1.

ABSTRACT
The flowmeter measurement apparatus (MODEL:FM101) is used to study some
famous instruments that used in flow measurement.The flowmeter apparatus operated
together with the hydraulic bench and with the present of any water supply.This
flowmeter measurement apparatus will shows different types of method of flow
measurement for an incompressible fluid by using orifice,venture and rotameter.This
experiment will the fluid in motion will move in different path that will give different
pressure,velocity and different flow whether turbulent or laminar.Different pressure
drop will be produced as the fluid goes in different path,thus this experiment is
conducted in order to get the exact properties for fluid in motion.
2. INTRODUCTION
There are many method to determine the flow measurement of incompressible fluid
such as through orifice.In orifice,there are sudden changes of diameter of the path
flow between the input,output and in the middle.The diameter of the orifice at the
input and at the end of the orifice are the same but at the middle,the diameter are
much smaller than the diameter at the input and output.The sudden change of
diameter will produce the laminar and turbulent flow.Laminar flow is produced
throughout the apparatus but at the same time turbulent flow is also produce in a small
portion in the middle of the orifice.The fluid movement in the orifice is shown in
figure 1.

Figure 1
The fluid in the apparatus also flow throughout the venturi tube.In the venturi tube,the
type of flow that produced in the venturi is laminar flow because the diameter changes is not
high but at the small diameter tube it will produced high velocity and low pressure.The flow
of venturi tube is shown in figure 2.

Figure 2
3. THEORY
Water flow measuring apparatus is design as a free-standing apparatus for use with the
hydraulic bench.It also could be used in conjuction with a low water pressure that
being controlled by valve and discharged drain.The water enter the apparatus through
the lower left-hand end and flow horizontally through venturi,orifice,90 o elbow that
change the flow direction into vertical and connect to a variable area flow meter.The
equation that can be used to calculate the venturi and orifice by using applications of
the Bernoulli equation.
Bernoulli equation:
P1 + V12 + Z1 = P2 + V22 + Z2
g

2g

2g

Z1=Z2
P1 + V12 = P2 + V22
g

2g

2g

P1-P2 = V22-V12
g

2g

------------------------

(1)

-----------------------------------

(2)

from:Q1=Q2
A1V1 =A2V2
V1 = A2V2
A1
(2) in (1)
P1-P2 = V22- ( A2V2/A1)
g

2g

So,
V22- [1-(A2/A1)]

= P

2g

V2= 1

[1-(A2/A1)]

( 2P)

-------------------

(3)

-------------------

(4)

Q=CdA2V2
(3) in (4)
flow rate, Qv = CdA2

. ( 2P)

[1-(A2/A1)]

where (2p) = (2gh)

p
h : head difference in meter (m) from the manometer readings for the appropriate meter
g

: acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)

Cd : discharge coefficient for meter

A1 : Area of the test pipe upstream of the meter (m2)
A2 : Throat area of the meter (m2)
Use of discharge coefficient, Cd is necessary because of the simplifying assumptions made
when applying the Bernoulli equations. Values of this coefficient are determined by
experiment,the assumed values used in the software are:
Venturi meter Cd = 0.98
Orifice plate Cd = 0.63