Journal of Place Management and Development

Sustainable green urban planning: the Green Credit Tool

E.J. Cilliers E. Diemont D.J. Stobbelaar W. Timmermans

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Sustainable green urban

planning: the Green Credit Tool

Sustainable
green urban
planning

E.J. Cilliers
Wageningen University of Applied Sciences, Van Hall Larenstein,
Wageningen, The Netherlands and
North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, and

57

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E. Diemont, D.J. Stobbelaar and W. Timmermans

Wageningen University of Applied Sciences, Van Hall Larenstein,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
Abstract
Purpose The Green Credit Tool is evaluated as a method to quantify the value of green-spaces and
to determine how these green-space-values can be replaced or compensated for within urban spatial
planning projects.
Design/methodology/approach Amersfoort Local Municipality created the Green Credit Tool to
ensure protection and enhancement of the urban green totality. The tool is described and evaluated
based on three core elements: the value matrix, the collection of values and green compensation.
Findings were based on case studies in Parkweelde and Randerbroek (Amersfoort, The Netherlands).
Findings Green-planning is not just about flora and fauna, but also about planning for economic
benefits and thus needs to have a quantifiable value. The Green Credit Tool enhances integrated
green-planning by means of the value matrix (identifying values of green), collecting values
(participation and stakeholder-identification) and compensation (protecting green spaces).
Research limitations/implications Assessment of green values will differ between users,
experts and between locations.
Practical implications The Green Credit Tool introduces a different perspective to green-spaces
that can add value to urban environments and thus creates economic spin-offs. It stresses the need for
environmental issues to play a greater role in future planning processes.
Social implications Green-planning is known to have various psychological benefits. The Green
Credit Tool is a communication tool and thus incorporates public opinions, enhances social
responsibility and enhances awareness of the broader benefits of green spaces.
Originality/value The Green Credit Tool creates an integrated approach towards the planning of
green-spaces, enhancing the value of green areas and thus ensuring qualitative urban planning and
sustainable economic development.
Keywords Urban areas, The Netherlands, Environmental management, Town and country planning,
Sustainable development
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction
Urban green-spaces might be socially attractive in general, but where are the economic
benefits? What difference will it make to jobs, health and the economic strength of
areas struggling with deprivation and social problems? (Natural Economy Northwest,
2007, p. 2). In view of these questions, the Green Credit Tool was developed by Amersfoort
Local Municipality. (The Green Credit Tool forms part of the project Valuing
attractive landscapes in the urban economy, made possible by INTERREG IVB

Journal of Place Management and

Development
Vol. 3 No. 1, 2010
pp. 57-66
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
1753-8335
DOI 10.1108/17538331011030275

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North West Europe, European Regional Development Fund.) The Green Credit Tool is
used to determine the value of public-green-space (all green areas that are not privately
owned, including parks, meeting points, playfields, etc.), in order to stress the importance
of these spaces, and the contribution it can make towards sustainable planning and
economic development. The Green Credit Tool comprises of several elements: a matrix
(identifying the value of green-spaces), the collection of values (stakeholder-identification
and participation) and compensation (protecting green-spaces). The main focus of the
research conducted was to determine if the Green Credit Tool can enhance the protection
of green-spaces within urban environments, by means of green-compensation. The
objectives were to demonstrate the economic value of green infrastructure at the
city/region scale and to show how to target green investments to maximise competitive
benefits to communities.
1.1 The theory behind green-planning
Urban green space management is essential to quality of life and sustainable urban
development. (Green infrastructure can be defined as the network of multi-functional
open spaces, parks, waterways, trees and woodlands needed to support a high quality
of life in and around our towns and cities.) The reality is that urban development often
takes place at the expense of green spaces. In many cases, green spaces are susceptible
to land use changes and degradation of their environmental qualities. On the other
hand, publics demand for green space is becoming stronger in order to get aesthetic
enjoyment, recreation and access to clean air or quiet environments (Liu et al., 2007,
p. 1), as peoples everyday environments are of great importance to their stress levels
and health (Stigsdotter, 2008, p. 3). The comparative evaluation of existing urban green
spaces and the elaboration of strategies for the development of urban green networks
in European cities under conditions of socio-economic and demographic change are
new challenging tasks for urban development and for urban research, with respect to
improving the quality of urban life (Kasperidus et al., 2007, p. 1). The benefits to society
will be of overriding importance in these decisions. Economic science continually finds
new ways to determine these costs and benefits in terms of the value of health,
experience and pleasure (Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, 2006, p. 34).
Research in environmental psychology suggests that peoples desire for contact
with nature serves an important adaptive function, namely, psychological restoration
(Van den Berg et al., 2007, p. 1) and furthermore an attractive environment is likely to
influence house prices as houses in attractive settings will have an added value over
similar houses which are less favourably located (Luttik, 2000, p. 1). These (direct and
indirect) costs and benefits enhance the importance of the value of green spaces, and
the need to consider green-spaces from a different perspective for future sustainable
planning purposes. Planning systems need to be modernised to ensure that
high-quality green infrastructure is protected and built-in to the urban fabric. This
requires hard evidence demonstrating the value of green-spaces, because politicians
listen mostly to economic arguments.
1.2 Green-planning as applied by Amersfoort Local Municipality
Amersfoort received the award for The Greenest City in The Netherlands in 2006,
and is aiming to build on this unique characteristic. However, the municipality of

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Amersfoort is, like many other municipalities, confronted with problems concerning
the planning of green-spaces.
First, decision making within municipalities takes place within a broad framework
of stakeholders and several objectives have to be met.
Second, at local municipality level, spatial planning has to take into account housing
demands, infrastructure facilities, business development, etc. Within this setting, green
space has to compete with other land-uses.
Third, the benefits of green-space-investment are not measurable, and Dutch
municipalities have no return on the investment in public green space. The reality is
that the financial impact does, to a great extent, determine how spatial planning is
realised and which plans are prioritised.
In this context, it is important to identify the values of green-spaces, and seek for
ways to ensure greater benefit to the multiple stakeholders involved. Identifying the
values of green spaces will deliver ways to predict and assess the results of public
investment:
.
In the past by valuing previous green infrastructure improvements and
existing green-space.
.
In the present by establishing how to target current interventions to maximise
value and private sector confidence.
.
In the future by proving the economic impacts of regional action and the
potential value added by transnational co-operations.
In order to identify the value of green-spaces within the urban environment, Amersfoort
Local Municipality created the Green Credit Tool. The core analysis and findings
were based on the Amersfoort case study with specific reference to Euterpeplein
(a square-shaped parking area in the residential neighbourhood Randenbroek/
Schuilenburg, where many shops are located), and Parkweelde (a residential area
earmarked for redevelopment in two phases) where the Green Credit Tool was applied.
2. Green Credit Tool
Amersfoort has a vision to renew the quality of the public green-spaces within the
urban environment. Accordingly, the Amersfoort Local Municipality developed the
Green Credit Tool, as described in the document Groene Saldo Regeling (Amersfoort
Municipality, 2007). It is based on the green compensation method (Alkmaar, 2005).
The Green Credit Tool was introduced as the method to realize this vision and enhance
the urban green quality and liveability. The Green Credit Tool is used to identify and
measure the quality of the green-spaces within an area, based on different values (not
just size). The Green Credit Tool furthermore provides a method to determine how to
compensate best for the loss of green-space and how new green-planning alternatives
can be sought.
A two-fold goal can be reached by means of the Green Credit Tool (Amersfoort
Municipality, 2007). First, an analysis is made of the existing green-spaces and how it is
perceived by the users and other stakeholders. This enables the municipality to
understand the value connected to the green area and accordingly ensure improvement
in future planning. Second, this method enables an active communication structure
with the stakeholders, resulting in meaningful participation and stakeholders being
informed and part of the redevelopment plans and future planning. The core aim of the

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Green Credit Tool is to enhance and maintain the urban green totality and value of the
area. It is furthermore used as a communication tool, in order to give better insight into
the decision-making processes. The Green Credit Tool is applied to public-green-space,
private-green-space forms part of the perspective of green, but is not controlled by
municipality and therefore not included in this regard.
The three core elements (value matrix, participation and compensation) were
evaluated with three methods: literature study, case studies and interviews, as illustrated
in Table I. The research was done by specialists and researchers with a background
in spatial planning, economics, urban development and landscape architecture.
The three core elements:
(1) the value matrix;
(2) the collection of values; and
(3) compensation will be discussed accordingly.
2.1 Value matrix
The value matrix is developed to conduct a situation analysis to determine the
current green-space-value in an area and the value that will be lost when urban
development occurs within the green-space. It is based on questionnaires where residents
rank the elements according to their preferences, based on their relation to the proposed
project location (the city, neighbourhood, quarter and block). It is a key delivery
mechanism for multi-functionality as it includes user quality, perceptions, natural quality,
cultural quality, managerial quality, land use and land value, as described in Table II.
The value matrix shifts the focus from quantity to quality-dominated planning. The
municipality creates an inventory of green-spaces before and after redevelopment.
A feedback group is then consulted and the values in the matrix are ranked together
with the municipality. After this the municipality evaluates the outcomes and decides
whether compensation is necessary, and if so, which form of compensation is most
suitable. The value matrix is concluded to be feasible in concept, according to expert
opinion, supporting literature research and case studies conducted. It incorporates the
sustainable development elements of quality of place, quality of environment and
quality of life. It integrates the different spheres of green-planning, spatial planning and
economic development. The concept should be evaluated more comprehensively in
practice in order to elaborate on the success and feasibility thereof.
2.2 Collecting values
The collection of values is an essential part of the Green Credit Tool, as it will impact
on the results of the value matrix and will determine the success of the tool. It is

Table I.
Green Credit Tool
evaluated

Method

Theory

Case studies

Interviews

What

Value matrix

Parkweelde

Amersfoort Municipality

Who

Participation

Euterpeplein

Public participation surveys

Why

Compensation

Impacting elements
Structure
Stakeholder analysis
Participation ladder
Qualitative versus
quantitative

Compensation ladder

Not tested in practice

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Quality aspects

Concept matrix

Elements derived from literature

User quality

Accessibility
Functionality
Use (playfields, etc.)

Perception

Visual perception
Experience

Natural quality

Water
Ecology

Cultural quality

Cultural history
Architectonical value

Managerial quality

State of maintenance

Land use

Land value

Accessibility
Management and functionality (use)
Balance conflicts and impacts
Quality of life
Visual perception and experience
Practical (relevance)
Sustainability and spatial perception
Impact and control
Sustainable resources
Environmental quality
Architectonical value and aesthetic
Cohesion and meaning (history)
Sense of well-being and public health
Crime prevention
Urban design
State of maintenance
Zoning and integration
Attractiveness and priority areas
Linkages and corridors
Attract people and companies
Property prices and opportunities
Local economic development

Sustainable
green urban
planning
61

Table II.
The value matrix
and elements

important to realize that values are connected to the perceptions of the users, and
therefore can vary from person to person. Value is furthermore connected to location
and should be implemented ad hoc. The green-space-values are collected through public
participation methods, in order to involve people in spatial planning, and to assess how
citizens perceive green-public-space. Currently, the municipality of Amersfoort is
assessing the perceived value of green-spaces by means of questionnaires. The
residents living in the adjacent areas are invited to meetings in which they, together
with the municipality, complete the value matrix. It should be clear who forms part of
the participation-group, and to what extent their input is used. The participation ladder
(Breman et al., 2008, p. 68) is used to address these objectives. It determines the core
stakeholders, their role, and level of input needed, according to the type of participation.
The levels of the participation ladder are illustrated in Table III.

Inform

Consult

Advice

Co-operation

Equal rights

Municipality determines agenda for decision making. No actual input

by the communities
Municipality determines agenda, but consult the communities in
regards to the development
Municipality determines agenda, but is open to advice and suggestions
from the community
Municipality, communities and stakeholders are jointly in decisionmaking process
Final results are subject to equal preferences of authorities and the
communities

Table III.
The participation ladder

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In terms of the participation ladder (Breman et al., 2008, p. 68) the Green Credit Tool
usually functions as active-participation, between an informing and advising role.
All actors should realize that stakeholder involvement is advisory-based and not for
the purpose of joint decision making. The Green Credit Tool is thus an instrument that
can be used internally to collect the value of green-spaces and predetermine the impact
of a new urban development. The success of the project is subject to active and
adequate participation, as it will ensure benefits and spin-offs in terms of collaboration,
communication, cost savings and improved performance. However, it should be
realized that modifying the urban development and design process involves a
redefinition of priorities, the creation of improved forms of participation and
communication, and a shift in the mindsets and patterns of the many participating
professionals. It takes time and effort to establish new working relationships, build
knowledge, and form consensus (Cole et al., 2008, p. 5).
2.3 Green compensation
The aim of the Green Credit Tool is to protect and enhance the green totality of an
urban area. The concept of green compensation assumes that if urban development is
inevitable, and there will be a negative spatial impact on the value of current
green-spaces, then green-compensation should be opted for, in order to protect the
green totality of the area (refer to Figure 1).
Green compensation is defined as replacing or relocating green-space-values, an
action to ensure quality enhancement and green-space protection. Green value manifests
as cultural-historical values, ecology values, user qualities, perceptions and green spaces
and structures. These values cannot be compensated or replaced easily and therefore
need to be tailored to the actual situation. Thus, by using the Green Credit Tool, it is
possible to determine where, how, and in which ways green-spaces can best be
compensated. Compensation can be realized in qualitative and quantitative ways.
Urban development creates opportunity for quantitative compensation, whereas urban
renewal creates opportunity for qualitative compensation, focussing on detail.
Spatial impact

Negative impact on green-space-value?

Yes: Determine impact

Individual impact allowed:

1) Greater public interest
2) No alternatives available

No:
Redevelopment

Figure 1.
The compensation process

Yes:
Compensation approach

No: Apply to spatial planning act

Combined impact (Saldo-impact) allowed:

1) Total quality enhanced
2) Spatial vision of plans

Yes:
Compensation approach

Determine gain
Determine mitigation measures
Determine guarantee of compensation

No:
Determine individual impact

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The way of compensation is debatable and subject to the green-space-values collected,

the user qualities and the location. The green compensation ladder is used as a line of
conduct to determine the extent of compensation by means of relocation or
replacement. The green compensation ladder is structured as follows:
(1) Make an inventory of green and determine the value:
.
Include the existing value of green-spaces in the development plans.
(2) If this is not possible, then compensation should be realized:
. On the same scale within the block/quarter (quantitative approach).
.
Something similar within the block/quarter (qualitative approach).
(3) If this is not possible, compensation should be realized within a bigger scale:
.
The same within the neighbourhood (qualitative approach).
.
Something similar within the neighbourhood (qualitative approach).
(4) If this is not possible, seek financial compensation in a green foundation.
(5) If all fails, no compensation is possible and the green-spaces will be lost.
The core issue as stated by Amersfoort Local Municipality is that green should
remain green. Green compensation is an action to ensure quality enhancement and
green-space protection. Compensation should not be focused on quantity alone, but on
the enhancement of quality of live (Alkmaar, 2005). Compensation should be regarded
as a last option, after it is proved impossible to maintain the green-value of a public
space (Arnhem Municipality, 2006).
Furthermore, compensation is bound by location. The value loss within a specific
area should be compensated in the same area. It is useless to compensate the loss of a
playground in one area with the construction of a playground in another area. The
people (users, actors and stakeholders) determine the value of an area. If green is
compensated in another area, the value might be different, as other people (users,
actors and stakeholders) will rank the value differently according to their needs,
situations and surroundings.
3. Conclusions
Green-space-compensation is successful in concept, but is subject to the specific location
impacts and user (perception) impacts that will influence the green-space-value
and required compensation. Green-space-planning, if properly managed and invested
in, presents opportunities which should be grasped. The value of green-spaces should
be realized, protected and enhanced. The success of the concept is subject to determining
the green-space-values, collecting the green-space-values via public participation, and
enforcing the results via compensation measures. The Green Credit Tool is used to get
a better insight into the decision making in green-space-planning processes, the
different interests and stakeholders, and as such, is also a useful communication tool.
Conclusion to the main research focus
The effectiveness of the Green Credit Tool is realized in determining the
green-space-values and the collection of these values (Amersfoort Municipality,
2007). Sufficient time and creative methods need to be applied to collect the data. The
Green Credit Tool functions effectively as it incorporates all values of:

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the quality of place as it focuses on the development itself (evaluating spatial

planning issues);
the quality of environment as it focuses on experiential aspects (evaluating
landscape and tranquillity); and
the quality of life as it focuses on integrated planning (evaluating all sustainable
development elements).

The Green Credit Tool enhances stakeholder involvement, but only to an advisory
extent. The Local Municipality remains the core stakeholder, as concluded in the case
studies and interviews conducted. The Green Credit Tool is thus used internally
(by Local Municipalities) to make an estimate in regards to the impact and added value
that a certain project can bring to an area. However, the results remain an estimate.
The implementation of the Green Credit Tool is subjective and will differ between cities
and between municipalities according to applicable policies, legislation and development
visions (Amersfoort Municipality, 2007). Furthermore, green-space-values, participation
processes and compensation measures will be different within each local municipality, and
therefore the local authorities should evaluate their current situation and local
environment and rate the different issues (user quality, land use, environmental issues,
land value, landscape quality, socio-economic issues, recreation issues and vision) within
the different scales (city, neighbourhood, quarter and block) and incorporate the
uniqueness of each location. The Green Credit Tool remains, however, a useful planning
tool to be implemented in the beginning of a development process to evaluate the needs
and wants of the community and to ensure public participation and meaningful
stakeholder involvement.
4. Discussions and recommendations
Specific discussions and recommendations focused on Amersfoort
Amersfoort Local Municipality can enhance the implementation and success of the
Green Credit Tool by focusing on the following issues:
.
providing attractive and accessible green spaces to create benefits of
competitiveness of the urban location (Baycan-Levent et al., 2008, p. 4);
.
ensuring local ownership for green-space-planning and enhancing community
participation;
.
arranging planned meetings in advance;
.
coordinate internal organization according to local legislation and policies;
.
stating the rules and objectives of green-planning clearly, particularly the use of
the participation ladder and level of community input needed; and
.
enhancing the continuous communication to both authorities and community
members.
International applicability discussions and recommendations
The Green Credit Tool can be implemented internationally, but authorities should
aim to:
.
address the unique characteristics and elements of the specific area in terms of
quality of place, quality of environment and quality of life;

.
.
.

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as municipality act as catalyst, facilitator and stimulate coordinated planning;

focus on quality planning;
ensure facilitation of the stakeholder analysis; and
take green-space-planning seriously, recognizing its economic value and
incorporating it into economic development strategies and policymaking.

General discussions and recommendations

The Green Credit Tool is beneficial to authorities but also to the broader public, and
therefore facilitation of the stakeholder analysis is of great importance (Overbeek et al.,
2009, p. 70). Community members and users of the green spaces should realize the value
and necessity of green spaces and the Green Credit Tool, as it enhances green spaces that
protect key assets of the natural environment, delivers qualitative outputs, improves the
essential environmental capital, enhances qualitative liveability in urban settings,
minimizes the ecological footprint, enhances connectivity between landscapes,
improves the diversity of urban green areas, delivers multi-functional opportunities,
integrates green areas holistically and achieves cooperative management of joined green
areas (Amersfoort Municipality, 2007). Quality of life and restoration opportunities for
urban residents are considered important functions of urban greenery (Van den Berg
et al., 2007, p. 13) and communities should therefore be part of the greater vision (Natural
Economy Northwest, 2007, p. 11). Urban settings that provide nature contact are
valuable not only in their own right, but also for meeting other needs in a manner unique
to these more natural settings (Matsuoka and Kaplan, 2007, p. 7).

Sustainable
green urban
planning
65

Integrated approach and recommendations

The Green Credit Tool is part of a greater green-space-planning vision, focussed on
value added planning (Figure 2). The vision comprises of three tools, the Green Credit
Tool, the Workbench method and the value added planning method. The Green Credit
Tool is the point of departure for the other two tools (but can also be implemented
individually within smaller scale projects) and focus on value, more specifically the
value of green spaces and the compensation thereof. The Workbench method is
focussed on value adding, a social view towards green-space-planning by involving
stakeholders in the redesign process of green public space. The Value Added Planning
method focus on value added planning, taking into account the knowledge gained by
the first two tools, and seeking ways for municipalities to plan in such a way that the value
of green spaces evidently increases. This Green Credit tool is the first step towards this
integrated and multi-disciplinary approach towards green-space-planning.
Tools for future green spatial planning

Green credit
tool

Values and qualities of

green

Workbench
method

Values as perceived by
stakeholders

Value added
planning

Plan public green space to

ensure added value

Figure 2.
The Green Credit Tool
as part of the future green
spatial planning

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Corresponding author
E.J. Cilliers can be contacted at: juaneep@gmail.com

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1. Samad Fotoohi, Hossein Negaresh, Masoud Sistani. 2015. The effect of greenspaces on temperature
adjustments in the city of Zahedan: A case study of the University of Sistan and Baluchestan. Arboricultural
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2. Elizelle Juane CilliersUnit for Environmental Sciences and Management, NorthWest University,
Potchefstroom, South Africa Wim TimmermansVan Hall Larenstein, Wageningen University of Applied
Sciences, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 2013. Approaching value added planning in the green
environment. Journal of Place Management and Development 6:2, 144-154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]