.6882

-7.6696

0.5

0.8

2.06

0.9935

2.0466

-1.2466

-12.1729

-19.8425

0.65

0.8

2.06

0.9732

2.0048

-1.2048

-11.7644

-31.6069

0.7

0.8

2.06

0.7083

1.4590

-0.6590

-6.4356

-38.0425
7.0535

Solution by Runge Kutta Second Order Method:

Initial Rotor Angle, o

18.1 degree

0.315895 radians

Defining functions
f1(,)= d/dt =
2

f2(,)= d /dt =( f/H)*(Pm-PeSin)

k1= f1(i,i)*t=i
h1= f2(i,i)*t
k2= f1(i+k1,i+h1)*t
h2= f2(i+k1,i+h1)*t
i= 1/2*(k1+k2)
i= 1/2*(h1+h2)
i+1= i+i
i+1= i+i
First iteration, i=0
o=0
Fault Cleared at 0.4s
i
t

f/H= 68.29348
k1=i

h1

i+k1

i+h1

k2=i*t

h2

i+1(Radians)

i+1

i+1(Degree)

0.05

0.0000

1.7388

0.3159

1.7388

0.0869

1.7388

0.0435

1.7388

0.3594

1.7388

20.5907

0.10

0.0869

1.6077

0.4463

3.3465

0.1673

1.3522

0.1271

1.4799

0.4865

3.2187

27.8751

2
3
4

0.15
0.20
0.25

0.1609
0.2120
0.2363

1.2374
0.7261
0.2113

0.6474
0.8903
1.1448

4.4562
4.9656
4.9376

0.2228
0.2483
0.2469

0.8040
0.2474
-0.1788

0.1919
0.2301
0.2416

1.0207
0.4867
0.0163

0.6784
0.9085
1.1501

4.2395
4.7262
4.7425

38.8690
52.0546
65.8973

0.30

0.2371

-0.1857

1.3872

4.5568

0.2278

-0.4107

0.2325

-0.2982

1.3826

4.4443

79.2180

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80

0.2222
0.2005
-0.0102
-0.2231
-0.4339
-0.5906
-0.5890
-0.3780
-0.0322
0.3334

-0.4079
-4.3005
-4.2546
-4.3025
-3.9217
-1.8442
2.2286
5.8656
7.2264
6.3765

1.6048
1.7950
1.6773
1.3478
0.8063
0.1177
-0.5175
-0.8398
-0.7253
-0.2113

4.0364
-0.2914
-4.4590
-8.7655
-12.6000
-13.6560
-9.5524
-1.6954
6.5826
13.0450

0.2018
-0.0146
-0.2229
-0.4383
-0.6300
-0.6828
-0.4776
-0.0848
0.3291
0.6523

-0.4625
-4.1264
-4.2626
-4.1283
-2.3452
1.9058
6.2114
7.9688
7.3982
4.2068

0.2120
0.0929
-0.1166
-0.3307
-0.5320
-0.6367
-0.5333
-0.2314
0.1485
0.4928

-0.4352
-4.2134
-4.2586
-4.2154
-3.1334
0.0308
4.2200
6.9172
7.3123
5.2917

1.5946
1.6875
1.5709
1.2402
0.7083
0.0716
-0.4618
-0.6932
-0.5447
-0.0518

4.0091
-0.2044
-4.4630
-8.6784
-11.8118
-11.7810
-7.5610
-0.6438
6.6685
11.9602

91.3661
96.6913
90.0114
71.0625
40.5826
4.1016
-26.4571
-39.7163
-31.2093
-2.9708

Fault Cleared at 0.5s

i
t
0
0.05
1
0.10
2
0.15
3
0.20
4
0.25
5
0.30
6
0.35
7
0.40
8
0.45
9
0.50
10
0.55
11
0.60
12
0.65
13
0.70
14
0.75
15
0.80

k1=i

h1

i+k1

i+h1

k2=i*t

h2

i+1(Radians)

i+1

i+1(Degree)

0.0000
0.0869
0.1609
0.2120
0.2363
0.2371
0.2222
0.2005
0.1793
0.1639
-0.0130
-0.1939
-0.3964
-0.6012
-0.7111
-0.6000

1.7388
1.6077
1.2374
0.7261
0.2113
-0.1857
-0.4079
-0.4635
-0.3924
-3.7952
-3.5988
-3.8804
-4.2910
-3.6132
-0.2190
4.7007

0.3159
0.4463
0.6474
0.8903
1.1448
1.3872
1.6048
1.7950
1.9627
2.1168
2.0089
1.7251
1.2317
0.5232
-0.2782
-0.8837

1.7388
3.3465
4.4562
4.9656
4.9376
4.5568
4.0364
3.5456
3.1927
-0.5173
-3.8583
-7.7584
-12.2186
-15.6373
-14.4412
-7.2991

0.0869
0.1673
0.2228
0.2483
0.2469
0.2278
0.2018
0.1773
0.1596
-0.0259
-0.1929
-0.3879
-0.6109
-0.7819
-0.7221
-0.3650

1.7388
1.3522
0.8040
0.2474
-0.1788
-0.4107
-0.4625
-0.3844
-0.2221
-3.2798
-3.6380
-4.2189
-3.9019
-0.7830
4.6637
8.1698

0.0435
0.1271
0.1919
0.2301
0.2416
0.2325
0.2120
0.1889
0.1694
0.0690
-0.1029
-0.2909
-0.5037
-0.6915
-0.7166
-0.4825

1.7388
1.4799
1.0207
0.4867
0.0163
-0.2982
-0.4352
-0.4239
-0.3072
-3.5375
-3.6184
-4.0497
-4.0964
-2.1981
2.2224
6.4353

0.3594
0.4865
0.6784
0.9085
1.1501
1.3826
1.5946
1.7835
1.9529
2.0219
1.9190
1.6281
1.1244
0.4329
-0.2837
-0.7662

1.7388
3.2187
4.2395
4.7262
4.7425
4.4443
4.0091
3.5851
3.2779
-0.2596
-3.8780
-7.9276
-12.0240
-14.2222
-11.9998
-5.5645

20.5907
27.8751
38.8690
52.0546
65.8973
79.2180
91.3661
102.1876
111.8965
115.8509
109.9523
93.2840
64.4259
24.8028
-16.2556
-43.9000

Fault Cleared at 0.6s

i
t
0
0.05
1
0.10
2
0.15
3
0.20
4
0.25
5
0.30
6
0.35
7
0.40
8
0.45
9
0.50
10
0.55

k1=i

h1

i+k1

i+h1

k2=i*t

h2

i+1(Radians)

i+1

i+1(Degree)

0.0000
0.0869
0.1609
0.2120
0.2363
0.2371
0.2222
0.2005
0.1793
0.1639
0.1581

1.7388
1.6077
1.2374
0.7261
0.2113
-0.1857
-0.4079
-0.4635
-0.3924
-0.2339
-0.0094

0.3159
0.4463
0.6474
0.8903
1.1448
1.3872
1.6048
1.7950
1.9627
2.1168
2.2690

1.7388
3.3465
4.4562
4.9656
4.9376
4.5568
4.0364
3.5456
3.1927
3.0440
3.1518

0.0869
0.1673
0.2228
0.2483
0.2469
0.2278
0.2018
0.1773
0.1596
0.1522
0.1576

1.7388
1.3522
0.8040
0.2474
-0.1788
-0.4107
-0.4625
-0.3844
-0.2221
0.0003
0.2835

0.0435
0.1271
0.1919
0.2301
0.2416
0.2325
0.2120
0.1889
0.1694
0.1580
0.1578

1.7388
1.4799
1.0207
0.4867
0.0163
-0.2982
-0.4352
-0.4239
-0.3072
-0.1168
0.1371

0.3594
0.4865
0.6784
0.9085
1.1501
1.3826
1.5946
1.7835
1.9529
2.1110
2.2688

1.7388
3.2187
4.2395
4.7262
4.7425
4.4443
4.0091
3.5851
3.2779
3.1611
3.2982

20.5907
27.8751
38.8690
52.0546
65.8973
79.2180
91.3661
102.1876
111.8965
120.9522
129.9950