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Reflection and Refraction
Reflection and Refraction
PROBLEMS FORMULATION
1. How does the behavior of light in the process of reflection and refraction?
2. What is the great of refractive index of the materials used in the experiment?
OBJECTIVES
1. Able to know the behavior of light in the process of reflection and refraction.
2. Able determine the refractive index of the material.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
Basic Theory
When the wave of any type of a flat barrier such as a mirror, new waves
generated and moving away from the barrier. This phenomenon called reflection.
This reflection occurs at the boundary between two different mediums such as a
glass air surface, in the case where the energy comes partly reflected and partly
transmitted. (Tipler, 2010: 442)
Light is a form of electromagnetic waves that have ambiguous nature. On
the one hand light is a wave, but on the other hand have a light as a particle
properties. One of the properties of light as a wave is able to experience the
reflection (reflection) while one is the particle nature of light as light can undergo
collision events as well as a striking marble other marbles (in the event of the
Compton effect). Special to the properties of light as particles are part of a study
in modern physics. In particular the basic physics of optical materials geometry in
this experiment, our primary concern is the nature of light as a wave that can
undergo reflection and refraction alone. In the incident light reflection, we
recognize three kinds of light beams, namely:
1. File parallel light
2. File light gathering (convergent)
3. File a light spread (divergent)
We also know that the reflectance of light reflection that there are two
kinds: regular light reflection and diffuse light reflectance (diffuse). When light
propagates on the boundary of two media, the propagation of the light will
undergo deflection events. This event is called refraction of light. Many everyday
occurrences described in this refraction principle.
In reflection and deflextion, we have knew absolute refractive index of
medium (n) that defined as deviding of velocity of light in vacum place (c) with
the velocity of light in the medium (v). In mathematically absolute refractive
index of medium can be write down as:
n=
c
v
(1.1)
n1 v 1
=
n2 v 2
(1.2)
The law of deflection is the first time said by Willebord Snell (1591) that
can be expressed in mathematical:
n1 sini=n2 sin r
(1.3)
Optical table
Light box
Mirror flat, concave mirror and a convex mirror
Proctactor
Rhombus
Paper
Stationery
Ruler
1 piece
1 piece
1 piece
1 piece
1 piece
adequately
2 piece
1 piece
Variable Identification
Activity 1: Focal Length Mirror Concave and Convex Mirror
1. Focus distance (cm)
Activity 4: Refraction in Glass Parallel Plan
1. Angle of incidence (o)
2. Angle of Refraction (o)
Activity 5: Perfect Reflection
1. Angle of Critical (o)
Definition Variable Operation
1. The focal length is the distance focus concave mirror and a convex mirror is
measured by using the rule that has the unit cm.
2. The angle of incidence is meant is the angle formed by the incident light beam
with the normal line. Incidence angle is measured using a protractor which has
units of degrees (o).
3. usual angle in question is the angle formed by the light beam with the normal
line. Angle of refraction was measured by using a protractor which has units of
degrees (o).
4. The critical angle is the angle which is formed by a beam of light with the
normal line to the inclined plane Rhombus. The critical angle is measured
using a protractor with units of degrees (o).
Work Procedures
Activity 1: Focusing distance concave mirror and a convex mirror
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
e. Made the normal line on each field boundary of the medium, and measured the
f.
angle of incidence and the angle of refraction at the boundary of each medium.
Repeated the same activities with the direction of light is different.
This is the table which used for draw the result.
Light comes from air to glass
No
angle of
angle of
incidence (o)
refraction (o)
refraction (o)
1
2
3
4
5
Activity 5 : Total Reflection
a. Rhombus laid on an optical table
b. Rhombus rotated clockwise until no light coming out of the Rhombus or light
disappears.
c. Draw Rhombus with follow sides, marked by points A, B and C.
d. Connected points A, and, then point B and C.
e. Large measured the angle of incidence on the boundary surface of the two.
This incident angle is the critical angle.
f. Repeated the same way with different angles.
This is the tabel which used for draw the result.
= |7.40 0.05| cm
= |5.20 0.05| cm
Rays coming
Parallel to the main axis
Passing through the focal point
of the mirror
Reflected ray
Passing through the focal point of the
mirror
Parallel to the main axis
Passing through the center point of
Rays coming
Parallel to the main axis
Towards the focal point of the
mirror
Towards the center point mirror
Reflected ray
As if returned from the focal point of
the mirror
Parallel to the main axis
Restored in accordance with the
direction of the
Angle of
incidence (o)
refraction (o)
refraction (o)
|17.0 0,5|
|16.0 0,5|
|16.0 0,5|
|17.0 0,5|
|26.0 0,5|
|23.0 0,5|
|23.0 0,5|
|26.0 0,5|
|39.0 0,5|
|19.0 0,5|
|19.0 0,5|
|39.0 0,5|
|55.0 0,5|
|37.0 0,5|
|37.0 0,5|
|55.0 0,5|
|60.0 0,5|
|41.0 0,5|
|41.0 0,5|
|60.0 0,5|
|60.0 0.5|
|45.0 0.5|
|45.0 0.5|
|60.0 0.5|
sin 1
sin 2
1
= sin 1 . sin 2
n2 =
||
n2
n
1 + 2 2
1
2
sin 2 2 2
cos 2
n2 = cos 1 .sin1 2 1 +
sin 1
n2 cos 1. sin 2 1
=
n2
sin 1 . sin 1 2
sin 2 2 2
cos 2
sin 1
sin2 2 2
cos 2
n2 cos 1
=
1 +
n2
sin 1
|
|
n2 =
|
| |
cos 1
1
sin 1
cos 2
2 n2
sin 2
1
1
tan 1
| |
1
2 n2
tan 2
n2 =
for
0,5
3,14=0,0087 rad
180
0.29
=1.04
0.28
n2 =
| |
1
1
tan 1
1
2 n2
tan 2
n2 =
0.0087
+|
1.04
|0.0087
|
0.31
0.29 |
n2 =
n2 =|0.028+0.03|1.04
n2 =|0.058|1.04
n2 =0.06
n2
0.06
100 =
100 =5.8
n2
1.04
RE =
2.
0.44
=1.128
0.39
n2 =
| |
1
1
tan 1
1
2 n2
tan 2
n2 =
0.0087
+|
1.128
|0.0087
|
0.49
0.42 |
n2 =
n2 =|0.018+0.021|1.128
n2 =|0.039|1.128
n2 =0.044
RE =
n2
0.044
100 =
100 =3.9
n2
1.128
0.63
=1.9
0.33
n2 =
| |
1
1
tan 1
1
2 n2
tan 2
n2 =
0.0087
+
1.9
|0.0087
0.8 | | 0.34 |
n2 =
n2 =|0.01+0.026|1.9
n2 =|0.036|1.9
n2 =0.0684
n2
0.0684
100 =
100 =3.6
n2
1.9
RE =
= 96.4%
|1.90 0.07|
0.82
=1.4
0.60
n2 =
| |
1
1
tan 1
1
2 n2
tan 2
n2 =
0.0087
+|
1.4
|0.0087
|
1.43
0.75 |
n2 =
n2 =|0.006+0.0116|1.4
n2 =|0.0176|1.4
n2 =0.0246
n2
0.0246
100 =
100 =1.8
n2
1.4
RE =
0.87
=1.3
0.66
n2 =
| |
1
1
tan 1
1
2 n2
tan 2
n2 =
0.0087
+|
1.3
|0.0087
|
1.73
0.87 |
n2 =
n2 =|0.005+0.01|1.3
n2 =|0.015|1.3
n2 =0.0195
n2
0.0195
100 =
100 =1.5
n2
1.3
RE =
6.
0.87
=1.2
0.71
n2 =
| |
1
1
tan 1
1
2 n2
tan 2
n2 =
0.0087
+
1.2
|0.0087
0.73 | | 1 |
n2 =
n2 =|0.012+0.0087|1.2
n2 =|0.0207|1.2
n2 =0.0248
RE =
n2
0.0248
100 =
100 =2.1
n2
1.2
= |1.20 0.02|
For the light coming from the glass into the air
1. n1 sin 1=n2 sin 2
1sin 16 =n2 sin 17
0.28=n2 0.29
n2=
0.28
=0.96
0.29
n2 =
| |
1
1
tan 1
1
2 n2
tan 2
n2 =
0.0087
+|
0.96
|0.0087
|
0.29
0.31 |
n2 =
n2 =|0.03+0.028|0.96
n2 =|0.059|0.96
n2 =0.0557
n2
0.0557
100 =
100 =5.8
n2
0.96
RE =
= |1.0 0.1|
0.39
=0.89
0.44
n2 =
| |
1
1
tan 1
1
2 n2
tan 2
n2 =
0.0087
+|
0.89
|0.0087
|
0.42
0.49 |
n2 =
n2 =|0.021+0.018|0.89
n2 =|0.039|0.89
n2 =0.0347
n2
0.0347
100 =
100 =3.9
n2
0.89
RE =
0.33
=0.52
0.63
n2 =
| |
1
1
tan 1
1
2 n2
tan 2
n2 =
0.0087
+|
0.52
|0.0087
|
0.34
0.81 |
n2 =
n2 =|0.026+0.011|0.52
n2 =|0.037|0.52
n2 =0.019
RE =
n2
0.019
100 =
100 =3.6
n2
0.52
= 96.4%
PR = |0.52 0.02|
4.
0.60
=0.73
0.82
n2 =
| |
1
1
tan 1
1
2 n2
tan 2
n2 =
0.0087
+|
0.73
|0.0087
|
0.75
1.43 |
n2 =
n2 =|0.012+0.006|0.73
n2 =|0.018|0.73
n2 =0.0131
RE =
n2
0.0131
100 =
100 =1.8
n2
0.73
5.
0.66
=0.76
0.87
n2 =
| |
1
1
tan 1
1
2 n2
tan 2
n2 =
0.0087
+|
0.76
|0.0087
|
0.87
1.73 |
n2 =
n2 =|0.01+0.011|0.76
n2 =|0.021|0.76
n2 =0.016
n2
0.016
100 =
100 =2.1
n2
0.76
RE =
0.71
=0.82
0.87
n2 =
| |
1
1
tan 1
1
2 n2
tan 2
n2 =
0.0087
+|
0.82
|0.0087
|
1
1.73 |
n2 =
n2 =|0.0087+0.005| 0.82
n2 =|0.0137|0.82
n2 =0.011
n2
0.011
100 =
100 =1.3
n2
0.82
RE =
= |0.82 0.01|
1=
1= Arc sin
1
1,5
DISCUSSION
In the reflection and refraction experiment, there are five activities that
have been performed. The first activity is to determine the focus distance of the
concave mirror and a convex mirror. From the experimental results, obtained
focus distance is 5.20 cm concave mirror and the convex mirror focus distance is
7,40 cm. In this activity we use four gaps that produce rays, and then to determine
the distance of the focus we decide on the principle of privileged rays in a concave
mirror and a convex mirror is to look at the intersection between the reflected rays
converge at one point.
The second activity is to determine the privileged rays in a concave mirror
and a convex mirror. In this activity, we used single slit to easier for us to making
observations. The results obtained in these activities are in accordance with the
theory, where the privileged rays in a concave mirror is incident ray parallel to the
main axis will be reflected through the focal point, the light coming through the
focal point will be reflected parallel to the main axis, and the light coming through
the center of curvature will be reflected through that point as well. privileged rays
on convex mirror is incident ray parallel to the main axis is reflected as if through
a point of focus, as if the light comes through the focal point is reflected parallel
to the main axis, and the light came as if through the center of curvature of the
mirror will be reflected back is as if through the center of curvature of the mirror
as well.
The third activity is determining characteristic a flat mirror images. In this
activity, we also used single gap. The results obtained are in accordance with the
theory, where the shadows into the mirror where the distance equal to the distance
of the object to the mirror, the image formed by the mirror is upright, the image
formed by a mirror as large as the object, and the image formed by the mirror is
virtual.
The fourth activity is the refraction of the glass parallel plan. In this
activity, we are changing the position or angle change plan parallel glass for 6
times. So that the results of the data analysis has been performed, acquired the
refractive index of light coming from air to glass at | 1.40 0.06 |, | 1.33 0.04 |, |
1.90 0.07 |, | 1.50 0.02 |, | 1.30 0.02 | and | 1.20 0.02 |. And the refractive
index of light coming from the glass into the air by | 1,0 0,1 |, | 0.89 0.03 |, |
0.52 0.02 |, | 0.73 0.01 | , | 0.76 0.02 | and | 0.82 0.01 |. The result was
close to the theoretical value, wherein the glass refractive index of 1.5. It is
causing this experiment does not prove the refractive index of glass is influenced
by several factors such inadvertence by the practitioner, giving a point on the
beam does not match the bright spots in the rays, the error in the measurement of
angles, and others.
The fifth activity is a perfect reflection observed by using different
medium is air medium refractive index by 1 and a medium glass in the form of
Rhombus who refractive index of 1.5. From the experimental results, obtained by
critical angle of 41. This is in accordance with the theory that critical angle in
total reflection at 41.
CONCLUSION
Based on experiments about reflection and refraction, it can be concluded
that:
1. The behavior of light on the events that reflection and refraction of light will
experience refraction when passing through two different mediums refractive
index, and when the light comes from a less dense medium to a more dense
medium then deflected rays approaching the normal line. Vice versa, the rays
coming from the more dense medium to less dense medium, the beam is
deflected away from the normal line. And the light will undergo total reflection
if the angle of refraction is formed by 90.
2. As for the great refractive index glass material parallel plan used in the
experiment is about 1.5.
SUGGESTION
1. For the assistants, should accompany the practitioner when the practicum is in
progress.
2. For the practitioner should be more careful in doing experiments in order to
obtain more accurate results.
REFERENCES