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1

:
............................................................................................................... 3
1. ................................................................................... 3
1.1. .................................................................................................. 3
1.2. . .......................................................................... 3
1.3. ................................................................................ 4
1.4. . .............................................................................. 4
2. ................................................................................... 6
2.1. ............................. 6
2.2. ......... 6
2.3.
......................................................................................................................... 7
3. ....................................................................................... 8
3.1 ................................................................................................................. 8
3.2. ......................................................................................................... 10
: ............................................................................................... 10
................................................................................................................ 14
1. ......................................................................................................... 17
1.1
........................................................................................................................ 17
1.2. ............................................................................. 17
2.1. ........................................................... 18
2.2. ................................................ 19
2.3 .................................. 20
.............................................................................................................. 22
............................................................................................................... 24
. - , , ................................................................... 30
1. ........................................................................................................................... 30
2. ............................................................................................... 31
3. .......................................................................................................... 32
1. ................................................................................................ 33
2. ................................................................................................ 33
...................................................................................... 34
4. .............................................................................................. 35
........................................................................ 38
: ........................................................................................... 39
: ...................................................................................... 50
........................................................................................................ 52
.............................................................................................................................. 53


1.
1.1.
, NUMBER SYSTEMS,
. :
, 10;
, 2;
, 8;
, 16;
.
,
.

1.2. .
0 9
. 537
: 5102 + 3x10' + 7x10

10.

103

102

101

100

.
(),
10.
: 2786,13410 :
2103 + 7102 + 8x101 + 6x100 + 1x10-1 + 310-2 + 410-3
10,
10 10.
,
() :
12310 123;
110112 11011;
5678 567;

1.3. .
0 1,
.
() 2. 101102
:
24

23

22

21

16

0
4

12 + 02 + 12 + 12 + 0x2


.
124 + 023 + 122 + 121 + 0x20 =1 6 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 2210
:
:
.
) 1012

. 510

)11112

. 1510

) 1001112

. 3910

1.4. .
.
8.
83

82

81

80

8-1

8-2

8-3

512

64

1/8

1/64

1/512

: 568 :
568 = 581 + 6x80 = 5x8 + 6 80 = 40 + 6 = 4610
: 7778 :
7778 = 782 + 781 + 7x80 = 7x64 + 7x8 + 7= 448 + 56 + 7 = 51110 '
1.5. .
,
16. 10
, 6
10 15.
10 = ;
13= D;
11 = ;
14 = ;
12 = ;
15= F.
- , ,
21 .

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

00000
00001
00010
00011
00100
00101
00110
00111
01000
01001
01010
01011
01100
01101
01110
01111
10000
10001
10010
10011
10100

00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
20
21
22
23
24

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
10
11
12
13
14


56716 = 5162 + 6x161 + 7x160 = 5x256 + 6x16 + 7 = 1280 + 96 + 7 = 138310
F416 = F163 + 162 + 161 + 4x160 = 15163 + 10162 + 11x161 + 4x160 = 15x4096 +
10x256 + 11x16 + 4x1 =61440 + 2560 + 176 + 4 = 6418010
: 65F
. 4668710
,
, ( ),
0 1. ,
.

2.
,
.
.

2.1.
2.1.1.
2.
.
: 182
2 .
() ,
0.
, - (LSB)
2.
182:2

0
91:2

1
45:2

1
22:2

0
11:2

1
5:2

1
2:2

0
1:2

1
18210 = 101101102
.
:
1x27 + 0x26 + 1x25 + 1x24 + 023 + 1x22 + 1x21 + 0x20 =
= 128 + 0 + 32 + 16 +0 + 4 + 2 +0 = 18210
: 93
.
. 10111012

2.2.
2.2.1.


.
: 111010111001112 = 11 101 011 100 1112 = 353478
3

: 11010101101112 .

. 152678

2.2.2.
2.2.1.
. ,
123458=

001

010

011

100

58=10100111001012
101

2.2.3.
(2.2.1).

. .
:
0,11010102
.

0,110.101

0,110

101 =0,658 0,11010102 = 0,658

: 0,11010102 = 0,5 + 0,25 + 0,0625 + 0,015625 = 0,82812510


0,658 = 6x1/8 + 5x1/64 = 6x0,125 + 5 0,015625 = 0,82812510
:
0,010101112 .
. 0,2568 0,3398437510

2.3.

2.3.1.
(
2.2.1).

.
: 111010111001112 .
.
= 11 1010 1110 01112 ( )
10

13

()

()

111010111001112= 716
: 1111101101111112 .
. 7DBF16

2.3.2.
2.3.1.
..

35 16 =

516 =11100011101001012

1110 0011 1010

0101

: 616
. 1101100101011102

2.3.3.

(2.3.1).
.
.
: 0,0101011102

0,0101 0111 0000
0,57016 0,0101011102 = 0,5716
: - .
11111011010,111111110001112

. 7D,FF116

, ,
.

3.
,
. - -
- .

3.1
, i-
i- . 3.1.1.


:
0+0=0
1+0=1
0+1=1
() 1

1+1=0
(Sum)


(R).

0 1, .
:
.
11011

27

+10011

+19

11000

24

10001102

7010

3.1.2.
, 1 - ,
- 8.
: ,
.
718

5710

+258

+2110

1168

7810

:
625 773 .
.16208,
91210
3.1.3.
, 1 - ,
- 16.
:
.
6716
+59416

4823110
+2285810

115116

7108910

-
, 7 = 7 +10 = 17 , 16 +1,
, 1 1
. 6 + 4 +1 () = 11 = ,
, .
+ 9 = 12 + 9 = 21 = 16 + 5, 5 1.
+ 5 + 1 () = 11 + 5 + 1 = 17 = 16 + 1,
1 1. 115116
:
789
.
. 124516

3.2.

,
. 3.2.1.

,
:
0.0=0;

0.1=0;

1 . 0 = 0;

1.1 = 1

.

:
1) - .
1, , 0, .
1 ,
, 0 , .
. .
2) - .
1, , 0, . 1
,
, 0 , .
. .
:
1010
1

11010
101010000
1010100
0
101010
1000100010
21 26 = 546

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

2*2=100?
2 * 2 = 10?
2*2=11?
4 * 4 = 31?
3 * 3 = 10?
7 + 8 = 16 ?
71 36 = 33?

10

8. 21 + 24 = 100?
9. 20 + 25 = 100?
10. 22 + 44 = 110?
11. 4 * 4 = 20, 5 * 5 ( ).
12. : 1001, 111, 010, 100, 1101, 10001.
13. 44 . 100 34- .
-11
.
10 . ?
.
14. 1101 , 101 -
111 10101 .
1001- 11 .
100100 , ,
, .
15. =D7 , b=331 . c, ,
16

a<c<b?
1) 11011001

2) 11011100

3) 11010111

4) 11011000

16. 43 56 ?
8

1) 1218

2) 1718

16

3) 6916

4) 10000012

17. 59 214 .
.
18. 3310 53?
19. 2310 212?
20. 4210 52?
21. 71 36 = 33?
22. .
23. 1111102+100102+1012=
24. 101012+101102+1112
25. 2658+7658=
26. 666668+66668=
27. FAD16+6516+CD16=
28. 999916+356D16=
29. 1111102-100102-1012
30. 101012-101102-1112
31. 12658-7658=
32. 543218-6668=
33. FAD16-CD16=
34. 9999916-356D16=
35. 1110102+101102+1102=

11

101112+111112+1002=
37. 5658+7778=
38. 77778+66668=
39. F6AD16+8516+C1D16=
40. AAA16+356D16=
41. 1110102-101102-1102=
42. 101112-111112-1002=
43. 45658-7778=
44. 77778-66668=
45. F6AD16-C1D16=
46. FAAA16-356D16=
47. 20 , , ,

48. :
36.

) 12;
) 1012;
) 1112;
) 11112;
) 1010112;

) 18;
) 78;
) 378;
) 1778;
) 77778;

) F16;
) 1F16;
) FF16;
) 9AF916;
) CDEF16 ?

49. :
) 102;
) 10102;
) 10002;
) 100002;
) 101002;

) 108;
) 208;
) 1008;
) 1108;
) 10008;

) 1016;
)2016;
) 10016;
) A1016;
) 100016 ?

50. ?
?
?
51. - :
) ;
) ;
) ?

52. , :

) 10110112;
) 101101112;
) 0111000012;
) 0,10001102;

) 5178;
) 10108;
) 12348;
) 0,348;

) 1F16;
) ABC16;
) 101016;
) 0,416;

12

) 110100,112;

) 123,418;

) 1DE,C816.

53. , ,
:
) 12510;

) 22910;

) 8810;

) 37,2510;

) 206,12510.

54. ,
:

) 1001111110111,01112;
) 1110101011,10111012;
) 10111001,1011001112;

) 1011110011100,112;
) 10111,11111011112;
) 1100010101,110012.

13



.
(1815 1864),
.
:
Y = f ( X1, X2, X3, Xm ) ,

(1)

Y, () X1, X2, X3, Xm


: 0 1.
() :
) ( );
) ( );
) ( Y = f ( X1, X2, X3, Xm ) );
) ( m- () ).
.
()
.

1:
1
X
0
1

F1
0
0
Y=0
F2
0
1
Y=X
F3
1
0
Y= X
F4
1
1
Y=1
Y = F3 (


0
X
;
X
;
1
X ) = X ,

. X.
, .

14

n = 2, .. X1 X2, 24 = 16
.
, 2:

2
X1
X2
F1

0
0
0

0
1
0

1
0
0

1
1
1

F6

F7

Y X 1.X 2
Y X1 X 2
Y X1 X 2

F8

Y X1 X 2

F9

Y X1 X 2

F14

Y X 1.X 2

15


. .

,
:

ANSI / IEEE

(91 1984)

-
-
( , )
1. - :

- . ,
.
.
.
, ,

16

1.
1.1
.
, , ,
.
1= X 1 X 1
0, 1,
.
X1 0 X1 ; X1 X1 X1 ; X1 1 1; X1 X1 1
0, 1,
.

X 1 .0 0 ; X 1 .1 X 1 ; X 1 . X 1 X 1 ; X 1 . X 1 0

, ,
.
: , :
) 1 V 0 = 1;

) X 1 1 =

1= 0,

0 V 0 = 0;

0 1 = 0 ;

1= 1,

1 V 0 = 1;

1 0 = 0 .

1.2.
,
. ()
(V +) (.).
) ;
, .
.
(1- 2)

X1 V X2 = X2 V X1,

X1 X2 = X2 X1;


.
.
) ;
,
. ,
. .

17

(1- 3)

(X1 V X2) V X3 = X1 V (X2 V X3) = X1 V X2 V X3,


(X1 X2) X3 = X1 (X2 X3) = X1 X2 X3

) ;
, ,
.
(1-4)

1 (2V 3) = (12) V (13) = 12 V 13


1 V ( 2 3 ) = (1 V 2) (1 V X3)

(, ,
!)
) () ;

() . (
, ).
, :
(1-5)

X 1 X 2 X 1 .X 2

X 1.X 2 X 1 X 2

, :

X 1 X 2 X 3 X 1.X 2 .X 3

, .
:
- (1-5).

2.1.
,

. ,
, .
:
F = AB A C D =
= 0, =1, = 1


= 0.10 1D =
= 1.1.0.D = 0

18

2.2.

, , . ,
.
.
)

.

: A AB BC BC A1 B C B B A.1 C.1 A C
)
.
.
:

ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC AB C C AC B B AB AC AB C


)

, , .
.

: BCD AD ABC BCD A A AD ABC ABCD ABCD AD ABC

ABC D 1 ADBC 1 ABC AD


)

. (
, )
: ABC ACD BC A B C ACD BC

A1 CD B C 1 B A B C ABC

19

2.3
.
.
) Minimization Theorem ( );

,
, - ,
. :

X 1 X 2 X 1 X 2 X 1 ( )
X 1 X 2 X 1 X 2 X 1 ( )
: X 1 . X 2 X 1 . X 2 X 1 . X 2 X 1 . X 2 X 1 X 2 X 2 X 1 .1 X 1
X 1 X 2 X 1 X 2 X 1.X 1 X 1.X 2 X 2 .X 1 X 2 .X 2 X 1 X 1 X 2 X 2 0 X 1 X 1 X 1
(1-6)

) Absorption Theorem ( );
(1-7)

X 1 X 1 . X 2 X 1 ( )
X 1 . X 1 X 2 X 1 ( )

: .
) Redundancy Theorem ( )
(1-8)

X 1 X 1 X 2 X 1 X 2 ( )

X 1 X 1 X 2 X 1 .X 2 ( )
:

X 1 X 1 . X 2 X 1 .1 X 1 . X 2 X 1 ( X 2 X 2 ) X 1 . X 2 X 1 . X 2 X 1 . X 2 X 1 . X 2
X1 ( X 2 X 2 ) X 2 ( X1 X1 ) X1 X 2
:
.
) Consensus Theorem ( )
(1-9)

X 1 . X 2 X 1 . X 3 X 2 . X 3 X 1 . X 2 X 1 . X 3 ( )

X 1 X 2 X 1 X 3 X 2 X 3 X 1 X 2 X 1 X 3 ( )
:

X 1 . X 2 X 1 . X 3 X 2 . X 3 X 1 . X 2 X 1 . X 3 X 2 . X 3 .1 X 1 . X 2 X 1 . X 3 X 2 . X 3 ( X 1 X 1 )
X 1 . X 2 X 1 . X 3 X 2 . X 3 . X 1 X 2 . X 3 . X 1 X 2 . X 3 .1 X 3 X 1 . X 3 .1 X 2 X 1 . X 2 X 1 . X 3
:
.

20


4
4.

, . 1
()
.


. , F
, F
.
4.


. ,
. (() , ) , ,
0 1
.

21

: 4

4
()
.

F X 2 X1 X 0 . X 2 X1 X 0 . X 2 X1 X 0 . X 2 X1 X 0 . X 2 X1 X 0

, - .

.
. ()
.
.
.

X1
X2
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

,
.
, - .

X1
X2
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

1

1
1
0
0

0
1
0
1

2 .

0
0
1
0

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

1
0
0
0

22

-
6 .
.
:
1 ( X 1 . X 0 ) ( X 1 . X 0 )

2 ( X 1 . X 0 ) ( X 1 . X 0 )

1 ( X 1 . X 0 ) ( X 1 . X 0 )

2 ( X 1 . X 0 ) ( X 1 . X 0 )

1 X 1 .X 0
2 X 1 .X 0
, - ,
.
1 X 1
2 X 1
1 X 0

2 X 0

1 X 1 .X 0
2 X 1 .X 0
1
.
:

.
:
!) ;
2) , ;
3) , ;
4) , .
, , .
F, ?
. F A.C B.C.D

23


1. :
1)
2)

(1 1) (1 0)
((1 0) (1 0)) 1

2..
/ a b a b , ako a=1, b=0


b/ a a a b, ako a=1, b=1
c/ b b, ako a=1, b=0
d/ a b a b , ako a=0, b=1
e/ b a b , ako a=1, b=0
f/ a b a b , ako a=0, b=1
k/ a b a b , ako a=1, b=0
l/ a a a b, ako a=1, b=0

3.
A /\ (B \/ C).
1) A \/ B \/ C
2) A /\ B /\ C
3) A /\ B /\ C
4) A /\ B /\ C
4.
(A \/ B) \/ C?
1)
2)
3)
4)

(A /\ B) \/ C
A \/ B \/ C
A \/ B \/ C
(A /\ B) \/ C

5. :
1) (A B)(AB)
2) (A B)(AB)
3) (Y)
4) (XY)X

24

5) (AB)
6.
.
.
2) (A B)(AB)
3) (A B)(AB)
4) (Y)
5) (XY)X
6) (AB)
7.
1) F=(AB)(AC)(BC)
2) F=ACC(BC)(AB)C
3) F=(AC)(AC)(BC)(BC)
8. F:
X Y Z F
1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
F?
1) X /\ Y /\ Z 2) X /\ Y /\ Z 3) X \/ Y \/ Z 4) X \/ Y \/ Z

25

26

27

zadaci

28


3.7.1
:
F= AvB&C, =1, =0, =1;
F= (AvB)&(CvB), =0, =1, =0;

F= (A&B&C), =0, =0, =1.


:
)

&
1

&
1

1
1

29

. - , ,
.
1.

,
?
, .
,
, .
.
,
, .
.

30

-.
1983
1200- .
, . . -V
.
V .

2.
1. ,
, .
2.
,
.
3.
, .
4. ,
.
5. .
: -
p q.
:
: p q, p>0 q>0;
: - p q;
:
1: r = p/q;

31

2: r = 0, , q . p
= q, q = r 1.

3.
-
.
) - .
.
.
:
-
. ,
, . . 1
,
. .2 -
3.

.1

.2

- .
b) ,
.
,
.
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

;
;
( );
;
.

32

, :

1.
() ,
, .
,
.
:
(- , );
;
;

: a, b c.
: a, b c, a>0, b>0, c>0;
: P ;
:
1: a;
2: b;
3: c;
4: P = a+b+c;

2.
- ,
, . .

. .
,
. .

, .
( . True False)
, ,
(. . )
.

33

: x y.
: x, y;
: z;
:
1: x;
2: y;
3: y = 0 . z = x/y.


) ( ): -
, .
( ) ,
, .
1.
) : --
, .
.
2.

2
N
N

) -

) -

3. ,
.
.
.
,
.

34

: 1 100.
: 1 100 br;
: S ;
:
1: S = 0;
2: br = 1;
3: S = S+br;
4: . 100,
3. ;

4.
: ,
.
.
a)
,
.
.
( )
.
:
y = ax 2+bx+c.
:
1. D=b2-4ac.
2. D. D<0 3.
x1= (-b+D) / (2a), x1= (-b-D) / (2a).
3. .
b) -

35

.
.
ANSI X3.5-1970 :


,
.

()

.
: : =
": ="

,
.
,



(),
()
.
,



.

36

b) ( )

, n
, .
.5.
#include <iostream.h>
void main(void)
{
int i,n;
float x,s;
do{
cout<<n=; cin>>n;
}while (n<1 || n>1000);

for(s=0,i=1;i<=n;i++)

37

{
cout<<x=; cin>>x;
if(x>0) s+=x;
}
cout<<s=<<s<<\n;
}


1. .
2. .
3. .

38

1 , ,
,
Pokupka, ,
Dadena, Resto

:
,
(
20%).


Pokupka, Dadena

Resto :=Dadena - Pokupka

Pokupka,
Dadena, Resto

39

2 ,
- ,
,
.
, -
, . ,
- . , -
. . .
.

X Y. Temp,
.

X, Y

Temp := X
X := Y
Y :=Temp

X, Y

:
, . ,
=1, Y=2, Z=3, =2, Y=3, Z=1
40


1: -
a b.
:
: a b

: - Max.
a, b

Max := a

b>Max

Max := b

:
1. Max:
Max:=a
2. b e - Max. b>Max,
3. 4.
3. b Max:
Max:=b.
4. Max.

Max

2: 1

: a b
: - Max.
a, b

a>b

Max := b

Max := a

Max

:
1. a e - b. a>b,
2.
3.
2. a
Max:
Max:=a.
3. b
Max: Max:=b.
4. Max.

41


a, b, c
Min := a

b<Min

Min := b

c<Min

Min := c

3: 3 .
:
: a, b c
: - Min.
1. a Min.
2. b e - Min. b<Min,
3.
4.
3. b Min.
4.
4. c e - Min. c<Min,
5.
6.
5. c Min.
6. Min.

Min

4: :
a.x + b = 0.
:
: a b
: .

42


a, b

a <> 0
x := - b / a

b <> 0

:
1.
0. 0, 2.

3.
2. x
= - b/a
3. b
0. b 0, 4.

5.
4. = 0 b 0,
.
5. = 0 b = 0,

(xR).

:
1. .
2. .

43

5:
:
a.x2 + bx+c = 0.
:
: a, b, c
: .
:
1. = 0. = 0, 2.
3.
2. bx + c = 0.
3. D:= b2-4.a.c
4. D<0. D<0,
. .
5.
b
5. D = 0. D = 0, x1, 2
.
2.a
.
6.
b D
b D
6. : x1
; x2
. .
2.a
2.a


a, b, c

a= 0
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44

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51


1. . :
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1.3. 7 .
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2)

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3)

c = 27

4)

c = 33

52

6. 12 .

. 1
12 3 . Vi i,
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V1+V2+V7+V8>V3+V4+V5+V6;
V1+V5+V8+V9 <V 2+V7+V10+V11;
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2. : ) 125(10); ) 1423(8); ) 14(16);
3. : 1010111(2)
4. : 1011010111(2)

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10 .

2. F (A, B, C, D) e :

53

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54

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