Mc lc

M u............................................................................................................................... 2
Phn 1: Tng quan.............................................................................................................3
1.1 Nguyn liu............................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Sn phm..................................................................................................................3
1.3 Xc tc......................................................................................................................3
Phn 2: Quy trnh cng ngh..............................................................................................6
2.1. Gii thiu.................................................................................................................6
2.2 V tr ca phn xng CCR trong nh my lc du..................................................7
2.3. S cng ngh......................................................................................................8
Phn 3. Thit b phn ng................................................................................................10
3.1. Cc thit b chnh trong dy chuyn cng ngh......................................................10
3.1.1. B phn thit b phn ng :..............................................................................10
3.1.2 B phn ti sinh xc tc....................................................................................23
3.1.3 B phn phn tch v thit b n nh ( Stabilizer)...........................................30
3.2 Cc thit b ph trong dy chuyn cng ngh.........................................................31
3.2.1 Thit b phn tch lng-hi...............................................................................31
3.2.2 Thit b trao i nhit ng chm.......................................................................32
Kt lun............................................................................................................................ 33
Ti liu tham kho............................................................................................................ 34

M u
Cng nghip du kh l mt ngnh cng nghip c nhng bc thay i v pht
trin khng ngng, c bit l vo nhng nm cui th k XX. Cng nghip du kh
v ang tr thnh ngnh cng nghip mi nhn, bn cnh l s pht trin khng ngng
ca mt s qu trnh ch bin du th ra cc nhin liu trong ngnh cng nghip ho du,
song khng th khng nhc n qu trnh qu trnh reforming xc tc sn xut ra xng
cht lng cao.
Ngy nay, qu trnh reforming xc tc c s dng rt ph bin cho ngnh tng
hp ho du v cc ngnh cng nghip khc. Mc ch chnh ca qu trnh l bin i cc
hydrocacbon c trong phn on xng thnh nhng hydrocacbon thm l h c tr s
octan cao nht. Qu trnh ny cho php sn xut ra cc cu t cao octan cho xng t ti
98 100. Tuy nhin, ngoi vic sn xut ra xng c tr s octan cao th qu trnh
reforming xc tc cn sn xut ra ngun nguyn liu BTX rt quan trng cho cng
nghip ho du. Bn cnh cn sn xut ra nhiu kh hydro (hm lng > 85%). y l
ngun kh hydro c s dng lm nguyn liu sch v r tin phc v cho cc qu trnh
ch bin du m v tng hp hu c nh: lm sch nguyn liu, x l hydro cc phn
on sn phm trong khu lin hp lc ho du, sn xut phn m.
Reforming xc tc do c tm quan trng nn qu trnh ny ngy cng c nghin
cu mt cch su rng v c p dng mt cch rng ri trn th gii. Hin nay, lng
xng sn xut t qu trnh reforming chim mt phn ng k lng xng tiu th trn
th gii. Qu trnh reforming xc tc v ang c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh
vc cng nghip khc nhau v l qu trnh khng th thiu ca nh my ch bin du m,
nh my in, cng nghip cht do, xng c tr s octan cao, BTX.
Trong phm vi ca bi tiu lun ny nhm chng em tm hiu v nguyn liu,
cng ngh v c bit l thit b ca qu trnh reforming xc tc.

Phn 1: Tng quan

1.1 Nguyn liu
_Qu trnh reforming bao gm mt lot cc phn ng nhm lm thm ha cc sn
phm du m, tng tr s octan ca xng v cung cp ngun hydro cho cng ngh lm
sch du m
_Nguyn liu naphtha c ly c cha parrafins, naphthens v aromatics, v
trong mt vi trng hp c 1 lng nh olefins. Nguyn liu c ly thng l cc
hydrocacbon c s nguyn t C trong khong t 6-11. Tuy nhin vi tng mc ch thu
sn phm khc nhau m ngi ta c th gii hn khong nhit si ca nguyn liu.
_Nguyn liu trong qu trnh reforming ti nh my lc du Dung Qut c ly
trc tip phn on naphtha thu c t chng ct du th.
_Nguyn liu ly naphtha cng c th thu c t cc qu trnh khc nh FCC,
hydrocracking, cc ha Naphtha cng c th c tng hp t qu trnh FischerTropsch
1.2 Sn phm
_Sn phm thu c t qu trnh reforming s thu c xng c tr s octan cao.
_Thu sn phm BTX nhm phc v cc ngnh cng nghip khc
_Thu c kh H2 k thut, l ngun nguyn liu cho rt nhiu qu trnh khc trong cng
nghip
1.3 Xc tc
_ Trc y ngi ta s dng xc tc Oxt nh MnO 2 /Al2O3. Loi xc tc ny c
u im l r tin, bn vi hp cht cha S. Khi c mt ca hp cht cha lu hunh
trong nguyn liu th MoO2 c th chuyn mt phn thnh MoS2, dng ny cng c hot
tnh nh xc tc nn khng cn lm sch S ra khi nguyn liu. Nhng xc tc loi ny
li c nhc im l hot tnh thp nn qu trnh reforming phi thc hin iu kin
cng: vn tc th tch thp (~0,5h-1 ), nhit cao (~340OC). iu kin ny cc phn
ng hydro cracking xy ra rt mnh. tng chn lc ca qu trnh phi thc hin
p sut thp, nhng p sut thp li l tin cho phn ng to cc xy ra mnh do vy
khng th ko di cho thi gian lm vic lin tc ca xc tc. V l do trn m ngi ta
phi nghin cu ra loi xc tc Pt/AL2O3 thay th cho loi xc tc MoO2 .

_Loi xc tc dng Pt/Al2O3 l loi xc tc c hot tnh cao, chn lc cao, nn s

dng loi xc tc ny qu trnh reforming ch cn thc hin iu kin mm: vn tc th
tch ( 1,5-4h), nhit va phi ( 470 520 OC). Khi dng xc tc loi ny cn gim c
s to cc. Nhng sau mt thi gian s dng xc tc Pt/Al2O3 hot tnh ca xc tc s
gim do axt ca Al2O3 gim nn ngi ta phi tin hnh clo ho tng axt. V
th loi xc tc ny ch c s dng n nm 1970 .
_Ngy nay ngi ta ci tin xc tc bng cch bin tnh xc tc: cho thm mt kim
loi hay thay i cht mang. Cho thm kim loi gim gi thnh xc tc, xc tc s
dng cho qu trnh reforming hin nay l 0,3% Pt + 0,3%Re mang trn - Al2O3 . Ngoi
ra cn c cc hp cht halogen hu c.
1) Vai tr ca Platin
-Platin l cu t rt tt, l kim loi c dng ch yu trong qu trnh reforming
xc tc. Palatin khng nhng xc tc cho phn ng dehydro ha cc naphten v phn ng
dehydro - vng ho cc parafin to ra hydro cacbon thm m platin cn c tc dng thc
y c phn ng no ha cc hp cht trung gian: olefin, diolefin... lm gim tc to
cc trn b mt cht xc tc l mt nguyn nhn chnh dn ti vic gim hot tnh cht
xc tc.
-Hm lng platin trong cht xc tc reforming chim khong 0,3 0,7 (% khi
lng). Hm lng Pt c nh hng n hot tnh ca xc tc.
- phn tn ca Pt trn cht mang Al2O3 cng nh hng n hot tnh ca xc tc.
Trong qu trnh lm vic ca xc tc hm lng Pt hu nh khng thay i nhng ta vn
thy hot tnh kh hydro li gim xung l do cc tinh th Pt b thiu kt t li thnh
cc tinh th ln. V vy tm hot ng b gim xung.
-Vy hot tnh ph thuc ch yu vo hm lng kim loi Pt v c bit l
phn tn ca n trn cht mang axt. Ngi ta thy rng nu cc ht phn tn c kch
thc nh hn 10A0 th l tm hot ng mnh, cn kch thc ht phn tn ln 70A 0

th xc tc khng c hot tnh i vi cc phn ng chnh ca qu trnh reforming.

iu chnh tng quan gia hai xc tc th Pt ch nn chim 1% b mt ca cht mang.
-Khi nghin cu ngi ta thy rng nu cho thm nguyn t Re vo c tc dng km
hm s thiu kt ca cc tinh th Pt v nguyn t Re s kt hp vi Pt to thnh hp kim
c n nh cao hn Pt nguyn th.
2) Cht mang
Cht mang trong xc tc reforming c th l Al2O3 hoc l SiO2, thng th ngi ta
hay dng Al2O3. l mt oxit c b mt ring ln (250 m 2/g), chu nhit cao. Bn
thn Al2O3 lmt axt lewis v nguyn t nhm cn c mt lng t t do, cn Al 2O3
cha nc l mt axit Bronsted v mang H+.
3) Chun b xc tc
_ a platin ln b mt cht mang trong cng nghip ngi ta dng phng php
ngm, tm. Tm Al2O3 bng dung dch H2PtCl6 axit ha, nung v kh trong dng kh
hydro.
_Nm 1967 xut hin cht xc tc hai kim loi Pt - Re/Al 2O3 khc phc c
nhng nhc im ca cht xc tc Pt/Al 2O3. T cht xc tc hai v a kim loi ngy
cng pht trin v ngy cng c dng rng ri.
_Nm 1972 mi ch c 29% reformat thu c nh cht xc tc a kim loi th t
phn l 80% vo nm 1982.
_Trong cng ngh reforming lin tc CCR (continuous catalytic regenation) cht
xc tc dng vin c ng knh < 1,5 mm c th chuyn ng d dng gia l phn
ng v l ti sinh.

Phn 2: Quy trnh cng ngh

2.1. Gii thiu
Cng nghip du kh l mt ngnh cng nghip c nhng bc thay i v pht trin
khng ngng, c bit l vo nhng nm cui th k XX. Cng nghip du kh v
ang tr thnh ngnh cng nghip mi nhn, bn cnh l s pht trin khng ngng
ca mt s qu trnh ch bin du th ra cc nhin liu trong ngnh cng nghip ho du,
song khng th khng nhc n qu trnh qu trnh reforming xc tc sn xut ra xng
cht lng cao.
Ngy nay, qu trnh reforming xc tc c s dng rt ph bin cho ngnh tng hp ho
du v cc ngnh cng nghip khc. Mc ch chnh ca qu trnh l bin i cc
hydrocacbon c trong phn on xng thnh nhng hydrocacbon thm l h c tr s
octan cao nht. Qu trnh ny cho php sn xut ra cc cu t cao octan cho xng t ti
98 100. Tuy nhin, ngoi vic sn xut ra xng c tr s octan cao th qu trnh
reforming xc tc cn sn xut ra ngun nguyn liu BTX rt quan trng cho cng
nghip ho du. Bn cnh cn sn xut ra nhiu kh hydro (hm lng > 85%). y l
ngun kh hydro c s dng lm nguyn liu sch v r tin phc v cho cc qu trnh
ch bin du m v tng hp hu c nh: lm sch nguyn liu, x l hydro cc phn
on sn phm trong khu lin hp lc ho du, sn xut phn m. Do khng th ph
nhn vai tr ca qu trnh reforming xc tc trong cng nghip ch bin du nu khng
mun ni rng qu trnh reforming xc tc l mt qu trnh ch bin th cp quan trng
nht.
Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh reforming xc tc l izome ho, dehydro ho,
dehydro ho to vng cho sn phm chnh l cc hydrocacbon thm c tr s octan cao.
Qu trnh reforming thng dng nguyn liu l phn on xng c tr s octan thp,
khng tiu chun ca nhin liu xng cho ng c xng. l phn on xng ca
qu trnh chng ct trc tip du th hay t phn on xng ca qu trnh cracking nhit,
cc ho.
Reforming xc tc do c tm quan trng nn qu trnh ny ngy cng c nghin cu
mt cch su rng v c p dng mt cch rng ri trn th gii. Hin nay, lng xng
sn xut t qu trnh reforming chim mt phn ng k lng xng tiu th trn th gii.
Qu trnh reforming xc tc v ang c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc
cng nghip khc nhau v l qu trnh khng th thiu ca nh my ch bin du m, nh
my in, cng nghip cht do, xng c tr s octan cao, BTX.
qu trnh reforming xc tc thc s bc vo vn hi mi v cng ngnh du kh Vit
Nam hi nhp vi cc ngnh cng nghp khc trong khu vc th gii, th vn nghin
6

cu, trin khai cng ngh sn xut ra cc nhin liu khc t nguyn liu du th sn c
trong nc l rt cn thit. T c th to ra nhng dy chuyn cng ngh v thit b
hp l sn xut ra nhin liu i t du m c th p ng c nhng yu cu cht
lng sn phm cng nh ch tiu k thut vi nhng nguyn liu sn c Vit Nam
nhm phc v nhu cu lu di trong nc v hng ti xut sang cc nc trong khu vc
v trn th gii.
Xng l mt trong nhng sn phm ch o ca nh my lc du. c c cc chng
loi xng c cht lng cao phc v cho nhu cu quc dn th phi pht trin qu trnh
reforming xc tc. Nhu cu cp bch v cc sn phm ca lc ho du ngy cng tng khi
nn cng nghip ngy cng ln mnh. Bi v cc sn phm lc ho du khng ch l
ngun nguyn liu chnh cho cc thit b my mc m cn l ngun nguyn liu quan
trng cho nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc. T gp phn vo cng vic cng nghip
ho, hin i ho ca t nc nhm a nn kinh t cng nh nn cng nghip nc ta
tin ln mt k nguyn mi, k nguyn ca s hi nhp v pht trin.
2.2 V tr ca phn xng CCR trong nh my lc du

Hnh 1: V Tr ca phn xng CCR trong nh my lc du

2.3. S cng ngh
Ta la chn cng ngh reforming xc tc chuyn ng v ti sinh lin tc ca UOP.

Hnh 2: S cng ngh CCR-Platforming ca UOP

8

Nguyn liu c lm sch bng hydro b phn lm sch ri trn vi hydro tun hon
t b cha trung gian qua thit b trao i nhit, ri c gia nhit b phn gia nhit th
nht ca l ng n nhit 520 - 540C ri np vo reactor th nht trn cng. Lng
xc tc c phn b cc reactor khc nhau, thng theo t l 1/1,5/ 2,5/ 5.
Hn hp hi kh sau khi phn ng thit b th nht b gim nhit nn c a
ra khi reactor th nht, cho qua l t gia nhit n nhit phn ng, sau np
ngay vo reactor th hai. C tip tc cho n khi hn hp hi kh c np vo reactor
th t. Sn phm hi sau khi ra khi y ca reactor th t c lm lnh qua thit b
trao i nhit vi nguyn liu tn dng nhit v tip tc ngng t lm lnh trc khi
chuyn sang b phn tch sn phm. Sn phm y bao gm hydrocacbon lng v kh
giu hydro. Phn ln hydro c tun hon tr li b cha trung gian trn vi nguyn
liu ban u nh my nn, phn hydro cn li c trn vi b phn ti tip xc c
trn vi sn phm lng c ly ra y thp ti tip xc.
Ti thp sn phm kh C1,C2... C5 giu hydro tin tc qua my nn v ngng t lm
lnh, sau trn vi sn phm lng c tch ra t y i vo thp ri tip tc qua my
nn, thit b ngng t lm lnh v trn vi sn phm lng ly ra t y thp tch a vo
thp ti tip xc. Ti thp tip xc sn phm kh ch yu l hydro c ly ra t nh.
Sn phm lng y thp c tun hon tr li. Sn phm lng c a sang thp n
nh qua thit b trao i nhit. Ti thp sn phm kh c tch ra nh gm C 1,C2 v
LPG a vo thit b lng tch qua thit b lm lnh. Kh C 1,C2 c ly ra trn cn
LPG c ly ra y mt phn cho tun hon tr li thp, phn ln a v b cha sn
phm.
y thp sn phm lng reforming c tch ra mt phn qua thit b gia nhit ri
tun hon tr li, phn ln a v b cha sn phm. Xc tc chuyn ng t reactor th
nht n reactor th t. Xc tc sau phn ng c ly ra t y reactor th t a vo
bunke c kh tun hon nng ln nh l ti sinh ln lc qua b phn t cc, b phn
clo ho sau qua b phn kh bng hydro. Xc tc sau ti sinh c kh tun hon y
ln nh reactor th nht v tip tc tham gian phn ng.
Qu trnh reforming bao gm cc b phn chnh:
9

- Thit b phn ng
- Thit b ti sinh xc tc
- Thit b phn tch v n nh sn phm (bao gm tch kh kh v thp chng
luyn)
Mc d c nhiu dng thit b reforming khc nhau, tuy nhin trong khun kh
n ny ch trnh by cu to thit b ca cng ngh reforming c h thng ti sinh xc tc
lin tc (lp xc tc chuyn ng). V y l cng ngh tin tin c p dng ph bin
trn th gii hin nay. Mt khc, Vit nam cng ngh ny c p dng trong cc
Nh my lc ha du Dung Qut.

Phn 3. Thit b phn ng

3.1. Cc thit b chnh trong dy chuyn cng ngh
Cc thit b chnh trong qu trnh reforming ti sinh xc tc lin tc:
-

Thit b phn ng

Thit b ti sinh xc tc

Thit b phn tch v n nh sn phm

3.1.1. B phn thit b phn ng :

- L phn ng
- Thit b gia nhit

10

Hnh 3: Cu to chung l phn ng (kiu xp chng)

a. L phn ng
L phn ng ca qu trnh reforming vi thit b ti sinh xc tc lin tc c xp
chng ln nhau (ty theo nguyn liu m s l phn ng khc nhau, nhng thng thng
c t 3 ti 4 l phn ng trong mt phn xng reforming). Theo kt cu ny, xc tc
chy t pha trn xung ln lt qua cc l phn ng ri tch ra y l phn ng cui
cng ri thu v bnh thu gom xc tc trc khi chuyn ti bnh lu tr v vn chuyn xc
tc (Lift Engager). Nguyn liu phn ng c a vo tng l phn ng ni tip nhau,
qua mi l phn ng hn hp nguyn liu li c a ra khi l gia nhit b sung
(do a s cc phn ng trong qu trnh reforming l phn ng thu nhit). Trong tng l
phn ng, nguyn liu v xc tc chuyn ng theo hng cho dng. Cu to chung ca
11

l phn ng xp chng c m t trong hnh 4

Cc l phn ng reforming c cu to tng t nhau vng phn ng ch c khc
nhau v th tch thit b do c im ca cc giai on phn ng khc nhau v do yu cu
v kt cu. Cc l phn ng u tin c khc bit i cht v kt cu do yu cu np xc
tc ban u v thu gom xc tc.

Hnh 4: Cu to bn trong l phn ng reforming

L phn ng reforming l bnh hnh tr, gia l ng trung tm thu hi dng sn
phm sau phn ng. St v ngoi ca l phn ng l khe vn chuyn, phn phi nguyn
liu i vo vng phn ng. gia ng trung tm v khe phn phi nguyn liu l lp
m xc tc chuyn ng lin tc ng thi l vng din ra phn ng khi nguyn liu
12

tip xc vi xc tc.
Trong l phn ng xc tc di chuyn t trn xung pha di l phn ng nh trng
lc, cn nguyn liu chuyn ng vung gc (hoc cho) vi dng xc tc. Hn hp
nguyn liu v sn phm phn ng c thu v ng trung tm ri a ra ngoi gia nhit
b sung ri a vo l phn ng k tip.

Hnh 5: Cc loi thit b phn ng: dc trc v xuyn tm

13

Hnh 6:Thit b phn ng xuyn tm

14

Hnh 7: u phn phi

15

Hnh 8: V c l

16

Cc loi thit b phn ng

17

18

19

20

21

b.Thit b gia nhit.

Hnh 9: Thit b trao i nhit nguyn liu hn hp/sn phm phn ng (packinox)
Gia nhit cho nguyn liu phn ng gm hai phn: Gia nhit trc khi a vo l
phn ng v gia nhit trung gian gia cc cc l phn ng. y ch cp thit b gia
nhit trc khi a vo l phn ng v cc l gia nhit trung gian c cu trc tng t
nh cc l gia nhit khc c cp cc phn khc ca chng trnh hc. tn
dng nhit ca hn hp phn ng c nhit cao i ra t l phn ng cui cng ( nng
nhit cho hn hp phn ng), mt thit b trao i nhit c lp t thc hin nhim
v ny. Nu s dng cc dng thit b trao i nhit kiu truyn thng (nh ng chm)
th yu cu b mt trao i nhit rt ln v thit b trao i nhit chim gi khng gian
ln nhng hiu sut thu hi nhit khng cao. nng cao hiu sut thu hi nhit nhng

22

vn m bo kch thc thit b khng qu ln mt thit b trao i nhit c bit kiu

tm bn c thit k ring cho mc ch ny.
Hin nay, Nh cung cp bn quyn cng ngh ch yu cho qu trnh reforming ti
sinh xc tc lin tc l UOP (Hoa k) thng a vo s dng thit b gia nhit nguyn
liu hn hp (nguyn liu lng v kh) i cng vi bn quyn cng ngh ( thng c
gi l PACKINOX).
V nguyn tc, PACKINOX l thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn kt cu hn. Ton
b phn tm bn c t trong v hnh tr. S cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca
thit b trao i nhit hn hp ny c m t trong hnh 9.

23

3.1.2 B phn ti sinh xc tc

Hnh 10: S cu to v hot ng b phn ti sinh xc tc

Thit b b phn ti sinh xc tc bao gm cc thit b chnh sau:
- Thp ti sinh
- Bnh cha v kh xc tc sau sy (Lock Hopper)
- Cc thit b ph (bnh tch bi xc tc, cc bnh vn chuyn xc tc)
S cu to v nguyn tc hot ng cc thit b chnh ca b phn ti sinh xc
tc c trnh by trong hnh 10.
a. Thp ti sinh xc tc
Thp ti sinh l thit b trong qu trnh ti sinh chnh ca xc tc din ra: t
24

coke, phn tn kim loi trn xc tc, iu chnh hm lng Clo v sy kh xc tc.
Tng ng vi cc qu trnh ny thp ti sinh xc tc c phn ra cc vng:
- Vng t coke
- Vng oxyclo ha, phn tn kim loi trn xc tc v iu chnh hm lng clo
- Vng sy

Hnh 11: S cu to nguyn l hot ng thp ti sinh xc tc

Trong s cng ngh ca b phn ti sinh xc tc, thp ti sinh xc tc t ngay

sau bnh tch bi xc tc trong thp ny c phn thnh cc vng c chc nng khc
nhau nh m t trn.
S nguyn l cu to v vn hnh thp ti sinh xc tc c m t trong hnh 11.
Khu vc ti sinh xc tc l khu vc cn yu cu v an ton vn hnh rt cao.

25

Cc thng s cng ngh quan trng nht trong vng t coke cn phi c kim
sot m bo cht lng xc tc ti sinh l:
-

Tc tun hon xc tc

Hm lng xy trong vng t coke

Hm lng coke bm trn xc tc

Cc thng s cng ngh ny c mi quan h cht ch v nh hng ln nhau trong

qu trnh vn hnh. Vic kim sot vng t coke din ra rt quan trng, nu qu trnh
t coke xy ra vng oxyclo ho hoc vng sy s gy hu qu xu cho xc tc v thit
b. Trong thc t, nhn vin vn hnh ch iu khin c hai thng s cng ngh ca
vng t coke l: tc tun hon xc tc v hm lng xy trong vng t. Xc tc ra
khi vng t coke phi c hm lng coke khng ln hn 0,2% khi lng.
m bo hiu qu t coke cao th hm lng xy trong vng t coke gi vai
tr quan trng. Hm lng xy trong vng t coke c kim sot bng h thng t
ng (kt hp gia u o hm lng xy v van x kh). Hm lng kh xy thch hp
cho qu trnh t coke vo khong 0,5+0,8%mol. Hm lng xy trong kh t cao s
lm nhit vng t cao gy tc hi xu cho xc tc v thit b. Ngc li, nu hm
lng xy thp th qu trnh t coke din ra chm hn v coke khng c t hon
ton trong vng.
Mc d hm lng coke trn xc tc nh hng ti ch vn hnh ca b phn ti
sinh xc tc nhng thng s ny ph thuc ch yu vo iu kin vn hnh ca b phn
thit b phn ng. Hm lng coke hnh thnh trn b mt xc tc ph thuc vo cc yu
t sau: tc np liu, yu cu tr s octan ca xng, cht lng nguyn liu, tc tun
hon, p sut phn ng v tc tun hon xc tc. Trong khong vn hnh bnh thng
ca thit b hm lng coke bm trn xc tc sau l phn ng khong 3-7% coke.
Nhit ca vng t coke l thng s quan trng biu th hiu qu qu trnh t
coke. Nhit vng t coke ph thuc vo cc yu t: hm lng xy a vo, tc
tun hon xc tc, lng coke v tc kh t. Nhit ti a cho php vng t coke
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vo khong 590 0C. Vng oxyclo ha, phn tn kim loi trn xc tc v iu chnh hm
lng clo.
Nh phn tch trn, trong qu trnh phn ng xc tc b mt mt phn hot tnh
do coke bm, hin tng kt t kim loi trn xc tc v mt hm lng clo.
Vng oxyclo ha c nhim v phn tn li cc tm kim loi trn xc tc b dnh kt
li trong qu trnh phn ng v hiu chnh hm lng clo trong xc tc.
Nh c cc lin kt ny m cc phn t Pt c phn tn ra b mt xc tc vi
kch thc nh hn. Hm lng Clo trong xc tc sau qu trnh ny cng c hiu
chnh ph hp vi yu cu.
Qu trnh phn tn kim loi v hiu chnh hm lng clo trong xc tc tng i
phc tp. C th tm tt s lc qu trnh ny nh sau:

Hnh 12: Cu to nguyn l hot ng vng oxyclo ho v phn tn kim loi kim
loi (Pt) c trn xc tc trc ht b xy ho bng xy c mt trong dng kh to
thnh lin kt sau c clo ho to thnh lin kt gia Pt-O- Cl 2 v hiu chnh
thnh phn clo trong nn xc tc (thnh phn AlCl3)
Tuy nhin, vo cui giai on ny th Platinium kim loi mc d c phn tn
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nh ra trn b mt ht xc tc nhng vn cn gi lin kt vi cc nguyn t clo, v vy,

cn phi tch tip lin kt clo vi Platinium tr v dng kim loi ban u. Cng vic
ny s c thc hin vng kh ngoi thp ti sinh. S cu to v nguyn l hot
ng ca vng oxyclo ho c trnh by trong hnh 12.
Vng sy l mt phn ca thp ti sinh ngay di vng t coke pha trn c dng
hnh cn phn di c dng hnh tr, pha ngoi c thit b gia nhit v b phn b sung
clo.
Nc cng l mt trong nhng tp cht nh hng ti hot tnh ca xc tc, v vy,
xc tc cn phi c sy kh trc khi a tun hon tr li l phn ng. Tc nhn sy
c s dng l khng kh. Khng kh c a t bn ngoi vo vng sy ca thp ti
sinh. Trc khi vo vng sy khng kh c lm kh bng my sy v c gia nhit
tng ng lc qu trnh sy. Khng kh sy v dng xc tc chuyn ng ngc chiu
nhau trong vng sy. Xc tc chuyn ng t trn xung di tc ng ca lc trng
trng, khng kh sy c thi t di ln v c tch ra khi thp ti sinh cui
vng sy ri a sang vng oxyclo ho.
Vng sy cng l mt b phn trong thp ti sinh, c cu to ngoi hnh tr bn
trong phn thnh hai ngn. Ngn cha v phn phi khng kh sy v ngn cha xc
tc chuyn ng t vng trn xung. Ngn cha xc tc pha trn c dng hnh cn pha
di l mt tr trn. Ngn cha kh sy gm hai vng: vng cha kh trc khi sy v
kh sau khi sy. Ngn cha khng kh sy c hai ca, mt ca dn ti vng oxyclo ho,
mt ca khc c ni van x ra ngoi mi trng khng kh trong trng hp cn thit
nhm iu chnh p sut trong thit b v lu lng kh chuyn sang vng oxyclo ho .
S nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca vng sy c trnh by trong hnh v
13.

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Hnh 13: Cu to nguyn l hot ng vng sy xc tc

b. Bnh cha v kh xc tc sau sy (Lock Hopper)
tr Platinium kim loi trn xc tc v trng thi ban u th cn phi tin hnh
kh lin kt gia kim loi v clo. kh lin kt ny, trong thc t, ngi ta s dng kh
hydro sn c trong phn xng reforming. Kh hydro tham gia phn ng to ra HCl v
H2O tr platinium v dng kim loi t do trn nn ht xc tc.
Vng kh kim loi c thc hin phn trn ca bnh cha v kh xc tc sau sy
(Lock Hopper). V mt kt cu, bnh cha ny c th t ngay di thp ti sinh (theo
thit k c) hoc b tr ngay trn nh ca thit b phn ng (theo thit k mi). S
nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca vng kh c trnh by trong hnh v 14. Vng kh
kim loi trn xc tc l tr trn v kp chia vng kh thnh hai khoang: khoang cha v
phn phi kh (kh giu Hydro), khoang cha xc tc. Pha bn ngoi c lp t mt thit
b gia nhit kh trc khi i vo vng kh. Trong vng kh, xc tc chy t pha trn
xung nh tc dng ca lc trng trng v chnh lch p sut, kh c i t pha di
29

ln, sau khi ra khi vng kh kh c tch ra khi thit b v chuyn ti thit b thu hi.
Xc tc i qua vng kh c khi phc hot tnh v c chuyn tng m quay tr
li thit b phn ng. Tc tun hon xc tc ph thuc vo ch hot ng ca l
phn ng, tnh cht nguyn liu, loi xc tc v yu cu cht lng sn phm. Xc tc
sau khi ti sinh s c chuyn vo bnh cha v vn chuyn xc tc c cu to c bit
(Lift Engager). ng lc ca qu trnh vn chuyn xc tc t thit b ti sinh sang thit b
phn ng l kh hydro c p sut cao.

Hnh 14: Cu to nguyn l hot ng vng kh xc tc

c. H thng cch ly
H thng cch ly c nhim v cch ly mi trng ca thp ti sinh vi mi trng
ca cc vng khc trong khu vc ti sinh xc tc. Nguyn nhn cn phi cch ly mi
trng ca thp ti sinh vi cc vng khc l mi trng ca thp ti sinh cha kh xy
trong khi cc vng cn li ca b phn ti sinh li cha hydro hoc hydrocacbon. Nu
cc mi trng ny tip xc vi nhau s to ra mt nguy ln cho vic hnh thnh hn
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hp gy chy n m hu qu kh lng ht c. thc hin c mc tiu c lp

vng thp ti sinh xc tc, ngi ta s dng kh tr (Nit) p sut cao v h thng van
iu khin to ra mt vng m ngn chn kh nng thm nhp ln vo nhau ca cc
mi trng trong b phn ti sinh.
Trong b phn ti sinh c hai khu vc cn phi c cch ly:
- Vng gia thp ti sinh (Regeneration Tower) v bnh tch bi xc tc
(Disangaging Hopper)
- Vng gia thp ti sinh (Regeneration Tower) v vng kh (Reduction Zone) ca
bnh cha v kh xc tc (Lock Hopper)

3.1.3 B phn phn tch v thit b n nh ( Stabilizer)

Hnh 15:UOP CCR Platforming process

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Phn lng t thit b tch c a vo thit b n nh sn phm, ti cc hydrocacbon

nh d bay hi c tch khi sn phm lng c tr s octan cao. Thp n nh thc cht
l mt thp chng, ti y, sn phm lng c phn chia thnh hydrocacbon nh phn
nh (LPG) v Reformate n nh y thp. Sn phm LPG tng i sch c th
chuyn thng b cha sn phm LPG hn hp hoc ti b phn thu hi x l kh tch
ring bit C3, C4 (ty theo tng thit k c th). Thp chng ct c duy tr di p sut
thch hp m bo s hot ng n nh ca thp (m bo lng sn phm nh
ngng t ln cho qu trnh hi lu).
C th: + Thp ny c un si y thp bng hi hoc du nng. Phn hi trn nh
ca thp n nh ny bao gm cc cu t hydrocacbon nh t nguyn liu ca thp, c
lm mt bng khng kh hoc nc ri a vo bnh ngng, sau li c a tr li
thp n nh. Phn lng c bm t b phn thu nh bm hi lu ca thp n nh. Tt
c cc phn lng t phn nh ca thit b n nh c hi lu vo thp ti a s 1. Sn
phm y c a n kho lu tr khi c lm lnh sau khi ra khi y thp n
nh.
3.2 Cc thit b ph trong dy chuyn cng ngh
3.2.1 Thit b phn tch lng-hi

Thit b ny c nhim v phn tch lng hi sau khi ngng t nguyn liu vo. Hot
ng ca thit b da vo trng lc, cht lng c khi lng ring ln hn lng xung
y thit b, hi nh hn i ln trn.

Hnh 16:Thit b phn tch lng hi

Cu to ca thit tch gm 4 phn c bn sau. u vo A, c tc dng gim tc dng
chy, phn tch s b lng hi. Phn tch kh B c thit k dng trng lc tch
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cc git lng b li cun theo. N l vng khng gian trng m kh di chuyn vi vn tc

thp, trong thit b nm ngang, cn lp thm cc cnh qut thng gim s ri lon v
chiu di ca thit b. Vng tch lng C c nhim v thu hi cc git lng ri xung,
ng thi cung cp thi gian lu ln tch hi. Phn tch sng D s dng cc tm
li, h thng cnh qut hoc cc cyclone. N c tc dng loi b nhng ht lng c kch
thc nh, c th n 3 micromet.
3.2.2 Thit b trao i nhit ng chm

Thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm da trn nguyn l trao i nhit gin
tip gia hai lu th chuyn ng bn trong v bn ngoi ng trao i nhit.
tng cng hiu qu trao i nhit, ngi ta to ra chiu chuyn ng ca lu
th trong v ngoi ng theo phng vung gc hoc cho dng. phn phi lu th
trong v ngoi ng ngi ta to ra hai khoang phn phi lu cht trong v ngoi ng
khc nhau.Lu cht chy ngoi ng c cha trong v tr (Shell) cn lu cht chy
trong lng ng c cha khoang u v trong lng ng. Ton b b ng c t trong
v tr.

Hnh 17: Thit b trao i nhit ng chm

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Kt lun
Vi ti "Tm hiu thit b phn xng Reforming xc tc ", c s gip
n cn ca thy hng dn TS.o Quc Ty nhm em hon thnh tiu lun ng
hn. Thng qua tiu lun ny chng em hiu v nguyn liu, cng ngh v c bit l
thit b ca qu trnh reforming xc tc v rt ra mt s nhn xt sau:
- Reforming xc tc l mt qu trnh phc tp gm nhiu phn ng khc nhau nh
phn ng dehydro ho, hydrocracking, izome ho, alkyl ho , phn ng to cc... Trong
phn ng quan trng nht l phn ng dehydro ho naphten thnh aromatic. Qu trnh
nhm mc ch thu xng c tr s octan cao v cc sn phm ph khc nh BTX lm
nguyn liu cho ngnh tng hp hu c ho du, ngoi ra thu c mt lng ln hydro
cung cp cho ngnh cng nghip khc vi gi thnh r nht.
- Xc tc ca qu trnh reforming l xc tc a chc nng. Chc nng oxi ho - kh,
xc tc cho phn dehydro ho, nh trung tm kim loi Pt v chc nng Axit - Baz, thc
y phn ng izome ho nh tm axit Al2O3.
- Nguyn liu s dng tt nht l xng chng ct trc tip c hm lng naphten cao,
thu c xng c tr s octan cao ta s dng phn on c nhit si t 85 oC n
180oC, cn thu c BTX th ta s dng phn on c nhit si hp hn t 62 oC
n 140oC.
-Cc thit b chnh trong qu trnh bao gm b phn thit b phn ng,b phn ti
sinh xc tc,b phn phn tch v thit b n nh.
Tuy nhin do cn nhiu hn ch v thi gian cng nh kin thc, m chng em cha
th tm hiu su hn v qu trnh ny, nn khng trnh khi nhng sai st. Chng em
knh mong nhn c s nh gi, nhn xt ca thy nhn ra nhng sai st, hn ch
ny t rt ra kinh nghim cho bn thn, v t kt qu tt hn.
Nhm chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

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Ti liu tham kho

TI LIU THAM KHO
1. PGS.TS.L Vn Hiu. Cng ngh ch bin du m. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut,
H Ni-2001.
2. inh Th Ng, Nguyn Khnh Diu Hng. Ha hc du m v kh. Nh xut bn kha
hc v k thut, H Ni-2014.
3. James H. Gary, Glenn E. Handwerk - Petroleum Refining Technology and Economy,
Markcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 2001.
4. Handbook of Petroleum Refining Processes, Robert A. Meyers, Ph.D, Mc Graw-Hill
Book Companies, Inc, 1986.

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