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79869188765265
79869188765265
Trong Chng trnh Gio dc ph thng, Chun kin thc, k nng c th hin, c th
ho cc ch ca chng trnh mn hc, theo tng lp hc. Ti liu ny gii thiu cc
yu cu c bn, ti thiu v kin thc, k nng ca Chun kin thc, k nng trong c
ch tham kho cc ni dung c trnh by trong SGK hin hnh, to iu kin thun li
hn na cho gio vin v hc sinh trong qu trnh ging dy, hc tp v kim tra, nh gi.
Gii thiu chung v chun kin thc, k nng ca chng trnh gio dc ph thng
I - Gii thiu chung v chun
1. Chun l nhng yu cu, tiu ch (gi chung l yu cu) tun theo nhng nguyn tc
nht nh, c dng lm thc o nh gi hot ng, cng vic, sn phm ca lnh
vc no . t c nhng yu cu ca chun l t c mc tiu mong mun ca ch
th qun l hot ng, cng vic, sn phm .
Yu cu l s c th ho, chi tit ho, tng minh ho nhng ni dung, nhng cn c
nh gi cht lng. Yu cu c th c o thng qua ch s thc hin. Yu cu c
xem nh nhng "cht kim sot" nh gi cht lng u vo, u ra cng nh qu
trnh thc hin.
2.
Nhng yu cu c bn ca chun
2.1. C tnh khch quan, Chun khng l thuc vo quan im hay thi ch quan ca
ngi s dng Chun.
2.2. C tnh n nh, ngha l c hiu lc c v phm vi ln thi gian p dng.
2.3. C tnh kh thi, ngha l Chun c th thc hin c (Chun ph hp vi trnh hay
mc dung ho hp l gia yu cu pht trin mc cao hn vi nhng thc tin ang
din ra).
2.4. C tnh c th, tng minh v c chc nng nh lng.
2.5. Khng mu thun vi cc chun khc trong cng lnh vc hoc nhng lnh vc c lin
quan.
II - Chun kin thc, k nng ca Chng trnh Gio dc ph thng
Chun kin thc, k nng v yu cu v thi ca Chng trnh Gio dc ph thng
(CTGDPT) c th hin c th trong cc chng trnh mn hc, hot ng gio dc (gi
chung l mn hc) v cc chng trnh cp hc.
3.1. Chun kin thc, k nng c chi tit ho, tng minh ho bng cc yu cu c th,
r rng v kin thc, k nng.
- Gii quyt c nhng tnh hung mi bng cch vn dng cc khi nim, nh l, nh
lut, tnh cht bit.
- Bit khi qut ho, tru tng ho t tnh hung n gin, n l quen thuc sang tnh
hung mi, phc tp hn.
4. Phn tch l kh nng phn chia mt thng tin ra thnh cc phn thng tin nh sao cho
c th hiu c cu trc, t chc ca cc b phn cu thnh v thit lp mi lin h ph
thuc ln nhau gia chng.
y l mc cao hn mc vn dng v n i hi s thu hiu c v ni dung ln hnh
thi cu trc ca thng tin, s vt, hin tng. Mc phn tch yu cu ch ra c cc b
phn cu thnh, xc nh c mi quan h gia cc b phn, nhn bit v hiu c
nguyn l cu trc ca cc b phn cu thnh.
C th c th ho mc phn tch bng cc yu cu :
- Phn tch cc s kin, d kin tha, thiu hoc gii quyt c vn .
- Xc nh c mi quan h gia cc b phn trong ton th.
- C th ho c nhng vn tru tng.
- Nhn bit v hiu c cu trc cc b phn cu thnh.
5. nh gi l kh nng xc nh gi tr ca thng tin : bnh xt, nhn nh, xc nh
c gi tr ca mt t tng, mt ni dung kin thc, mt phng php. y l mt bc
mi trong vic lnh hi kin thc c c trng bi vic i su vo bn cht ca i
tng, s vt, hin tng. Vic nh gi da trn cc tiu ch nht nh ; c th l cc
tiu ch bn trong (cch t chc) hoc cc tiu ch bn ngoi (ph hp vi mc ch).
Mc nh gi yu cu xc nh c cc tiu ch nh gi (ngi nh gi t xc nh
hoc c cung cp cc tiu ch) v vn dng c cc tiu ch nh gi.
C th c th ho mc nh gi bng cc yu cu :
- Xc nh c cc tiu ch nh gi v vn dng chng nh gi thng tin, s vt, hin
tng, s kin.
- nh gi, nhn nh gi tr ca cc thng tin, t liu theo mt mc ch, yu cu xc
nh.
- Phn tch nhng yu t, d kin cho nh gi s thay i v cht ca s vt, s
kin.
1.1. Bin son sch gio khoa (SGK) v cc ti liu hng dn dy hc, kim tra, nh gi,
i mi phng php dy hc, i mi kim tra, nh gi.
1.2. Ch o, qun l, thanh tra, kim tra vic thc hin dy hc, kim tra, nh gi, sinh
hot chuyn mn, o to, bi dng cn b qun l v GV.
1.3. Xc nh mc tiu ca mi gi hc, mc tiu ca qu trnh dy hc, m bo cht
lng gio dc.
Chng trnh v SGK, phng php dy hc (PPDH), s dng phng tin, thit b dy
hc, hnh thc t chc dy hc v nh gi kt qu gio dc.
b) Nm vng yu cu dy hc bm st Chun kin thc, k nng trong CTGDPT, ng thi
to iu kin thun li cho GV, ng vin, khuyn khch GV tch cc i mi PPDH.
c) C bin php qun l, ch o t chc thc hin i mi PPDH trong nh trng mt
cch hiu qu. Thng xuyn kim tra, nh gi cc hot ng dy hc theo nh hng
dy hc bm st Chun kin thc, k nng ng thi vi tch cc i mi PPDH.
d) ng vin, khen thng kp thi nhng GV thc hin c hiu qu ng thi vi ph
bnh, nhc nh nhng ngi cha tch cc i mi PPDH, dy qu ti do khng bm st
Chun kin thc, k nng.
3.3. Yu cu i vi gio vin
a) Bm st Chun kin thc, k nng thit k bi ging, vi mc tiu l t c cc yu
cu c bn, ti thiu v kin thc, k nng, dy khng qu ti v khng qu l thuc hon
ton vo SGK. Vic khai thc su kin thc, k nng phi ph hp vi kh nng tip thu
ca HS.
b) Thit k, t chc, hng dn HS thc hin cc hot ng hc tp vi cc hnh thc a
dng, phong ph, c sc hp dn ph hp vi c trng bi hc, vi c im v trnh
HS, vi iu kin c th ca lp, trng v a phng.
c) ng vin, khuyn khch, to c hi v iu kin cho HS c tham gia mt cch tch
cc, ch ng, sng to vo qu trnh khm ph, pht hin, xut v lnh hi kin thc.
Ch khai thc vn kin thc, kinh nghim, k nng c ca HS. To nim vui, hng
khi, nhu cu hnh ng v thi t tin trong hc tp cho HS. Gip HS pht trin ti a
nng lc, tim nng ca bn thn.
d) Thit k v hng dn HS thc hin cc dng cu hi, bi tp pht trin t duy v rn
luyn k nng. Hng dn s dng cc thit b dy hc. T chc c hiu qu cc gi thc
hnh. Hng dn HS c thi quen vn dng kin thc hc vo gii quyt cc vn
thc tin.
e) S dng cc phng php v hnh thc t chc dy hc mt cch hp l, hiu qu, linh
hot, ph hp vi c trng ca cp hc, mn hc ; ni dung, tnh cht ca bi hc ; c
im v trnh HS ; thi lng dy hc v cc iu kin dy hc c th ca trng, a
phng.
4. Yu cu kim tra, nh gi bm st Chun kin thc,
k nng
4.1. Quan nim v kim tra, nh gi
Kim tra v nh gi l hai khu trong mt quy trnh thng nht nhm xc nh kt qu
thc hin mc tiu dy hc. Kim tra l thu thp thng tin t ring l n h thng v kt
qu thc hin mc tiu dy hc. nh gi l xc nh mc t c v thc hin mc
tiu dy hc.
nh gi kt qu hc tp thc cht l vic xem xt mc t c ca hot ng hc ca
HS so vi mc tiu ra i vi tng mn hc, tng lp hc, cp hc. Mc tiu ca mi
mn hc c c th ho thnh cc chun kin thc, k nng. T cc chun ny, khi tin
hnh kim tra, nh gi kt qu hc tp mn hc, cn phi thit k thnh nhng tiu ch
nhm kim tra c y c v nh tnh v nh lng kt qu hc tp ca HS.
4.2. Hai chc nng c bn ca kim tra, nh gi
a) Chc nng xc nh
- Xc nh c mc cn t trong vic thc hin mc tiu dy hc, mc thc hin
Chun kin thc, k nng ca chng trnh gio dc m HS t c khi kt thc mt giai
on hc tp (kt thc mt bi, chng, ch , ch im, m un, lp hc, cp hc).
- Xc nh c tnh chnh xc, khch quan, cng bng trong kim tra, nh gi.
b) Chc nng iu khin : Pht hin nhng mt tt, mt cha tt, kh khn, vng mc v
xc nh nguyn nhn. Kt qu nh gi l cn c quyt nh gii php ci thin thc
trng, nng cao cht lng, hiu qu dy hc v gio dc thng qua vic i mi, ti u
ho PPDH ca GV v hng dn HS bit t nh gi ti u ho phng php hc tp.
Thng qua chc nng ny, kim tra, nh gi s l iu kin cn thit :
- Gip GV nm c tnh hnh hc tp, mc phn ho v trnh hc lc ca HS trong
lp, t c bin php gip HS yu km v bi dng HS gii ; gip GV iu chnh,
hon thin PPDH ;
- Gip HS bit c kh nng hc tp ca mnh so vi yu cu
ca chng trnh ; xc nh nguyn nhn thnh cng cng nh cha thnh cng, t iu
chnh phng php hc tp ; pht trin k nng t nh gi ;
- Gip cn b qun l gio dc ra gii php qun l ph hp nng cao cht lng gio
dc ;
- Gip cha m HS v cng ng bit c kt qu gio dc ca tng HS, tng lp v ca
c c s gio dc.
4.3. Yu cu kim tra, nh gi