A Feasibility Study of Using IEEE 1547 Series

of Standards in China for Microgrid

Min Zhao, Student Member, IEEE, Laijun Chen, Member, IEEE, Chen Shen, Senior Member, IEEE,
Xiuqiong Huang, and Chuanyao Zhu

pioneering,
A bstract--Severa I microgrids have been constructed and put

compressive

and

authoritative

among

those

standards on microgird and DRs around the world.

into operation in China. However, there is no Chinese standard

In China, microgrid has developed quickly in the recent

on microgrid published yet. IEEE 1547 series of standards is a

two years. Several microgrids have been built and put into

uniform, comprehensive and authoritative standard series, which

is not only instructive to the interconnection of distributed
resources

with microgrids, but also plays a pivot role in

standardizing microgrid construction and operation in America.

operation, and many others are in design or under construction.

Though there is no microgrid standard published in China yet,
some work has been done on the study of Chinese microgrid

This paper conducted a feasibility study of applying IEEE 1547

standard.

series of standards for China microgrid. On the basis of present

introduced in [18], and a four-part simple standard framework

China microgrid projects, macroscopic characters of them are

The detailed characteristics of
presented and analyzed.
microgrids in China and America are compared in four major
aspects: elements, topologies, operations and applications.
Suggestions about how to modify IEEE 1547 series of standards

Several

related

foreign

standards

have

been

is proposed. The article [19] contributes to introductions of

both foreign and domestic standards related to microgrid, and
it proposes a detailed study on the possible framework of
Chinese microgrid standard series. A wide research and clear

in order to accommodate China local environment are proposed.

comparison on distribute generation standards have been done

The work will help standardization of China microgrids and

in [20] and [21]. Major aspects considered for a microgrid

promote microgrid application in China.

interconnection standard is discussed in [22]. The concepts,

Index Terms-Microgrid, standards, IEEE 1547, distributed

generation

distributed resources (DRs), and is an important part of

smart grid [1]-[5]. Microgrid: 1) contains DR and load; 2)

applies the technology of power electronics; 3) can work in
grid-connected mode and islanded mode, and works as a
whole towards the outside; 4) satisfies the needs from the
customers, and supplies stable, safe and reliable electricity.
are

of

significance

to

does

not

consider

and

analyze

the

practical

conditions and characteristics of present China microgrids

icrogrid is one of the most effective ways to use

Standards

[23]. In a summary, the previous work for Chinese microgird

standards

I. INTRODUCTION

standards and technologies about microgrid are introduced in

the

development of

microgrid. The lack of microgrid standards will not only cause

confusions to microgrid engineers, but also lead to technical
barriers and requirements differences between case-by-case
microgrids. The standard on microgrid, however, should not
only include criteria for DR connection, but also include
principles for microgrid design, operation and so on. IEEE
1547 series of standards [6]-[11] meets these requirements,
and is widely used in America [12]-[16] as American National
Standards [17]. Moreover, IEEE 1547 series of standards is
This work was supported by Key Research Project of China Southern
Power Grid Corporation (China Southern Power Grid Plan [2011]30) and the
National Science Foundation for Post-doctoral Scientists of China (Grant No.
20II 0490351).
Min Zhao, Laijun Chen, Chen Shen are with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, China (e-mail: zhaominzm429@gmail.com;
chenlaijun@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn;shenchen@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn).
Xiuqiong Huang and Chuanyao Zhu are with the Department of Sales,
Guangxi Power Grid Corporation, 530023 Nanning, China (e-mail:
807378578@qq.com; 846235858@qq.com).

sufficiently, and does not product a systemic and detailed

study on how to adopt a certain foreign microgrid standard in
China.
This paper mainly focuses on feasibility study of applying
IEEE 1547 series of standards in China, based on the analysis
of

the

practical

conditions

and

characteristics

of

China

microgrids. This work can help the development of Chinese

microgrid

standards

system

and

promote

application

of

microgrids.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: In section II,
IEEE

1547

series

of

standard

is

briefly

introduced.

Macroscopic characters of microgrid in China are proposed in

Section III, on the basis of present Chinese microgrid projects.
In Section IV,

major differences of microgrids between

America and China are compared, and how to modify IEEE

1547 series of standards accordingly is proposed for its better
use in China. Conclusion for the whole paper is given in
Section V.
II. IEEE 1547 SERIES OF STANDARDS
IEEE 1547 series of standards for interconnecting DRs with
electric power systems (EPSs) is sponsored by Standards
Coordinating

Committee

21

(SCC21)

on

Fuel

Cells,

Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage [6]

[11]. The IEEE 1547 series is created to develop a national
consensus on using DRs in EPSs [7], [11]. In other word,
978-1-4673-2868-5/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

IEEE 1547 series of standards is on the basis of American

Expanded Use of IEEE Standard 1547. It should be noted that,

circwnstances.

member standard of the IEEE 1547 series is approved and

Up to now, IEEE1547 series of standards includes six

published standards, listed in Table I.

published continuously, which makes the IEEE 1547 series

more and more comprehensive and influential.
Among those standards in the IEEE 1547 series, IEEE Std

TABLE I
MEMBER STANDARDS OF IEEE 1547 SERIES OF STANDARDS PUBLISHED
Identifier
Title
IEEE Std IS472003 (Reaff2008)

IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed

Resources with Electric Power Systems

IEEE Std 1547.ITM_

2005 (Reaff2011)

IEEE Standard Conformance Test Procedures for

Interconnecting
Equipment
Distributed
Resources with Electric Power Systems
IEEE Application Guide for IEEE Std IS47TM,

IEEE Std IS47.2TM2008

IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed

Resources with Electric Power Systems

IEEE Std IS47.32007

IEEE Guide for Monitoring, Information

Exchange, and Control of Distributed Resources
Interconnected with Electric Power Systems

IEEE Std 1547.42011

IEEE Guide for Design, Operation, and

Integration of Distributed Resource Island
Systems with Electric Power Systems

IEEE Std 1547.62011

IEEE Recommended Practice for Interconnecting

Distributed Resources with Electric Power
Systems Distribution Secondary Networks

1547.4-2011 mainly concerns microgrid [7], including three

parts: general related concepts, planning and engineering, and
operation. In the first part, general considerations and specific
considerations are given. Requirements of load, EPS and DR
are discussed in part two. In the third part, discussed topics
cover

management,

control

strategies,

restorations

after

disturbances, and so on.

Up to now, few other standards around the world have
explicitly mentioned "microgrid" in their titles or discussed it
in their contents like IEEE Std 1547.4-2011. What's more,
other standards in the IEEE 1547 series can guide DR
connection in microgrid. Generally speaking, IEEE 1547
series of standards is surely pioneering, authoritative and
comprehensive in the field of microgrid.
III. CHARACTERS OF CHINA MICROGRTDS
The study and construction of microgrids in China started

Meanwhile, there are three standards underway:

IEEE

later than America. In the last two years, however, China

PI547.5, Draft Technical Guidelines for Interconnection of

microgrids developed amazingly quickly. Several microgrids

Electric Power Sources Greater than 1 OMYA to the Power

have been built up and put into operation. Sununarized from

Transmission
Conducting

Grid;

IEEE

Distribution

PI547.7,

Impact

Draft

Studies

for

Guide

to

reports and introductions [24]-[29], TABLE II lists the basic

Distributed

information of major China microgrids which are in operation.

Resource Interconnection; IEEE PI547.8, Recommended

Practice for Establishing Methods and Procedures that Provide
Supplemental

Support

for

Implementation

Project Name
Henan College of Finance and Taxation
Distributed Photovoltaic (PV) Generation
and Microgrid Control Project

Strategies

for

TABLE II
MAJOR OPERATING MlCROGRIDS IN C HINA
Place
Operation Time
Description
380kWp roofmounted PV, 200kVAl200kWh Lithium Iron
Zhengzhou, Henan
December, 2010
Phosphate(LFP) battery storage and microgrids control system,
Province
supplying the loads of 7 dormitory buildings and a dining hall
Tianjin

September,
2011

30kW roofmounted PV, 6kW wind turbine generation(WT),

storage, energy transmission equipment, and monitoring and
control devices, supplying the loads of IOkW business hall lights
and SkW charging posts

Dong'ao Island Smart Microgrid in MultiMW Level

Zhuhai, Guangdong
Province

December, 2010

1000kWp PV, SOkW WT, 2000kWh battery storage, and diesel

engine generation on a sea island

Dongfushan Island Microgrid Project

Zhoushan, Zhejiang
Province

March, 2011

7*30kW WT, IOOkWp PV, a 50tld desalination of sea water

system, diesel engine generation and battery storage; total installed
capacity 300kW

Chengde Distributed Generation/Storage

and Microgrid Interconnecting Control
Pilot Project

Chengde,
Province

July, 20ll

60kW WT, SOkW PV, 80kW/I28kWh storage

National 863 Project: Combined Cooling

Heating and Power (CCHP) Project in
Multi-MW Level for DR and Microgrid

Foshan, Guangdong
Province

January, 2010

3*200kW microturbines, a lithium bromide(L1BR) refrigerating

machine, supplying the loads of 3 buildings; total capacity 600kW,
power supply S70kW, maximum cooling capacity I08IkW

Advanced and Stable Grid-connected PV

and Microgrid System

Hangzhou,
Zhewjiang Province

October, 2008

120kW PV, 120kW diesel engine generation, 50kWh lead-acid

battery storage, 100kW supercapacitors, and voltage dips
compensation system, supplying the loads of 2 buildings in
Hangzhou University of Electronic Technology

Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Test

Research Institute DG and Microgrid
Laboratory

Hangzhou,
Zhewjiang Province

March, 2010

60kWp roofmounted PV, 30kW doubly fed induction generator

(DFIG) analog system, 2*SkW direct-drive permanent magnet
wind generation, 2S0kW diesel engine generation, battery storage,
IOOkW bi-directional inverter, 250kW flywheel storage and loads

SinoSingapore Tianjin Ecocity Microgrid

System of Smart Grid Comprehensive
Demonstration Project

Hebei

Moreover, many other China microgrids are in planning or

under

construction,

such

as

Nanji

Island

microgrid

in

Zhejiang Province, Weizhou Island microgrid in Guangxi

Province,

Xuancheng

Building

Integrated

Photovoltaics

(BIPV)

and

including

microgrid

some

in

Anhui

laboratorial

Province

microgrids

and
in

so

macroscopic

microgrids

are

the

basis

for

making

Chinese

microgrid standards. The sununary and analysis on characters

of present China microgrids will help better application of

universities and research institutes.

Several

China

on,

colleges,

characters

can be

found

among

present China microgrids.

related

standards.

The

detailed

characteristics

of

China

microgrids, especially when compared with those in America,

1) They are very case-by-case. And this situation is caused

are discussed in the next section.

by at least two factors. Firstly, the application situations and

design purposes are different for microgrids in different

IV. FEASIBILITY STUDY

places in China. So the elements configurations (types and

capacities),

nonnal

operation

state

(grid-connected

or

islanded) and many other aspects are different. Secondly,

there is no microgrid standard published in China at present.
So, microgrid designers, constructers and operators can only
use present Chinese standards on single kind of DR and
general distribution networks to guide their work. When
facing the special points of microgrids which present Chinese
standards don't cover, coping strategies vary from person to
person.

And

this

leads

to

the

differences

of

design,

In order to apply IEEE 1547 series of standards in China,

a feasibility study should be done beforehand, on the basis of
actual conditions and characters of China microgrids. In this
section,

detailed

characteristics

of

microgrids

in

China

compared with those in America are discussed in four aspects:

elements, topologies, operations and applications. In addition,
how to deal with these characteristics when using the IEEE
1547 series of standard is proposed accordingly.

A. Elements
The

construction and operation between microgrids. As a result, a

elements

here

include

both

DRs

and

loads

in

uniform Chinese series of standards on microgird which

microgrids. DR includes distributed generation (DG) and

covers all DRs in microgrids and suits most application

distributed storage (DS) [6], [30], [32].

conditions in China is in urgent need. And that's why we

1) Frequency. The nominal frequency of EPSs in America

should learn from IEEE 1547 series of standards, for it is

is 60Hz, while it is 50Hz in China. Different frequencies

eliminating

the

barriers

posed

by

project-specific

cause different requirement parameters in rotating devices

such as synchronous machines and asynchronous (induction)

requirements [30], [31].

2) The technologies related to microgrid are still immature.

machines,

and

the

related

DRs

and

loads,

like

wind

Though several microgrids has already been built up and put

generation, microturbine generation, motors,

etc. What's

into service, a lot of problems still exist in the practical

more, the acceptable frequency ranges are also different.

operations of China microgrids. One of the reasons is the

Take small capacity system for instance, the frequency range

lack of time for deep research and sufficient tests, since

is

microgird has just developed for a short period of time in

49.550.5Hz in China [33].The frequency related details in

59.360.5Hz

in

America

[6],

[7],

however,

it

is

China. What's more, Chinese engineers still lack experiences

IEEE 1547 series of standards shall be modified according to

in microgrid construction and operation, which limits the

related China standards such as [33].

2) Voltage. The operation voltages of EPSs in China are

application of those technologies.

3)

The

construction

and

development

of

laboratorial

different from those of America. Take standard nominal

microgrids falls behind that of practical microgrids. One

system voltages of three-phase four-wire low voltage (less

reason is that in China, practical microgrids are leaded by

than 1000V) distribution system for example,

grid corporations, which have relatively sufficient money,

208Y1120,2401120 and 480Y1277 in America [34], [35],

encouraging polices and strong social relationships for wide

while they are 220/380,3801660 in China [36]. The latter can

cooperation. A laboratorial microgrid, however, is usually

be written as 380Y 1220,660Y 1380 in American manner.

leaded by one college,

university or scientific research

addition, the associated tolerance limits of nominal system

institute for scientific research, experiments and sometimes

voltages, which can be also referred to "voltage ranges", are

assistance to practical microgrids, and is comparatively short

also different between these two countries. It can be found in

of resources. The second reason is that,

in the public

the Standard [35] and [37]. Generally speaking, the details

perspective in China, practical use is more attractive and

about voltages shall be modified according to related China

draws more attention than experimental laboratories. This

standards such as [36] and [37].

affects the resource allocation to some extent.

they are

In

3) Capacity. At present, the system capacities of China

4) Microgrids in China heavily rely on policy encouraging.

Microgrids are not big: the largest is in multi-MW level. So,

It is severe that the booming development of microgrids in

IEEE PI547.5, which is for sources larger than 10MVA, is

recent two years is under the encouragement of national and

not suitable for China microgrids.

grid companies' policies. What's more, the development

4) Types. The elements types of microgrids in China are

imbalance between different provinces, and the development

similar to those in America. However, it can be found from

imbalance between practical

microgrids and laboratorial

the present operating China microgrids that microturbines are

microgrids are also obvious. However, to rely much on

not

policies seems to be a general character for many other

Combined Cooling Heating and Power (CCHP) system in

commonly used.

And

they

are

mostly

applied

in

projects in China, such as the extra-high voltage transmission

China. One of the reasons may be the lack of natural gas

line.

pipelines in China, and it causes the shortage of fuel for

microturbines [38]. But this difference will not influence the

been

application of IEEE 1547 series of standards, for it puts

technology of peer-to-peer control is also in laboratorial use

forward uniform requirements for all DRs.

have been included in IEEE Std 1547.4-2011 Part 4.3. This

part in IEEE Std 1547.4-2011 gives a comprehensive and
description

of

seven

kinds

of

microgrid

configurations in a radial distribution network. The division

is according to both topology and function. Part 4.3 also
introduces the actions of circuits to form each kind of the
Though

some

of

these

kinds

haven't

been

implemented in China yet, they are still constructive and may

be used in China in the near future. So this part in IEEE Std
1547.4-2011 should be kept.
2) In China, distribution systems with the voltage less than
or equal to 10kV are working in radial topologies in common
situation. And at present, all practical China microgrids are in
radial topologies,

because they are considered parts of

distribution systems with voltages no more than lOkV and

they should comply with the conventions of distribution
systems. That means the electric systems with which DRs
connect are radial. So, IEEE Std 1547.6-2011, which is about
interconnecting DRs with distribution secondary networks
with operating voltage 1000V and less [11], and not for
radial distribution systems, is not appropriate for current
China microgrids. Therefore, IEEE Std 1547.6-2011 can be
omitted at present for China microgrids.

grid-connected mode and island mode,

according to its

definition. China microgrids, however, ordinarily work in

one mode: grid-connected mode or island mode, for certain
uses as they claimed, and seldom work in the other mode.
What's more, china microgrids are afraid of mode exchanges,
due to the restrictions of field technologies at present, such as
seamless transition. It will be discussed later. On the other
hand, IEEE Std 1547.4-2011 proposed requirements for four
operation modes: normal parallel mode (the same as "grid
connected model"), transition-to-island mode, island mode
and reconnection model [7], which are still reasonable in
China, and will instruct China microgrids to develop better.
2) Environment. One of the biggest differences of EPSs
between China and America is the operation environment:
the former is subject to centralized power control, while the
latter is in power market. This causes many other differences.
compared

with

America,

China

EPSs

emphasize more on security and reliability and less on

economy, and are more easily influenced by policies. As for
using IEEE 1547 series of standards in China, the contents
related to power market shall be omitted.
3) Control technologies. Compared with America, some
control technologies are still at their early stages in China,
and need to be developed and improved. For instance, in
China,

projects

yet.

The

American operating microgrids [24], [39]. Nevertheless, the

related requirements in IEEE 1547 series of standards can be
kept when been used in China microgrids to encourage and
instruct the development of these technologies.
4) Power quality. Because of the use of electronic devices,
and

control

difficulties

brought

by

small

capacities

in

islanded mode, the power quality problems caused by China

microgrids are similar to those of America. When applying
IEEE 1547 series of standards in China, the power quality
requirement parameters should be changed according to
China standards such as [40], [41] and [42].
5) Supply requirements. In China, the goals for microgrids
operation emphasize more on reliability than on economy
due to at least three factors. One is the centralized control
structure,

which

makes

less

attention

on

economical

operation. The second is a tradition in design and operation

of China EPSs to care more about reliability and security.
And as a result, sufficient margins are kept. The third is that
the primary network of China is relatively weaker than that
of America, and the wish to supplement primary network by
microgrids in China is stronger [38]. Facing these conditions,
the economic related requirements in IEEE 1547 series of
standards shall be listed as complementary, optional and
recommended clauses,

while the reliability requirements

D. Applications

1) Modes. Microgrids should have the ability to operate in

instance,

microgrid

shall be the basic provisions.

C. Operations

For

practical

in China and hasn't been applied to the operating microgrids.

1) Kinds of present microgrid configurations in China

microgrid.

to

However, these technologies are all in practical use in

B. Topologies

heuristic

applied

grid-connected/islanded

seamless

transition

of

microgrids has now realized in laboratory [39], and hasn't

Those practical China microgrids in operation and planned

are mainly running on islands, terminals of urban distribution
grids and deserts. Some other microgrids are in laboratories
of colleges, universities and research institutes. In America,
there

is

no

significant

difference

between

laboratorial

microgrid and practical microgrid. Most of the laboratorial

microgrids in America are also in practical use, and they play
a significant role in the development and study of microgrids.
In those laboratorial microgrids in America, wide and deep
cooperation

is

universities,

national

already

made

between

associations,

test

colleges

centers,

and

electric

companies and government. In China, as described in Section

III, the development of laboratorial microgrids falls behind
that of practical microgrids, and laboratorial microgrids are
lack of varies resources comparatively.
IEEE 1547 series of standards, however, is a uniform and
general one which has no specific requirements for different
application situations at present. When using it in China, we
think special or extra provisions for different application
places should be added. This part could be a relatively small
part of the whole Chinese microgrid standard or series of
standards.

But

the

key

requirements

of

representative

situations, such as islands, terminals of urban distribution

grids, deserts and laboratories, should be indicated.

V. CONCLUSION
Standards are of great significance to the construction and
development of microgrids. In this paper, the feasibility of
using IEEE 1547 series of standards in China for microgrid is
conducted.

Firstly,

IEEE

1547

series

of

standards

for

microgrid in America is introduced. Then, present China

microgrids

in

operation

are

summarized,

and

four

macroscopic characters of them are put forward and analyzed.

In addition, detailed differences of microgrids between China
and America are discussed in the aspects of elements,
topologies, operations and applications. Therefore, how to
modify IEEE 1547 series standards accordingly are proposed.
As a result, though microgrids in China are different from
those in America on various aspects, IEEE 1547 series of
standards is still applicable in China after modification. This
work

will

help

the

standardization

and

encourage

the

development of China microgrids.

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