ROLES OF PSYCHOLOGISTS

IN DIFFERENT FIELDS

Submitted by:
Reicen Mey B Valea
BS Psychology 3-1

Submitted to:
Prof. Serafina P Maxino

What is a Clinical Psychologist?

A clinical psychologist is a psychologist who works specifically in a clinical mental health setting.
These are the types of psychologists that most people think of when they hear the term
"psychologist." Instead of performing research or participating in studies, these psychologists
work in the field with patients.
What does a Clinical Psychologist do?
A clinical psychologist works directly in the mental health field with patients. They may work with
patients one-on-one or in a group setting, diagnosing and treating patients for various different
mental disorders. Clinical psychologists differ from other types of psychologists because they
specialize in abnormal psychology.
It is important to note that clinical psychologists typically do not prescribe medication. By law,
only psychiatrists are able to prescribe psychiatric medication. There is now legislation that has
been passed in several US states that allows some clinical psychologists to prescribe
medication, and this has sparked a debate whether this is a good thing or not. While
psychologists and psychiatrists may sound similar and both work in the mental health field, they
perform very different roles and require different types of education.
A clinical psychologist's goal is to help their patients understand their problems and then recover
from their problems. Clinical psychologists use the most up-to-date version of the DSM
(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual), which is published by the American Psychological
Association (APA) to guide and confirm their diagnosis, as well as their treatment plans. Clinical
psychologists must tailor their treatment plans to each individual patient, as different people
have different problems, and respond best to different forms of therapy. Even two people with
the same problem may respond very differently to treatment and recovery plans.
What is the workplace of a Clinical Psychologist like?
Clinical psychologists find work in various mental health, medical, and social service settings.
Many clinical psychologists are self-employed, working in their own private practice with clients.
Others are partners with other mental health professionals in a practice. Still others work
beneath other mental health professionals in a private practice.
Some clinical psychologists choose to work in mental health hospitals or group homes, such as
eating behavior residential programs. Others find employment through government or charitysponsored programs serving the community, or through university programs that serve the
students and staff of that particular school. There is a need for clinical psychologists in every
community all over the world.
What is the difference between a psychologist and a clinical psychologist?
A psychologist refers to someone who has completed a four year university-based psychology
degree. To be a registered psychologist you need to have completed university plus two years
of supervised clinical experience.

A clinical psychologist is someone who has completed four years of university, a two year
master's degree, and then another two years of supervised clinical training. Clinical
psychologists also have continuing education on an annual basis. There are also clinical
psychologists who have completed a PhD, or a doctorate of clinical psychology, and these
highly qualified clinicians can use the title of 'doctor'.

What is an Industrial Organizational Psychologist?

An Industrial Organizational Psychologist is a specialized type of Psychologist. Also known as:
Organizational Psychologist, I/O Psychologist, Industrial Psychologist.
Table of Contents
1. What is an Industrial Organizational Psychologist?
2. Schools
3. What does an Industrial Organizational Psychologist do?
4. What is the workplace of an Industrial Organizational Psychologist like?
5. Jobs
6. Similar Careers
7. Collections
8. Comments
Industrial organizational psychology is an area of psychology that focuses on studying people in
their working environment. The role can also involve focusing on workplace dynamics and
organizational structures. Through the use of industrial organizational psychologists, work
places can improve the success of their organization.
Industrial organizational psychology first began in the earlier 20th century when it was found
that troops returning from World War I needed therapy to regain morale. It wasn't until after
World War II that the field really grew, and as the 20th century progressed the use of a industrial
organizational psychologist in the work place became more common.
Those who work as an industrial organizational psychologist can expect to spend a lot of time
working with statistics. As developing initiatives on behalf of businesses depends on sciencebased research, the industrial organizational psychology relies heavily on working with large
numbers.
What does an Industrial Organizational Psychologist do?

Industrial organizational psychology involves several different key roles. These include:

Identifying how attitudes and behaviours can be improved in the workplace

Ensuring that workplace moral remains high during periods of change

Observing the efficacy of training programs and assisting in developing them

Using science-based research to help human resources teams develop initiatives and
hiring programs that will be successful

Industrial organizational psychologists who choose to work in business positions can expect to
operate closely with HR teams. This can either be in direct relation to the well-being of
individuals in the work place, or it can be related to how people fit into particular roles. Those
who focus on the latter tend to match employees to certain tasks depending on their personal
characteristics. In contrast, those who focus on the well-being of individuals in the work place
will have a more varied role.
Overseeing the well-being of individuals in the workplace as a industrial organizational
psychologist can involve several duties. A typical industrial psychologist will focus on how
societal norms influence the wellbeing of employees, as well as how managerial approaches
affect morale. If an industrial organizational psychologist then finds that workers are being
negatively affected by the operational side of their workplace, they can make recommendations
for change that reflects science-based evidence.
Alternatively, the role can also include finding ways to boost productivity based on employee
behaviour. This is an objective that will work in tandem with making sure all employees are
healthy and happy, as the two factors are often interlinked. Enhancing productivity as an
industrial organizational psychologist involves organizational management, performance
management, training development, and ergonomics (which focuses on office design for optimal
comfort).
For those who do not wish to work directly with businesses, the option of going into the
academic field is available. Industrial organizational psychologists who choose to work in
academics will typically conduct research, which is then published and used by those who work
in the field. In addition to this, many deliver lectures at universities, training the psychologists of
the future as they do so.
What is the workplace of an Industrial Organizational Psychologist like?
Although industrial organizational psychologists who work in the business industry can focus on
organizations in general, it is normal for them to only work in larger organizations. Many of the
psychological issues that pertain to the job role tend to revolve around organizations that have a
large, set hierarchy, and as such smaller and medium-sized businesses tend not to be a primary
focus.

In the academic field, those who work as industrial organizational psychologists can expect to
work in universities and colleges. Although the field itself is specialized, academics who focus
on this particular branch of psychology are just as likely to find themselves lecturing
undergraduates as they are postgraduates.
Finally, industrial organizational psychologists can work on a freelance basis. This tends to
come later in their career when a lot of experience has been gained, and involves being
outsourced by larger corporations.

Who are School Psychologists?

School psychologists are uniquely qualified members of school teams that support students'
ability to learn and teachers' ability to teach. They apply expertise in mental health, learning, and
behavior, to help children and youth succeed academically, socially, behaviorally, and
emotionally. School psychologists partner with families, teachers, school administrators, and
other professionals to create safe, healthy, and supportive learning environments that
strengthen connections between home, school, and the community.
What Training Do School Psychologists Receive? School psychologists receive specialized
advanced graduate preparation that includes coursework and practical experiences relevant to
both psychology and education. School psychologists typically complete either a specialist-level
degree program (at least 60 graduate semester hours) or a doctoral degree (at least 90
graduate semester hours), both of which include a year-long 1200 hour supervised internship.
Graduate preparation develops knowledge and skills in:

Data collection and analysis

Assessment

Progress monitoring

School-wide practices to promote learning

Resilience and risk factors

Consultation and collaboration

Academic/learning interventions

Mental health interventions

Behavioral interventions

Instructional support

Prevention and intervention services

Special education services

Crisis preparedness, response, and recovery

Family-school-community collaboration

Diversity in development and learning

Research and program evaluation

Professional ethics, school law, and systems

School psychologists must be credentialed by the state in which they work. They also may be
nationally certified by the National School Psychology Certification Board (NSPCB). The
National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) sets standards for graduate preparation,
credentialing, professional practice and ethics. The NASP Practice Model (2010) outlines the
comprehensive services that school psychologists are encouraged to provide.
Where Do School Psychologists Work? The vast majority of school psychologists work in K12 public schools. They also provide services in a variety of other settings, including:

Private schools

Preschools

School district administration offices

Universities

School-based health and mental health centers

Community-based day treatment or residential clinics and hospitals

Juvenile justice programs

Independent private practice

What Do School Psychologists Do? School psychologists provide direct support and
interventions to students, consult with teachers, families, and other school-employed mental
health professionals (i.e., school counselors, school social workers) to improve support
strategies, work with school administrators to improve school-wide practices and policies, and
collaborate with community providers to coordinate needed services. They help schools
successfully:
Improve Academic Achievement

Promote student motivation and engagement

Conduct psychological and academic assessments

Individualize instruction and interventions

Manage student and classroom behavior

Monitor student progress

Collect and interpret student and classroom data

Reduce inappropriate referrals to special education.

Promote Positive Behavior and Mental Health

Improve students communication and social skills

Assess student emotional and behavioral needs

Provide individual and group counseling

Promote problem solving, anger management and conflict resolution

Reinforce positive coping skills and resilience

Promote positive peer relationships and social problem solving

Make referrals to and help coordinate community services provided in schools

Support Diverse Learners

Assess diverse learning needs

Provide culturally responsive services to students and families from diverse backgrounds

Plan appropriate Individualized Education Programs for students with disabilities

Modify and adapt curricula and instruction

Adjust classroom facilities and routines to improve student engagement and learning

Monitor and effectively communicate with parents about student progress

Create Safe, Positive School Climates

Prevent bullying and other forms of violence

Support social-emotional learning

Assess school climate and improve school connectedness

Implement and promote positive discipline and restorative justice

Implement school-wide positive behavioral supports

Identify at risk students and school vulnerabilities

Provide crisis prevention and intervention services

Strengthen Family-School Partnerships

Help families understand their child's learning and mental health needs

Assist in navigating special education processes

Connect families with community service providers when necessary

Help effectively engage families with teachers and other school staff

Enhance staff understanding and responsiveness to diverse cultures and backgrounds

Help students transition between school and community learning environments, such as
residential treatment or juvenile justice programs

Improve School-Wide Assessment and Accountability Monitor individual student

progress in academics and behavior

Generate and interpret useful student and school outcome data

Collect and analyze data on risk and protective factors related to student outcomes

Plan services at the district, building, classroom, and individual levels

Why Do Children Need School Psychologists? All children and youth can face problems
from time to time related to learning; social relationships; making difficult decisions; or managing
emotions such as feeling depressed, anxious, worried, or isolated. School psychologists help
students, families, educators, and members of the community understand and resolve both
long-term, chronic problems and short-term issues that students may face. They are a highly
skilled and ready resource in the effort to ensure that all children and youth thrive in school, at
home, and in life.

Roles of Forensic Psychologists

Forensic psychologists are trained to apply the principles of psychology to the justice system.
Predominantly, forensic psychologists are used in criminal trials to ascertain whether the
defendant's mental state meets requisite legal standards. Forensic psychologists must obtain a

bachelor's degree in psychology, followed by a master's degree -- although many continue on to

obtain a doctorate degree. Forensic psychology is a highly specialized field that requires a
thorough understanding of the philosophy and standards of the judicial system.
Competency to Stand Trial
A threshold issue in any criminal case is whether the defendant has the mental capacity to stand
trial and face his accuser. A forensic psychologist is often chosen to perform a competency
evaluation on the defendant to determine whether he will be able to consult with his lawyer,
maintain a reasonable degree of understanding of the proceedings or otherwise assist in his
defense. The psychologist will evaluate the defendant to determine, if applicable, the cause of
incompetency, required treatment, availability of treatment, whether the defendants meets the
criteria for involuntary commitment to a mental facility and the likelihood the defendant will be
able to stand trial after receiving treatment. These findings are submitted to the judge in an
official report followed by a competency hearing.
Therapeutic Services
Therapeutic services may be offered by a forensic psychologist involved in the practice area of
forensic treatment. Counseling services are offered to those currently incarcerated for violent or
sexually motivated crimes and may also involve counseling for those inmates causing problems
within the prison. According to the National Association of Forensic Counselors, therapy can be
helpful in reducing recidivism rates and in helping inmates who are also dealing with substance
abuse issues.
Psychological Autopsy
A forensic psychological autopsy is postmortem mental state evaluation of the deceased and
involves a data evaluation of the subject's mental health records. All-About-ForensicPsychology.com cites these autopsies as useful when the cause of death is unknown, which
can occur in up to 20 percent of cases referred to the medical examiner. The forensic
psychological autopsy will include a review of biographical information, family history, policy
records, personal diaries, relationships, substance dependencies or sources of stress.
State of Mind
In any criminal case, the defendant must have the requisite state of mind to be found guilty of all
elements of a crime. In other words, most crimes contain an "intent" requirement that limits the
finding of guilt to defendants who, prior to committing the act, made up their mind to commit the
crime. This area can become controversial in some cases where the defendant may have been
suffering from a mental condition at the time of the crime, making it impossible for him to form
the required intent. This can also come into play when a defendant was intoxicated or under
duress during the crime. The forensic psychologist will review the evidence and patient's history
so as to testify before the court as to whether the defendant had the capacity to form criminal
intent.

References

https://www.sokanu.com/careers/clinical-psychologist/
https://www.sokanu.com/careers/industrial-organizational-psychologist/
https://www.nasponline.org/about-school-psychology/who-are-school-psychologists
http://work.chron.com/roles-forensic-psychologists-13544.html