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Raaya Vaachakamu
(with Maps, Photos, Footnotes)
Viswanatha Nayanayyavaari Sthaanaapathi
Editor : Modugula Ravi Krishna
Cover Page : Rayana Giridhar Gowd
Title Design : A. Giridhar
DTP & Layout : Lakshmi Prasanna Graphics
Guntur - 98660 16690
Printing : Sri Sri Printers, Vijayawada
94906 34849
Copies : 1000
First Published : July, 2013
Published by : Mitramandali Prachuranalu, Guntur.

Price : Rs. 120/Sole Distributors :

Creative Links Publications
098480 65658
For Copies :
1.

M. Ravi Krishna
# 26-19-10, '0' lane, Main Road,
A.T. Agraharam, Guntur - 522 004.
09440 320 530

2.

Navodaya Book House

Kachiguda, Hyderabad.

3.

All Main Book Centres

4.

For online Edition : www.kinige.com

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#TTH&T (|`83).
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16

V< >~. sjT\T yX|sT&H, #H|sT& d+> <s

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djT+> y[ |ue+ m e+T+< \TdT >q sjT\T H nbJ
>T&s y&T (| `119).
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eT jTqqT s|+ jTq s+ jTqd sjT\T MTsT yTeTT
deq+ <, eT<] u<+ q<? n m+ seT+> >| eTqdT
weT+ rsT e{&&! (| `124).
wsjT\T suseT+ eTsdT MT<, +*CH &bsTyT+T
MT<, n~s>D+MT< $&|{ }sT=Hy&T <, dt# #dy&,
keT<q bj\ m>H nqT=q | Hsy s T =H due+ \y&,
XTeH ds |ssE\qT, y] eTqTw\qT eTs<> ##y&, m|&T
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s s s s s s

|{ sjTy#+ \T>T H *d 5 ksT |#T]eTsTT+~.

1. jT+ seTjT>sT +<kV |]wY | <syV>
1914 |#T]+#sT.
2. ys 1933 >+<s|+ +< kV |]wY y] 33e
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ysT |#T]+#sT.

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17

$ Tidings of the KING (A Translation and Ethnohistorical analysis of the Rayavachakamu) |sT University of Hawai Press, Honalulu
ysT 1993 |#T]+#sT. s#sTT Philip B. Wagoner.
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d]#dq< yTq|{ eT\+ wsjT n q~. n eT\+
qT se+HjTT\T>sT n<C| L& |s=HsT.
qT d.|. uH n&$Ty] |L& sjTy#+ | |
jT<< n#TLsT <T.
+>+ H nqud uw ne+ e\q y>qsY >] +> >+<+
$Xc\qT k\+> \TdTbjqT.
|dT |#TsD |P]> jT+ seTjT>] 1933e d+es|
|]wsDqT nqTd]+q~. HqT #dq esT\T e\+ $seT V\H.
jT+ seTjT>] H me |k|t\T, e\T +#qT. kH|
e\ T d+uw+q <q + q&b&T qT d+uwD\T q# =fwH
esT\T +#qT. +$T+q esT\T e. 1914 |]wY |
|#T ]+#|&T <=]q n#T| \qT |d s |+ eq|&T seTjT>s
de]+#sT.

sjTy#eTT

18

Te+{ eTT<D\H | |T\ q bs+ mTe+{

esT\T +& q~ qT |#T]yTH |]X<\ eTTK+>
uc|]X<\ m+ |jTT+.
s s s s s s

y\ e#q+ m&H& H, n~ >+~ e#q+. < kLk

yeV] |<s b\T +& >+~ e#q+. |P] yeV]+ eq yTT<{
e#q s#q sjTy#+.
H{ |\ sjTdT\T, |\T, |< +< |j >\ sjTy#+
>=| s >+<+. sjTy#+ #|q |syT V+| sjT&,
de#seT+ eT<Ts yTq~. #]sT\ |s+ b+&HjT
sE\ Ldw nsTT eT<TsH sjT&+~. m& sjT&H |{
\T>T b+\ d ~>Te> <D b+\ y&T q \T>T e#q+
~. sd+~ $T b++HH, q& b++HH (V+| q& b++
n+f >T #+<XKss& >] e+{ e]w $TT\T |&sT. |{ sc\
d]V<T\ \T #&+&. b+eT+ |&T \T>T b+yT n
k\ #TsT) uc |<\T |<> q&e. V>Z&\T, k],
VCseTT ` eT& H *dq+es q& |<\T. nD>sT, d++,
|[=+&, q+_, k|& $T |<\T. q&, $T b+| e\ |sT
= q|&TTHsTT nB nqTeqyT. eTsdT \T>Ty& n+<]
\TdT. nsdT nH q& |<+ #]+~. sjTy#+ m \T>T|sT
q&, $T yw+ ydT=Hj!
y\ esq q&TTq XjT T&, XjT +&, $#jTT&, q&|+ #T&,
q&e+& e+{ j|<\ +>eTTy+&T, seT\y+&T y+&T
+& $T |ue+ =eqT \TdT+~. Te+{ |<|j>\e\q
sjTy#+ eT<TsH sjT&+< nqT=H neX+ +~. kH|
sjTd+kH eT<Ts HjT\# |+|&q n&y& (@ b+rjTT&H
euw \T>T nH~ ) +&e#TqT < nH d+<V+ eTq eTT+<T
edT+~. sjTy#+ $ks+> bsouc |<\T HsTT. |{
yeV] \T>T +> |<\T m *dbjj kH| \T>T e#q+

sjTy#eTT

19

n bso uc|<\T $T[yT +&+ >eTkeTT. |<\ ns\T

\TdTe& \DYse |+ > >sT d+]+q s ` \T>T |T +Te
(myTk |#TsD ` 2010) m+>H &&+~.
s s s s s s

1889`90 +& j T { s +& e d + e s + \ T> T y# +

sjTy#+ u>+ bs+X+> +&~. dq, >Ts\T, @qT>T\
#| < sjT\T d>V +#d |[ =+& s+>H<k $T >T& y[ |&T =q
|T + n~. +&jT { \T>T dT ksY |[ =+& n+f q>T e+{~
n ns+ #bsT. s> >~ $<] ` q&q |
#<e& |jTdTq y&=&T ` \& <qT=+{qT ksY, n~
s+>H<k$T d++~+q e. n+ =+&, >T <T n #b&T.
ksY $<] n+f # n_eq+. n+<T >V+ |<]+#<T.
# |<\T +{$ e#sTT <. <=fH |? $T>e sH?
n n&>sT. y{ d+> *jT<H&T, $<]. < *d+~ nHsT
b<jTT&T. ls+> #] |d+ e sTT+{ +~. ls+>+
s+>H<TD |[=+& s+>H<T&T n+{s |d+ +~ nH&T
$<]. n> n >TsTe $T> $<sT\ M&T #|+~ b, b
|q |&<+. dT #b&, < yT#T=+<+ nHsT. $<]
dTH n e{&>\&T. n+{ #qTe yTT<{ d+es+
d>|&|{ >TsTe>sT #sT. eT $<] sjTy#+ |d+ H
<>Zs +~. +{ |<\T # HsTT. rdT[ #~$ y+{ ns\T
\TdT nHsT. $<] \ePb&T. n e{&+ |y n
*q + |d n& rdTbj&T.
>TsTe>sT u| kwH $*jT+Y pjTsY X\
\T>T u~+# &$& XeT >sT. $<] mes MT |+>
#|<eTT+~. 1990 sTy sjTy#+ C* HqT, HC* nB s<T.
2008 qT+& n&b<&b #<e&+ yTT<{qT. |Ps eTT<D\
sjTy#+ ns\T #|e\dq |<\T n+{ #|be&+, ns\T
#| qy{ V>&Z \ T n+f eT+kqT\T n, sTT n+f eg $Xwe T,

sjTy#eTT
20
du, eTdu n+f \q s =&T>Tq +& du\,
ke\T n+f |C|<T\T n ns sjT+ d]> be&+ e\q,
sjTy#+ eq |D \ $es\T HeTe+> L& ebe&+#
$T< esT\ # $q+, q+ yTs |#T sD |P eV+|#X sTT.
n<C|\T +& = |<\ n& +&sD+ ns\T #qT.
| `61 +&sD+ q w\T jT+ seTjT>sT +q<.
sjTy#+ e# |<\qT eqT\T eT+&* T< |k<>sT #| qT #]
e+&*+>H u$+#*.
s s s s s s

|d |#TsD eTs |sD l u$T&\ lweT]>sT. y]

H |]#jT + nsTTq = y] kV+ n+f w+ u\T nqT=HyD.
|]#jT+ |]> *d+~ y] nd\T sTTweT+ #]MT<. e
d+uwD\ d+ |~ |~VqTksT sjTy#+ |d n+<T
= |<\ $esD n&>sT. { s+&T |<\ $T+ yT
ebjqT. < sjTy#+| d eT]+ |] s|+
se& <V<|&+~.
+<T #| q $esD\ s >+<\ |sT ebe&+ |eT
H \TdT. HqT >& m|&| & $$< d+<s\ H{ sdTH|&T
ne>Vq |+ s >+<\ |sT sdTbe&+ b sD+.
= |<\ |T+Te kVjT+ \_++~.
HqT |]X<D qT. #]yqT qT. @$TjT *jTy&e
<! @~j *dqT |syTXs * ||+#H s+>eT+~T
sTT&T #T+{y? } |#T= =T He+{ y&T >..........
n bqT>+{y] +|\Xd >=+T mesH nqu +< #|q
ef eTs #|e\d edT+~ lw<esjT\MT< s n.
|#TsD $esD\ nd+< +< n|+H, |
n|+H, $esD #| |<\ >T]+ *dH dV<jT bs\T <jT#d
bH <s < s+ <s *jT|s#>\s b]dTHqT. |d eT*
eTT<D eT]+ sTw+> se& MT dVs+ sTTHqT.

sjTy#eTT
21
Te+{ |d+ b{\T +#e# n d+<V+ eH,
nqedsyTq # + eT]+ u>T+T+< b{\T #sqT. H>qV[
b{\T nH>=+~ yd l &yT neTsH<es, V+| $X$<\jT+
#sT\T l #\TesE>] #\Te e\q deTLssTT. y] <qy<\T.
$<sD, lw< e sjT\ j |{\qT y>q sY >] +> >+<+ <s+>
jsT #XqT.
jT+ seTjT>] |#TsD (1933) y] dTBs |], wk$T
njT+>] | |]#jT+ HsTT. n$ +>++f \T>T +f
|jTT+> +T+< u$+ #s H>sTq $X$<\jT+ $X+
]ksY, kVry sy\ k+ese>] s> #{ nqTy<+
n+~+#sT. y] <qy<\T.
nse+yTq eTTK+, eTTK+> V+| eT+&|+e< T+>u<
&Tq Ls= $XH<H jTqjTy] |+|& sjTy#+ sdTq kH|
}V+ #d sTTq sjTq ]<sY>& >] <qy<\T.
|seTs >+<\ $wjT+ H nqeTjT >+<\jT+ (\+
ls+>HjTeT k]) =+>T|&, eTT+{ eT<qTe, |s{ \eTT,
eT\<qeTT e+{~. nqeTjT M~ nqeTjT <qeq+ q
nqeTjT >+<\jT+ sTeT\ sT| <ekq+y] #jT
kVr|bdT\, |]X<HsT\ #*y+<+ uTq~.
$TeT+&*y] H\Ze |#TsD sjTy#+ lw<esjT\ 19e
s+ ysdT&T sC sM{ lw<esjT\T, uc|$T\T n~s
ucd+|T + n< \T l eT+&* T< |k<, $X$<\jT ksTT =*k]>
\T>T b\q ls+ #T{q #s H>sTq $X$<\jT+ |\|
#s <{ $jTHse >] deT+, lw<esjT\ s<<e+
l y+fXsk$T \jT+, k$T |seTu&q nqeTjT |sT
q y~| $<] HjT&T dZjT |\b{ seTw m+&yT+{
seT+ $wsD s>u e+ (13`07`2013) d+ws y T q $wjT +.
l $jT, Cw VQ <X$T
02`06`2013
s$w
>T+sT.

sjTy#eTT

22

eTT+<Te

\T>T y~ sjTy#eTTqT sTb+> |#T]+# d+<s+

qqT < eTT+<Te yjTeT H $TT&T jT+ seTjT |+T\T>sT
<jT s> HqT q+<+> n+^]+#qT. +<k V|]wY y] |
|#TsDs+ y| seTjT |+T\T>s djT+> X~+ y*rXsT.
|#TsD e\+ < q\T. sTb d++~+q ks+X+,
d+| nqTy<+ H |]X< $<] m.s+>k$T dsd , _.@. deTLssT.
ksdt |t $jTq>s Vw nH |]X<q d++~+q |<+
s+>k$T m|>|d T > |#dT H sT. |s >q $jTq>s #e] w< e
sjT\ |]b\q #]+X\| y\T>T\T y< s#q |#TsD
nsyTq<.
s#q ks+X+ n+ $XH<HjT $jTq>s+ q
kH| n+<Cdq y~ n #|y*. VQX $XH< HjT&T
eT<Ts #+~q $XH<HjT& njTT+&=#T. nsTT $wjT+
y~ m& d#qbjT+> nsTTH #|<T. Te+{ kH|T\qT
nHe T+~ eTTKT\T, keT+T\T $jTq>s+ jT$T+#ysT. n< $<+ >
$jTq>s sE\ d++~+q |<T \T VeT dTqT\, [+>sE\
kH L& e+&y. eTq s#q<sH < sD+ \_dT+~.
$jTq>s #+~ [+>s+ kH|> $<T\T sV+q ysT
eT\HujT. jT s kH| nHy. @< d+kH #+~
$j T q> s k q + eq | ~ (eTV sh d + k H
#+~qy&jTT+&e#T) sdq y~ seTsjT UsY =+u> HqT
nqTe~+ 1925 |PH ]q Vc] ]sY $TwH y] d<dT
deT]+#qT.

sjTy#eTT
23
s#q w<esjT\T |{_w&q deTjT+ $jTq>s+
]q d+>T\T, |eT =~ d+es $Xc\T y~+#+ ]+~.
~ m|&T yjT+ ]+<H $wjT+ >TZ<+<T m& s#H
d++~+q <K\T e. nsTT s#H+X\qT { n~ m|&T yjT+
]+<H $wj +> }V+#e#T. s#q |Pss+ #|q
|s+ $jTq>s s|H nsyj
T sT y B yjT+ ]+~.
nsTT <Ts<weXT nTe+{ ndw |qe\ s#H >
* #b\+f sd + >& jTT<+ qT+& ju < nsyj
T yq s>*
e+T+~. nsTT B n~ njTT+&+<T M\T<T. s#q n+X\T
w< e sjT\ [+> <+&j eTT+|, ] jTq <D <X se+,
eT ke+ >T+& He] es y +, ] sC< #sT e{
|f deTj |]>Dq rdT+f ed+ |< =+#+ me>
e+T+~. |> @ jTT<+ e\q L& $jTq>s ke+ , $jTq>s
|D+ <+d+ <T. .X.1567q $jTq>s |D+ ##<s
< dsY |&] |q e\ *jTedT+~.
VQX n~ sTy @sT #dTq s< |qT>=+& $wjT+
njTT+&e#T. < < +d+ #jT + ]+~. < b\&T ls+>sjT\T
+B nj&T. n~ |<VseX_ m$T<e <X+ bs+u d+es\T
e#T. n++f B\T eTq+ w<esjT\ sT| d+<sq
deTj d++~+ \_ksTT. n|&T jTq s<X ~jTj
eTT+#T= e <e<jT \T \T|H&T. n|&T jTq
<e e q~, q us*sTe]$ eT $>V\T jsT #sTT+
deT]+#&T. n~ ]q H{ B leTTKHeT d+es XjTTX< <<.
jT.&.k$TDT \ |s+ n~ .X. 1513 nsT 12e ~.
w<esjT\ <+&j\ eTT+| deTjT+>, yqTy+H >
< =~ d+es\ sTy> s#q #jT+ ]+<H< sTT~
d#q> \Tee#T. Te+{ bsbT <=s+ dVyT nqT+f
s#q ses$T 1520 H{~ e#T. n nsTTqsTT y~s|+ eq
eT\s#q |sTTdt #] s#q deT*eTeT+~. @ |sY>fH m+|sY
(d |< <syTq ke+) nH dy >+<+ s+&T #]
yk n~ q~. w<esjT\ b\q |T{\ esTdeT+

sjTy#eTT
24
yjT+ ]+~ > y{ \sj | e# $<+> B\ e
deTLs<T. n> deTqT\T #|H rsT> |T{\qT $|\+>
e]+ #|+B <T. Te+{ y~ n+> $es\T+&qeds+ <H
< k> rdT y~ $wj $Tq+~. |<q |T{\qT
esTdeT+ sTTd n+<T <] rdq |]dT* $e]+ #|+ ]+~.
#] nd+<s+ e+ =\+#e\dq+{ eTTKyTq~
+<T +~. n~ +& sTy w<esjT\T sb\q se+
]+<H~ (jT+ seTjT |+T\T>sT |y |s=q |s+
bsbT <=]+~ es <s{ e+). |> w<esjT k<sT
|keq H<T. ydy nH w<esjT\ eTT+<T |]b*++~.
n sTyH w<esjT\ sC~s+ \_++~. <= yTq
<y> dTq~. ydy y~ $jTq>s+ qT+& |+|T
e+{~. VQX < ## neX+ w<esjT\ , n |]H
e+& e+&b e#TqT. nsTTH y\T>T#&e\d e+& d]>Z y\T>T#&
n+X\| b+<T|sq $\Tyq $es\T y\T>T\T y<sTT. nTe+{
<+\T n|{ $jTq>s+ u> |#s+ e+& e+{sTT. y~
y{ d]>H b+<T|]+~ nH+<T sD+ Xu++ es
<s{ wsjT $jTeTT nH y s+#+, < L& eT\+
sT y~ e+.
s#q y&q uw |\ *dq \T>Tuw. = e n~
$T b+| \T>T> dT+~. VQX sT kH| $T b+
yd+> #dT=q \T>Ty&y. ~ dyUq s#q njTT+f B $\Te
sTTqTeT&+ e+&~ +essTTH | #|{ d|T\T e#T. @~
@eTsTTH #] eTTKyTq jTT> de#s n+~+# n<q|
|+> k>+#e#T. sTb+> r]~~q rsTL& |jqs+>
e+& neX+ e+~.
10 E 1933
l|<+,
yT|PsT, eT<dT.

mdt. wk$T njT+>sY

+>+ q eT\s#qqT sy\ k+ese>sT +#sT.

sjTy#eTT

25

|y
w<esjT\ b\H #] sTT+ |PsyT +< kV
|]wT| (eT&e d+|{) |#T]+#+ ]+~. #] |]X<q
\eTTq\jT y]d+ < >+<s|+ sTT|&T |qsT~dTH+.
mH d+es\ |Ps+ |<T \_+q s+&T | y|T\
<s+> >+< Ls+ ]+~. | >+<\qT H&
|]wT >+<\jT+ u<|s#+ ]+~. ses$T .X.16e X_
eT<\+ $T \ ed+# \T>TysT e{&TH uw sTT~
ydqT> e+~. X* $wjT+>, uw $wjT+> sTT~ sTweT
#|C\+. n&& ndw L& #T #dTq~. ue dw +&H
= |sj\T |]#<\T, u>\T < sTT+={ #=#TbsTT
\>|\>yTbjsTT. dqs nd\T $seT V\ d Veqf
|+#<T.
es <s{ dq wsjT $jTeTT nH \|TTe+ L&
#] n+X\ <s+>H Ls+ ]+~. s +&+{ #~$q ysesH
+<T e sD+ e#q #] <s+> ]+<H sj s
|<T. e+ |Ps| y~ #|q <H edT|s+>H > kV
uee s D $wjT +q me>H nqTd]+qT> e+~. nsTT es
<s{ e+H bsbT <=]+~. n+<T w<esjT\T jTq
eTT+<T sb\q >$+q Msqsd+ VsjT esT> |s=q+ ]+~.
ydy w<esjT\T Msqsd+VsjT eTT&T. $wjT+
sjTy#eTT $Tq+~. $wjT+ m& dw+ #jTe\d e+< n&
= e\T +#+<T . nsTT eTs eq w< e sjT\T q eTT+<T
b\q >$+q ysT XsHjTT&T, qsd+VHjTT&T, Msqsd+VsjT\T
n #|+ ]+~.

sjTy#eTT

26

>+<+ $jTq>s sCkH #+~q kH| eTVeT+&XsT

&sTTq o$XH< HjTqjT deT]+q y~ ks+X+> dTq~.
o$XH< HjTqjT mes <T, eT<T sH* q HjTsE\ |<e TT&T
$XH<HjT&q d+<V+> #|e#TqT. eT]= <H\ |s+
jTq eT<Ts HjT&sTT+~ n#T <esjT\ b\H \+ n.
+= <H\ |s+ nsTT n~ ]+~ w<esjT\ b\H\|
e] d+es n. eTq |dT neds\ s+&T \ eT<
ed+ |<> < u$+#e#T. y~ eTT+<T eq |<\
yTT<{< #|q |s+ >+<s w<esjT\ b\H \+
dV<jTT\T y\&+q n+X\H d]>Z n< $<+> #|+ ]+<HsT.
ydy w<esjT |{_w+ bs+uyT [+>sE|
<+&+ eTT>TdT+~. eTT+| y\ <s eTq *jTe#<eT+f
n|{ |uTe sTT+ J$+# eH& sTy ]> d+|Tq* n$
]q|&T $q$+# $wjTyT jTq y>q+ #jT+ ]+< nsTT
|\X |s+ >+<+ qkeq+ #<TeH+<T ssTT+|&+<H.
=*|<+ d+# |s+ #] k~s y~ s|+ eH
sK+&> deTqyTq ~< n$ d+|T q\T ]q =+, VQX
eT me \+ >&eeTT+< yjT+ ] e+&e#T. n~ H{
d+|<j nqTd]+ yjT+ ]+~. = e bsT^dT s#s TT\T
|sTTdt, qC\ <H\ nqT>TD+> ydqT s& neTq~. (
<H\qT eTq+ sY. dy s+q m |sY>fH m+|sY >+<
nqT+<\T> #&e#T)
b\H #] Msqsd+ VsjT deT* d++~+q< d#q
bjT+> #| + ]+~ > <e\ q>& @ |j q+ s s \T>
$jTq>s |D @sT $wjT+ #|H <H\qT sE |+#>
|+ue dsd nsTTq &+&eTT&T de<q+ #|qT> |s=q&+~.
<H nqTd]+ q>s sD+ $<sD TTw# |ueHeT d+es+
nq> d ] j T > T X d + e s + 1127 ]+~. n| & T <
$<q>seTHsT. nsTT |q |s=q d+es e+ eTq+ d

sjTy#eTT

27

|#e\d+<. $<sDT\ysT =* V]VssjT\T, =* TsjT\ \+

ed+qy&T. k<sT *sTesT, y] +<T e\T eT]=+<sT *d eT&>
= >e\qT X+>] eTs <q+ #XsT. n~ b]e HeTd+es+
n+f X d+es+ 1268 (m|>|j s{, X+>] b+| &sT
eT+& d++~+q~ #&+&) n|{ X+>] eTs~| $<rsT\T>
eeV]+|& usrrsT\ T. $<rsT\ T, $<sDT < >TsTeH $wjT +
eTq $<sDT s#q\e\ *jTedTq~. b\H #] q>s d+k|q
$wjTyT |s=q&q d+es+ <<|> X_ eTT+<T ]|qT
neT+~. |&T \eHqqTd]+# w<esjT\T |{_w&jT
H{ q>s+ ]+|& eT&T e+<\ jT+&sTT+<, < n|{ sy
=$T~ eT+~ d+Vdq+ MT~ qT+& |]b*+#s |s=q+ ]+~.
nsTT ydy q>s sD+ ] n|{ 160 d+es\ $T+#< T .
ee~ < 15 eT+~ $T+ sE\T |]b*++B <T.
nq#q+> $jTq>s k|q >T]+ #|& $wj\ ks+X
qC | s|+ n+~d #|q |s+ |uTe $<q>s+ nH
|sTqT q>s+ sD bV+q >TsTe|sT dT]+# $<+> |&
\eT+ H{ H{ & n|u+XyT $jTq>s+> esT #+~+~.
XdH\ |]o\q e\q eTq *jTe#<eT+f, =\T
$<q>s+, $jTq>s+ nH |sT $#DsV+> y&& es
$jTq>s+ ds b+~+~.
ydy y~ w<esjT\ |{_w esq bs+u
eTeT+~. <H d+# bs+u |]#<+ nd+|Ps+> eq|{
sE eTsD+#eTT+<T seTT~ >\ +>s eT+ n|+ q
eTsDq+s+ w< e sjT\TqT |{_w D #jT e\d+~> s+ ]+~.
qC <q+ ysT> e+~. Msqsd+V sjT ] yTqsY> eq q
qjTTD sEqT #j\. B nqT>TD+>H sE w<esjT\ qT>T&T
|+#eT ke eTsTdTqT <+#&T. $<+> nD d+Vdq+
m\qTH + qT+& <s+ #j\qTH&T. nsTT eTsTdT sE
yT qT>T&T #|{ d+| #+<T #d sE eTsD+q y+H

sjTy#eTT

28

w<esjT\TqT sEqT #X&T. | <+\ < TTEe\T q+<Te\

eTq+ e\+ w<esjT\T q k<sT&T Msqsd+VsjT\ nq+s+
syT&q q>d n+^]+#e\d e+T+~.
d+VdHs&T &T >H w< e sjT\T q eT+T\ qT+& sb\H
|<T\qT >] mH $wj\T n& \TdTH&T. eT+ esZ
nbJ n |\Te& ke eTsdT |< (= e s+&T |sT
yssT e\$ nsTTqT> #|&H n$ e #+~q |sT>H eTq+
d+<V+> d]+#e#T). sjTy#+ dqs $<yTq b<+
b\H|< T \ d++~+q =* d\qT |<&+su] +> n+~+#qH
ueq * e+&e#T> ydy n+<T # u>+ < d++~++~
H<T. w<esjT\T |{_w&q H{qT+& @ss#T=q @ \+
eTqT+& eTVeTBjTT\T q eT su>\qT, [+>sE [+q
su>\qT ] e d+ #dT e+ m> nH. eT*> keC k|+ q
ke qsd+> sjT\T \ + ~X> |jT+#+ ]+~ > qT
~X> d| T&T eTT+< qT eTk&T. kyuT <jT + (3, 4 Xk\T)
|s+ qsd+>sjT\T >{> jTT<+ #d >|T\ qT+& <jT] qT
#+#T=H&T (ksdt |t $jTq>s Vw #&+&). qsd+ >sjT\T,
>| eT< jTT<+ ] e+&e#T nsTT n+<T $jT+ k~+qT>
#| &q $wjT + yde <syT H nsTT+&* < d\\+ n ys\
ejTeTjTT+&*. m+<T+f ] w<esjT\T qT
kBq|s#Te\d e+~. qsd+>sjT\T q sTy ><HysT $~>
z eT&T * eTT&+#e\d e+< n$ q nekq <X q m<TsT
*#jT y{ H djT+> sTT+# deTjT+ q < y{
{ sjT#sT, s+&e~ eTT~>\T < eTT<> |s=H&T. ydy
ke qsd+>sjT\ b\H |PsyT >+&, ;C|PsT,
nVeT<q>sY b\\T T+>u<, cq<T\ eT< b+ $T+#>,
sT rs+ <jT] es >\ b++ >|T\ Vd>eTsTT+~.
Te s| =* d<TZD d+|qT&q |uTe> HqT u$+#
Msqsd+VsjT\T kyTq sT>TuqT nDyd+<T q deTj,
XjTT* y+#e\d e+~. qT s e# mq& TjT\T

sjTy#eTT

29

>$+q |&T >TbTqT d]~<e \dq us+ w< e sjT eTVsE| |&+ ~.
B k~+#+<T deTse+yTq d\+ e\de+~. s s+
nH b+\T> $u+|&+~. = b++ = HjT Bq+
e+&~. nqT sE <qs|+ =+ |+ #*+#yT > sE
nedsyTq|&T n+<TuT e+# $<+> =+ dH L& D
deTLsTdT+&*. w<esjT\ eTT+<T b*+q sE\T |<q+>
nTe+{ dq+ MT<H <s|& <+&j\T #dysT. w<esjT\T
n HjT\<s deTLs d X> sEL& =+ dH
yq |<| deTLsTq|& q \ + Hsys>\< u$+#&T. n
dH deTLsTH #s u>+> q s+ eqsT\ q{
dMT+ #> HjTsE\T |\TesT m+>H sTT\T |&q T *jTe+~.
sE sTT\qT ed\T #d+<T =+ dH d]+#+ ]+~.
$<+ > w< e sjT\T 500 @qT>T\qT = < 600 |>&\ #=|q
y\{ rdTH&T (50 |T\ @qT>T* 30\\ |>&\ n+f =
@qT>T K<T 6000 |>&\T. |T n+f |~ @qT>T\T) n< $<+> 12000
nX\qT = < 200 |>&\ $\Te { d]+#&T. (sjTy#+
>Ts+ K<T @qsT |>&\ yde+~. n& bsbT +>
<=] e+T+~. n~ qsT njTT+&*) eT&T \\ esL \
deTLsTH&T. ~ qT JueTT* sV+# dq+. B&T>
eTVsE 1200 @qT>T\T, 24000 >Ts\T, <T \\ \\eTT nqT+<
d <\T> e+&$. $<+> yTT+ s dq+ 1700 @qT>T\,
36000 >Ts\, m$T~ \\ \\eTT L&T= e+&> eTTesT
eTVeTBjT sE\ dq+ n+ *| 1500 @qT>T\T, \qs >Ts\T,
eT&T \\ \\eTT e+~. $<+> #d s dq+ $&$&>
eTTesT eTVBjTsE\ dH\+f $Tq>H e+~. \\+ $wj=d
eTT>TZ] sE\ \\+ yTT $T+ m+ me. n+<Te\H s
sE\ qs|T\T nH _sT<+ q|T+~. <+ $wjT+
eTVeTBjTT\< |# s TT. n+<Te\H y] nX|T \H _sT<T u wDeTsTT+~.
[+>sE $wj=d @qT>T\ d+K $T> s+&T esZ\+f $Tq. qT
jTq >|> |d~ #+<&T. eTVeTBjTdH\qT, s dH

sjTy#eTT

30

sjT#sT jTT<+ d+<s+> uE yd qC j]+q n+#H\

|s+ s dq+ 557 @qT>T\T, 32,600 >Ts\T, 7,03,000
\\+ L&T= e+~. qT b\H #] |s=q d+K\ n~
<s+> <T. d+K\ $XdjTqT #]d dy #|+<eT+f HqT
sTT<+ <w e+#T= ] yU+# <eT+f | ] eT
n_bj @ss#TH d# e+~. nsTT & * #|>*><eT+f
$jTq>ssE qT djT+> sT+f n~d+K \
jTT<s+>+ ~+#>* e+&y&T.
s s+ ] sjT#sTqT $q+ #d+<T w< e sjT\T
n+ { eTV d q + < + & & T . e T # + ~q |eTk
seT*+>HjT (qC eTHjT&T nH&T) dH~|>
jT$T+#&T. n+f sC <T& n&T dH q&|+#e\d e+~.
s ~ X> ~jTj jT\T <s eTT+<T sE s+ <D , |eT
b+\ y[ n& |]dT* [+|#dTH&T. jTq ys b++
jTT<eT>T& e+f X+ u<* H\= $wjT+ j b+\
HjT\| usk e+#>TH < \TH&T. n|&T jTq
T+>u<q~ < dMT|+ <{ sjT#sT eTT& wyX&T.
$wj >V+q eTVeTBjTdH\T cq~ <{ sE $&~
eT&T dT\ <s+ >T&s\T yXsT. sT| \ eT< ;s jTT<+ ]+~.
jTT<+ eT< |s jT+ w< e sjT\T z$T b\j& u$+ jTq
dq+ |jTq+ ++~. nsTT sE d <, e> Xs+
dqT+ >f++~. jTq q dH <+ sTT m\T> #{&T.
yqT |] |+< |e]+#e<H&T. XTe\ sqT sTT+#eTH
ueqqT *+#e<H&T. m|& |&T me]H eTsD+ |<T qT
y s+ d+ bs& MseTsD+ b+<+ yT\H&T. sTy jTq
nXs&T& n& $T* eq d <\ eTT+<T k b]bjT |
d& \ <jT#|+& >>=eTH&T. #s nqTq |jH
deTL] |{+~. dq+ ] |uTe <+ #T yT #d+~. sTy
;s deTs |PqT+~. dq | |T<\ , < >V +q eTVeTBjT

sjTy#eTT

31

dH\T ##<s cq~ ~X> |sT>T\T rXsTT. s dq+ yqT

]$T ={q rsT $< +ds+ > j ssTT+~. XTdq + #T eTsD
|+#TH |jT+ eTVeTBjT d\T =+<sT q~ <T$TsT.
n+ q~ es< b++~. eTVeTBjT dq+ d\ $u>\T
$<+> $<+k >TsjsTT. $T*qy sE\ dV T Je&
nqT+ y y eTTK |D \ #sT HsT. w< e sjT\ =* #q
q~ <{ XTdH m<Ts=H\. eT+T\T y]+#sT. sqTq
esTTTe sD+> |b<q |e<u]eTHsT. qT |b<q
neT\T |]#+<T es\+ eTTdesL y #&\HsT. |> sE
L& <+&jqT =qk+# eTT+<T [+> sEqT sT#Ty\
+~. $<+> #d yqT qT+& y s dH N |+&
e+{sT. b\H #] sjT#sT MT~ <+&{ |k$++<>
sjT#sTqT eTT&+#{ $e]+#<T. nsTT qC < d$ds+>
{q T> e]+#&T. s +&T k~] $esD>+& eTVeTBjT
#]sT&T |]k L& cqB rs+ eTVjTT<+ ]+< n+<T
eTVeTBjT dq+ eT{]+< n+^]+#&T.
qC |s+ w<esjT\T sV+q T~ deTs+ sTT<.
>|T\ \|&+~ n+eTT+<. n|&T jTq nHs>+ b
eTVeTBjTT\| eTs <+&j |D[s#q #jTbj&T. |dT+
sjTy#+ |s+ sjT#sT jTT<+ sT y [+> jTT<+ d+u$ ++~.
$wj eTq+ eT eT<+. |&T sjTy#+ <s+>H [+>
jTT<+ $wjT+ eTT+<T k>T<+.
<jT] (H\sT ) eTT& <+&j bs+ueTeT+~.
n~ <D |+#Tq >|T \ |T>=eT. sjTy#+ |s+ *>H
sjT\ kBqeTsTTqT e+~> qC #|< |s+ <
kBq|sT#TH+<T {qs d+es \+ |{+~.
sjTy#+ |s+ ]k sE yTqqT UB> e+qT
e+~>, ydy sE yTqeeT sTeT\sjT s eTVbqT UB>
e+#sT. (kY +&jTH Hd|H y\yT VI: | 248). $wjT+

sjTy#eTT

32

sjTy#+ eTq+ eV++~. <jT ] kBq+ #dT q sT y dq +

s~X> k =+&M{qT (>T+sT ) #TTeTT{+~. n~
sTrs+ nXeT+yTq, |eTTKyTq . d #s\ ke
eTsTdT <s+ ]>sTT. n+<Te\H ky+ Xes n+
|H = XdH e]+ #|+ (m|>|j +&
I- y\yT VI- |.230.) XdH\ <s+> n<jTq+ #d eTq
*jTe#<eT+f ||sT <T esT&T Msu <T&T, n dHqT\T qsV ]
bT&T, s#] eT\UH, <+&UH, |Pdb{ ssE, lH<sE,
\|sE, He\ XebT&T, |eT u\#+< eTVb\T
>{ sD *+#s. < eTT&+#+<T #\+ |{+<, es
< ed+ #dT= jTTesE Msu<TD n dHHjT* +~+#s
(kY +&jTH Hd|H ` y\yT VI-|.248). $es\
sjTy#+ e. jTTesE, n @&T>TsT |<qT\T |T& n+X
qC |k$+#&T > nsTT n~ =+&|* eTT& ]qT
|> |s=H&T. jTq + @$T #b&+f ]k s| H=yTqT
+~+#s. nsTT <Te+{ <K\T e. n< $<+ > w< e sjT\T
]k sEqT cqBrsq +~+ nD ys esZq |+|qT qC
#dq yK\T <TM]+#&<T. n+<T sD+ |Tq =+&M{
|Hq+s+ #T #dT=q~ eyT. =+&M{ |q+ w<esjT
[+> <+&j #+~q s+&e <X n<+ |&TT+~. eT&e <X
=+&|* qT eTT&+ eX|sTe+ bs+ueTeT+~. |Tq
|eT w<esjT\T nVeT<q>sY ~> kbj& (ksdt |t
$jTq>s Vd d+\q s u$+q |s+ n~ ;<sY nVeT<u<)
< <+d+ #dq sTy crs ] #sT= >|T\ s<
y| <+&j k+#\qTH& sjTy#+ *jTCdTq~.
nsTT ne T \T < y]+# | j T + # X s T . j T q
k~+#<\#Tq<+ k~+#+ ]+~ >qT, >| [+q eT
uu>q+ ] sTT+ kBq |sT#Te+ ]+~ >qT ~X>
\|{q <+&j qT $s$T+#eTHsT. |> <TseZ sD\, jT\>T+&

sjTy#eTT
33
|jD+#+ |e<u]+ nHsT. eT dH Vs+ n+<+
weTeT+<HsT. nsTT sE d\V\qT |&#$q u{&T. eTT+<T
y\ |T{&T. |jDeT+ =+&\eT<> k+~. esZeT<+
y\T|=+&, *|*, nq+], ++yTT yTT<q >e\>T+&
<+&Tk+~. (b]C|VsD+ =* nXd+) <+&j |UH
nH jTq XeT++> s dH m<Ts=H&T. nsTT nD z&+
b]bjTT #jT+ ]+~ ( UH mes HqT >T]+# bTHqT).
es s dq+ bsT dMTbq>\ d+V~ #sT=+~. n|{
[+> <X+ |<X y T sTT|{ <T q>sy T q d+V#\+. b+
#sT H eTT+<T w< e sjT\T T, e&~, e&T>T\ dMT|+ =+ qT
eX|s#TH&T. (eTT e\< ` |<eT XdeTT)
sjTy#+ y\&+# |s+ w<esjT\T d+V#\+ #sT=q
sTy q eT+T\ d\V es+> <+&j y&\+ m+
*$ e |H *jTe+~. |&T qT Xe T+T&q XTe u u>+
eT< e+&bj&T. m+ <s+ qT+& dH Vs |<s\qT ds| s
#jT+ nk<eT|dTq~. eTT+<T y\+f dH eyT. yq
b<eTH |e<+ yMT e+&<T. yq >=sTT, eTT+<T qTsTT> eq
d+ d nbJ TsT |+ ]+~. |]d n+ wyTq<,
Vs+>+> XTe \|& neX+ H< nbJ n+^]+#&T.
@<sTTH |qT>& |q |< d+ q yT<X d+d qT+&
jT|& esZ+ d+ nHwD k+#&T. jTq |<VsT q q
|f\qT |+ = < = usDqT+ w<esjT\T
ydqT> KqT HsTT+ |<V sT eT+~ >| dHqT\ (b\)
|+| @sT #XsT. K\ ks+X+ $<+> e+~ :
MT s eqsT\ >] MTsT n+~+q de#s
<qy<\T. d#+> sTqT> yTeTT
usD MT |+|TH+. yTeTT MT eTTK |D
eTT&+q|&T MTsT y>q+ #dq |s+ MT sEqT
e n| +# $w j T + e \u T +{s
$X d d T H +. MT de\ > T ] + | > q
d ]+# > \ eTH $w j MT | + y> q +
#jTe\dq neds+ <qT+{+.

sjTy#eTT

34

usD\Tq |f* K\ dV d\Tyd = dH| $d+

=<| yd, |<VsTeT+~ s sC<>T\ y{ y] y]
sE>] deTTK+ n+<CjTe\d+~> #| |+|+ ]+~.
~ d+V#\+ sT>TTq deTjT+, >| n& q
dH|T\ jTT< >T]+ de#q\T sVdTH&T. y+ s
dH z&+#+ qsT| +&q& n, dq+ eT \|&q|&T
< | =f+<T d<+> eHeT *jTCXsT.
=+ deTj |<VsT eT+~ s <>T\T >|
duueH #sT= sE deT+H |f\qT dH|T\ n|+#sT.
sE |f\qT ]|+ n+<T K* #~$+#&T. jTH, dH|T\T
Xs#T\T e+ dVyT. y $wjT+ eT nejT
|{+ s sE T\e] |H> K+&+#sT. sE q
d\V<sT\+<] |+|yd s+ d @++> >&b &T. es
q dH~|T\qT qeTs<H sj e =+<sT qeTdTq
|]#s \ dMT|+ n&e y[b j&T. \y sTH dH~| T q
b\T s>H sE b]bj& \TdT= ~>+ >TsjsT.
y y+H y[ sEqT \TdT= jTq q##| sC ]e#T
#d XTe\qT ||T{+#\qTHsT. nsTT y |qs+
|jT $s$T+#THsT. n+<TsD+ XTe\ |H> neT\T
|]#+<T y sEqT *Xs jTq nqTe+#e#TqqTHsT. qT
y+ s< e~* y] y] \ y[bjsT. n sE>]
sD sTesTT+~. n+<Te\ sTy eq s dH s<
kBq|s#Te+ m+ dT\TesTT+~. |]dT\| |#sTT> *q |eT
w< e sjT\T >| ese q+ |+b&T. jT s< ] seTH&T.
s< eTT&+#+ q |b #|+<T> n+<T wyd+<T
<, >| ] ed jTq sC jTq n|kq y>q+ #d
eseq+ |+b&T. w<esjT\ nbJ m+ qeTdT&q d\V<s
>| nTe+{ qeTdT&sTTq dTT~ <s eseH |+|+#sT.
>| ] s< y+ eTseTqTH&T. sTesT d+ sE\

sjTy#eTT

35

eT< dTV<e deyX+ ]+~. >| qT+& sTT+q s u>q+

w<esjT\T jTq ] sTTyX&T. n+<T > >|
>HV nH q esq T w< e sjT\T d #d q sC +>
deT]+#&T. w<esjT\T d+V#\+ e<>\ bsT $jTd+u
H{+ qq e<Te q s< s* y&T. esZeT<+ >+&,
$jT|s+, nVeT<q>s+ b\\T w< e sjT* *XsT. jTq ys +
wjqeTH sj y e#sT. jTq k>+ |* $T+
b+<+<T n *XsT. nsTT D, \T]> sE\T sTT+
\>sdTHs *d w<esjT\T y| <+&, * H\eT+
>$+ dsd] sT| #sT= n& $sT mH |P\T sV+
<e sTq eq <s+ <>sZ q~, q sTTsTesT sDT\T sTeT\<$,
H<$ eT $>V\qT H\=&T. sT| qT+& sjT\T Vd
#sTH&T. n& <e |P\T sV+ nH >e* <q+#X&T.
Vd qT+& <D~X> jT\T<] $T <X+ |<qyTq |D
\q+{ d+<]+#&T. n+<T syTXs+, He] L& eHsTT.
rs j \ T eTT+# T = sE $j T q> s + # s T = eT+ T \qT,
dHHjT\qT, b\q d++~+q d\ $u>\ n~|T\qT
d]+#&T. nbJ | >se |sks+ \_++~. jTq $\Tyq
\T, usD\T qT> b+<sT. y&T\ eTTdq sTy
eT+T\+ sEqT *d $q$+#THsT |u ! eTsT nH kVd
\ |{q~ |sT> * m+ ]H]+HsT. < sTT|&T
nseTs+ >$+#e\d e+~. n+<T @ esZ+ y\qT MT n++
#dT> #&yT. sE n+<T deT+ n\k |<q eTqT#]qT,
eTTeTq b]C|VsDeTTqT n++ >$+#> d]+#&T. (
d+<s+> e<jT>] eT\q |sTL& |keq e+~ jTq
@B |keq s<T. $ >+<yTB ydy w<esjT\ >
deT]+qT> +#<T.)
& sjTy#+ |]de|eTeT+~. nsTT kH| $T>
|Tq* m|{|&T *jTCkqH&T. <&T |\X n+~+#+
]+~.

sjTy#eTT

36

nsTT sT ~X> kq w<esjT\ <+&j u>{ s

de#s\ <s+> m e+< |]o*+#T<+. XdH sTT<+
|Pd>TqT> \_dT+~.
H\sT <jT] Xdq+ |s+ & qT
#+#T= |eT <jT] qe\usjT <e d\T >e
<q+ #X&T. (H\sT XdH\T: y\yT III <jT]. | : 40)
Xdq+ B ueHeT d+es+, Cwed+ X|+ $~jT nq>
Xd+es+ 1436 H{~) Xdq+ <jT] |Hq+s+ yqTy+H
yjT &+< nqTy* e+T+~. <jT ] qT+& w< e sjT\T sT|
y[ n& jTq q sDT\ n< d+es+ c&ed+ 15e sEq
u>e+TD |P+#sT. n+f n+ eTT+<T <q+ #dq H\sE\
|qqe (kY +&jTH Hd|H y\yT IV-|.282, 283). n<
d+es+ b\TZD ed+ |uTe\T <jT] qT+& q w $>V
V+| |w+ #sT. n&= |< <e ]+#sT (| >+<+ |: 254,255).
j $Xc\ =*|T+ sTT& |]de|+.
s+&e |T+ =+&M&T eTT& bs+ueTeT+~. =+&M&T
#+~q Xdq+ |s+ qT Xd+es+ 1437 c&ed+
X|+ @<H&T ke eT kBq |s#TH&T.
ky+ Xes >D
c& X< V]yds ks
ke eT dyq >V+
=+&M{ q>s+ q>s+
(Ep.ind.VI.230)
|Tq sTy w<esjT\T s\T nV\
<y\j d+<]+ e+&e#T. n& jTq <e us D \qT jTTeHeT
d+es+ |wed+ deT]+#sT. n+f Xd + es+ 1437 nqe.
(64/1915 m|>| &bsYyT+{ ` Xdq+ Xd+es+ 1438>
sTTe+ ]+~. bsbTq 1437 <T\T> 1438 n |&+~)
qC j<+| uVsK* deT]+#&T. jTq <jT],
=+&M&T, =+&|* * sTT+#+, d+V#\+ $&~ #jT{

sjTy#eTT

37

|s=H&T (qC d+V# deTeT<] nq+ < dy bsbT>

seT+& nqTH&T). d+V#\+ w<esjT\T ]ksE s d+
m<TsT #d sTek\T >&b&T. nsTT sE sH<T. w<esjT\T
deTjT+ nH us D \qT, >e\qT <e deT]+, <y\j
]+ n&= |\ +~ de#s+ yjT e\d+~> <+#&T.
VQX ns\T jT+ b+<|{ ]k sE _k>sE|
<+& e#TqT. ]jsC >qT y{ #]|y d _k>sE nX\
H&\T deTLs eTsT\ ]jsE usqT n|k&T

~ w<esjT\T bsT ]+|Cdq $jTd+u+| #q

XdH d++~++<. n+<T d+<V+<T. nsTT < $wj
++#|&T e+ |> ++#sT. qC #| |syT
w<esjT\T d+V#\+ qT+& q s< >| \|&+&H
] e#&T. eTqT#], eTTe\< \_+# |<\ <s+>
##sTT w<esjT\T sT<+&j |<]+q |se
|<\T #T d]b* e]+#sTT. n~ <jT] s>T s
~X> $d] +#T+ bsTT + |D #TTeTT+ >+<s> +
>| |D e~*|{ b]be+ H eTsesZ+ +#<T.
nq+ | s + # d e TT< # + ~q Xd q +
w<esjT\ dH sjTd+ =+&eTsTdjT q |uTe s|q s+&T
$jTd+u\qT H\= >sy <+#TH& e+~. n~ {
d+V#\+, eTs={ lLs+(87/1912 m|>| &bsYy T +{). lLs+
>+C+ =\T (H{ l+) dMT|+ e+~. nsTT
lLs+ $jTd+u+ >T]+q <K\T eTs& +#e. M+{
|]>Dq rdT sjTy#+ e]+q+ HjT+> s, [+>
|uTe\T \TdT=q bsTTH yTT+ MT< y \TdT= $TT\jsH
n_bj e#qT.
d+V#\+ z Xdq+ w<esjT\T = >e\qT n&
<y\j <q+ #X& n$ ||sT< >| eTVsE qT+&
b+~qT> e+~. (kY +&jTH Hd|H ` y\yT VI-|95)

sjTy#eTT

38

Xdq+ B X d+es+ 1441 XeDed+> e+~. nsTT eTq+

w<esjT\T [+> <X+ X d+es+ 1438 #ed+ qT+& (=*>
d+V#\+ #]q H{qT+&) X d+es+ 1441 XeD+ es ` n+f
eT&T d+es\|> n& +&bj& u$+#? n u$+#
qs<+{qT HqT. X d+es+ 1438 |wed+ H{ Vd
Xd q + w < e sj T \T bs T $j T d + u + H{ +
[+><XqT+& ] eq s usD\T, >e\T <y\j
<q+ #dqT> (196/1903 m|>| &bsYyT+{) e+~. |q |s=q
#deTT<+ Xdq+bT $TH \_+q XdH\ [+>
<+&j w<esjT\ =\>={q rsT e]+#&+~ (74/1903 288/
1903 125/1904 511/1905 ` m|>| &bsYyT+{). XdH\
L& X d+es+ 1439 #+~qy. XdH\+{ e\ qC |s=qT
[+> <+&j X d+es+ 1438 H{ eTTd+~. d+V#\+
>T& X d+es+ 1441 <q$Tq $wj ed n~ <+&j
eTTdq s eTsk] m|& sTTe+&e#Tq HqT u$kqT. nsTT
<q+ q|& < |{+q|& < d+V#\+ eH& <
nq< <K\T e.
w<esjT\T ||sT< >| esqT |]DjTe&q $wj
s& #d+<T H *dq yTs XdH\ TTEe\T \_+# be#TqT
> qeT<q TTEe\T eTsH eHsTT. w< e sjT\ eTTKyTq us\
]j sE es sT m |s >Y fH m+|s Y dy |k$+#&T. qC
L& $yV |k$+#+ ]+~. nsTT n~ m d+u$++~ nH
$wjT+ dsyTq <H sTT n+~+#&T :
||sT< >| esT&T Msu<T&T +B>eq sTD+
k<sD ek<T d |eT nD s+ ]+~. k<sD
ek<T q d |eT s{ jTTesCq Msu<T&T
neeq+> u$+ <+f V yT\qTH&T. ~ $q
>| +B> eq q us eT+ $wjT+ +<q #+<&T.
qT >|, ke eTsTdT d+|~+|\T s|+ >|
q esqT w<esjT\ sTT $yV+ ]|d +B>
eq >| us $eTT \_+#T> d+~ ~]+~.

sjTy#eTT

39

<q+ $XdjT+ <T. =*> Msu<T&T +B> eTsD+#&H

n+X+|H b+q <T. nD dJe+> |TqT, sTTsT\bT nD
d#> e~dqT XdH\T *jTCdTHsTT. n> ||sT<T us
+B nH $wjT+q b+q <s+<T. y yT n +B> y[
eqsTT esT&T V #dTHesL yT us n <dq+>
e+&>* > y&? y d +B Msu <T us nqT+<eT+f $wj
ds|]# <K\Te. qT w<esjT\T ||sT< >| esqT
$yVe&q $wjT+ qC q&|+q <H nd+>eT u$+
< sd ]+#e\d e+T+< HqqT+TH. MsT >se|<+ > J$+#
sTesT XTsE\ eeVs+ Te+{ |esqqT n+>+ ><T.
nsTT M] $yV+ ]+<q~ e+ yde+. |u< #+<<jT+ nH
d+d H deTL]q yUq+ |keq e+~. ke eTsTdT
yTq\T&q H<+& >|eT+ deTLs& yUH. ne] yU
w<esjT\ |keq |seTe+T&q sE ||sT< >|
esq T $yVe&+<T n+^]+#&, b+&TsE qjTT&T (nsTq T&T)
dTu<qT |]DjTe&qT> $yV+ eq< >| es u< |~
MT< |&TH < |+ >$++< n+{&T.
(||sT<d>CXsd
|r+ |$u <ryT
|>V<' | |b
u<+ dTu< $Te b+&yjT')
M+{ <s+> eTq+ @ Xdq+ bsTTq|{ w<e
sjT\, ||sT< >| es $yV +<+ @s&+<H~ eT
qeTe\d e+~.
sjTy#+ se] |sT >HV> e+~. ws jT $jT+
yT |sT T. s+&T deT+d+> e H ueq. H<+& >|eT+
yUq+ u< nH |s se] nd\T |sT.
w<esjT\T ||sT< >| esqT @$<+> |+&&&T nH
$wjT+ |P nq#q+> |#s+ d<jT <q+ e+~.

sjTy#eTT

40

w<esjT\ eTT+<T s+ y] [+> sCsT y] nesTT

$yVe&+<T TsT |+bsT. >|T \T e\+ ys u$+ sjT\
e+X+ ysT n+<T n+^]+#< T . < |+q >| s sE|
<+& e#&T. s sE esqT +B> rdTy&T. nsTT yT
+& q nee+q+<T <T\T rsTy\H \+| >| yT
$yV+ M<T* eP&y ]|kqH&T. eT+ se] | C*
\ sEqT @<$<+> e* nTe+{ |+& =HbT s>+&
#X&T. + |P >H<k$T &e+ dMT|++~. y\
sE <eeT] eT+&|+ d+Vdq+| LsT+&u&sT.
d+<s + eT+&b |T +# Xu+ #d neX+ e\+ >|
<T+~. ||sT<T&T nTe+{ |$ s+ HsysTd e+&>, eT+
s s| >| dsdq e+&T #d sE n+{&T.
HqT sesqT |&T }&y |+& #sTT+#e\d+~>
eTVsCy] b]dTHqT. sE Vk eTT>T& se] H
$yVe&&T. w< e sjT\ [+> <+&j #s <T\T rsTH
<X+ L& {. ||sT<T esqT +B> rdTy[ |+&
#dTy\. < nqT d]bT+f @ s sE esqT >|
rdT y+ ]+<H~ >T]+#e\d e+~. s sE ke
qsd+>sjT\T njTT+&*. n ||sT< >| eT< jTT<+ ]q
$wjT+ eTqyT]+<.
|sTTdt #| |s+ w<esjT\T |+&+&T eT+~ #<yTq
us\THsT. n+<T eTT>TZsT eTTKT\T. y [+>sE es sT.
XdH sTesT sDT ksT . sTeT\<$, H<$. sTeT\ <y\jT+
sTeT\<$ $>V+ sE $>V &|q, H<$ $>V+ m&eT |q
e+&{ { #d sTeT\<$ sE |< sD n H<$ q sD n
u$+#* e+T+< H|dTq~.
w<esjT\ [+> <+&j $Xc\qT eTT+# eTT+<T>
<+&j @$<+> eTT+|e+<H $wj eTsk] |seT]+#T
+<+. w<esjT\T d+V# <{ s~X> me <s+ y[qT

sjTy#eTT

41

+#<T. ||sT< >| w<esjT\T ]H=sT d+V#\+H

\TdTHsT. d+~ <TsTHsT. ||sT<T&T cq~ <D u>q
>\ |Ps+ s #+~q uu>q+, [+> b++ = >e\T
n|+#&T. es u< $yV+ ssE ]|+#&T. B |>
w<esjT\T cq~ sq qT sTT+q uu> ` d+V#\+
<y\j n|+q >e\T | $T><q+ ` n|+#&T.
<+&j $<+> s sE d+|Ps $jTyT.
|sTTdt, qC\T sTTq \eq de#s #]d dy
sjT#sT eTT& .X. 1520 (X1442) ]+<H&T. B |syT
eTT& [+> <+&j sT y ]+~. [+> <+&j .X.1516
(X1438) H{ eTTdqT> eTq+ >eT+#+. eT] &qT u$
|]X<\T n<jTq+ #d >TZ\e\d e+~.
<D us<X #] |s>q jTT> >]q $\Tyq
de#s n+~+#yT> sjTy#+ eTq H{ sE\ <q+~q
eeVs\| ne>Vq *d y J$+ e+&e\d+B, @ $<+>
J$++B *jTCdTq~.
eTTXs+,
6`9`1933.

jT+ seTjT |+T\T

+> eT\s#q qT e ] yTs \T>T e]qysT l sy\ k+ese.

sjTy#eTT

42

sjTy#e TT
ne]
1. +. $jTq>se+eTT
dTqT\# $qjT{ dqy
|\" <|&+>
dsTT+" >wsjTXKsT #]
2. +. $jTq>sqb\T"&T
$j|]1 >\=+& MsT\&H
>| H >*q
$jTT+& wsjTMsT #].
3. +. sjT\ sT\T
HjTT"&T qb2 #|q$ jTjTT" <"
ujT eTqdTq qTq
sjTdeTT\T yjT" <Te sd >\T>TH
4. +. u\TsT #~$q T~$
X\TsT >e\jTT XgC\+T\
\TsT q]e<+
o\TsT >e\jTT uo\ H|&TH.
1. $j|] : $jTq>s keC XTeq eTVeTBjT sC\ fq
_C|s $j|]. _C|s, ;C|s, $C|s+, $j|] |sT $jT|] nH
d+d + |sT sb+s\T.
2. HjTT"&T qb : nbJ eTsTdT ydq HjTT"&T $XwD| ns+ u<|&q~.
HjT"&T nsqTks+ +T+~ HjTT&T +&<T. HjT"&T Ms,
dH~s d+# |<+. |{ +{|s H (s+H, k$TH, |sH,
qq|H, u*H <T\T) u|&T, n+&T, s$T&T e+{ |s\ &T
HjT"&TqT+ nsTTqy. eTsTdT |<qeT+ <+&HjT&T L&. q
<s+ mH jTT<\T ]b&T. n+<T sjTy#s HjT"&T $XwD yX&
u$dTHqT. eTT~ |T\ qT HjTT"&T, HjTT&T be#T.

sjTy#eTT

43

<bs+ueTT
leT+T d\ >TDd+|qT\sTTq eTVyTsTdeqBsT q nK+&\
|dqT\sTTq leTqVeT+&Xs3 seq eTVssl4 o$XH<
HjTqjT y] ~e lb<|<eTT\ <es y] kH| u|sBqT+&T
d~qjTujTu\qTqT XjT+>\ $q|+.
$<q>seT+<T Msqd+VsjT\ysT u+VeTTVAsq5
s<T\ Hee\TqT6 n<d+sq\TqT7 b+&e^\T8 ueTs^\T9
3. eTVeT+&Xs : rjTT\ \+ H{ ~ |< _sT<T. eT+&\ |<+ &
ueT+& ddT+~. #e] nH ue+ |j+#ysT. sqTsqT eT+&\+
n+f s+ |]$T b++ nH ns+ y&T e# eT+&XsT&T n+f
sE +< keT+T&T e+{y&T nH ns+ ds|&+~. eT<Ts |&T |< syT
nsTTq|{ $jTq>s ke+ n~ eT+&\+ ksTT<.
4. eTVssl : $XH<HjT&T eT<Ts sE { >sys+> d+u~+H
XS<T\qT >s$+#<q |< $XwD+ eTVssl. y<|+&Tq uVDT\
Vl. |&T y<+ sbsTTH Vl ds #eTD #dTHsT. j>T\T
sj \ eT>T y<~s+ +q+<Tq y]L & eTVsljT >sey#+ .
5.u+V....: ds<jTeTTq >+qs eTT+<T \eT, <jT+ >+. 4.24 qT+&
>+. 5.12 es n, \ysTsaeTT >+. 3.24 qT+& s+&T |T&jT\ (48 $Tc\T)
es n <E\T #TTHsT. deTjT+ yesD+ <MX |\+>
+T+<, n|&T #d<q, j>, b<T\T n~ |*kjT qeT+.
6. s<T\.... : ~ b\T] keTH<T . |+&s< #] +~. u>+
es eu\ |sHs+ $&> L& eTT~+#sT.
7. n< d+sq\T : b nqe#sT\T #|q d+sq\T X+>s d+sq\T,
n< d+sq\T n s+&T $<\T. |< sTeT#sT\T #+q ss\ .......
b nqe#s T \T $q| e TT # d q n< d + s q \T n +T+~.
Msqsd+VsjT\T $H~ by]y nsTT e+{sTT.
8. b+&e ^\T : <ssE q eTT\ <e+, <s+ >T]+ #|q $Xc b+&e^.
+<T =~> $#s+ L& +~. B |keq |<|sD+ +~.
9. ueTs^\T : w$j>+ u<|&TTq >|+\qT z<s& w&T
<e y| |+b&T (u>e+ <XeTd+<+). >|\T TyT<qT n&T|T=
<e, lw yT> <wksT. Msqsd+VsjT\T <jH $H n+X\
$T>y{bT nH|<X+>, mb&T|\, $j>] +&eq ueTs^\T
#s<q$ <T. VQX |sT ^ #d n< >+<+ nqT= kH|
|{ #] +{&?

sjTy#eTT

44

>C+<y+ usk$ 10 <~yeTqkeTT 11 >+>esDeTTqT

qBkeTTqT12 us+ u>e+ sejTD+ eTT#T+<dT nLsdT

s sE\ ~q#s
;wdT13 d+jTT $<Ts #Ds14 |<15 ~
yTT<q$ ys>X+16 |sDXeDeTTqT sT\jTT $
10. us k$ : us <qT nd+|+> 300 |+\ | #| \|TT>+<+.
s y<ydT&T n +~ qeTX+ <T. eTVus+ B |d m& qs<T.
mdt.$. >b eT<dTysT |#T]+q \T>T d+d uw\ | |s+
us k$ |{wyTq <d+$<q+ q&<T. sjTus eq w&T $<TsT
+ $&~ #jT&+, n+<T d <Ts<qT&T w |+#&+, < eT<Ty] >T
de<q$Te&+, sjTus+ $|\eTe&+, <sw d+jTT&T jTT< $Xc\T
#|&+ +<* <. jTC, sT # b*\T #b&T. ~ us ks
d+>V +T usk $ jTqs>T ...... ~ #~$qy], $qy] d X su>+T\T
>*..... $wkjTT+T \T>Tq y<yd beTT n |\X #bsT.
11. <~y eTq k+ : us< X + yeTq \T # e. eT< |<X |P sY
dMT|>eT+ sjT|PsY <~yeTq \jT+ +~. u<|< X< j<H&T |P]
>H<T yeTqyw+ n\+]ksT. yw+ k$T dsb |sT>q+ y<q
#ksT. n|&T k$T <~yeTqT&+{sT. 15 X\Tq <~yeTq k |sq
XeD\e\q XT|& e+&<.
12. >+>esD +..... : $X$TT&T seTT >+>esD + >T]+ #b&T (sejTD+,
u\+& 35e dsZ, X. 14 qT+& 43e dsZ X. 20 es). |T{, >+>#
jTeTTH#e w ><e dsdr qs< d+<T dH d~yT sT n q<T\qT
|dT+# X sp |]d yq\T u> |& eTTiT |+\T |+&TjT qeT+.
sE { #<e&T. mes |+&T\T #~$ $+{&T.
13. ;wdT : sT d+>eT+ ;w #+|bTq nsTqT sw|s#{
lw&T VH <+ s<#+ m ;w MT< sTTq|&T s]T\T&T
#dq dT (l eTVu>e+, |<eT d+<+, n<jT+ 9) < Xs\>T&q ;w&T
<s sE |< +q $wd V dHeTyTH e#T (+<e TVus+ , qTXd|s +,
|+#eXd+).
14. #Ds : |d< u< |T{\T, >+<\ #Ds <T. VQX #D
nsTT +T+~. #D&T nsX kH s dD nH |sT m$T~ n<j\
562 s d\T s+#& |d~.
15. |< : rjTT\ H{ \T>T #&HjT&T <q \T>T s+q Xg
eTTe[ s d++~+q |<\T. B sE\T, eT+T\T, \T, ssD,
ns#+, qeT<VQq de\ e\q *> V +{$ #s eksTT.
16. ys> X+ : us V] #|q X+>s ys> X\T dTuw X.
M{ ys> X X\qT sp $H n\yT $jTq>s sE\ < d+

sjTy#eTT

45

<sDeq+s+17qeTDT\ |\ eT<qTeqT dsq+T Cd

$|esT\ <s q+T Cdq |+eT <+< eq eTTKeTq HeTrsy T 18 $u
<]+ |s\>+u LsT+&>qT q jT$T~ sT|T\19qT+
rs|k<eTT\TqT &us+&T <ed\20qT+ $u >+<|k<eTT\TqT
s>21 m<TsT= |T <qeTT C n+*# q+<T= skeV+ d +s\
qT+ eq njT+>sq TqT s< |s+ ys\qTqT edqeTT\ jT+<T
LsT+& jT$T+ nw djT+e+ ls+>+ leTTw+ y+{#\+
k\>eT+ ~ H$TXsD+ |ws+22 ~ yTT<sTTq d\
Msqsd+ VsjT\ +< nse TT+~. sp j X \qT yTT+ e*+#b e#T.
@y s+&T eT&T X\T $|d +& +{sT. n|{ dTuw X \T>T
nqTy<\T s<T { d+d X $|+ +{sT.
17. <sD..... : sE sp e>H eTT+<T #jTe\d+~ n<+ eTTK+ #dTe&+.
qeTDT\, |\<qTe dsq+. sTy s |qT\T. sjTy#s e+ eTT+<T
< s>w, sTy |qT\T #TTH&T.
18. HeTrsyT : ~ k<sD+> lywe |]uw. <jH seTT\ r]
dqX~> u||T\ qT<T sTHeT<sD #jT&yT HeTrs+ < HeTrs|
=\Te. HeTrs+ $u <]k& kH| #TTH&T. Xe ywe deTqjT+>
l#s+ , $u , s +&+{ Msqsd+ VsjT\T <] +#y&y ! |< |P #dT e&+
n ns+ #TTq|{ kH| >| >T]+ #||&T HeTrs+, <ys<q
ysTysT> #b&T. +CeP] +<sE\ #] HeTrs+, seT$>V|P ysT>H
#bsT.
19. q jT$T~..... : yweu\ |eTTKT\T |Hs&T>TsT sT <]+, bX
s\T #|q |d< \qT qjT$T~ sT|T\ < ~e<X\ |\TksT.
108 ~e<X\ |{ =~> u<\T q|&TTHsTT. eTTK+> +<|<X \
$wjT + nV_\+, sTeT\ +& lLs+, d+V#\+, c \ l+qT
L& ~e<X\T> |s=+{sT. sT <]+, bXs+ #| +&\H jTeT+
|s+ V_\+, sTeT\ eyT +<<X+ ~e<X\T.
20. ywe\ 108 ~e<Xe Xe\ &u s+&T Xe\T |seT|Pj\T.
21. sp 108 sT|T\qT+ 72 Xe\qT+ >+<|k<\T m eksTT? @y
= \qT+ sp =+<sT |<\T s<sH ed e+{sT.
22. nwdjT+ e+ : l eTV$we djT+> ne]+q m$T~ \T. kH|
#|q$ @&. ls+>+ $TH&T sT#TH|* dMT|+ ujT y] eT<+ q
B|+. leTTw+ $TH&T <+s+ dMT|+ jTesVk$T y\dq +.
y+{#\+ +<|<X sT|. k\>eT+ Hb >+& qB rsq y\dq
eTTH< +. ~ $TH&Tq sTq* dMT|+ +. yqeeT n
eeVsHeT+. ~ n+f +<|<X eT+>] n L& y<q b<T.

sjTy#eTT

46

dTseTT>\y n n&q+<T\ <esy] |bXjTeTT e\ j

d+seTT\ eq eTT<s\T23 y={ ={ =<e+& q&T|eHsT.
qj T $T~ s T | T \TqT eeTT\T> q& T k eq~ n
njT+>sTqT |\T>, |~y|dC yjTT sXyTq jTeTH<
+TH< nsTD#Xs VdXs <+s+24 yTT<q &us+&T
< e d \ qT | < T H $T~ X \ qT 25 +&T |&seTT\T 26>*
eeTT\T >* eq <HT> s<T\T <\T|+>, $qy& #
d+wu] T+& ys |f\ T27sTT <s dq+ <s jTqT |\Teq+|> jTq
e * < e s y s T qq | s + <$& seTT > \
n>VseTT\qT +<<X+ VjTq<X+ yTTsdTH&T yT&T s+
H$TXsD+ dTT&T Xq~ eTVeTTqT\ d\ |sD\T $& #dq eq+.
s|<X d|PsY +~. V<e @ \jT+ q + |ws+
skH +~. kH| #| m$T<e + Ve\jT |sXDT\
<]XeT+. HsjTD eT L& |sT.
23. eTT<s\T : | #jT& sE s|q jT$T+#&q n~s>D+.
24. |+#u\ b<+ eV+# ed\T <Dus+ HsTT. u$T +
@eTH<T &T, { ls+>+ dMT|eT+<* +TXs+, n sTeDeT (nsTD#\+),
>* lVdXsT&T, X <+sXsT&T |r\T.
25. X+], e, C>T+, ueTs+ e+{ nc<X X |s\T> |d~ #+~q
neTy] \T.
26. |&seTT : <ekH\ nedsyTq deTd ks\T |&seTT. yTD |<+
|k<+ j e\dq ke < KsT nH ns+ ds|&+~.
27. |f\T : +\+. |<\T, >sysT\T #&eq|&T, M&\T rdTH deTjT+
+\+ e&+ c#s+. <D +& e\+ \T, e\T d eTs< b{+qT,
L& <D sTTd n$T >se+ #dqT.
28. |{ $jTq>s ke+ b+\ ddT+~. VjTq<X+ dw+>
*jT<T. H\sT, &| \ =+ b+ VsD sheT, q& uw
Vqe& n n+{s. Vqe& Vq, b+ d+# <X+ \d VjTq
<X+ nsTT +T+~. yTTsdTH&T n+f b yTdsT sh+ eTTu\T, sT
\ b+\T. yT&T $TH&T |s b+yT q eTH &T. #s <X+ sTyqsT
({yHsY) s<> *q =+ s b++. B b*+q #s se+X+ |sT
MT<T> #sdeT, #sH&T, #s<X+ e>s |sT e#sTT. |<ssT\ \XKs
|sTe #se+X| sE. #s+ n+f #sT\# b*+|& u$T. #syT s+,
s> e]+~. $TH&T |HsY q~ (<D |H) s d]V<T>, sTq
d e TT< + , | eq s , < D q eT< T s d ] V < T \ T> > \ # < X y T

sjTy#eTT

47

|T+oeT #s #s b+& eT>< eTj28 ~> >\ n>VseTT\qT

ne~ +eTT\T sqTcq|sT TT>Eke<sD bDT\sTT
w{gbDT\sTT29 |+#jT|sjTDT30 n~ d+sD\T #dT=
]#sT dTKed> eHs $q|eTT XjT+>, sjT\ysT $q qe<] +
<HjT\ |\Teq+|>, ysT e b&>31 * $qjTeTT&T
d+VdqseTT>\ ]<TsZ eq<TsZ \<TsZ d\ <TseZ TT\jT+<T e*T
#sH&T. |&T & <=+>\T $|+> +& ls+>+, syTXs+ e+{ |D
\ yy ] <#T=HysT. eT+&~| T \T L& ns\ b\T|+#T=HysT.
TsjT\ =&T +|sjT\ eT<Ts <+&j sTy #su< =~> Z+~.
qd+K |] |\T, |D\T n_e~ #+<=~ <=+>\ >T+|\ $#\$&q+ Z+~.
yTT<{ sjTsT, y]|D+, +uD+ es +CePsT s<> #<X
ds|&+~.1980 |qsT<D b+~q $TH&T |D <s < #<X|
\ >T]+ #T b+ +]> ye< q\T>TsT *d y\H V#]
+~. b+&<X+ n+f $TH&T eT<Ts s<> q b++, |{ eT<Ts
sTq* \T. |{ eT>< +~. ~ ;VsY b++. $jTq>s
ke+~ <T. +CePsT H*q HjTeTD s|T TH<H jT <T>TsT us
sT eT><<X| q n seTu<+ s|TTH<uT<jT e+ #|+~. s
us< X + sC\ |sT = <D <X+ L& q&TT+{sTT. $<s eT< |<X
+&>, >T+sT =+&M&T #TT| \ b++ $<s n, =+&M&T sTD
+& ;w |D+ +&q|] n #TsT. s|TTH<T Hb d+Vdq k|H#s
n _sT<T. Hb+ Ve\j\~ <T l\+ js+ (Cb) n
sT. n> eT>< L& <D<X+ +& +T+<? eTj <X+ #s <X+
{ <T nqT=+f #s<X+ $T> s uu>+ eTj b+eTT nqTy*.
29. w{g...... : eTq bNq $<\T n+{ KsjTeqyTq~ y< $<. sTy
kq+ Xk\~. $ y< |]|Ps+ > ns+ #dT e{ &&jT., ysD +,
#+<dT, sTeTT, CweTT, \eTT $ sT Xk\T.
30. |+#....... : V jTeTT, (y<+ HsT e+, |sq eTT) <ejTeTT (+{ nV+
#d yX<eeTT #jTT+), |jTeTT (*<+&T\qT |P+#&+, |<\ sD\T
e<\&+), eTqTw jTeTT (n~ |P). ujTeTT (| k{ JesX\
Vs+ ` u* deT]+#+).
31. b&> : sE |\eq+|q|&T deTjTeTT e sEqT ##T.
32. &>seTT : >& #T +& sTTq +<eTT. $jTq>s+ >&\ y\T|\
e+ +<+ q #jT\T q&e.
33. ;>eTT<\T : s|P deTjT+ nsTTq sT y <s\T eTd seTT<
d\T yj*. \T|\T ]#|&T ksTT V< *q n~] deT+ d\T
rd <s\T sy*. <s\ >T+& ]>ysT k |s<T |ssTTys
<s+ e< y] $es\T qy<T #j*. yTT+ |jT ;>eTT<.

sjTy#eTT

48

|V]&>seTT\TqT32 ;>eTT<\T33 k$Ty] ||eTTe\ qyT eq~,

keT+ s#seTT\T $Xwe TT\T>34 <T n $q|+ XjT+>, y+&>
] +>eTjT e sjT\ y] deTTUq n&&35 #T\T T=
* <H jT\qT $<q>s |D eTTqTqT y*beTT\36jT+<TqT
j~ V#]\T37 >* s |> sT qyT C>> k eHsT
>q |DeTT >\ nc<X es<T\38 ysTqT n+ d+w|sT
nyueeTT\&T DeTT\TqT |#sDeTT\TqT >*Z eHs
$q|+ XjT+>, <HjT\T $ sjT\y] $q|+ CdHsT. |eT
$s\ $sbk $T < CsVDyT eq~ s< yq $jT+ XjTeqT
(+ ` 1) n $q|+ XjT+> <>sZ e q <H jT\T rsTH sjT\ysT
$#k eHsT. k$T s< s&T q &TH e $q|+ XjTeT n+|+
34. keT+T\T eTeTT> HsT. mTe+{ $|y \, sT>Tu , sE es+>
\ b\&+ <T n ue+.
35. n&& : sE deT s>H yTT< #jTe\dq | q d+|Ps <d
V+> kc+>|& qeTd]+#*. >TsTe\, \eqT> |sV esZ
$wjT+ $TqVsTT+| +~. ~ & <T, dj K+&+ s#]+ #\T&
nsTTq # +~. dTesT |~jT + @y n+srjT &\ |<eTkq+
b+<> eq | ` <jYT+& sE dVH kc+>|& +& |
m#|Tq &sT& #j H&T ~q| #d Xs|&qT.
36. y*beTT\T : beTT n+f dqeTT +& kes+. VQX s< <s+>
q d kes\T nsTT +{sTT. d sT> +& dH ~sT\|, d kes\|
m|& H d +&*. s< <>sZ > +&, kes\H <s+> q b+\
eTT| me { y{ |&T +&*. wsjT\T s< q>s 77
|\T (b\T)> $u+#&. b+ n+f | +& dkesyTH ns+
<TsTT+~. |> kH| $<q>s+qTqT, y*beTT\qTqT nH s+&T ysT
ysT>H #b&T.
37. j~ V#]\T : j~ (j<) bso uc|<+. V#], j< n+f C|+,
C> nH ns\T # |<\T. <eTs| +& s+s+ C>s +&&eTT.
38. uVD, jT, yX , XS<, yeV], >s , *, |+#D, +u s, +TyjT,
s, s, eg#<, #ss, \|T, \T, #+&\, e+>T\T nc<X eseTT
< \ysT. Hyd+ y] e*q j eT\ ys+<] #
#s&yT nc<X eseed eT\+.

sjTy#eTT

49

sjT\q>] =$T~ d+|T\qTqT39 |\Teq+|> sD\T e |<TH$T~

se\ K\TqT40 $qT|+q s sjT\ysT ~\ qT+ eq
eTeTT\T41 jT+eTT> $qT|+#> $ |<qT\qT <ysTT
s|+#T =+<&e jT+| =\Te> qT+& |eT +&T =\Te
eqys d\ ke\qT42 s|+#T H\T>sT|T&jT\T |s\>+u
LsT+& e+&> q>] n\T+&T, =e, <=seT\T, |uT e\T, b>sT43,
neTsHjT\T44, |\ T, T\T, $<+dT\T, |sVT\T, #s|sTw\T,
39. d+| : \T d]#d |<sD+. & |\Te&q =$T~ eT+~ sD\T q>]
d+|T\T. q>] n+f n+'|s+. n+f =$T~ eT+~ sD\T sjT\ e>
sD\T (Personal Accountants) nsTT +{sT.
40. |<TH$T~ se\...... : $jTq>s ke+ dTesT 300 se\T +&e.
y{ 18 se\ $|+#&yT$T{? s dTds =s @sT #dq n~s
esZ rs+ n b]uw |<+ . rs \T>T nqTy<+ s e n kH| y&qTH&T.
eT+, |sVT\T, jTTesE, dH|T \T, <sb\\T, +s \T, s>s~sT\T,
X<\T, sj\T, b&y\T, dHHjT\T, q>s<\T, s+\T,
du~|T\T, <s~sT\T, <+&b\\T, <TsZb\\T. sc+b\\T ` MsT 18
rseTT\T. M] d++~+q \T $|+#&+ n+f L b<T. s+
|<q n~sT\T eT <jT ejT $es\T sE |d]> *jTCd +&\.
@<s|+ |{ +<q q~ <! < se\ nqT=+f q e+<~
se\ |<q se\ e\q eq dT++ $es\T nsTT +&*.
41. eTeTT\T : eTT\| (>C ` bsd uc|<+) eq s\T. \
y&+ lH<T \+ qT+& n+f $jTq>s sE\ b& <esjT\ \+ qT+&
qT kV<s\T HsTT. \T |]j (H{ sH) <X+ qT+& ~>TeT
njT$. >\=+& L& |#T \ |]XeT +~. $jTq>s \T #H
qT+& eH Xs+<T.
42. ke\T : |< du +& ysT nH~ keHsyTH kH| |uT
n~sT\T (Buero Crats) nH ns+ |\TesT |j+#&T.
43. b>sT : &e\ |]ds\ +& >e\, n&Te\qT q] => @s]#
>e\ s\T> VQ<sX\Tsq kVdT\qT b>sT nH |<MHeT+
jT$T+#ysT. M] \T TH n~s+ L& #sT. eed # \|&
$jTq>s ke+ |qyTH, _{wty] VjeTT L& =qk+~.
44. neTsHjT\T : sE d+q d+K |s+ d \qT #], D nedsy T q |&T
dqqT jTT< q&|ysT neTsHjT\T. B>qT y] =+ u$T| dT
ed\T #dT=H V sE k&T. ~ e+Xbs+|s |<$ <T. sE c &
+T+~. dq+ yTT sC J+ ee\dq XeT >Z& @sT.

sjTy#eTT

50

jT+>sT, jTrXsT\T, <e E\T, uw E

\T, sT\T, eeT\T45, #s >sT46 ,
sE\T, e+~y[\T, b\T, |sD\T47, XgE\T, H\+sT\T,
$<~\T, MD<sT\T $ yTT<\T> >\ &us+&T j>\ysTqT48 e
=\Te+&> <eE\TqT \D\TqT <HjT\qT >H>
uu$w<seqeTT\T> |d+>+ XjT+> y+& $<q>s+
|+ >Z$+#+<T eTTqT| $<sD lb<\T49jT+<T+&]? ysT #{
ssDyT$T? ysT e |+ >$+q~ jTT? n n&q+<T\ eTT\+&
&+&eT |+uedsd 50 $<sDT\ e#H\TqT51 $CHX seTqT e#H\TqT
jTq <*e+&TqT. |+uedsd $q|+ Cq $es+
45. eeT\T : VQX seT\T nsTT +&e#T. sus<X+ qT+& e\de
ds | & q eTTd+ j<T \ < \qT, MT+< bj> +&y] $T<X + ses Y
n+{s sTeT\ seT#+< # sXsT. $jTq>s+ =\Te eTTd+ \T +&ysT.
sesY |<+ sY n $T+ |{ y&T +~.
46. #s>sT : dq |< deTV\ HjT\T. <+&H<T\T n |T+Te\T ns+
dTH #sT e>, u> dV+> +&ysT nH ns+ & q|T+~. sjTy#+ H
|qeT\ \#s>&T n +~. & d+s&T n ns+.
47. |sD\T : |{ esTd ~ eT& |<+. jT<<+> |<+ ns+ |s+
|kH qT+ eq eTTd+ j<T\T n #|y*. |< eTT+<T yqT
b\T, XgE\T HsT. n+<Te\q ~ bsD\T nsTT +T+~.
48. &us+&T..... : j>eTT n+f <>+. eTVkeC b*+# #e]
=\Te +&e\dq <>T\T 72 s\T. >=| syTH <>\T
+{sTT. |+&=B s=f> s+ <j { 72 j>\ = +{sTT. =
+&e. M{ dTesT 60 |sq T njT\sE HsjTDeT&T V+d$+X #b&T.
49. lb<\T : lb<T\T d]jTq |<+. dHkXeT+ d]+qy] |sT sTy
lb<T\T n, l#sDT\T n >se|sds+> #sTksT. $<sD lb<T\T
nq&+ deT+d+.
50. eTT\+&..... : $jTq>s kqeTT e+Xbs+|s+> kq$ |<$
n\+]+qy] _sT<THeT+ &+&eTuT. &+&eT+ nH~ y] b+&>]eTqT{
VA> q ysTT<+. kH, s m& y[H &+&eT+ ysTTd
|{{|+ yysT. lH<T&T <$y<b& b&<esjT\ (1442`1446)
kq+ |>T\>={++~ &+&eH. lH<T $y<|&qy&T nsTD]H<T&T.
XD~H<T&T TsjT\ <s &+&e, &+&eTuT _sT< b+<&T.
nsTD]H<T&T &+&e b>=T=H &+&eTuT _sT<TqT e+ e<<T. n
=&T sH<T&T, n =&T XD~H<T&T, n =&T sH<T&T &+&eTuT

sjTy#eTT

51

$<sDT\ |X+d
eT+_52jT+<T CH+<dsdT\T53 $<sDT\ (+`2) XeT
ds$T CH|<X+ C dHkXeTeTTq deT+#qw+&
eT<eTT\T {u{ eT<eseTT\T $& XTe\ $TTe\T> p
{q ys\ B$+qys\T> jT+ u $TjT |s +eTT> XjT + _ qyT
neTqeT |+& cjTegeTT\T >{ jT +V<q|DqT
@+>T+&54 eTqeTT&T >yTseTT>55 #]+|eT |<+q
|sq #*+| d+#]+|+> |sq |D+e\ jTePs jTsTT+{ bsTTq
eTcq_eTT uT<TsT. jTqeTT < >TsTe\sTTq CH+<dsdT\
d<qeTTq e+#>qT ysT p dHdT\ _qeTT ns$T+>
eTcqeTT j>eTT><T. n{|{ sj>yTq nqeTT <e#TH n
| +# T +> $<s D T\T sT X sq e q sTT# # q T
n&qy&qT>qT. jTePs jTsTT+{ bsTTH _+ uT eHsT.
_sT< <]+qys. +<T e]y&T n#TsjT\ kq+ qy&T. n
+& XD~H<T&T kH| |k$dTq eTT\+& &+&eTT&T. eTT\+& +{|sy
nqT=+<e n+f ysT >&T\T (]k b++ysT). +{|sT +&<T. ~L&
&+&eTuT> bsTwHeTy < e+X+ |s nsTT e+T+~.
51. MsV+>sT \Cq+ |sT u$wTqT *| e#H\T, ^\T #|qT
$<sDT\ysTL& u$wTqT eTTK+> $jTq>s ke u$ d+d +
#bs.
52. eT+_ : s =\sT eT+_<$ =\Ty q~. |d< \qT
>eTHeT+H+& + q <e + |sTL& eeV]+#&+ +~. MTH+ `
eT<T s eT*sTq + ` lX\ + >H<+ ` |P. n> eT+_jT +<T n+f =\sT
n ns+. n+ujT+ eT+_ sT. $T> <sT Cq|dH+, ueTs+.
53. CH+< dsd : $<sDT\ dHkXeT+ |k~+q k$T $<sDT\
|Ps| X+>] |s~| <T. $<sDT\ eTT+<T y] eTT& usrrsT\T nH
XeTHeT+ |s~|> HsT. +<dsd nH j>|+ +|s~|T\
q~. |s~|T\ CH+< dsd |sT>\ysT sT. l X+>] eTs+ysT,
y] |qT|q |#T]+q \T>T >+<\ CH+< dsd |sT <T.
54. @+>T&T : <e s d++~+q | <B |e]+#y&T. ~ ywe
b]uw| < + . | $T <T\+ ]+ u> e + sse TT XseTTqT uDeTTqT,
nseTTqT DeTT> p#T#T $s&q $wu&T n +< y#deTT #TTq~.
55. >yTs+ : dHkXeT+ ysT y] eTs+ | m& Hyk\
n+f >e\ s $T+ +&L&<H jTeT+ +~.

sjTy#eTT

52

+ ` 1 : $s\ \jT+. kH| $s\ $sb \jT+ n f \jT+>

#TTH&T. $s\ \jT+, $sb\jT+ ysT ysT \j\T.

+ ` 2 : $jTq>s keC eT\+<+ |P $<sDk$TysT

sjTy#eTT
53
sT bsuq @$T XT qT n $q|+ XjT+>, CH+ <T\ysT $<sDT\
|]X~+#e\ eT w\qT y+& |+|>, ysT $<sDT\ y+&
bsTT n&& |+#u |seqeTT&T _+uTqT > e
>TsTe\sTTq CH+<T\ $es+ |\]+#> ysT |sq
|D|\eTT |+|s<T. bs+ nqTu$+# rs<T n eTqdTq jT+
nsTTH u^sBj
56C n+<TydeTT> e+& JeqT+ &e>TeT q
n+|+> nqTCT+& $<sDT\T u|<DeTT> $s|s+57<{
es<Xq 58 b+> ~|s+ dMTbq esVqB59rsq nX<
eeT+<T60 TT>Eke<sD bD CdT uVDT+&T @<Xq
e+&>qT jTqqT #su sTT $<sDT\T uV |Pss
yq|dT + &61
eTT\TqT >He\TqTqT n&T>> uVDT+&T de#qT+&T >q
56. Xk\ bjT\T dw+> #| <c\T #Xs u$+q|&T j <c\
|]Vss+ o y[ >+>q~ eTTse&yT u^s~ j.
57. $s|s+ : b+&e\T nCyd+ #dq eT<XyT $ss+. ~ |{
eT<|<X, s|<X sc\ d]V<T q b++ n, skH jT|PsY
dMT|b+eT s +&T d<+\T HsTT. $s|s+ $s<X| s<. $ bsD
|d< b+ $<sDT\ ny |s Hj n+f nqTeqyT. KeT+
H\=+&|* $s|seT, }H q ~ (u<d|+) $ssE ><
n | |sD+ L& +~.
58. es<X+ : B>T]+ L& @_bjT+ <T. Ve\j\ b<b++
+&<, |{ >TsY b++ u>eT n+THsT. eTVsh es+
u>eT eTs= y<+. us<X+ #|HsT (56) <X\ B {. $<sDT\T
u|<D+> o yTHs kH| |s=+Tq+<Tq es+ >TsY<
|dT n+^]+#e#T.
59. esVq~ : sT+ b++ |sT |wsD, qq~ +&e.
|&T b++ |wsD esV |wsD n+THsT. esVq~ e+
|dT+ n&<T. us<XeT+{ q q d\jT e+{$ dTesT 15 es
esVq<T\THsTT. sT + esV |wsD e< ~esV nes+ |u$ ++<
|sD\T |s=+THsTT.
60. s+ e+ eyT |]> < n~+> s+ e+ |]> n&e\qT,
|+# \qT e+ |sTH |\e+ <T . nX< ee T+<T n+f nX< (nX` s$)
e n~+> +& eq+. seDT nXeq+ L& e\+ nXe +&~ <T.
nXe\T n~+> +&$.
61. @<Xq..... : Xe\ eT&e<q yq|kXeT+ d]+qysT @<
n&$ #f ds+> +&sT. =+ \ee<T\ eT+ esTd +{sT. n
|<X+ yq|d+ +&{ n+{sT.

sjTy#eTT
54
q|sT +Z]u + <Ts T . s|T THjT\T s|]b\q+ CX ~H\T <XXyT<
c&X eTV<qeTT\TqT XjT+> T |sTw<Hq62 jTesTqT |PHysT
sT >q, n+<Te\qT j>|* + XjT eT s|T THjT\T e |\]+#>
jTq=s T|sTw<Hq #seTT> qqT jT$T+] >q, y]
# |>V\T+&q <su+63 nX<eq eT+<T ydeTT> e+<TqT.
q > nH> u u$w<seqeTT\jTT <\TdTqT. n<+fqT
MTsT CH+<T\ y] w\T, MT HeT<jT+ $<sDT\T. $TeTT
u^sBkqeTT C n+<TydeTT> e+& n#H JeqT+&e>TeT
jT$T+ n+|HsT >q MTsT ~q +&>Z~ <T. y<ydT\
<s qeTTqT nq|Ps $X $XXsT\ <s qeTTqT * y] nqT>V eTTe\
sT> |+bqB rsq64 e |+|> |D+ >$+ V]VsT\|]
ysqT |eTT>{ wd+|<\&T y<+Tq e+&+<T +Z]uT
>+ C|q+<T\, $<sDT\T +]uqT VsdT> jT+ ;
|Ts $TjT> <\ ydT\T eTq <w>#sT\T >Hss y] <]Xq+
jTTq >*^ n n&q+<T\ ydT\T MT <w |<eTjTT CXqT.
H C | qT q& | d s j T H Hj T ; w s eTT\TqT H s y s T , MT qT
sk<eTT\T *^ n |\]+#. >q rsTH MTjT;wseTT\TqT
HsyseTT n |\]+q+<T\ d+Z]uT |* |s+ nsTT MT
seT\eTT> <*|qT n |\T]+#> $<sDT\T # d+w&
y<ydT\ <sHq VTe |\]+#eTq> +Z]uT |* |s+ :
yTeTT |\]+# ys\T $ usTT ee~ edqT n seTT\TqT
62. T|sTw<q+ : @< edTe q sTe deq+> T\ edTe
<q+ #jT&yT T|sTw<q+. wsjT\T nHeT +>s+ T|sTw<q+
#X&T. ns{| + &T, u\+ , HD\ |{ Tus+ yTT rsTe&+ >eT+#e#T.
63. y<<jTq+ #dqy] =+eT+~ eTT me]<>Zs <q+ d]+#eT
jTeT+ #dT=+{sT (q|>V). @<H \es sD\e\ jTeT+
\+|T+#e\ded < bjT+ yq|d+. n+<T d+]uT s|TTseTT&
T|sTw<H >V> +&eT s&+ >V+ yq|dT&j&T.
64. |+b.... : V+| $jTq>s |D, H>=+~ eT< d]V<T> |eV+#
T+>u<q~ |sq HeT+ |+b. ~ |< nH d+d |< $.
seTjTD+L& q~ |+bq~>H e]yT+~.

sjTy#eTT

55

C|qT. MTsT usTTq deTjq y<ydT\T e&+&\ eT<Te+qT

uTCq e+#T= \TsTT _\C|\TqT *<{ eujTbseTT\
#T s <de qeTTq H\T>T XqeTT\T>& s> we TsTTq s|eTT&T
eT<V \eT+<T >+>rsq e e& >Tq ~+ eTD]65q
(+`3) kqeTT Cd >T e ><Vq66 e+ y\T| e *
e+<TsT >q, deTjq MTsT d+#& n#{ usTT y] b<eTT\T
|T {> |T= e+<q+ #dq T He+{ VqT MTe+{ jTrXsT\T sTTqT
e+<qeTT\T XT s n Vq#s| e\T> jT $<e TT\T> |\]+#>
b<eTT\T $&Te T=+f n|&T y] <jTe nqT>V+#sT n
C| +> $<sDT\T $ n+<T+& usTT eTD] |T {q e+&>
> eT<V\ eT+<T +Z]uT |*q |sq yweTT ydT=
e# y<ydT\ >qT>= kc+> qeTkseTT\T Cd s+&T b<eTT\TqT
qT\ H=T uyT *q dHd p sT+&T e ds|+ *q~
jTT n Cq<w p $<sDT\qT MTsT +] uT <\T|> ><
eds|+ jT]]. n eT+ <jTqT. +]uT VQ\eTT> e

+ ` 3 : .X. 1824 #sdt ssTTdt bsdt +q eTD] |T+

65. eTD] : o >+>q~ &Tq q nH kq|T{\ ~ {. >+>
kqyT VQ|D|<yT eTD] |T+ eT]+ Xw+.
66. ><Vq\+ n+f eqT+& b\T | { |f deTjT+. j>T\T, d<| sTw\T
# n+ deTjT+ +f med| +&s.

sjTy#eTT

56

|+ ` 1 : l $<sDT\ jeT+

sjTy#eTT

57

dVyT e+&TqT. jTq <VseTT\T nX<eqeT+<T #

ne~|& T eH&T. qT+ sq eKq>s+ qTq~. n+<T eTTq
nsyj
T +&T \{+ *e+&TqT. |+ eqH d+VdqdT
<*| +]u |> eTTqT |+#u |seqeTT&T
eTcqeTT> dVduVDuq+ XsTT+#eT qs| |*,
q>seT+<T eTT|q|T\T ]UT\T>*Z q&esDeTTq~ n |\]+
= eT+ s V d eTT\TqT $<s D T\ nqT> V + y < y d T \T
n<X\sTTb>qT $<sDT\T q+<u]T+& u^s~ kqeTT C
o$XH<T \qTqT $X + <]+ >j |j >\TqT <s qkqeTT\T
Cd |jD>T+& +]uT eq eq e eTT usTTq
|PsseTT\TqT y<ydT\T qq e+eTT\TqT +]u
<\T|+> +]uT d+w& $<sDT\qT \ {eTTe\ eK|s+
>$+ n+<Tq sE\ |w CdqT |sq eTT e jTe|T\

$<q>s sDeTT
yTq>] &T |]V]+#T=+#TqT e+<TsT. n# q |>
s+seTTqT q>seT+<T ny]> deTT\TqT ~esT|T\TqT
|+#uyTq ed\ jT+<TqT >+>, jTeTTH, dsdr, ><e,
d+<T, qs<, y, eT|] yTT<\sTTq eTVqBrs\qTqT s+s+
ny]> ssTT|>\T nq<qeTT CdT & XjTeT eTq$ CdT
$<sDT\qT +]u T eTT $<q>sq e n+<T+& sjT\y]
nV]XeTTqT eTT os<eTT CdT +&eqT n |* n+|+#T=
$<s D T\T s < X q os K +& e T+< T eT+& \ $TX \e< q T
d\ XgeTT\TqT H] +eTD eT+|<X e TT # \<$ bsq djT+>,
+~s<$ |yT e\dq eseTT\&T>T eT qjT>
$<sDT\T q |s y= |+ >$+#e\deq~ MTsT n& jTH
ydeTT> e+<Ts nHqT |eTT>\ |\+<sTqT dTKd
e+&eqT, n+<T qT+ q|sT ] XXeTT> \T#TqT u eT+<T

sjTy#eTT

+ ` 4 : eT+> |s+. & qT+& $<sDT\ysT $jTq>s

sD d\ sX+ #XsT.

58

sjTy#eTT
59
me |ssTTH jTH y\jTT eq< nHqT |\ dsZ~
u>eTT\TqT Xs|<eTTqT |b~ e~ *e+&TqT >q eTT
>$+# |e T+<T MTsT XXeTT> e+&T qrjTeq bsq XjT +>,
eTV<$ MT eTqdT |s+ ejTT+&eT nqT>V+, e eTeTT
] p& beTT yTeTT y+&> ek eHseT q |+|>,
os<XqqT+& e(sTT) e =|s (eTVsh =|PsY)
eT+<T+& w+< s>, $<sDT\T T+>u< kqeTT Cd |+bqB
rsq e |+b$sb\qT d$+ eT+>|syT (+`4) |+
>$+#+<T #TsXeTyTq u$T H\T>T ~\T #&> dMTbq
>e\ eT+<qTq Xq |s >TVqTq +<\T sT eT> $<sDT\T
p Xs&, eTTqT Xq+ +<{ ]yT~ +<\T
Xq ]yT~ jT& p&eTT sT d\eTVeT jTy n ~\ qTq
|q|<\qT |\Teq+|+ n&T>> ysT #|q~ sT jT d\eTVeTT
jT+ \e+T\T> eHqT eT+>eTVeTTqT\ y] X|eTT e\ <Ts\T\
V+d+#L&<T n #|eHsT. |PseT+<T w+< y*dT^e\T+<TsT.
ysT eT eTT \V+#T= jTT<eTT C, jTT jTT<+T CjT>\
deTjq eTV\e+T&T >q dT^e+&T y* jT<T]+ jTT<e TT djT
b]e eT+>|s eTT MT~ e e+&TqT. y* y+{& s> |PseT+<T
y* sT =+& jT+& eT+> eTVeTT X|$TH&T >qT <su+
\e+eTTq +Teq eTqTw\sTTH ~q \e+| | XjT &<T
n #|HsT. >Tq n~ yTT<\T> dT^e+&T y* jTT<eTT XjTL&
eT+> |sq e#TqT. { dq m+ \e+T&T eH
sVX b]beqT > jT<T]+ \Te&T. n~ jTy
dqe+& +Te\sTTH > eTqTwH > n]qT\ nk<eT
#|>, $<sDT\T Xs&, ~ eTTXsT\ eTVeT>\ e n #
jT+ sT ~q |eTT >$+#eqT n XsTT+ nX| >|
qs|T\ qs|jT |TqeTT >qT qs| sCq |s|seTT> |s+
>$+#eq jTq{ #\q+ +& e+&T eT+ eTTVAsq
X+k|q + C ydT| sTw *| q>] d\ + jTsi q>sT qT <eeTTqT

sjTy#eTT

60

= e TT\TqT67 qe<seTT\TqT @si ydTe \T B] M<T \T jTsT

XjTeq eT L& $<udeTT #dq #Ts< X+s_+&q w

X+Tk|q eTTVAseTT
y+&> LsT= XsTT+, jT|&T X*yVq XeTT\T 1127
jT+&T68 ysTT+qsTTsTyjT&+&MT< # |ueHeTd+es+ #X<
bs$ T ds y s+ Xuj
> Xu s D eTT\T >&q Xue TTVAse T+<T eTTVAse TT
Cd, w| + neydH{ s deTjTeT+<T X+KTk|q + #d+<T
XgE\qTqT eT+~\qTqT <eE\TqTqT >sT s<D\T
jTsT X+ <Te\qTqT # |sTw+ X+KTk|qeTT Cd
sT|&eTs\qT |]w+ X+e\T k|+ ydT|sTw c&X
eTDTe\T jTT +>sTq XsTT+ #e+ueTTq |w+, d+ueTT sdT
kHq +se TT> $, dTeTTVAse T+<T yTeTT X+KH<eTT #dH seTT
deTjTeT+<T k|+#eTHT> w\ |\]+, n+|+ \>eTT
|+& +#T= e+&>, deTjTeT+<T y=K +>eTTy&T
_qeTTq e X+KH<eTT #dq $ >TsTe\ysT X+K+ |P]+
HsHT> jT+ ydT |sTw |+] >q, y+&H >TsTe\
ysTqT X+KH<eTT #dq~ $ s+& | X+K+ |P]+q~ jTy n
d+<V + >TsTe\y] e< e w\T n&q+<T\, \>+ | k|d s
n Cq<w p +>eTTy+&T X+KH<eTT #dqT> <*d #\qeTT
67. =+ : TsTE. k<sD+> >&\ <s\ e*>|s\T
=+#+ mT> &sT. >& TsTE sD+ & +&+ e\q #&>H ~
TsTE n \Td +T+~. $jTq>s+ >&\ y+& m+]H TsTE\T
|+#e. TsTE\T q b++e< >&\T L*bsTT +{j! e*d+ | +>
{q >|s eT&Te+ |{ q&sTT.
68. kH| #TTq |> q&TTq~. X*yVqX+ 1127 .X. 1205
neT+~. |> X.X. 1127 |ue <T. <q. $jTq>s k|q .X. 1336
(X.X. 1258, <.) $<sDT\T V]VsTsjT k<sT\ $<q>s+
]+|#jTeTTqT| n& |D+ +<, s]+ k+<H d<++ b<T.
kH| $<sDT\ |PsyT |D+ q d+> |#s+ +f < $<+>
++#&!

sjTy#eTT

61

+`5 : $jTq>s d+Vdq+. ~ sTy \+ yTdsT b\\ #]+~.

e#q $<sDT\T p # d & (w\T) Cdq <weTTe\ eT&Ty\TqT

ss+& U>* e+&eq jTeTT Cq+<T eTTq nsy
jT+&T> *#qT, ydT\ y+ | *#qT n jT+ ydT|sTw
k|+HsT >qT, <su+ sT es sTTsy=$T~ q|T\ eTTqsT
jT+&jT qT. + nsTy jT+&T |D eTTqT d+VdqeTTqT *jTT+&TqT

wsjT\|{_weTT
n $q|+ C.......... sT s|+ wsjT\ y] eq
<HjT\ |\]+, q+<T......... wsjT\ysT eTT |<\yT$T
eT eTs<> s|]b\q+ CX+<T\ |{_w+ n~cqs\T
XjTeT eT+y p eTT<TT+>s $THsT69 >q <HjT\T
njTeTsdT, =+&eTsdT, u#sdT, jT\eTsdT, MseTsdT, nb,
69. Msqsd+VsjT (kH| bsbTq wsjT\T nH ns+ e#T sX&T)
eTT |<\yT$T n wsjT\ |{_w+ #jTeT C|+ wsjT\ <
eT+T\ eTT<TT+>s+ (seTT~ u\T) L& #& kH| #TTH&T.
wsjT\ |]+#eT eTsTdT Msqsd+VsjT\T #& +
|#s+ q < kH| <q+ $sT<+> +~. kH| <qyT yT eTsTdT

sjTy#eTT
62
\D<HjT\T, jT\q<HjT\T, n|s|, eTHsT|, sjTd+
seT#+<jT , ud+ udsjT , neds+ y+jT, jT+jT , \|,
|< |sTdT, <y sTT *+>sd T , keHs......... &T, n{ TsE,
ke yTsE, l|ysT, <V ysT, q+<\ysT, neysT,............
=s> +{ysT, s#] eTsE, d+>sE, y\T=+{ysT,............ |<k
n|HjTT&T, eT<=s\T, Te<=s\T yTT<\sTTqys \+<sTqT,
q>]$<+dT\T #Ts~ seBT\T, nwuc$ ce<qT\T, X_+
b+& + y+ seTXdTs T , dV ke< |u sX dTs T , CdT\T, MXsT\T
eT] >*q |q|<\T70 n+<sTqT Xk eTT> XueTTVAseT+<T
wsjT\y] eT+>kq+ XsTT+, Dy~jT+<T +>sT|seTTq
LsT+& jT$T+, <X<qeTT\T c&XeTV<qeTT\TqT XsTT+ dsT\
sT \ s T\ eT T \ yTsTe\T { ><H\T dV d T+ |w\ T71
yTT<q <q<seTT\T XsTT+ #TdeTT<eTT\qT+ +>sT \XeTT\
e<eTT\T |+ eT] >+>jTeTTH dsdr ><e qs< d+<T y]
eT|] yTT<\sTTq eTVq<T\ e<eTT\TqT |+ nc<X y<
|TweTT\TqT yjT>, dTeTTVAs eT+<T u+V\# eT+eTT>
n_weTT XsTT+, |+eT q_w+ qes_w+ XsTT+ #\Te\
72, |+s+ <]sTT+, #+<q n>sT d] T|qT>T yTT<q
dT>+<<T\ <]sTT+, ys\q+<] $&B\ +|+ |+eT n\T+&T,
=e, +<T |]qT\qTqT, dVT\qTqT, |+ |T |k|& (uT +)
yT #|+ Msqsd+VQD ||s#&+ wsjT\qT Msqsd+VQ eTsD+ es
u<+> b&+ e+{ d+|Tq\ y nesTT. |> Msqd+VQ&T, wsjT\T
seT\DT\e yT*>ys, nq eTT&T |]b\q &&TT+&y& Xdq|eD+
q~. sjTy#+ #|q |s+ wsjT q |{_w+ #jTeT ]qT
ns+ edT+~. VQX K |e<+ nsTTe+T+~.
70. |q|<\T n+f q\T, |<\T n ns+ <T nqT=+{qT. \+ |<eTw,
rs], eT+#&T ]qy&T, eTs<dT & T nsTTq y&T |~> eeV]dT+ {&T.
|<eTw |q|<, |q|< n+{sT. |+#sTTr\, >ersT\, <]
se\ n&T q |~> +{&T. yTT<{ >se+ e+Xbs+|s+
<T, s nsTT+~.
71. dVd.... : ysTT T+u\T n ns+ <T. n>Vs\T @ss <q+ #jT&+.
72. #\Te\T: Xu+ > d #dq \ \T. y{ +{MT< & bjTT T&e&+.

sjTy#eTT

63

dT>+< \eTT\ Vd | qeTT #, #eTjTeTT C, \Tby\T73 yT{,

d+|sejTD+74 #<TeqT, X|<\T75 q&, s+[76MT<
LsT+&T=, nbJ yTT<qysqTqT, <HjT\qTqT, |<qT\qTqT
|\Teq+|+ ys\qT wsjT\ysT qq~,
Msqd+VsjT\ysT d+Vdq |sus+ eV+ q&|+q
<su + sTes n#TsjT\T #+<eT[ yTeTTqT LsT+&T e+{$ T,
sTT|&T eTeTTq s|sus+ eV+#eTHsT >qT eT.........
d+VdqdT\T q&# <T, |\qT s+# <T, |]qT\ q&|+#
<T, <seTT ]+# <T, ejT+#d <T, XTe\ sTT+# <T,
$TTe\ bw+# <T, |qT\ b*+# <T, T\, =*qy]
<]+# <T, d+sD nsTq ysesT, ns+ ebjT+ (<Hsq
esZ\T) nsejT+ (ejT+) d\eTTqT *X <T,XXyTq ]UT\T
>*> <T, $ yTT<q sT\jTT eTT <*dqysT>< e d >
*jTC|eq qq+<T\, nb, njTeTsdT, =+&eTsdT,
u#sdT yTT<qysT q\T>TsTqT k$TysT qq~ syT!
d ] ! d \ T \TqT, $# D eTT\TqT, d \ s sV e TT\TqT,
keTseTT\TqT......... eTjT~ ke\(n~s>D+ ` Bureaucrats)
+#~ d\ ke k<eT sjT\<e sT\T $q|+
Cdq~.
73. \T by\T : \T n+f X+. by\T n+f #|\T. B { iT #|\T
nH ns+ #|e#T> d]<T. $d+> <]+# #|\T. M{ |T {
n\+]ksT. \T |j+#sT.
74. d+|...... : sejTD+ u\+& sejTD < yTT+ 79 X\ |+>
#|&e+~. < d+| < d+| sejTD+.
75. X|<\T : e+< n&T>T\T q&e&+. uq+ #dq sTy y+H |&Te&y,
Lse&y #jT+& d+ e+< n&T>T\H nT q&d Js|jT, <s
s>+ u>T+T+~.
76. s+[ n+f s\T b~q +[ <T. >, Hs>, |#T>
syTq s+>T\ \sTT Hdq XweTyTq yN.

sjTy#eTT

64

wsjT eT+T\T s jTT|<+#T

d+VdH~| nq+> $wn+X > sTTs+><T. n~ jT>+fqT `
qsD+# qs~| eT u>e<+ (u>eBZ, 10`27) q~.
n+<T |<+77
+. sTDT+& qes
usDT+& >+<|w |]eTjTTT"&
qsHjT |]eT"&
|s"qy" &eTsT du| jTq">H.
+. lseTT"&T $jTT+&TqT
Bs<T+&T dT>TD C~ jT
jsjT d+VdqeTTq
Hs&T+ &>T jTT| Hduq&TeTH.

T d+VdqdT+&T keTe dTVX sh <TsZ\+T\qT

sdb+>+T\ <*, +<* n+s usD yVq sdHq ss
+\+T\qT db+>+T\qT s jTsT>e\jTT. keT u< <q
<+& ejbjT | eTV+<C\+T\T dbbjT+T\T *jTe\jTT.
sE\ d|edq+T\T >\e. n+<T\ |<eTT.
^. y\"~, p<+T, bq+T, y", |\T
|\<+TqT, <+&+T" sTd"<qeTT,
keTT wjqeTT> eeTTd"
jTH&T d|edqeTT\ q<T >T\.
77. &qT+& 70e | es sE +&e\dq \D\qT e]+# du| e#q+
qT+& kH| >=H&T. Bs mes, m|{y& *jT<T. y] |usXd >]
#T|< eTDeT+] (1988 H{ |#TsD) |.283 qT+& |. 289 es du|
e#q+ +~. du| e#H +CeP] qT+& q\T |+ s\T &H
\ =|* >jTr |#TsD\ d+d | >+<+> n#TyXs bs&T
1983 yT, us sXsT. #T|< eTDeT+] du | e#H, sjTy#+
du| e#H # &\THsTT. y\T nTT essTT. eT< = |<\qT
kH| n<q+> #s&T. & s+&T |<\ lseTDT&T du| e#q+ yTT<{
|<+, & s+&e |<+. y\~ p<+T bq+T..... nH q>] |<+ du|

sjTy#eTT
65
n$ jT$ jT+fqT : y\~ ` d edqeTT p<eTT ` p<e&T
bqeTT ` dTsbqeTT #jT T ybe, |\T|\< e TT ` T nsD+
<+&+#T, nqT+ y#uT ` sT jT&T edqeTT\TqT e]+#eqT.
~> dT ~ <e> V eq { V|w yTT<q d|d + q+T\
&jT T#T, $ $<+d bsD Vd u |]Vd >jT\qT du db+>
|]ywT+&, nd e+d yT< <T nd eTCX+T\qT d|<Te\
|]CT +&, \eD dTs d] <~ s X<< + T\qT d|k >s |]yw + uq
D#+T s+T> uTC|s+Tq <]+|#T, + | X +#
X X\ |w sB|+T\jT+<T C# ] |u\ T y\T>=+< CjT T#T, VeTe+
e\e+ w< $+< b]j >+<e<q VeTL+T\qT d|\]
|u e+T\T <*jTT#T, X | n us < $X$T >eT eT< ew\ qT
d|e TVTTwX sT\ |k eTs +T\ |+|#T, sywq su wD > y j
T
n+s yVq >+< +\+T\qT d| >+T\ H]+ eT]jTT Hd +T
nq+T n|k<+T nqs+T <+T Bs+ BsdjTT jTsT
>\ys\ jTsT+>$TjTT, ns+T\ jT+<T nHdjTT, nqs +
s+T\T XjT$TjTT, eT++T\ s+ |$TjTT, Xu+ T\ |j +|$TjTT,
$wjT+T\ >T\TjTT qq+sq |<TH\T>T s<w+T\T |]V]+,
qTdw |+# +T e\q >\+T\T q+<qeq+T\T \d\ |<d \ eDjT
<TsZsD+T\ ns+T ]+|#T, |+>T n+< eT ~s $+>T\T
yTT<\T> >\ b+<T\ <jT qsd s+|#T, ujTsT&q XTe XsDq
> s+ |#T, 78 ....... <+& njT&T s $<sX g+T\ sV d+T\
H]+, s< sVD nXsVD >CsVD|<. ...... |T e$#D T+&, <q<s
e#q+ <T. s+&+{ u<\T bsT yd \|TT >+<+ >\<T. du| e#q+
n+ {\T nsXg++f eTT+< d+]+#&, s mes *jT Xks+ nH
s >+< d+|s|+> q&TT+~. (#&+&. |sD|+& eT\jTXd>]
XkseTT nqTy<+, 1918)
78. () : eTT~ |T\ () sTy >+<+ |++< d+# ......
>TsT +~. <+& n eTs >+<+ =qk>TT+~. , sTT, ys, <+& `
H\T>T sE | d]> Hs e\dq $<\ {\T&T nsX g+ #b&T. n+<Te\q
\T|u >+ sTT, ys +& +{sTT. k+KeTT, j>eTT, jTeTT ` eT&+{
n |sT. n $<\ B|+, n s\ bjT+, d\<s\

sjTy#eTT
66
|s|s+T\>T <sjT+T\ H]+, |uT eT+ V+T\qT
XjT+T\T >* XT$T <dqT\qT $<+T\ <] H]+,
d\jT+T\qT $<+T\ H]+, bs<V kjT+\+T\qT
d+<jTeTdT+& VejT >s| <D>T\qT V+T\T
d\T|#T, X e+< ksu +T\qT yjTT esZ jT +T\ H]+, jT>sT
eTT <e| eTT|\ #s+T79\qT >TD s|+uq +\+T
\qTu$+|#T, dsdy>TD+T \qT >TD+T\ Hi+, eT eT<
e<eTeTT\qT $< HjT\D+T\ Hi+, <sseTy #T]<
|sTcs|sT+&, y<Xg |sD Vd+T\qT #TwjT+T\ |+|#T,
TT>Eke<sD+T\qT #Ts>eT+T\ |+|#T, V#] >Vd
yq|d _\qT #TsXeT+T\y] <* s+|#T, s< > Ts>
|<T\qT #T s+> \keTT+&, eTHT< V+s + T\qT #T ]<+ T\
<*d, su+>q <+<eq s\eg+T\qT #T]< >s>]\T80 >*
ekusD>+<|w+T\qT #T]< X+>se+T+&, q<q eT<qyVq
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#' Hd V\qT |+#+~jT+T\ |~\dT+&, $Tu< dTVu
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sTT. eekjT+, |Xb\q, es+ <s <qd+b<q m #j ys #TT+~.
, sTT, ys\ j>e\ <+& |]dT+~. |\qT <+&+# $wjT+
sE jTTjTT $#D eT]b |C>V >Ts&T qT neds { $~
m |j +# sE *d +&*. Cs#sT\T, e+# \T, XTe\ qT+& qT\qT
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79. n>sT dTydq <e+. B +\+ |j+#sT. jT n+f j\T
jT. jT>sT n+f dTydq >\ j\T n ns+ #| y*. eTTeTT n+f |+&q
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>T]+# #bsT. eTT\qT * jsT#dq XwyTq dTq+ eTT|\#s+. B
y&+ >=| u>\D+.
80. >s>] : k+<seTT, XueTT n s+&s\T.

sjTy#eTT
67
d+~$>V \HXq nd+| s+T\ H]+, bs+ubjT |sTw
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\+T\qT |+#uDeTT\ qT>, }<T MTT yjT T s#T | +
|+T\qT |+#eTVy<+T\ 81 H]+, u u V #w
bjT+T\qT |+#$< Vs+T\ Hi+, T\eD eT eT<T
cjT+T\qT w&d+T\ \D+T\ q&T|#T, d+~ $>V jq dq
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|sT |sse d>s sMsT\qT sTZsT #esT\ #]+T\T $qT#T,
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#s+T\qT w&sq+T\82qT jT]+, y<+, yXw, u, |us,
|Pss MTe+d+T\jT&T w{g+T\ |+|#T, <q<q edTyVq
81. du| e#q+ #|q |+#eTVy<\T }<T, yjTT, MTT, ysTT+#T,
+#T^#T. kH| }<T, MTT, yjTT, s#T|+, |+T |+#y<\T n
#TTH&T. s+&T |{\$ |+#eTVy<\T e. sE q>] (n+'|s+)
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V+, |V+, X+K+, jT|T+. du| e#q+ }<T (yDTe e+{$),
MTT (MDe+{ r>\T+&$), ysTT+#T (eT<\ e+{$), yjTT (+#T\ e+{$)
` $ #T]< y<\T. +#T^#T yjTT #sTT+~. kH| #|q
s#T|+ @$T{ *jT<T. |+T qT e+ }V+#e#T. |+#eTVXu\T
nH |sT |Tq (+#T\T), (r> y<\T), dTws (yDTe e+{ }~ |*+#$),
e+~, e>< n eZsD +~. +<T e+~e><T\T sE, se+X]
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|+#eTVy<\T n $$< X\T q |{\, du| e#H\, kH|
@ue+ <T.
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n s#q+. d <sqeTT\T sT. Hd <sqeTT\T sT. du| e#q+ Xe,
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|{\, M]<] |{\ # & q~. du| #|q Xe, ywe, X, >D|\T
wD\ #]q$ w&s H\T e. kH| #| q Cq b*eTT\TL& w&s H\T

sjTy#eTT
68
+<Tq <d<k~ qT\qT >*, uq eg >+< |w +\+T\
|jT $T d+>>wj
T T bqT\qT nwu >+T\qTu$ +#T#T, \eTT s|eTT
$<jTT <qeTT #\eTT \eTT jTeqeTT s+T\qT nweT<+T\qT
nV+]+, d] ss+ #+<T83 y n>sT |sT T|qT>T
l>+<+T\qT nwdT>+<+T\ |]eT|qT+&, y>jTT s>jTT
VQeq+T XjT T Xgk<q +T Msg+T\ sjT T nqT nce<q+T\84
H]+, X+>s Ms sTD n<T Vd ujq ;u s<yX+&,
eTTeD ey&s >yT~ |ws> \|y eTs+T\qT qes
|T+&, |<+ eTV|<+ X+K eTs #| eTT+< +< \ esjTqT
<q+T\qT85 >*,Z dqjTeTus \qT (jTesuqd\>+ n >D\qT
>T]+#& H]+# d+) nw >D\D+T\ Hi+, dse& | e&
ujTe& V<qTds$\ b>e d+XjT|uT $u>+T\, <X
s nK+& esZ { jT{ dsd e\qT sye u<eTT\
H]+, TTTHjT nuT<jT eq ] s[ \|eD seT<Tbq |
|s dT eT+ < |]Dj<T \q+sq nc<X esqeTT\TqT <*,
d+d b XSsdq e>< |X #[ n|u+ X qT>T\qT nwu c
|MDT+&sTT, jTu+ >, #+ <u+ > |qsT d+XjT |eT e<es $s|
e. c&X (16) <sH\ += |{ +~. y{ $ #ssTT. Te+{
nH k*\T du| e#q+q, sjTy#+q HsTT. sD+ kH|
e\+ sD + nsTT +{&T. Te+{ Xg|]uwqT @< $& Cq+MT< sde+{&T.
sjTy#+ bs+u |<\H #b&T < dTqT\# $ sXq . $q~ s
e#|&T esT\T #sT\T dV+.
83. #+<T : #<T, k<T. qyTTq{ es \T>Ty] +& |d_&\ #<T
uT> |&+ +~. |Ps\+ m #dys eTT<+, ss+, T B
eT\<y\T. ~ $T>y{> dT>+< <e+ <T. B <T\T nsT, >sq+
nw>+<\ |{ q&TTHsTT.
84. $ \T Hse\dq nce<H\T n |+< eTDuwD+ #TTq<.
\D+ du| e#q+ <T. kH| nce<H\T n s #b&T. >Ti| \D\T,
d{<qeTT $T> s+&T >TD\.
85. |<+, eTV|<+ yTT<\>Tq$ d+K\ |sT. { |q 14 dTH\T q d+K
|<+. 15 dTH\T q d+K eTV|<+. eTT+<T#| sE n+ ~ LsT=
+&*. |{ q $T> |s + $T+q d+K\T. sTeT\ <y\jT+
|<~, X+K~ b& n~<e\ $>V\T HsTT. |H M{ qeTd]d q
q $>V\T $jTq>s+ X* sTT, eg<sD HsTT.

sjTy#eTT
69
X$ s<+ T >eT+T\qT <X$ < n|X + T\ CsjT, qesk\+sT+&
#+ <<y T , eT<Tesq y+T\T >*, y+ <X |ueyu e +T\ H]+,
\D \ +T\ e H\+s+T\ C|H]q dTe\ qsd s+|#T,
##T ++#T e>#T dTsqT =j&T d>TZHsT+> jTT+&T
nq+ s#eT>T seTT e#T H\T =T|&T Je+ =\> p#T
njT&T <Xed\ eTseTT\ H]+, eD H=|e#T >]>] $&T#T
\VjT>T +H=+<T <q eTT H=+<T <T'jT>T y(})sT\ b>\T
eq# \dT eTsT#T sV]jT>T >T eTq+T <\T
nsJe+ =\>T |+#eTq+sq c&Xed\ u<+T]+, n+>Tw+
n]\T eT&yT y\T V s+ H_ # e > n<s b\ H
b\ eTd+T\qT c&X kq eTs+T\ <*, y*<+$T \Te $]XeTT
(~]dqeTT) e$T& C bq b>& nXeTT $sTy ($sC) eT yTT\
><+ y$* \Te dTsbq <[|w+T\qT c&X uD+T\ H]+,
>TsT$\T #sT$\T r>$\T |P$\T H\TZ $<+T\ $+&TqT <*jTTjTT,
{H] ]y\TH] >TsTH] r>H] jTq+sq H\T>T $<+T\
HsT\TqT, H\T>T $+&TqT mu{ c&XuDeTT\TqT c&Xkq+T\
>T]C jTjTT eTsTq qT>, #ww $< |MDT\ ns s+|#T,
<Twq>V+TqT wq |]b\q+TqT CjTe\jTT. + sT\T
nHeTT\T >\e. n+<Tq +Y $q|+ C$T n nb njTeTsdT
=+&eTsdT u#sdT yTT<\sTTq ysT $q|+ Cq+<T\, wsjT\ysT
ysqT p MT uu$w<seqeTT\TqT <s<w seTT\TqT >
nH>eTT\TqT *dqys\T >qT sT\ seT\eTT>
|*]. ueTseTT yjTTe # |e\ ydq ]+qT ueTs
HjTeTT86> qTq q>] <jTeTTqT njT+<T\ jTTq
86. ueTs HjTeTT : d+d eTT kyT\e+{$ Hj\T. b* |<q+>
+T+~.TyT< |sT>TqT >{ + <#T <#d sT>TT+~.
TyT<MT< eTqdT *|q |sT>T eT+> qTL& TyT< neT+<. n+f
|<s, e re+> u$+ n_e+ qTL& n> e]be&+. de
Vs\qT $|+> n_e+ y]> \T, <TdT\T, Veuy\T |<]+#&+
ue Ts HjTyT.

sjTy#eTT
70
n&q+<T\ ke\T <s + | q&d H\ eT&T yq\TqT >TsTdTqT.
u$T VQe> |*+#TqT. q>]ysT HjTeTT | *q n|q+
(|qT\T) rdqT q>]y] n~ XjTdTqT >\T>TqT. n+<TqT+ ud
u+&seTT87\ s= sbjT\T88 VQe> e#TqT. n s
#|q+<T\ `
|< +.

HjTeTT ||e qT
bjTeTT |*$T d]bjT+ >TH
HjTeTT u+&seTT qs
HjT\ q+&T ] HsjTDT&

n #~$ $|+ k<Teq ysqT, k<T +Te\qT, u<

CXy ] + | |s Cdq T s<s eTTqT, XseTTqT, Cq |DeTTqT
DyTbeq d<++. ~ > <|sjTT>eT+<T *jTT>~ |T
eTVsE sC_w+& MTeH <sXgeTT\TqT, jTT>eT+<T
H\T>Tb<eTT\TqT, jTT>eT+<T eT&Tb<eTT\TqT, <|sj
T T>eT+<T
s+&T b<eTT\TqT, *jTT>eT+<T y=Kb<eTT q <s<e <HsyT
<ssE <s|]b\qeTT XjT+> sTTH dTUq e+{$T sTT|&T *
|yXejTqT. eT&T b<\ n<seTTqT, y=b<+ <seTT >qT \T
\Tes< y=Kb<+ H\ y| <T'U+jT jTT+&>, | T eTVsE
87. udu+&seTT\T : s+&+{ ns+ <H>syT>, sjTy#+ |<\T
nsu<+H |j+#&sTT. ud+ sE e> <qX+. u+&s+, u+&s+,
u+&>s+ seT+{ d++~+q X>s+. us<X+ s|]b\q |<q
esZ<s >+<\T (eqTe) {\T nsXg+, eT+< ks+, s *jT
Xks+. M{ nsX g+ sEL& yq + rdTH |Cde e+{y& rs+
n, T+duT\ yq+ ssTT++~. s KsT\ keTTqT {sTT++~.
n+<T sE d+ ud+ +&e\dq nedsyTs&+~. \|]DeT+ nsXg+
d+q <s s\D\qT $d]+H ]|s+> $|yTq ydT\TuqT
*+#T=HsT.
88. s=sbjT\T : | |<+> ~L& ns# |<+<+ nsTTq|{ eT
ns+ ysT . s=eT+f +>s+. sbjT\+f HD\T> e]q V+. HD\| ueT\T,
sE\ \T eTT~+#&+ e\q s|eTT, s|eTT (s|eTT *eq~) nH |sT
e#sTT. s|yT sbsTT nsTT+~. |&T s=eTH, sbjT\H &T nH ns+ H
y&TTHeTT.

sjTy#eTT
71
q>sT X<q @<Xq (q|q) jT\T<] s> <qTeqT > \T
\Te sT &T ++| e+&> p, k<Teq ysqT jTesT
u< Cs n sE eT<q TeqT n&q+<T\ e qq&T> sDyT$T?
qT+& njT |jqeTT $TjTTq~? n eT+<*+q+<T\ MT
$TeTT> n&H+ > ePs n&qy&qT >qT n |\T]+#>,
eTeTTqT+ njT |j qeTTqT XjT dTqT |seT]+# eqsTT
V < jT n&T>>qT, n|&T |T #|q |<+
.

k<Te\>T +Te\
u<\T *+#T K\T\ u++| s
C<eTT HjTTdsZ
l<qeTT\T $&be d<eTT

n #~$ qT nsTqbT+&T, n_eTqT|T+&T, |T+&qTy&qT

n_<q+ #|> n|&T eT<qTe qT <s<eqT n q ds|eTT
|+ j d\yTq ysTqT q&T#TeqT. *<w+T qT
usjT+& e seTT #d ~H\TqT H\T>T b<eTT\&T
d+#]+#+<T <s+ |]b\q+ djTeqT n os<eTT C
n+sqeTT u+<. >qT |T *<weTTq e+&q d\eTT\TqT
e+&+<T jTeTeTT C seTseTTeqT |\ eTTee\q
d sT\e\q nHew< weTTq uj
T eTT +& <q <qeTT \|]$TeTT>
& XsTT+ deTsT XjTTe |]|PsT\ sTT dTUq e+&]. >q eqT
k$TysTqT <s|]b\q+ #dT s+ jT\eq *|HsT, >q
T\+ nb yTT<\sTTq ys\ # d > $ sjT\ysT sT es qT
XsHjT&TqT, qsd+VHjT&TqT, Msqd+V sjT\ysT 89
s|]b\q+ >$+HsT. >q sTT|&T seTT\TqT, <TsZeTT\TqT,
<Xe TT\TqT, = e TT\TqT, $wd \ eTT\TqT, |D u eTT\TqT, keT+
ds< T seTT\TqT, p seq |\]+ q+<T\ k$TysT qq
s+ yT! d], |<\T @*q seTT\T = #&eqT. qeH
jTTqsTT jT seTTqT *jT<T. nT>q seTT >\ |\TqT
89. Xs......: MsT esTd> wsjT\T , +&, de nq>sT.

sjTy#eTT
72
k$T y] b& > q e q T. X T qT\ qT, keT+ sE\ qT,
|s;seT>TqT>qT #Ts+>\eTT\&T nw~\TqT = p ]
y\jT Cd seqT n $q|+ CdHsT. >q wsjT\ysT

ys\T #T y>s jT$T+#T

q+<eTTu+~ u$kseTTqT seTT\TqT p&eqT n XsTT+
eTTqT\T> #sT\e\q j <XeTT\TqT, j ~\qT+& <=s\T,
eTH]eTT\ q&\TqT, y]y] *$T\eTT\TqT, >e<T\TqT, |\ ,
|eTT\TqT, |+&beTsqT\T &T=H ys\TqT, =eTT\ jT+<*
q&e&\T * HH{ |eseTT\TqT >|eTT> e |\]+#T>,
\Ty>+ >* T~$#D T uVQuc+se TT\T <*d VQs|eTT\T>qTqT
d+#]+ n+s+> ys\s e#T> $j|s+, nVeTT<q>s+,
u&<, seTV+<+, s+>+, #q|+, ls+>|+, #<s+>|+,
ls+>+, eT<Ts, syTXs+, eeTsT, edeTT<+, |qT=+&, >\=+&,
>Ts+=+&, yT&T, yTTsdTH&T, |T+oeT, nses+, eTj+ =,
=+D+, s+, $s|s+, es<X+, eT><<X+, eT<X+, $<s<X+,
+uq>s+ , osK+&+, & q >s+ 90 $ yTT<\sTTq e\qT, T\Te,
VeT yTT<q <D seTT\qT, #+<], >+&, &|, q+<\,
u\+=+&, s#sT (sjT#sT), eTT<T>\T, &>\T, yTdsT, yTT<\sTTq
d\eTT\qT, y>sTqT jT$T+ n+|+ |DeTT\ d+#]+#+>
nV+]+Hs |sT\ ebsTTHs $HqTqT y] XjTeT
& #dHseT MTs+<sTqT q>] MTs q&T#T=eT qHsT.
q n~ yTT<\T deTyTqysTqT ujTdT |eTTqTq, M<T\jT+<TqT,
esZeTT\jT+<TqT jTesT jT<TsT H jTeT \+#ysT dTKeTT>
d+#seTT CX q&|+ sjT\ysT eTT\TqT s =\Te91
r]q s q>sTX<q $# d\ seTT\TqT \TdT,
90. |{ eTT<n#T (u f|t) <X\ bsD |d<> #]|d~
<T. n+f <X\T e<T. $jTq>s ke <X\|sT e]bjsTT.
+<T $s<X+, eT<X+ f. s+, eTj+ n ysT b+\T> #b&T.
+u<XeT+f H{ +u&j. kH| q *dq, $q sC\ |s+{
|{ $T& +{&T.
91. s=\Te : ~ sjT eeVs\ =\Te <T. $<$H<\d+ @sT
#d~. $yd+>+, H|<sq\T, kV #s\T, ]> =\Te.

sjTy#eTT

73

wsjT $esDeTT
nsTD<j q>] e =+ &e |e[+ jTT<j qH <+< eq,
eTTKeTq, HeTrs| =\Te CdT= |<=\Te92qe eTT s
q>sTX<q jT\TyTsq y >qT=q seTT\T $q seTT\jTT
eTqdT <#T =, ] +>eTjTqT p s |e TT |ese qeTT
$T? n n&T>> d\seTT\TqT $q|+ #dTqT >q eTT
pq+<T\qT deTsdeTT> eq{jTH $ ePse+<TsT. q&q
seTT\ \<Ts\eTT\T \T|b sT bq Te+{ M~ sTsT
XD +H +{e< s q&q HjTeTT\T *dqy&e>e. qqHse TT
$T? e ]+ CX~, yTeTT s|]b\q+ CX~ kjT
>V |&> ] ;C+< qT s|>\ T <VseTT M<T \qT eTqTw\
qT+#T DD q&T#T ys\T |seT]+ seT u<|s sjT\y]
jTesT eTsT>T|& $q$+Hs n |seT]+#> sjT\ysT q>sT X<q
y[ |seT]+#> q s$T+> $q seTT><T n jT+ <su +
|e TT e*y ]qT qeTT93> q&#T seTT\T e \T|eT
~|s sjT\<eysT s q>sT X<q y<Tq jTe] n&T>
M<T\ <T&T\T sjT V#] qT+&TeT |* qTqT q
|\sTTqysTqT qT =*q ys&T sjT\<eysT =\Te B]
q>] |* bsTTq DyT VCseTT94 e< e+& q>sT ;>eTT<\sTTq
s+&T |T&jT\ sjT\ysT eseTT> (esTyweTT) jT\T<s
92. |<=\Te : d\ |uTs\T sV+# s\jT+ e+{~ (yTsTTH n&d{y
|dt). sC<>T\T, e\T n+<] &~ <T.
93. jTeTT ` | qeTT ` $ nsTTq|{ qeTT> n+f C>> n
b]C|VsDeTT |j>+ +~. ~ beTT dTMT q+, e\\ <
e\jT$T........ (5`86). sjTy#+ L& jTeTT +f C> n+fH ns+
d]bT+~.
94. VCseTT : VQC nH bso|<+ B eT\+. yTT>k\. yd ueH <
=\TeL{ eTT+<T +& #e& e+{~. ~ q& |<+. zsT>\T ||sT<T
yTT>k\ >&j
s+ +&< lH<T &T &_seT+ #b&T. k<sD+> VCseTTe<
e*ysT +{sT. sE du mesT eks y]|s C_ e*y] e<
+T+~. n+<T y] sE du|yX+. dL]{ bsTT+{ e+{~ VCseTT.

sjTy#eTT

74

C& p qT|+#T>, n++ V#]> s> sjT\<e ysT

p ] +>eTjTqT _* yTeTT eTTqT q>sT X<q jT\T
yTs eTeTT. eqT >\ysTqT <sq qT| seT qHsT
>q, ] +>eTjT <su+ (n~ yTT<\T>, n|{qT+& n ns+)
uj
T eTT >* sjT\ysT q>sT X<q C sT> q>sT |yX + njTes qT
M~M<T\ y+&H ] eT] q $&~ =+| beqT. sT eseqeTT\T
nb>sT yTT<q ke\T $qys ysT ysT #q|sT eTeT
+&qT s |> e|\T &T=H|&T j~ V#]\T *
b#q\T q&T|e+<TsT. sT e+&> wsjT\ysT
eTTqT b'\eT+<T |< #<TeeT $+{ e+<TsT >q,
eKH&T |< #+<jT95 q sL& qesT q>] n+|>
jTq e d+jT, $<Ts, #DT, us V] XeTT, $
yTT<\sTTq #~$H&T >q eK|<yTH | #<Te> sjT\ysT
ke<qT $HjT&\ |<XeTTq eK |<eTT.
+. \esZeTT keT+T\
\eTTq >Z\eTT>\ qb\Tq =<y
*yT |iq| C
\d+|< + <e <qs+<!

n |<eTT #<Te> sjT\ysT |<eTT qTesT eTTesT #<eeT

eTqdTq #T eKH&T =\Te |\qT sD\ |\Teq+| ys\qT
s d+VdHq jT \\ seTT\T? seTT ]<Ts,Z d\ <Ts,Z
\<TsZeTT\T jT, \T jT? q>seTT\T >eTueTT\T jT? jTjT
<TsZ\ jT+ q>]ukq96 e+&? s=sbjT\qT, qes
95. |< ...... : eTq +{|s | &T #dq eT\ qT, <>\qT, ed+q
}qT, #dq |Tqs { @s&qy. sjTd+, neds+, neds\, u+&sT,
u+&s+, |>Z& +{|s #dq <> { @s&qy. |< #+<jT sp
sjT\y] @< u< |T+qT+& |<\T $|+#y& nseTT+~.
96. q>] ud+: q u+&s+. ~ sE d+ X>s+. $jTq>s sE\ |
] d+ X>seTT+&<. sCX>s+ qT+& uk keTT {sTTksT.
u+&>s sE HsT> |qT\T #*+# ueTT\T +&$. ~ q>] ud+
\Te +T+~. sE e]q sTy bsE uk d\T yd eTdyks.

sjTy#eTT
75
uwDeTT\qT, k|+ e+q |eTT\qT, oeTeTDjT>s MT<
#\T\TeqT, q>] J+97, jTqT>, >Ti+, |]H\qT $eseTT>
yd #<TeeT =+$T~ d+|T\qTqT |\T|+ q], >q
q u+&s+ n\H<T+&T98 $q|+ Cq~. sT esqT Msqd+V
sjT\ ysT K |K\T n& |seT]+q ysT sT. |&T k$TysT

X~ $esDeTT
K\ T |seT] CdT H sT >q, jTjT \T $q|+ XjTeTHs j \T
XK]+ (d]+) yd H eTsqT njTT $q|+ CXeT K|K\T
C>> ssTT|>\T yd XK]+ eTsT#TH&T \T $q|+ Cq~.
$<sDkeTT\ ysT sT |+ >$+#|&T d+VdqdT | + q~
=+u =$T~T jujsT \\ <e+> uwDeTT\T H\T>TTqT,
qeseTT\T sTTqT eq~99. n$> sT esqT d+VdqdT\T
n+ $|s |]dT\ | ud+ sesT. V+| ~\ <ds ~e<
N{ D+> H\e[> { eT+ s& + +T+~. ~ n+{ q>] uk\
{ n+THsT.
97. q>] J+: $jTq>s+ dq\T s+&T s\T. sEqT+& HsT> J+ rdT=H
dq\T J+ysT. B \& dq (k+&+> ). s+&e~ neTsHjT\T sV+#
dq. M{ sVD KsT y#\ sE d++<+ <T. q>] nH e n+'|s+
n k<sD nsyTH sueH\T, sE nH ns+L& kH| |j+#&T.
98. qu+&s+....... : sE d+ KCHjT ud+ < q u+&s+. sE
djT+> J+ ee\dq $u>\ q d+ KCH qT+ e&T. su+&>s+
qT+& k&T. #*+| <X KCH qT+& ]H sE sT yTs sT>TT+~ {
\T sE>sT d+ >D #&*. n+<TH \ qu+&s+ n\H<T&T
$es+ #|e\d e+~.
99. $<sDT\ysT $jTq>s sD \+ uTeHX <$ >T]+ bd+#s,
(+ 11) e d+w+ +>sT yq ]|++<, <Hq+{ $<q>s
eT\<q+> V]Vs, TsjT\ #s < +~. VjTd\sE\ n\T&T
n[jT ( q& |< n\T&T n ns+) e#jT |qT>=+& >=|~ <#&,
<H $<sDT\ysT k<sT\ #& s+&e <. $<q>s sD+ \|{q
sTy jT+ #jT& u$T <TqTT+&> ~ jT|&+< eT&e <.
eT&T <\ T, sjTy#+ $<sDT\ysT $jTq>s d+VdH |<y T T+ eT\~
deTLss #TTHsTT.

sjTy#eTT

76

d+VdqeTTqT q&T|= X\e <j\T100 b> ukq e+q~

|+<=$T~ jujsT \\ <e+. ~> s s+ |~T
jTquH \T>T\\ TqT, <y<jT+, +V<jT+, ds eq+, eTs| s e TT\
nsy\\T b> *q~ |~TqT, syH\T>T \\ sCq Jsd+C
>TieTT\101, sE >Ts+ y=K+{ qs|T 102 >TseTT\T ysTT+{
\| T e+Tq >Ts\T sTTsTyH \T>T y*+{ sTTsTy H\T>T\\ TqT, jTqT>T
eK+{ sE yjT |T , jTqT>\T qsTTsTysTT+{ |+&+&T
\\qT jTqT>\T ysTTHqsT. +T y=K+{ H\ |T{ s+&
es\, +T ysTT+{ s+&Ty\ e+Tq s+&T \\ + sE
H\T>T \\TqT, sT K |sq neTsHjT+ >Ts\T jTqT>\TqT
|+&+&T y\TqT, \\eTT\T s+&T\\TqT, +<T sE\qT jT+
<e, #jT {<T s+Z , >T, >+&, #+<], >Ts+=+&, eT<s T , keT],
s|s+, qsT, |qT=+& eTTd<T103\sTTq <TsZeTT\TqT, q+<\,
ls+>|+, eeTsT, <HjT\ {e\+, eT<Ts, b+,
~+&\T yTT<q dy&T, ={\T,&+ ($TH&T <s|]
100. X(d)\e n+f KsT. d<jTeTT n+f $$< s\T> ed\T #d dT\T, |qT\T,
keT+T\T #*+# b\T, neTsHjT\T #*+# e+T\T.
101. Js...... : d+ n+f >Ts+MT< JqT yd, jTT<+ >j\ u&< Z+#&
e#+ =&>&+. d+CeT+f >Ts\| ydq s+&Ty| eTT&yjT&+. s+&T
e\ @<H >Ts d<+ #jT&+ nH nsdTHsTT. Js bsd |<yTq CsY
nqT=+f \+, X nH ns\THsTT. jTT< d<+ #jT&q \yTq VQcsq
>Ts Js d+C+.
102. |T(|T)T : |<+ sjTy#+ # ksT edT+~. ~ y&q d+<s+
KsTqT ddT+~. $jTq>s #] >+<\T |]o*d esV (esV), |D+, s,
qeTT, dT e+{ HD\T y&T qT \TdT+~. |TT |sT q|&<T. >Ts+
y=+{ qs |TT n+TH&T. n+f KsT. >| e++ #T
qsT |TT, e\T uVDT\ #& kH| #TTH&T { ~ HD\
d++~+q |<yT. |q #|q +>sT HDq esV\T >{ esV, <=& esV,
X< esV n eT&T s\T. +<T >{ esV |TT nsTT e+{sTT.
>Ts sE qsT +>sT HD\ KsT n+f qeTX+ <T. +T +{ H\
s+&T |TT dTHsH&T kH|. ~ deT+d+>H +~.
103. eTTd<T : eT\+ s |<yTq eTTdB. B s, @>ue+ * +&T
n ns+ . kH| |{ #| q <e (<) qT+& |qT>=+& es <TsZ~| T \T
$jTq>s+ y]MT< us *q ys +{sT.

sjTy#eTT
77
VdsT dMT|+ +~), Hs(sjT?)Deq+ yTT<q eq<TsZeTT\T
<XeTT\T>\ seTTqT jT\T= =\Tk eHsT. K e oeT\T =
jTqT>T, >TseTT\T, +T jT<\T104, < =\Te eHsT, >q
q qe<]+#T XjTeqT n $q|+ XjT+> sjT\ysT
sD\qT neTsHjTq q>]$105 e*|sq jTqT>T, >Ts+
+T jT<\ $eseTT> K yd eT qq s q>] J+,
jTqT>T, >Ts+, sDTe K jT$T #<Te< eTqdTq jT+ nb
njTeTsdT yTT<q y] p eTT+<s q&|+#>Z seTT\ #q
jTeT n&q+<T\, n+<sTqT ePs e+&> keeTsdT>sT
#q|sT& jT$T |\]+# ($es+ #|+&) k$TysT q
d]bsTTqT q&|+eT d+T~> $q|+ CH&T >q sjT\ysT
eT q d+Vdq |suseTTq s\Cdq e+ +> d\
||+ #eTTqT ke\T eTTU+se TT>H q&Tkeq~. eT e|\T\T
jTesT $HsT. n~ssTDeT+<T k+eTT> q&|d eT+_qyT
seTT\T =qk><T. { y{ |q|<\T eTsjT \TdT= y=K
s+ q&|d n|&T eT d+eTT> q&T#TqT nqT#T, eTqdTq
<sj#q jT+ y=KH{s q>sT X<q jT\T<]qT q>sT y&*

wsjT\T |DX<q ue
|{q s+&eT&106 <sq s| ~q y=K<eeTT e+&> n&
bsTT * q+_107yD eT <+<eq eTTKeTq HeTrsyT k$T
y<q yTq |k<| D seTT\T108 | +#T s+ LsT+&> n+ |+
104. +T jT<\T : ~ \T>T bso $TX dedeTT. b< nH bso |< $
|<. *q&y&T, *+T n ns+ n &sY d.$. seT#+<se sXsT. uH
|s+ \ HsT> e+&ysT b<\T. 105. q>] $ : s#q>sT s|q
sV+#& \T (n+T). 106. s+&eT& : Xg |s+ eT& s+&T dT\T.
s+&Ty\ <qdT\ <s+ dT. <qdT sT n&T>T\T. q dT n+f 3.7
MTsT. eT& n+f 14.8 MTsT. s+&T eT&\T n+f 30 MTs <s+>
\TTq~. esTycq n+ <s+ ] q>s X<q #jT+ d+ue+ <T.
n|{ y&T eT& n+f *=B ]> <s+ @< +& +T+~.
107. q+_ : ywe |PC]. nd\T ns+ u>e+T, u>eT\ <dT&T.
108. |DseTT : r| |+&e+. e&|| n |*# Hqu{q |ds|| n L&
|T+Te\T #TTHsTT. yTT<{ nsyT |dT+ y&T +~.

sjTy#eTT

78

+`6 : sjT\T q>sX<q y[ +&bsTTq H>qV[ <y\jT+(?)

+`7 : H>qV[ <y\jT+ |[=+& s+>H<T&T

sjTy#eTT

79

jT|{eH ke eTsdT >sT q>] e sjT\ysT |c<jT yTH s109

n |seTs+#> n# jTT+& <<T\T V>Z&\T110 uq\T111
nD>sT112 qs sjT\TysT q>sX<q bsTTqf + s<T n
|*HsT. >q ys\qT sTTqT jTesT e n&H > sjT\ysT
susyT + |c<jT+ XjT<T n #|T jT$T+
VCseTTUq e LsT+& >&#sT\qT nw~\ esZeTT\qTqT
|]X~+ jT+eTT> e |\T]+#eT (de#s+ #|eT) n+|>,
#sT\T jT$T~ ~\qT usTT $#]+] >qT y] |]X< +&q
>&#sT&T e ke eTsdT>] |{q s+&eT& <sq
seTT>qT |[=+& s+>H<k$T d~113 (\T 6, 7) @+eTT>
109. |c<jT eTT : >sys+ |<\ $wjT + = |<\qT k++> y&TT+{sT.
dHdT\qT +{ uH |*d _ |*#s+{sT. y+#jTT, ksTT+#T,
nqT>VuwD+, <jT#jT+ Te+{$ e #ssTT. |c<jT+ n+f <
qT+& yTq&+. sE <# deTj q>s+ q |<H~sT\+ VsT
nsTT +&*. <<| @& T > + \ q\T> T ] | k $ +# L & n+X\T
|<H~sT\+ sE $q$ksT. d#q\T >=+{sT. n+<T eTsTdT <jH
e |c<jT+ nsTTHs n yT #jT+.
110. V>Z&\T : V>Z&\T. ~ q& |<+. n+'|s e* n ns+.
n+'|s+ d\ |yX+ <T. d <T, |< <{q eT>|\\ |yX+
<T. d d s\T s]ksT. ysT q# d |sTw\e D b+<TsT.
VQX |+& +&<T. keTT, skeTT, uD$< e+{ Ms $<\T H]
+{sT. <s (|rVseTT) +&~ qT d+d + |rV]D n+{sT. MsT
@ <s+ e< | +f <s y] nqTeT +& <{ y& M\T <T.
n+'|sk<\ V>Z&\T me] \T b*+# yT +T+~. y] \qT
| eT] me] eqT ysT b{+#sT. $~ sVD m+ ]q+> +{s+f
=k] sE, jTTesE, sD e+{ y] L& MsT s~+#>* +{sT.
111. uq\T : sE uq neds\T #d |]#]\T. uqeTT` | uqeTT`
$. e+, e&q, sE |j+# n+ $\Tyq b\ Xu, u< M]
nesTTw +{sTT.
112. nD>sT : MsT n+'|s\ <s\ e< +& |&ysT. V>Z&\T d
d\ e ]q D b+~qysT. nD>sT d\T sT. n+'|s\ |sTw|yX+
w<+ { V>Z&\T, nD>sT nedseTjsT. M]L& =+eT+~ d D
b+~ e+{sT.
113. |[=+&.....: eT& n+f @$T{ b< d 106 \TdT=HeTT.
& bd><T. V+| H\ZsTT<T MTs <s+> sq H>qV[ nH }sT +~.

sjTy#eTT

80

$# LsT+&T |D eTT~ eTTKeTT #keHs sV deTT> |\Te>

(#|>) nb <=seT\, neTsHjT\ +<i sjT\ysT
yueeHsT MTkeTeTT\&T o|T>> seT n+<] NT
ysTT+ n+|+ eTT eTTq\T> s*usTTHsT >q |DeTT>\
sT\T, eeT\ T, +T, |]yseTT\TqT, <=s\T, eTH]eTT(|uT e)\TqT
n+<sTqT DyT ~*bHsT. n+<T eTTqT\T> eTsdjT>sT
L&qT $\TuT yTs (dTesT> 100 MTs <s+) n+<\eTT &Z +T
jT<\qTqT, jTqT> >TseTT\qTqT, usTB]e+&T &C
$T|]qeTT &T =+<seTTusTT n# n+<] \TeeT
jT<Xq eTT es y\| y=+{> b> sjT\ysT eTsdjT
e#~> |#&eTT (X\Ty) +&sT> >|= <bjT> e+&>
nb sjT\y] e< #T\T T= \T#T+& e+&> =+X|q
qT|+#T s sjT\ysT <Ts yT\T>+q > nb
pq ys MTsT sTT#{ j\ ed] n n&T>> eTsdjT n&&
$q|+Cq~ k$TysT qs q>sT X<q jT\T yTsdq f sTT#{

eTsdT sjT\y] eT+<*+#T

$#q esZeTT *jT jT<eT>H q>] bsTT |c<jT yTHs n
n&T>> V>Z&\TqT nD>\TqT sjT\ysT q>sT X<q bsTTqf
eqysT >s #| > eTqdT #$#syT j ~\ #sT\ q+|>
n# $# eHs #|> $ sT ys |{+#s<T n eTqdTq
jT+ sjT\ysT yesZeTT> kbsTTHsT >q <=seT\ n+<]
eTeT keTeTT\&T |> (=+<s) > k seT NT n+|+
} s+>H<k$T y\ +~. |[=+& ($T eT\+ |[=+&T) n+f |&T=
q n ns+. sT , H>|s+ <{q sTy $TH&T d]V<T
|[=+&Xs\jT+ q~. neTeT<q deTjT+ $w+ &*q e&T XjT+q
s|+ +{&T. H>qV[ <y\jH n\H&T sjT\T |+ y[+~ n+f
<syT$T +~? n&T>T= \jTeTTq V+| |]ds\ n+{ <y\j\T m
L*bjj? neXc\T L& +& \>s + qeTjj? s q |D +y|
#d Ls>*q \jT+ |dT H>qV[ s+>H<\jTyT q|&TT+~.

sjTy#eTT

81

e<q Tq y]qT sjT\ysT y eseZ TT> kbjT|&T seT q

n+|HsT >q be\eq~ n ys eT+<*+ (de#s$T) <*
ed. k$TysT sT se#TH? sT ys\T \ *dqT
|eTTqT \TbeqT. <TH<sT\T114 $HqT n|], >q sTT+{ seTT
CX~ nqTeTT. k$Ty] q sTT+ syT+ se#TH n
esZeTT>qTqT ujeTT\T>qTqT *|q+<T\ sjT\ysT
d+Vdq |sus+ eV+# MTe+{ |<\T+&> n{ seTT\T j\
eN. MTsT D { yTsTe XjT>\sT. yTsTeH DeTT>
q&|+#>\sT. n|TH|TqkeTseTT\T MT >\e n e+>\T>
qq+<T\ ke eTsdjT |*q~ neqT. n$ jT$T
jT+fqT k$TysT d\s useTT\TqT eMT< |P Cd q&|+#+>
Tq q&Tk eq~. q s+f yTeTq> De+. D>V
jTsTTq sTT+<\eTT Uu+<TqT. DeT jT+ >V+# eq{jTH
C\eTT >< y\ sT>TqT. nT>q jT*q k$Ty] ||eTTe\H
>< =*qysT |TqeT. =*qysqT |TqeTT> q&|>H jT*qy]
]UT\T >\T>T n <+<seTT> $q|eTT # |{q $#jTT&
n *|q+<T\ sjT\ysT q <=sqyT$T nq+> jT+~ eT
n+e+\ jTesT e#sT, s y] yTeTT jT$T C|eTT, <+&+#
qsT\eTT>eTT. <+&HjT+ y] <sD jT<T, <s|]b\q+ #d
<T, <Tw>V+ w|]b\q+ XjTq #| sT> n+<T |+
{e#eTT q|{ sL&< H\T>sT|T&jT\T #q XjT>,
ke eTsdjT k$TysT qq jT+eTTqT jT<seTTqT
sds$ neqT. n+<T\ sTT~ T~jT qqsTT k$Ty]
||eTTe\ n seTT\TqT neT] nsT n *|q+<T\
sjT\<eysT +eTTqT d+T\T ]>, TH q&|+#T& n
q sTTHqT |<eTT $+<TeTT. eKH{jT+<Tq $XwyTq
114. <TH<sT\T : bso |<y T q <Tj<sY n+f e+#q q | |P] #dT =Hy&T,
eTD<sT&T. <T&T nH bso \T>T \>\| e sE n ns+. <TH<sT
|< \T>T |T +Te\T dH ~| n ns+ eb<T . $jTq>s L\<j\
s+s+ |jT+# eTVBjTsE\qT <+ eTsTdT e nH&T.

sjTy#eTT

82

T~esZeTT\T> eK |<eTT $+{$T >qT n~ yTT<\T> Tq

q&|+ #Teq T~u&$T keT+\eTT\H n~y T q \ d+]+
Ts\ eTTueq jT+HseTT. sTT+<T jTeT+f JeTT K()
jT seTT\TqT =qk><T >q sTT|&T JeTT, jTqT>T, >TseTT, +T
jT<\T dVeTT> eTTd<T&T ||yX+ >eq qHsT,
>qT ke eTsdjT sT sq k$TysT sT Tq se#TH?
DH <esy] q e#T jTqT>T >Ts\T +Tq+<]
d+]+#qT. eT] yqqT #T s+> \eTT\&T |{q $jT+ XjT +&
n $q|+ Cq+<T\ sT D H q>] jTqT> >TseTT +T dV eTT>
neT]C dqT n $q|eTT C &TH <=seTHysq T neTsHjT+ysq T
seT sDTeqT &u s+&T $j>\ysTqT =\Teq seT +<#s+
sD\115 |*|+ y]qT d+VdHq neTsHjT+ jTqT>T,
>Ts, \\yT+ n n&q+<T\ >D\T |\T]+q $es+.

sjT\dq $esDeTT
>Ts\T sTTsTyH\T>Ty\T, jTqT> |T{\T116 qsTTsy, \\eTT
s+&T\\T. +<T\ d H\ y=K+{ q\u\\T e+Tq d+es
H\T>TT jTqu\ \ neTsHjTq oeT\T @\T#THsT n >D \T
$q|+ Cq+<T\ ys\qT sjT\ysT neTs+ jTqT>T >Ts\qT,
+qT, H&T H\T>sT |T&jT\> >DTu{ >DT jTqT>T,
>Ts\T, \\eTTqqT Msqsd+VsjT\ysT jT\T=q <su+ sT
esqT |~d+esjTqT >q, y]y]MT< s=\Te\T Kp
&TH \Tes\T VsTe (u+& eT) XjTeT sTsTe>117
115. +<#s+....: d+<T&T n+f <e\ dH~| nsTTq esk$T. d+<
d+d |< $ +<. |X+ +<TLsT (d+<|]-+<TLsT)
|sTMT< e+<+THsT. dq+ +& +{H+{ @]jqT d+<ys+ n+{sT.
|<+ eeVs+ +<#s+ nsTT+~. $T\ \T #dysT +<#s+ sD\T.
116. @qT> |T{\T : b< d 97 #|q |T B d++<+ <T. @qT>T\
>T+|qT |T < |T+ n+{sT. k<sD+> |T |~ @qT>T\T+{sTT.
117. ss e : |q'|]o*+#eT n|\T #dT e{ M\T +& y+H qbTq
neT\T #jTeT, eTs #| esL y \T e]+| #d +&\ # .

sjTy#eTT
83
q] >q n< sD\T y\|{ e >Ts+ sDTe, >DT |+>
eK{ d>eTTqT H\T+{ eKb\TqT >DT e& >q neTs>s
MT~\Te s=KeTTq DeT+< y=|C|eTq> ysT VQ~H\qT+
|U> qysT { eTMT~ Hs+ |b #\Tq eTMT~ yb~
nsTTq s=q sTTjTyse <T >q oeT\T jT|{eH q&| q T sTT|&T
e+& jTqT> >Ts\qT q>] y\{ sTT |+eT eTT d+]+#T=HeTT
n $q|+ XjT> eT+< jT neTs>sMT~ \Te\ jTqT> >Ts\qT
y\T> jTqT>\TqT |+&+&Ty\ >Ts\TqT \+ jT <=s\qTqT
q>]Xs& (sE |seT>T) jTqT >q, jTqT>, >Ts\T, \\eTT
sjT\y] deTTUq $& + eqy] y# u+ &jT $q|+
XjT+> sjT\ysT Xs& nbJ>] n|Tq|THkeTseTT MT
\<T n db+>eTT, sTT118, usTT119(\T 8, 9), [120,
#T, |+s+, >+<d] +~> sTT J+ jTqT>\ Te
ee{\TqT, J+ >Ts\ _*sT\TqT121 yTTsdsT\TqTqT, Te
sT\qTqT, jT* +qT ysTT+ |eTqT sjT\ysT +>sT
#&\T122 (+ 10), eTTd| (eTTkT) nsTTq ed eT<V dj
T H jTqT>qT
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118. sTT : bsoeT\+ Vt. \|q |T=H b&e> +& |T>T& #dq
{| e+{~. sE >Ty] >s$+#|&T # qT\ sTT $<ojTT\
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yw+ sTT +&*. lH<T&T L& b&<esjT\ <sq+ d+ $jTq>s+
y eq|&T #|q #Te jTT+.... n nH&T.
119. u : sb+s\T ujT, usTT, usTT. bso |< ns+ b&e>,
e<T\T> +& syTq #=. V+| ~\ $T* q sE, eT+, dH~|T\
\ uqT >eTkeTT.
120. [ : eT+>d [ d++<+ <T. d |sTwesH <]+#
usD+. eT+>[, =*[, ds\[, \T[, y&s[ e>s s\T HsTT.
121. _* sT\T : _* n+f \T neTTysT. s+s+ jTT<|e<+ q
$jTq>s+ |y&T d e #s neX+ +~.
122. #&\T : @qT>TMT< }s> $T+ yd V< e+{~. V< |q mTe+{
|+& z|H{|t> +T+~. #&\T dHsjTDk$T e+ #d|&T
|j+# eT+~s+ e+{~. | | +T+~. #Tsd+> +T+~ qT #&\T
nHsT.

sjTy#eTT

84

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+`9 :

sTT, usTT <]+q sjT\T

b \ sTT, usTT

+`10 :

+`11 :

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sjTy#eTT
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\eTT&T $<q>s|+ |yXyT s nb eTsdT yTT<\sTTq
ysqT sTT+& |+|+ eT |\qT nb ke eTsdjT\e
j>T\T < nTe+{ j>T\T e+&> eKHH J+ eq,
+f |{q seT+ <Twse#q+> |\]+q+<T *$T>*
rsTH neT] CXqT n jTqsT jTqT>\TqT, |+&+&Ty\ >Ts\TqT,
\eTw+qTqT, $Tw eq deTTUq s|+ + eq y]
X\e XjTeTq> # Xs& eTT+<s TsD+123 MT< s+ XXy syT
s seT\, eeT\ d+]+#eq <w# _*sT\qT,
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ee{\qT d++ k]\T124 &C jjT+125 >Ts\
&eeTT\T |seTs+#T q\T>TsT bsT >sqT sT>TsT
sD\qTqT |<sT>TsT n+>C<T\126qTqT sT>TsT eTT&T|>=\\127qTqT
&C, HH{ #\Ty#q ukq sTTeTHT> sTsTe C
123. TsD+ : DjTeTT, DeTT, DeTT |<\ <XeTT, b++ n ns\T.
_C|s, ;<sY, ;ssY, >+&, nV<q>sY nH eTTd+ sC TsD+.
124. d++ n+f J+. |jD u+ ({.@) k].
125. jjT+ : jT+ n+f >Ts\qT fd #T. j VjT (>Ts+)
yeV] s|+ nsTT +T+~. jjT+ >Ts\ n+f >Ts|X\ >Ts\.
126. n+>C<T\T : k >Ts\, jTT<e TT bZH >Ts\ eTsq (ewt) | d]
|#s |jT\ {. eTsq #dysT n+>C<T\T. MsT k<sD+> |&ys
+{sT. |&ysT HsT =H $<\ eTsq yjTqT&T eTd\ #b&T.
n+>C<T(\T)\T n+f u T\T n L& ns+ +~. eTsq #dy] >T]+# (>Ts\
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e+{~ ~. sE q$Tq +T> eeV]d, sde bDHH DbjT+>
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n+'|s <s\e<, ud+ e< M] | +qT sjTy#+H (ud+
>=\ esk$T) +~. n|{ |]dT\ jTT<+ $jT+ >Ts\| <s|&
+&+ e\q $XdbTq eTT&T|>=\\ jjT+ u< n|+qTHsT.
128. q\|\T : sjTd+kq+ m+ q$Tq MsC ujT d q\|\T. ws jT\
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sjTy#eTT

86

q\|\T128 \ qT H\H\ | d++ ~<Te T, K + jTsTC

eT] yqT H&T >< <=sq eTTqT |uT eTTqT jTsT jTqT n d+d+ ,
eT] neTs>s jTqsT jTqT>\T, |+&+&T y\ >Ts\TqT jT+>{
sTT#|&T eKsH nHjTeTq+& ysT ys deTMT<H jT+ >{
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ke eTsdT |X+d
n|PsyTq eTqTw\T <=]qT d\eTTqT d+]+#e#TqT n
sjT\<e+&T |\]+#> njTeTsdT >sT $q|+ Cq~. d+VdqdTq
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k<sD j> jT+#e<T. jTq nk<sD j. n|Tq|TH
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nejTy\T d]. +<T eTT\T eT<eTT\T n<eTT\T n jT]
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|+#VeTT\TqT njTT d]. n+<Tq +>sT V+~ jT+~ n+f
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& nqT y=KsT > n+<] >TDeTT\T j\ eN n njTeTsdT
$q|+ Cd b#q> ys&T e+&> $j|sqqT+& y>sT
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$j|se+eTT
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q>]y{ bsTT, <~eTV\T130 eTT+<T> eTT+<s ~yD+ eTT+<s
jeJsT <=s\T <=+&|+&T\T yTT<\sTTqysT j>T\T y]e<
|qeT\ y] VJT\T131 eTT+<|+&T\T yTT<qysT LsT+&
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s\ Cq <su+ Ts\ MT< s+ XjTeq #q C n+<Tq
jTeTT\T Xk eHsT. n $es\ $jTq>sqT+& eTT\T
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>\=+& y] eTT<|+&T\T d+VdH\+f eT&TqT d]. +<T
130. bso |<yTq << n+f HjT+. <~eTV n+f HjTdu ueq+. <~eTV
~yD+ n+<s deyXy T Hs kH| #TT+&+ e\q & ns+ eeT\T
du ueqyT nsTT +T+~.
131. VJT\T : bsoeT\+ VJu. |uT eeVs\qT, ~s s\qT
sV+#& |uTe\T |+| n~sT\T. K\T nH ns+L& |<
|jksT.

sjTy#eTT

88

d+VdH~eTT\T \y n >V|&> C+seT\T, eeT\T

\Hq132 d]>< <ekeTjT+<T <TsZeTT\jT+<T =<e n{ |
n~eT #|e\q sDyT+~, nq+<T\ >\=+&y] eTT<|+&T\T
e+>eTT> jT$T eTs$T sTT+<T\ qH~eTT\T jT+#
neX y T $Teq~? y= ] = s T @ y eTT> & T =q+< T \
uVQ+<T y] +V|+T\ T ys\qT sT eT&T d+VdqeTT\q>
+V $w eTVXsT\ n+X\T> e+&TqT. n+<Tq seTeTT\T jT
TeH nX| >Ts\qT, >| jTqT>\qT, qs| s
d+VdHqqT >q qs|jT V#T, n jT>+fqT ` u>e<+
qsD+# qs~|+ nH e#qeTTe\qTqT seTTqT <y<jT+
+V<jT+ |DrseTT\T q<T\T |wsTDT\T >*eq~, ~>
$w|yT y+{#q eHsT. seTT e+& k$T &eT
seTT |<\T T~X\T\T u+V\T jTrXsT\T eTs~|T\T sE\T
yTT<q ys+<sTqT qT |eTT\T =+#TusTT k$T deT]+
ekeHsT >q s+ d+VdH~|T\T |DX\T, |eT >|
d+VdqeT+<T >HjT\T y+#d eHsT >q s+& |sjTeTT
nX|ysTqT >+>rsq $XH<T\ seTT eHsT, y] >\y]
jT<T\kVQ, T|qeT\, C+XVQ133, sT eT&T >\ysTqT
s+ ds<Tq eHsT. MTsT s~|T\ d]jTq q>TH n
eT< d+ ue> nq+<T\ <=+& |+&T \T, eTT<|+ &T \T, << |+&T \T
eTT>TZsTqT <=&j>T\T >q \TdT= eT<=s\T eT<bqT\T.
<eu+VD$XdeTT e. yT# T \T >V+d \T, y] >=*qyseTT >q
<s<w $#]+#T=q neXeT+ nV+s >TDeTTe\ nqe\q
<+{$T. +V|+T\ysT |\]+q~ jT<seT jT+qys s
132. \wsY (bso |<+ ) n+f dq +. dq eTTqT *jTT+&yT \q+ neT+~.
- 133. $jTq>s sC s+> q eTVBjT syTq Vs+ b\\
ndeTse\q deq dssT\T d++ H\T>T sC\T @ssT#THsT. n$
_C|PsY, nV<q>sY, ;ssY, >+&. Vs+ ;<sY nH qeTT>
$T*bsTT+~. wsjT\H{ _C|PsY b\&T jTdT|t ~c (jT<T\kVQ),
>+& qyT dTH *Tuc (|q eT\-eT\ <X+ qT+ eqysT nH
ns+ eTTd+\ eT\\T nH~ |sjT|<+> y&ysT), nV<q>s qyT C+c.

sjTy#eTT
89
eT+#q> ys &q$. s+ ysT ds<T \$T+ e# >|
y] eTqqT eTTH]> e+&> e+&TqT. T>+& n+<Tqq
jT+> dsT<T <TsZ\qT134 sdT k eT^\T135 ysTT+ \e+eTT> jTqT>
>Ts\T \\eTT\T e+#eqT n #q Cqys jT<T\ XVQy]qT
sT |sjTeTT\T jTsT XjT> >V& s+ysT T+>u< <{
es sT esqT XsHjT+&TqT qsdHjT+&TqT Msqsd+V
sjT\ysTqT jT*q+<TH wsjT\ysT jT~ jTeTTq~ n
nq+<T\ <=+&|+&T\T yTT<qysT s nyTTq s<T. >q
e+& jTeTT\T e+&> <edVjT+ jTrs *jT<T >q C+XVQ
ysTqT, |qeT\ysTqT $jT q>sqqT+& eTT\T yd eq~
$ #q |sT sTT& eTT\T n+| eTeT dsT<T d\eTT\T
|~\|sT #T= j~ V#]\ eHsT, uVQ+<T y] +V|+T\T
y] y] ds<T ]<TsZeTT\jT+<T sdTkeT^\T ysTT+ \e+eTT>
e+&T>, jTqT> >Ts\TqT, seTqT n+|+#ys eHsT.eTqeTTqT
] dy|+ X+sHjT&T, ~ =e, usTT seT|>] ds<T
d \qT sdT keT^\TqT eTke<T\TqT n+|+#e qq> rsTH
n+|+#eT $j|s+ =eTT\TqT d> r]sdT keT^\T
ysTT+#eT eT+<*+#>, y{ bsT>sT jT$T~ ~H\qT+& |s + ,
esT+>T\T, >T+Te\T136, <+qsT, jTTs , >\T, |*\\T137,
y\T| >Ts\T Cs+& >Ts| \T|s138 ysTT+#~, ~\
134. d]V<T (bsoeT\+ dsYV<) q <TsZ\T dsT<T <TsZ\T.
135. sd< (bso|<+) n+f <q+. jTT< deTjT+ <+&T e\dq Vs~
keT sdT keT.
136. >T+Te\T : n |d]+|#d qdE |s+. $ n+f dq{ b&yq
>=+. $ $ nsTT+~.
137. <+qs....: e $$< |]s\ +< mT d+ +# k<H\T. >\T,
|*\\T =jT #dq$. yTT<{ s+&T s #dq$.
138. Te+{ >Ts| \T|sqT $jTq>s+ |yX<s+ (|&T &yT& >{y n
|\TdTq <s+) e< #dqT b&<esjT\ \+ eq nTsY sC sX&T.
>Ts| <+ eT&> e Cs&+& <s+ eTT+<T jT\T d+
nsTT<&T >T\ mT u $T| +&T eTw <s d+<T L& +& sqT <>sZ < > sZ >
bTsT.

sjTy#eTT
90
y>TsqT n+| HH{ de#seTT\T &TH e eT <\T|eT nsy
y>TsqT $<q>s|{q n+|+HsT. $j|s <XeTT >\
|\+<sT qT #q|sT eHsT. dsT <T\ +&ysT sT ys$ N{b{
qeTT\T $j|sq n+|eHsT, n |eTT
ysTysT &T=H ys\TqT q$q~ jT+qT $q|eTT XjT>,
sjT\ysTqT nb njTeTsdT =+&eTsdT>sT $, $j|s+
nVeTT<q>s+ >\=+&y] sTT& e+& y] kH|T\T q&q
|ese qeTT\ y n+|q s j~V#]\T *, sTT+ #q
C jT<T\XVQqT *| jTHqT dsT<Td\ sdTkeT^\T
n+|+HsT >qT y] j~V#]\TqT *$T\TeTT\qT d]e+q<
n y>T \y] e&T>s\ sTT $j|sH e+& HH{ ese qeTT\TqT
d> *d seT n+|, e<qTq eP&>\ysqT & beT nb
yTT<q ke\TqT sjT\ysTqT #q> e&T=q $es+ :
sjT\ysT nb yTT<q y]qT yTeTT @<Xq @e<+>
(fe) TsD+MT< s+ XjTeq jT+q #q sTT|&
q&|k eHsT. sT s+ <s+MT< q&|< ;# V#] |&< n
n&q+<T\ nb |uTqysT ~\ys\ $+<TsT, $qy
|d+ >eTT\T \| H\T>sT ~qeTT\T yqT dsT <T d \T ## $TeTT>
oe~| edTH& e<+ |{+ jd\eTT\ e+&y]
=eTT\TqT sdTkeT^\TqT y j~ V#]\ e+&eq
deT<+ysT d+]+#T q&|+#~ >+VseTTqT <seTTqT> sT
q&|+ #< T~#+ #\q q&|+ # |j qeT nq+<T\, njTeTsdT

TsTw\ o\eTT
=+& e Ts d T >s T T s \ q> eT< bj T T\T, eT+< T H y s T ,
]|sTw\T 139 >q ys #; >* jTT+&TqT. bqeTT
Cdq+b<TqT eT<VeTT\T eTT jTsT>sT >qT deTjTeT+<T dsD
139. (bso|<+) n+f q\eT+<T yTT\ |e\T. msT| s+>T () +&+
e\q |sT. ] |sTw\T n+f q\eT+<T H cusTT\T n ns+. B eTT+<T
eT+<T HysT n +&+ e\q ] |sTw\T n+f eTT C>ysT nqTe#T.

sjTy#eTT
91
jTsT>sT . n|&T jTesT n&y T q qsT<TsT. *jTT> sd T \ rs e+<TsT.
dsD *q s eTC due+ sTTTe>< n $#s|&T<TsT.
uV\T e| |\TdT |k|&T<TsT >q ys\ eT<eseTT\T e
n jT+ y{ bsT|eT+ y]H XjTeT eT q&T#T y]
e MT< HeTC<T\T n+| ysT r seT+f r e#T jTsT#d
eTTqT y] T~eTT\ q&T#T eTsT. nT>q j>T\T jT
q&|d Tq q&T#TqT. j>T\ ~$<yT <=sqT+& eT bD\
VjT <=sq eTTqTqT #\q+ e#TqT. nT >q jT^eyT eT&T
>\ j>T\TqT #q XdT q&|+# seT *| ysT
kjTT\T>sT, |sjTT\T> k$TysT ujjTT\T { <esy]
#q d]<T. Ts\T eT&T >\ysTqT jT#q|sT
seTTUq q&|d \ju y\>Ts\TqT ysTT+HqsT eT<VT\T
eT&T\\ bjTT<eTT\TqT ysqT sTT+#+<T n+H ~>TDyTq
\eTT# sTT+#eqT sq n >TseTT\TqT d+]+#e <T.
#Ts+> \TqT e+&eq H+<T\ J+ >Ts\T |+&+&T y\TqT,
neTs H j T + > T s\T sTTs T y H\T> T y \ TqT, J + j T qT> T \T
ju| T {\TqT, neTs| jTqT>\ qsTTsTy |T {\T, J + sDTe qq+
dV> eT&T\\TqT, neTs+ e>qT nsTT<T\\TqT, \+ +TqT
sTeTT\eTT qTqT $es+ MT< deTs$TdqT Ts\ seTq> jT+
n $q|+ XjT> sjT\ysT ke\qT <seTTe\qTqT \
{eTTe\qTqT <edVjTeTT e\qTqT jT+>\T>TqT, n+<T
X jT <sd \' jT \d V]'
jT V]d <s' jT <sd jT'

n |<\ T #| <TsT. >q n{ <s eTT eTTKeTT >q MTsT <s X\T\T
MTsT |Pq seTT\ #L&TqT. jTqT>\TqT >Ts\TqT \\eTTqT
sD+><T. <edVjTeTTe\H seTT\T Be\T |]b*+#eqT. =*
sT>TsT #esT\ T eTTeq eHe+&>< C# eTT# d|B |eTT\TqT
jT*]. |eT |<sTZsT sE\TqT u$T |]b*+]. H k$Ty]
y+fXsT\ dVjT+ >\<T n \T|> $qys eTT+<] s#q

sjTy#eTT
92
nqTk]> q&|+ #T& n nb yTT<q y] q j ~\qT+
y>s T eTe TT\T Hs n |seT]+#> nVeTT<q>sqqT+&
y>T\ seTTqT >\=+&qT+& y>T\ >b eHs \T|> e<qTq
ysqT & q+|+ y>sqT s|+#T n#{ de#seTT\T n&T>> ysT
$jTq>seTTq qT+& s*q <su+

nVeT<u<T >\=+&\ e+eTT,|s<X\X<qeTT

nVeTT<q>s+ >\=+& |yXeTjT |s++ |jTq>T\ ePqT
|DeTT\TqT <{ j dsT<T\TqT |sd\+ oeTy] |s<dT\qTqT
eT] esdZ T \ T> e#y] X~+#~ eTe TT\T (>T]+| |\T?)
ysqT jT&qT+& edTHe, jTe] >\ysT n u<]+ n&>~,
s beTH~, |+bsTT y*beTT\T p
bjT|&T jTsT>\ysT e MsT eTys M]qT+& e seTT\T
ed yTyT Hsd T \ eT us e deTT(us k)> #| q s U$L<Uyd140

|* n+|<TsT. &e T qT\y] U p|q T $&TTsT.

=y\T (=\T ` bdt MTwqsY e+{ <>+) nH ] p|
eTT< p| |eTT d+#]+#eqT. e+& ~H\ ] eT oeT
e#|&T yTT<{ bsT> jTsT Cd bsT> U #
U ysTT+#T= =y \T nH ] p| y e y{y s qT
eTT< p|q s n+|<TsT. nTe+{ <TsqeTT\q HsTq >&

TsTw seTT <+&q $<eTT

~yD+ eTT+<s ~q yTT+{ \T CX~, q&$T >yX~, s+bq
eTqTw\ >d~, >H eTqTw\ yd >{ sTTqT|>T~jT\ >=f~,
#\ (#e\) +>ZD=q\ HsT\ *+#~, s+&TT\ sTe>\
140. U.... : eTT< n ns+. => e#y] eTT< yjT+ m n+f
qCs $es+ <=]+~. jTq (sE) me]H @<H |k~+q|&T
$wjT + s<sT \T eT s\ yjTT<TsT. |k~+#&q e sE q n+>TjT|
eTT< < \|q #TqT. B { |* |y +# = e eTTK<s+
e< \| >T]+|> eTT<yd d q >T]+ nqTe+y] eTT< #|d
+&\ nseTT+~.

sjTy#eTT
93
s >{ b&T>&\ sTTsT>&\ ~>yX ~ , eTT> { jT+&
<=*+#~, \T #sTT s (s) H #<q+ CX~, ~> oeTeTDjT
>sqT nH$<eTT> u<\T uf~, jTqT> \>{ <=]+#~, sT>
nH $<eTT\T> #& ;syTq ys q>] |+ d bD\ $&TTsT.
sTT#+<T neX+ +f V+d#H q&M~H #+|<TsT. sT
jq u{ u<\ T #ke+& y+&H j~| eTT q>] eTV\T eTT+<s
jT<TsT>H {e+<TsT. >q n+<T+& j#$ ysT deTT XjT+>Z
yTT<{<=s $T|]qeTT\ eTV\T$L< =\TyjTT+& =\TeB] q>]
bjT|&T eqyT q eseZ TT\T>H {e +&Tq T >q eq kqeT+<T
* y*#e e+&ysqT p y]ys & VQeqeTT
dHq+T\T q&|+# e q&|+#eT se jT>H
j|qT\ysT s=+e&T>s\T <{ usTT \b> |{\T sTT$ n+
j#$H e+&Tq T >q &TH yTT<{< =s eTT+<T> H y]ys
jT> d\yTq ysTqT =\Te Cd e+<TsT>q jT+<sT eH ys
>d+ &C e+&TqT >q ys\ >d+ sTT|+ eT] yq q>
b<TsT. j>T\T ~\qT+& eq eTeTT\T #~$+#T $
jTqT>\TqT =+ bjT <e TT+qT HeTC<T\T #q XjT > $q$es+`
$j|s+ nVeTT<q>s+ >\=+&$L< s+XjT eT eT&T\\
>Ts\Tq ysTT jTqT>\Tq =+ bjT<eTTq HeTC<T\ CHsT ysT
e ~ ys\ bs&~ <TsyT e+&TqT. sq n|TT|s+ (> n
H\] y+ seTDjT >] n_bjT+) ysTqT <D q s+ysTqT
sTq >|ysTqT qT|+#T=HT eq~. nX| >| qs|T\
sT eT&T d+VdH\y] $sT<y T q y] jTe] qeT =*#yseTT
eTT. eT&T d+VdqeTT\q >T] e+&>qT eT&T>\ seTTqT
jT\T&jTq >&d\T n$T+#T= yT&*$T ~H\T $Tke+{$T.
y] ysT nHqyT s+ XjTeT eTeT ds<T\ e+&ysqT
qT|+#T=eT HeTC<T\T n+| y] bs&~ XeTT><T. eTT
Cdq n<weTT e\qTqT eT<=s\b*{ ssTe\qTqT n+s eT\yT
nsTy jT+&T{, ne n~|T\T +&> jT<T\XVQ T|qeT\
C+XVQ nH|sT >* e+q~.

sjTy#eTT

94

eT&T <D V+< seTT\T

d+<T<XeTTqT+& ><e |s+eTTqT n|TT|s+ ysTqT s+ yTT<\T
wyD |s+eTTqT s+ ysTqT >H<eTTq qT+& u&< (;<sY)
|s ++ >|ysTqT jT\T<TsT. sT eT&T d+VdH\y] n+<T &>
nk<yTq <TsZ\TqT #|{ |s\e e+q~ >q ujTeTT < eT
eTT #q CdTe+&> [eT nH jTq y]qT $LsT Cdq
#q jT<seTqT. |s\qTq sdT\T eTV\e+T\T, sTXses
|k<eTTe\ eT>eTq+ >* dTsT\T ndTsT\T yTT<qys\# y=K]#
qsTTH \jT+ +& eseT&T= |+&+&T jT+& y=Kk] eT&T+
eTT\T|T&jT |sT\T eTT>TZsTqT L&e+& #q CdT= jT|{e
jT<jT< d+#]+|<TsT. nTe+{ |s~|T\ \+ L&|&T
u<$ V<eqT $w<eqTqT |syTXsTqTqT n<s|Tq
|sT\qT yjTq yTTsu > V<e&T |s\y] eK]# >V +#
XeTT><T. e s<yT, y<eTT\T >Ts, yTsT|seTT $, ~Xw&T
H]jT, s_XsTT HsjTDgyT, b\#qT+&T s~+& |s\qT H\
>*d (+ 12) n|&T <qe\T HXyT be<TsT n nqT>V+].
>qT $j|s+ nVeTT<q>s+ >\=+& nH |s\ eT&T
d+VdH\ ysTqT jT|&T qT|+#T=+{ eHs n|&T nbjT+
e#~ XjT eT [eT \T|> j>T\T n+<sTqT T
neqT nsTTH e+q~H\ s\DeTT\TqT eT+#q\TqT q&|e
>q ePs e+&s<T. sTT|&T s d+VdHq wsjT\y]
n~cqs\ Cq <su+ Ts\$L< s+ CX #q n&e+&
eTTUeTT\T (sjTusT\e+{ysT) eTT\T n+|HsT. n~ $T+
#q|sT Ve<T\H jT<T\kVQ y] ysTT+ n+|+HsT
>q ysTqT eTeT eTT\T ds<Td\ sdTkeT^\T n+|+
>&d\ \e+eTT> e+&T> sDeTT\ HeTC<T\T n+|+
yTT<{d j~V#]\ eHs ye#qT. eTq s+&T
>\ysTqT oeTdsT<T\T eq<TsZeTT\T d\eTT\ n+|qysqT
n+|+ s+ysT <eTT LsT= deTT ] dsT<T\ e#ys

sjTy#eTT

95

+ 12 : $sb \jT+ wsjT\ |{_w eT+&|+ ||MT<

+eq |sdTs d+Vs+

e|<Xq ~Hs eTeTT\T ed jT|&T n+<T q #q

C q&|+#T=+<eTT. |&T HH{ |eseTT\T *e #|eT
qsTTsTy y>T sTq T |jT q+ X nVeTT<q>s+ ysTqT >\=+& ysTqT
n+|> $<q>sq VQ ywuw\ VQsb\T> e ysT y>TsqT
n+|+ eT]+ #q XX $es+. wsjT\ ysT TsD+ $L<
<y T e nyTTq\ (jTT<+ ) s+ |P q&|+ # jT&\ j|jTeTT\T
jTe] <eE\sTTq u+V\qTqT, eTTXg|MDT\sTTq (eTVeTBjT
eT$wjT |DT\T) |sT\qTqT, u u$w <seqeTT\T *q
XKTqE\qTqT |\T|+ n&T>> ysT seTTq $wn+X> q|

sjTy#eTT
96
<$ + sT seTTqT nX| seTTqT >| seTTqT n+ sTT+
jT d+ueTT ysTT+ eT>T& (]) bjT|&T D y+fXsT\
<]+ qjT$T~ ~esT|T\qTqT &us+&T <ekqeTT\TqT
|<T H$T~ X \ qTqT d$+ deusTT seTH<T \ <]+ <q Tc{
K&ZeTT & s+ d+VdHq nsTy H\T>T jT+&T jT<TsT
jT#eTT>qT s yTT eq~ n #|HsT >qT |q|<\T
rs ne>u\T yT#T\T n<sqq sjTeTTqq sdeTTqqT
ysesT >q u<$ H, |s\ eqT e#THy *jT<T n
n+<sTqT #q XdT eTeT +&b> y] L&e+& q>sT
y&* |sT\ L& |eTT y[e u^s~ qT+D seT<qTc{
e e#y] y+& (&\T) <{ seTTq e jT|{ yweTT
<* |eTTq ed$T. nVeTT<q>s+ >\=+& q$q ys\T y>T\
nse seTT&TqT, | ] >b sTT<s T *jT $q|eTT XjT > sjT\y]qT
nb nj T eTs d T =+& e Ts d T >s T qT T s D eTq>
jTeTTseTTe+{~. |eTT nTe+{~. eP] e+&ysT
jTeT<\T nH+<T\ d+<V+<T. nTe+{ ~\ usTT
d\ys\TqT |seT] XdT k$Ty] ||eTTe\ yT#T \sTTqy]
q> q T seTT\TqT qsTuw\u eTT\TqT eTVsh >C] >s sTTTe+{
>jT\ \VdT w& d+#]+ |{q e Hs+> ns|<
\T|< (eT \VqT\sTTq) eTqTw \sTTqy] bqTsqT Xe n
q>sTy>TsqT =j&> sjT\ysT # d+w& jTqs
|TT+qT &>sT\T sTT jT|{eH j|eTT\ d+#]+ HH{
de#seTT\T e $+q|+ XjTeT n+|+ e<qTq ysqT &
b+eT sj T \ys T ke \ $j | s + es e H\TqT
nVeTT<q>s+ >\=+& ys\TqT $+{s>, s+&T +&y]+ #
#q |{ sTT+ ys\ VTe jT+~ n n&T>> ke\T
sT esqT TsDeTT $L< s+ XjTeq e<+ |{+~ <T,
>q sT d+VdqdT\qT+& $#s+ e+&> ePs +&]. sTT|&T
k$TysT d+VdHq s <qeTT\T qT|+#T ys\T> qd]

sjTy#eTT
97
>q, n]qTqys #q | e+&TH? $LsT ~qeTTqT eT&T
>\y] eTTUeTT\qT $qjTyTq ys\T qdqT ysT T~X\T\T >q
eT jT*qysT Xq d++ k]\T sTT|+ ~\ kH|T\&T
=\Te ed eTeTT\T >*qT e|\T\T q&|+qsTT
|&TqT q&T#Te# eTs< e\T sTT n+|<TsT. > k$TysT
|{_wq <su+ *q y] $T sTsDTe $T ukqH
s=sbjT\T eT &C J+ *| >+ neTs| <=sqeTT\y]
oeT d++<\TqT q&| q>] j>T\ |sd+ j>T\ VQeq
d+eqeTT\TqT eTT> s=KsbsTT\TqT sTT eT&T >\y]|
*jTyTq (wyTq) e\TqT &T HsT >{, eT&T >\
j>T\TqT s+H VQ~H\T> e+HsT. sTT~> ysT
|+<eTT\T #~$e+<TsT { #q|sT y n+|+HsT
nq+<T\ sjT\ysT yTeTT >V& sT qq
yseTT>eTT. y] y] jT*qy] eTs<> VQeq dHqeTT\T>
$qjTyTq dsd d |e TT\T> n+<Te TT n d+<T\ njTeTsdT k$TysT
$qjT|PseTT> jT|&T qHs n< $| eT jT+#e#TqT.
n<T+{s n+<T |<+.
.

|TqT"& $qjT+ u&q

$qjT+u $L< q~jTT $| eT>T+
>=qqT+& $\T e+>T
$qjT+u jT<T{y y>yT T+#TH

nH nseTT>q q seTT\TqT $qys\TqT V<j#q

nqTeqeTT>qTqT j>T\T yd~ #DT >qT yTsT.
n&ysT eTT\T p#T ys #q q&|q< ys\T
|]X~+ #|Hs ke\T $+q|+ XHsT >q eTqeTT+<s
q&|+# seTT\ VTe dT+q~ n |\T]+ nb yTT<\sTTq
ysT n+|+#T eq s njTqeT\, n+XUqT+&T, sD><e,
>DT eT|HjT&T, s#] s$THjT&T, |eTk seT*+>eTHjT&T,
V+& eTse, usTT seT|, V]yD+ =esTTq |<TH$T~
|D\ysTqT, <HjT\T, n|s|, |s|, keHjT&T, =es

sjTy#eTT
98
(es) eT|, d+>ZsE, #s|<, |sdT, njT|HjT&T, ={+
$XH<HjT&T, #e|HjT&T (+CePsT HjTsE\ |<eTT&T <T
<!), n|HjT&T, w|HjT&T, y*>{ j#eTHjT&T, q&
de|HjT&T, ke yTsE, eT nq+sE, eTsE, MseTsE
yTT<qysT+qT, u+$Ts&, H>s&, dTys& yTT<q s&=e+qT,
eTHjT\T, $s\|HjT&T, n\T+&T, =e, s#]+ yTT<q
neTsHjT+ ysT+ qT s| + y]y] j> e <T\T n& $Le< jTqT>
>Ts\T +T |]H\T jT+e+q< n&q+<T\ $s\|HjT
kH|T \TqT, |sX seTHjT& >qT, neTs>sT kH|T \ Msu <jT
nH jTHqT, <| sjT&TqT sjT\y]qT k$TysT J+ {q
yq neTs| oeT\ q>] K\ |sq +< + (u) +& ysTysT
jTqT> >Ts\T seT\T eeT\T +T |]qeTT\TqT d+]+HsT.
sTTHe <T. k$TysT jTy s#sq <T <T\T<TsT
n + eq|&T >Du sD\ se sTT ysTe >D
|{q|{+ q>] KH |<jTqT>\TqT qs >Ts\TqT ysTT
eTw+TqT n~eTT> e+&eq d+]+HsT. k$Ty] keTT
H |k&+<T (q+<T) q>] neds s\ + sq&#
ysjTTHsT n $+q|+ Xq+<T\ sjT\ysT # d+w|sT
neTs > s qT +& T =\Ty e+& + > nj T qeT\ , n+ X s e
(n+XUqT+&T n +eTT+<T kH| |s=H&T) qT $LsT
$j|sq VQ~H\Te+{] >q jT<T\kVQy] <=sqeTTH $L
<=sq+ |PsyTq~ n $+<TeTT. y] |PsseTT\qT C+XVQ,
T|qeT\ y] eseqeTT\T+qT $LsT <*e+<TsT, >q Ms\ <=s
q+ e#<T n n&q+<T\ njTqeT\ sjT\ <eqT $q|+
Xq $es+. nX| >| qs| sT eT&T d+VdH\ >\ seTT
& d T s< D+ 141 ys>+ { ||sT <T+ > |~VqT d+eseTT\T
bs&qT. n+ <TsZ\qTqT qTqT sdTkeT^\T d]bjT >q
||sT<T+&T |\qT |Ps #+|~ <s+ < y\T& deTs+ XjT>
141. dTs<D: dTH |< dTsDT&T> yTTyTT< lH<T&T d+d r]+#&T.
dTs<D, dTsD < sb+s\T.

sjTy#eTT

99

&*qTq ||sT<T e+eTT

<e> &* dTs<D#qT ||sT<T+&T qT >q jTu] ysTT+
&* =+#TbjTq de#seTT $ dTs<D* >sT ||sT<TD
#&eq =&Tq n&T>> jTq y=KH&T <bjT|&T #&eT
#|H&T >q rsT+H jTeT sy <bjT deTjq y=s>+{
||sT<T+&T eTqTwX><T sT<+X XS\ &eTsT\&T e+H&T.
nTe+{ sEqT e |Ts e#TH n nq+<T\ dTs<D q$
||sT<T+&T <u> #d $L sTXs+XyT qT|f>< HqT
<bjT|&T #&TeT n #| n+| >q s+>TZqH dTs<D
<bjT|&T #&+& XwX sTT> X+K# ><jTT<e TT\ \dyT T&
le dTu e TT&T $w ds|yT qT|f >{ jTeT p Xs&
sTT+{ y&e>e+f ||sT<T+D &Te#TH n eTqdTq jT+
eTs&T &*dTs<DqT MT eTVeT\T MT \TdTqT. ||sT<T+D
|+vuT |k& VQeq dHqeTT\T X b]+{ n+| ]
XXeTT> e+&TqT n *>sT #|> rsT>H eT+q uH<T\
||sT<T+D | XsTT+ VQeq dHqeTT\T X ys>+{ n+|]
>q ys\T $ e+<Ts><.

nVeT<q>s, $C|s, >\=+& se+eTT

u&< sT<T nH jTq =+seTTqT =+ <TsZ\TqT
$T+#T \e+T& s+ Xke+&TqT. jTqe< +&uT e+&>
> jT<T\XVQ nH |sT e#qT, \ b&+<T\ #s>&
jTT+&> T|qeT\ nH|sT e#qT, sTeTTZ] jT<T\XVQ nH jTq
$j|seTTqT, C+XVQ nH jTq nVeTT<q>se TTqT, T|qeT\
nH jTq >\=+&qTqT sTeT&T d+kH\TqT jT\Te+<TsT.
u&< <T ysT Ms\<=sqeTT \q+> qs+&<+ y]
C+XVQ |<\T, s jT<T\XVQ, |eT T|qeT\. sT
eq d+VdH\qT &T>s VQeq+ e\TqT q&T|#T sTeT&T
sTT+&qTqT eT+ >Ts\T> \ >Ts\TqT qsT jTqT> |T{\TqT >\e.

sjTy#eTT

100

\\+ jT seTT><T, =*# Ts\ T sT . sq #T s+>Z \eTT+qT

\<T >q sTT& >&\ HsT <XeTTysT jTsT>sT, nT>q s+
y] eTT+<Ts &eT <=sH\ysT \TesT n q seTT\T
*|q+<T\ n+Xse ><ese |\]+q~ ds n eT\se
C| q~ nyTTq\qT s*q|&T Ts\ T jT<TsT \eTTqT q\eTTqT
p#T >&+ XX~ <T. eTTwseTT> q&e> jT<{ysT $]q{jTH
jT+<T usTTH $&Te qsT<TsT. jT<{ysT VqT> (m<Ts=)
*q{jTH yq e\T<TsT. eseqeTT\T jT] y{ |q|<\T,
j>T\T >&+ XX~ s+ ><T. r seT+f DyT r e# ~+>
nyTTq\ e yq r eqT nsTT |uT q =<e> nH n_eq+
jT+ *#~ <T, nT>q s+ ysT $#DT sseTT\T
* >&$ T bs syT jT<Ts q& ] +Ts T { |uT X> \ <T
>qT +TsTT<\TqT n+<sTqT |eTsT n <\T|> e<qTq
neTsHjT+ ys\T n+<sTqT rsTH neq $q|+ XHsT >q
sjT\ysT eTT+<Tyq\T >&\T +\T X j|jTeTT\ e+&q
MT kjT> \TdTqT >qT Ts\$L< s+ XjTe\de+q~.
n+<sTqT \\T &T= |jTqeTT +&T& n n+<]+ |+
|+>Z &T>s e\T sTT |+|qys nb yTT<\sTTq |\
e&T e+&> >| ys\ s+ l|sTceq (|P]) qT+&+~
y>T\ yjTTy VqTeT+jqT eTHy |sTceT>eTjqT e *
sjT<e $q|+ XHsT >q sjT\ysq $es+ ` $<q>s
eT+<TqT+& |jTq>T\ ] >| s+T oeTueTT\TqT #k
seTV+<+ ysT eTT yTT<q$ M+ eTT+< uVQ+<T\T
>H<q qT+&> |sTceq b$T. lw<e |+ X+>seTTq
|<+
@e+" pq VeT+u|u
d.
eT+&\dueT+|eTT\T
HM~" pq s+u d+u
<sD+>V<su$T

sjTy#eTT

101
jT#jT pq uTs+>H
sVQ dTu$s+T
H~ #q HD#
|TqkseT>eT<>+<\V]
jT#" >qT">=q qesK s
Vq $$< X+>seqeTT
>* #|T <B|*eT>T#T
Xus+>T |qX_+T

sTT{ X+>s XKsyTq |eT+<T >HjT\T eTVeeTTq

~>XeTT\qT+& eq >VdT\T jTrXsT\T yq|dT\T +V#sT\T
u+VDeTT\T |D+>q\T+qT jTT\T yX\T XS<T\T q
|<TH$T~ CT\ysTqT e k$T <]+ k$TjTT |k<+ $LsT
ysq k$T<eeTT dw<w+ <w<X+ esXeT <s X X
*jTT> y+syT y=| e+& jTT ls+VyTq >H<T\
eTVeqT d\+ eseqeTT\TqT |k< |ueeTT\TqT e]+| ysTT
sdT\TqT s+&Ty\ +V\TqT >\ ~Xwqq +| q\$>e nqT
#TqT. eTT+< >|ysT u+VeTTVAsq <Ts yT+q ys,
$|es<jT <sq+ X, c&XbT\TqT eTTqT k]> (sp#d
$<+ >) s +&eT& eT&eT&< s+ bsTT sT> e, eTTKeTq HeTrsy T
>Vs<q X, >H<T\ |PC$<q |sq c&X|#s |P\TqT
dV d desq Hy < \T X, Bbs<q |c+* X, |< D qeTkseTT\T
X |seTT >V+ y\Te& e#deTjq |s< T H<s kH|T \sTTq n|T T|s+
y] nq+ |+T\TqT, eq+>TZy] e<ejqT, #+<Ty] #+q
sjqT, +y] sTDsjqT, ys>+{y] yjqT, &*
dTsDy] &|+T\TqT, u&<y] u |+T\TqT, >\=+&
y] >bJ|+T\TqT, nVeTT<q>s+ |jT|sEqT, $j|s+
MseTsEqT, |sD|s+ |s+<sjqT, u>q>s+ uuJ|+T\TqT
y T T< \ T>> \ eTTUeTT q k H | T \T n+< s T qT b ' \eT+< T
kqd+<e+<H<T\T #]+ \|T<eT\T T= #\Te\T

sjTy#eTT

102

usTTsyd\T>142 ydT= XsT &T <esq deTjq eqys

<e|P >V+ eTT+<s \#e& LsT+&>qT >|ysTe qes
KyTq +>ZsT|$L< LsT+& y]y] |sD\TqTqT |\T|+#T
|sDXeDyTq s XTq (Tq) $<qT\T+qT os#q
|PseTT> sTTq $u >+< H] \#| <T\T >|ysT s +&T
#T n+<T = skeV+ ys\qT kH|T \+qT >HjT |k<
|DseTT\T e\T+qT sTT|+ ysqT $&B\ |+|qys ys=K
uV _* b<|q+ X >+< |weTT\# d> b<|P X
qsT |TT+qT e\T+qT sTT|+ b<rseTTqT |#T=
b<<D Te skeV+ s eTT b<| + #dT = #eTq+ Xqys
+<T qT\&T +>ZsT | seTT\T e+#eT |kbT LsT+qeq
eK|<seTTqT =<e&+& d\eTTqT e&+#eT |+v y=Keq
s>{ s qes k|yTq |seTTq dTUdqT LsT+&> |~eH
+>ZsTq qsTXsT\143 XsTT+q |seTT+qT |s+ eT< y\V#T
>yT~eTT+ |seTT e&+ |k|&| eK| \T|=q LseT]
y=Ke \T|+&, u\ y=Kk] u+q~ s+&| u+#+&
uX\T144 V#]\T> #ke+& |sq eTT{q|{+ u|\#
VdeTTMT< d]+ eTTe\<T145 >q sT> n+ sVD+ X
sTTq d\ edTe \TqT uT sTT+ q |eT #T \T >T= X| < \T
q&TdT+ qT d+ | sejTD+ bsjTD+ nsTTq s ekus D \+sT
142. usTTsyd n+f +{| #=e+{~ +& ||+#qT +<+ ydT=q
&#s TT jT q&T | e+.
143. XsT : dsT n+f 80 T\T. qsT dsT 8000 T\T. |{ T\+ 10
>eTT\ #=|q 8 \ |+. nXj> q nk<+ <T. sE\ 10 J\
sTe >\ +#T, s, & |\T #dys.
144. uX\T : J+ u+ +& y{# #dysT <T. uqd+ n+f e+X\.
< d++~+q d+~ uqd+ysT < uqd\T.
145. sEeTT+<T |{q uq|<s\ k] ydT = q~ eTs=k] ydT L&<
Xks+ >{> V#]++~. sD+ #|<T (s+&ek] ydT=H ee~
$w|j>+ sT>e# nqTeqe?). n+<Te\q |s> sE s+&ek] ydT=H
|jT+ #d, sEqT sT\T s<T qT u+ #MT< { uqd+ ysT e<T
n V#]dTH sT.

sjTy#eTT
103
|s\>+u d\yTq ysTqT q>] y LsT+&e+&> >|ysT
eKn+dT #e e LsT+& (&u?) s+&T $j>eTT\ ysT+qT
|\T|+ ysTysT e+& q |qT\T LsT+& jT$T+ |kyeTT>
c&Xb T\qTqT |sd \ |j>T\qTqT d+uwD XjT > C+XVQ
y] ~|+T\TysT+qT, jT<T\XVQ T|qeT\ y] kH|T\TqT
n+|+q e TT\TqT sBX sT\T seTTUq q&#y s #T s+>
\eTTqT XdT u\TyTsd dsT<T\ e qT|+#THys eHsT,
sTes s+ <D+ <=s\ s\ Ve<T\ dVjT+ d+|
q&T|<TsT. |\yTq s\sTT n+<sTqT @^eyT s+ n|TT|s+
y] s\qT sV+Ts T > sTT|&T n+ s\T jT$T eq~, dsT <Tq
e+&ysT >qT sTTs+ ><T ><, jT<T\XVQqT C+XVQqT
T|qeT\ysTqT ds< T d \T keTX~> j#qXjT> |<T n+<T
$T+q s\ nVeTT<T q>s+ |s++ eTsT, n |Tq+>Z y
n+|HsT.eTqTwjTeTTq n|jTeT jT+#s<T. s+ y] jT+
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\TusTT MTqT ne~ e#TqT, { Bsj#q $#]+#T=
j~V#]\T >* q&|+#TeqT n eT+#q> nq+<T\
> | ys T n+{ + eTqb*{ > H j T \T eHs T n
eT+<*+q+<T\ (y_q+<T\) eT&T >\y] j>T\TqT
MT >HjT\TqT eT<=s\ ssTqT146 eHsT. s+ysT
jTsT<{s+& eTeT&T >\ *$T\TeTT\TqT w< { s+& b+
~ e+&T n+|THsT. MT> HeTC<T\T+qT ds<T d\ \e+T
jTT+&T &XjT+& n \T|> >|ysTqT neT] XXeT
=+&M&T, <jT], u\+=+&, H>sTq+=+&, +<sT (+<TLsT)
yTT<q d<T\ j~V#]\T *e+& <>Z<HT> HeC<T\T
|+|qys c&XbT\ qTqT y]<TsZ\TqT oeTueTT\jT+<TqT j~
146. ss T : &_seT+ zsT>\T q>s d+#s+ #dT q eT+#qXs , {{u d{ ssT &T+&T
Ts\ eTd<TqT (&`149) #XsT. s (#jTTy&T) n+f u>e+T&T nH ns+
ssT&T nH |<+ sb+~+< \T>T| s bsoeTT\ |ueeTT >+<+ &.
. >b\cse n_bjT|&TTHsT.

sjTy#eTT
104
V#]\T * e+&e T eT+<* +#> ysTysT dsT <T\qT <TsZ\qT
sdTkeT^\T n+|HsT. sTT~> eTT+<>| ysT c&XbT\T+qT
eTTqT ~q|+ ><ekHq147 bsTT qBkq+ C >HjT\
|PCqeTkseTT\T X u\ T yTs |{q e#+<T s +&TsaeTT\T #\TqT
>q eTT ~q kq|T{q #TTqT |T&jT e eTwd+#seTT
+& X XeTTqT $qs+& XjTT& n c&XbT\ #|
~|se+<TsT>q |&\T jb+<T\TqT d<TXjT e+q
e\H e+<TsT. ><eq~ es| u>q jT$T~ >Ts\ysTqT
>=+&s+D+ dMT|+ >q ~\ qT+& yTT>sTT>Ts\T e MsT
ys jTsT>sT >q eKs+ed yd+e#Tq jT+ nyTTq\T H\T>T
>Ts\ysTqT #TT s+&T|T&jT\ yTs eTw d+#seTT sT>&T
e+&+<T\ s+&T>Ts\ysTqT >|y] dMTbq jT{>Tq
s +&T>Ts\ysTqT sTTq |<V sT >Ts\ysTqT C>> #Te+<Ts T ,
> q > | y] kqd + < e+< H ~ eTT\TqT > H j T \
|PCqeTkseTT\TqT q &TH eP] eTs T . sT e+&> eKH&T
>|ysT kHqe c&XbT\qT jT|{eT+ #TT| C>>
e+&eT |\T]+ eTT kqeTT Xd eTeTT e+&]. sT
|<VsT >Ts\ysTqT H{~q+ jT|{eH kq|T{q s+&T
>Ts\ysTqT >=+&sD+ #jT\ H\T>T >Ts\ysTqT sTTq
sT>Te+&> n{| =+& e+q <=s\T >|ysT >Ts\&T
><ekHq eH& y>+>Z sT deTjTeT+<* Ts\T H\T>Ty\
>Ts\ysTqT #TT=+<eT j#q# H\T>T <=sH\ysTqT
&\T&e$T {+#> |esZeTT\T>qT >Ts\TqT jTqT>T\TqT
seT\TqT eeT\TqT e# sud+ $ c&XbT\ ~q
sT>Te+& H\T>T>Ts\ysTqT jT<TsT>ysTT deTs $THsT >q
H\T>T >\ysTqT H\T>Ty\ >Ts\ysTqT sT H\T>T >Ts\y]+
#TT= e+&> q\T>TsTqT eTeT>Ts\&T H\T>Ty\
147. + +& >| |~qeTT ><e kq+ #jT&+ $+. \T>T sCq
uVQ+<>|, + ||sT<>| |s >| HeT ks|+# \T>T
>| >|> kH| bs|&+<Tq eq |e<$T~.

sjTy#eTT
105
>Ts\&TqT s* H\T>Te sTeT> s+&T#T qsTb>
y{sTTq\T> >Ts\TqT seT\TqT M~ qqsT jTqsT K |&k]
sT H\T>T M<T\qT ysTT>Ts\TqT n+ sT\T+qT #|T> &>
jT<jT<\ T> #& $] b]bsTT eKT * e+&> H\T>T>Ts\ysTqT
n\ *] >q sT> dseTT bsTTq jT$T~ >Ts\ysTqT sT>
e#y Ts\T >Ts\qT> deTs$TjT> \Te |{|+#
b]bsTTqysTqT sDeT+<T eT&bsTTqysTqT sTTq VQ>Ts\ysT
eT& b]bsTT]. n n\ * H\T>T >Ts\ysTqT ds+ bsTT
eq jT$T~>Ts\ysTqT n+T |+&+&T>Ts\ysT+qT >&
>|y]e< s> Ts\T sT> XK]+#T= y+{&] >q #TT
dseTTbsTTq s+&T >Ts\TqT sT~q e+& e#qT. n+
yTT>sTT>Ts\T eTTq \Te y+&+#T s+> >|ysT p
>Ts\T $T+e#qT, sTTKqT & e+f yd+e#TqT n jT+ >Ts\MT~
<w# >HjT\TqT eTs 148 VQy>q >Ts+ jT=
c&XbT\&T jTsT <{ =+&e e >HjT\qT eTs
jT()ed$T>< n \+#T= ] p# jT&\ >Ts\ysT
s|>T e deTseT+<T n\q>Ts\T >q p|(d)
e+&> ys\ p <e|P |+ k$T y+#| XjT eTs e |
(U|f) jTT e HseTT n n# \& >|ysT #$#s&>
c&XbT\ y=&T # sTT+eq <esysT $#s|& |<T.
qT bsTT jTT e# q #| n+|+#T= e q~ <esq Xq
~q #&+> n# >+HjT\T y+#e+&> p jT|{eH
<e|P| y+#| #dT= s> >Ts\ sT> y+{&s> ysqT
>y jTsT<+{ >| y] e< sTTjT> >|ysT # d+w&
148. Hw \T sp |P #dT e& |+#jTq d+|<jT+ @s]#sT. rsj
\T
#d|&T, \T$& me\+ s>e \d eq|&T |+#jTH <dyT j sT
#dq |f u<|] |P d+ y+rdTysT. n> |seTywe&q >|
m& y[H >H<|eTqT |f (<e|P |f n sTy |+\ +~)
|T= rdTy&T u\T. ><e rsq |fqT+& nsq #jT& >H<T
|eT rd rs+ nsq #jT& y+#| #dq+ XTeT\ sqT >eT+
|+#T=H |jT+ >H<T |eTqT n& eTs#sT.

sjTy#eTT
106
H&T <Tsq y jTTe+{< e<\VejTqT n+ >&eTT
XqysT eT jTsT XjT qjTjTeTTqT+ VQ>Ts\qTqT
sT\qTqT H=|d$T n deTs $Tq |+&+&T>Ts\y]+
>HjT\T y+#| XdT eq seT\qT &T>s e\T sTTHsT
>qT qeTT>TsZ T +qT eT >&+ jTT b jTq $#seTTq eke+&>
n+<T H=KbT&T >|y] eTT+<s s+> eKeq|<X e TTq e#|&T
y=e=+eT >Ts+MT< e+& seT n&&e+& >q e=eTqT
q# eTs K+&q149 >yX >q >|ysT p d+w&
b+ e&T>s\ sTT#qT. &eT s+&T>Ts\ysT+qT eT jT$T
bjTq s+> esZ+eT< H\T>TeTqTw\ \Teq y=K +e
=+eT n&eTT> e+&> q>Ts+ &+ >TseTTqT qTqT
V]D|+>Z(&e) jT> +eqT=eT s+&T #T |T=
+&Td+C+ >Ts =&\&T= >TseTTqT qTqT n+]eTTq
y&T e+&> ese q+ >|ysT p #d+w & deTjq
\T sTTsTyeTT| |+ y >TseTTqT sTqT ~+ y]+
&T>s\T sTT]. eK>Ts+ bT VQeq+ e+&> ><e]>Tq
eK\Te s+&TeTw \Teq nsTyH\T>T n&T>T\ y&\Tq n&yT e+&>
q>Ts+ #Tq y \Te <{+#> >| ysT p sTqqT
e& T > s \ T sTT n+< ] j T e TT> d + w & X eT]y & T >
|{qbsTT] >q sTT$ jT yTeTTqTpqysyT |eTT e
>|y]q>qT c&XbT\ sTT+&TqT ys >]&, >]&
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<e<qe\TdV XjT sT . oe+s + >C T Cd k<q yTse # e+<Ts T .
rsT><T. us jTeqT, nTe+{ d+>Z&\T150 jT~> n&eTT>
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y&TeHsT, n~jT+>+fqT >&eTT sT sTqT #+&T=
149. y&\T>, sTe> +& $<yTq |<.
150. yjeT+ d+ |j+# &+u e+{$. V+| n+'|s ~\T n
#| |< eTV +& esD eT\> |sedT |<s qX\ (~ | &T wUH
` X>s+) +~. B s+&T s\ d+>&\qT #&e#T.

sjTy#eTT

107

ne+eTT> >=+#Tb<TsT. n~> >Ts\T $&Te bs& XeTT><

$&b<TsT. Jsd+C+ >Ts\y] bTyT q n+<T ysesT.
nTe+{ seTqT #+ ydTujT eT #TsT. deTjq *$
>* && *$T>* e+&+<T sT Tq k<q\T XTsT. sT$T
eTK+&+ eKeTw \y|<T. eTsK+&+ rdT qsT>C\ >&\T
jT$T +& qseHsT. +#e+u\T K&Z+# n]{u+<
q]qT qseHsT. >&bs\T s+&={ H{ >b(bjTT)
qs eHsT. ys\T |_\\T >+|(>+|)+&, |T H\T>T
nsTT<T \T eK{> yT*|{yd seT\ y+&T (eT]y) y{
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eHsT. eT] sTTqT|>T~jT\T >T]|{ $sTeeTq ~+H $sTkeHsT.
sToeTCT & ep k<qyTse eT nk<eT eTsT. n#
*$T\eTT\TqT jT& p+~ <T. n~> >|ysT jTe]
>$TH151 jTqT>, >Ts+, [, #T, <{, , usTT, e\T
sTT#~+> sT <X+e e&T>s\ e\T e+ sTT n+|~ <T
n+ eT]+ q$q ys\T #q\T yTT<\T> $+q|+ XjT>
sjT\y]qT nb>sT |\T]+q $es+. >|y sq+>Z
|DX+&T Ts\e><T <euVD$Xd+ <T. n<+fqT eTT+<
uVQ+<> |ys\ XTeq ysT >HjT\qT |P+# ns\
yjsT\T \+#$T y=~ XdT eTTqT >HjT\qT X$+

>|y] $s<T\T $w|j>eTT #sTT+#T

rs|k<eTT\TqT |#T=> |k&~ <T >q eKH{ rseTT
eHueTT152 *| sTTeT jT$T+#> ns\T <Vq H
rsTqH rse TT eHue TT *| k$T d~ >|y] rs+ |k~+#
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$T yT$T n n&T>> ujTdT& #| ys e+& >q >|ysT p
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s+ d$dseTT> #|qT. >q $c<eTT eT # rdT= n|&T
151. >eT+f <q$Te&+. uVDT\ # djT+bL& >eT+{sT.
152. H_ nH n&$ yTTqT+ rd $w+ eHueTT (edH_).

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#|q X+ `

108
n] ]+ $w+ |< eT<s <s+eCY
nqTL >H< $| $|sjTyT

nH X+ #~$ rs+ |#T> $w+ Jsq e#qT. ys

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jT+qys y>T sT\ e&T>s e\TqT yjT |T TqT sTT sTT+
j<XeTT\ usTT HH{ys\T <*de #|eT yjTTy
VqTeT+jTqT eTHy |sTceT>jTqTqT n+|+ sjT\ysTqT
nbysTqT b#q> ~\ys\T $Hs ($HsT <!) eTT+<s
Ts\MT~ <*bjT seTT\ #q jT+~ n n&T>> n|&T
neTs| <=s\qTqT sTTb T eHsT. <+&Tj
\ \>+ e+#+<T
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sjT\T Ts\MT~ jTT<eTTq y&\T

CdT\ s|+ dT~q+ dTeTTVAs+ dT\>+ L&qy y*>T&seTT153
yXT>qTqT b+ <*bjT +<T\qT |yXqqT \>+
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eT qHsT. >q n< nb sjT\y]qT TsD+MT<
<yT|&T ujT<=s\+<] s|+ |<TH$T~ |D\ y]
q>s$ +<T u{+ V]uD+ =eqT seTTUq TsD+ oeTqT
eTTq\T> usTT ~ eT& eT&< s+ k]ds+ bsTT eTqTw\, |d\ +,
bjT\T, >=s\T, yT\, >Ts\ e+&+& =u eT+ jT~]&T
d \ d H V eTT\& T j T \Ty T s y * > T &s e TTq e *
<=seT\qTqT, seT\, eeT\qTqT, $j>+ |+ysqTqT,
eTTqT|{ysT, yq{ysT, jT&e++ys\qTqT n+<]+ s|+#T
y]ys e|\T\T & MTMTkeTeTT\ jTb T seT \e++
neTsHjT+ ysqTqT q>]J+ y]qTqT q>] =+$T~d+|T\
153. y*>T&s+ : <+&j jT\T<s{ dTeTTVAs+ ss TT+#T=, deTj
q>s+ y\T|\ >T&s+ yd +#qbjT+> sE n+<T |yk&T. n< y*
>T&s+. B jTT<j yTT<\sTT+< ns+.

sjTy#eTT
109
y]qTqT q>]K |sq jTqT>, >Ts\T, sTsDTe >\T|<+
y]+ > D rd T = s q+ d + k eT+ e* T
>T+|\y]+ b>sqT+qT q>]|sq n+<] s|+
|jTq+ s& n sD\qT+qT, sjTd+154, {+155, ~qd]156,
neds+157, $j>|+158 ys qTqT q =+ >Ts+ sDTeqTqT
$jTq>s |DeTTq sDjTeTT> ke eTs djT>]+
|eT+<Te+ <+&Tj jT<> ~\T |{+<T u]&qeTT
X &e$T {+#eT s e X sT\ eeT\ neTsHjT+ysq T,
n+&T, =e, sE\, , +eTHjT\ n+<] |jTq+
C| s+eT {\y] ese sTT eTT+qT uq+ CdT= eT&
q>s {+#eT q >Ts+ jT= |jTq+>T\ <* eeTsT
edeTT<q e >+>se eP&eTT (>&eTT) MT+< seTT X e<s< *
d\T eHH k~+ n& eP&>\ys159qT e+ n+<TqT+&
154. sjTd+ : d+kq+ ]> $Xc\T n m|{| &T sd|fy sT, s |T s \T
j sT #dysT yjTd+ysT. yjTd+ sjTd+ nsTT+~. sE e{&e eTTU+>
s sC\ sjTusT\ e{&e sde+#&+ $jTq>s+ +~.
155. {+ : ~ s+> bd, |_ H|swH, dL]{ &bsYyT+T \>\T|
<>+. {+ sE +{ y* e*y&T. sE sqT duy] *jT|sTk&T.
sEH eTT+<T <]rd ey] |eT V#]dT+{&T. { {jT+,
{&T, u>T<sT, #|<sT, s] nH |sTL& HsTT. +CePsT jT>H\
{ + | d] b. sE ese H\qT { + <s s <>T\ |+|T+{&T.
156. sEy] njT KsTqT s\ m+#ysT ~qd] < ~qeVysT.
157. sE <q +~q sb\ q e> |qT\ #eT djT+> #dT &T.
kq+ #sTT+#&+ , & T&T#Te&+, \T =&> +, uq+ sT y #T \T &T e&+,
XjT qT neTs+, nus D \qT n+~+#+, dTydq <y\T |PjT&+ Te+{ |qT\TqT
| | sT {sTT+|> +{sT. sE neds+ #dysT qT y] neds\ysT
n+{sT. $ H{ <w # <>\T e. M] >=| <\T, neTs HjT\T
L& +{sT.
158. sE |jDeTjT|&T, jTT< y|&T njT KsTqT u]+#eT =+<]
|sesTTk&T. ys $j> |+ ysT. wsjT\ \+ @y > n#TsjT\
\+ n uq+ KsT L& keT+T, neTsHjT+ ys, |< <>dT
mes sT sE=sT u]+#ys.
159. neds\T #dys }&>\T. ~ # d+# |<y T H sE de >sejT

sjTy#eTT
110
ls+>| + N = e TT\T p MT< ~s+>HjT\159.1 X$+
sTT] s+>Zq e dT\HjT& HjT&eT\qT p $j|s+
dsT<T\ q&eeTq+>Z dsT<Td\e+& >T]eTqTw\qT+qT <TsZ\e+&
sDTeqT+qT sV+# $& b]bk]. >q n+<T+& s#],
eTT~\T, n<+, <e (<) $ yTT<q d<T\ DeTT\T e+
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ds<Td\ q&e+> n& eT&T >\ sT\T+qT jT<T]+ jTsT<{
e ys (dqeTTqT yV]+|CjTT) y beTT ~HsT >q
eseq+ *q y>sT e sjT\<eqT Ts\T \>Ts\T&TqT
ysTTjTqT>T\&TqT w< {e b+ ~H s y] *$T\eTT\TqT,
y] |<T\TqT |\T]+ y]oeT eTq>\ysT C eT&eT&
eT&eT& e+& >e<T\T =uf~+, bs\T X~+ <q<eqeTT\T
jT~ +, >V dT\ (>VdT\ ) +& CbsTT eTT+<Ty q <+jTT+q
#+<q |eTT\T jT~+, eP |\T ~+ |d\+, bjT\T,
yT\T, >=s\T, >Ts\TqT |Te dT e{> nyT~, sT>
seT+ XX~+, <TsZeTT\e+& ys qyTeH s $q|+
XjT +> sjT\ysT $ Ts\ T wy D <+{ e &]C (&s\ VQe#q
s|e!) y ~>{ n >V+#T= neTsHjT+ ys\ |+eTk
seT*+>ZeTHjTD _* Ts\T wyD <+{ e &]C y b+
~Hs sTT+<T\ jTTq q&eeH n n&q+<T\ Ts\
seTq+> jT+ e+, <esy] ||eTTe\ &]C >XqT.
n|&T u]&q+ X q&dqT Ts\T eT&T >\ysTqT |{|+#
$] jT<jT< eTeT d<T\T bjTT XXqT. sTT~>
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