Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CFD 1 Main PDF
CFD 1 Main PDF
CFD 1 Main PDF
!
"
!
#
$ %& '(((
!
$
! " #
$ % & '
()
"
!
$
*
5
+)
-# ".
-# +
!
3
-# 01
$
3
+ 4
!!
!
!
$
$
*
,
/
!
$
$
*
5
,
7
!8
!$
!*
!5
!,
$
$
$!
$$
$*
*!
*$
& 2
*
-# +
*
-# 01
( .0 6
*! % .( %6 #
*!
% 2#.( %6 #
*!! % .( %6 # 01
% -).0 6
!
!
!$
!*
!,
!/
!7
!7
$!
$$
$5
$,
*!
*$
*$
**
*,
*7
5
5
5
5!
5*
5,
5/
,8
,
,
,
,!
,*
,5
,/
**
5!
"
-.# # (<;
+ (<; 3#
5! 2. .( 01
5!
2.(
5$ # ' (<;
5$ -# ( 2
5$
6 -.# (<;
5* -# '
5* # # '
5*
-# .'
5*! .'
5*$ ( .' -.# #
55 % -.# #
55 +
55
+ % # - = >
55! + % # = >
55$ - % 2 " %
55* %
5, + #
5, -# 2
5,
6
5,! -). + #
5/ . #
57 ' .? #
58 & & #
58 %
58
% "
58! + + 9
58$ + + 9 "
5
/
/$
/*
/5
/,
//
/7
/7
78
7
7
7!
7!
7$
7*
7*
75
7,
7/
77
88
88
8
8!
8$
8*
8/
8/
87
8
!
*
8
,!
,$
,*
,5
,,
,/
,7
,
! 0
" (< ;
,! -#
,!
/
/!
/$
/*
/5
/,
!
!
!
5
5
!8
!!
!!
!$
!*
!7
!7
$8
$
$
$$
$,
$,
$7
$7
*8
*
*
*
*
*!
*5
*5
*,
*/
*/
*7
7
7
7!
7$
7*
75
#
5
5
5$
55
55
55
5,
5/
5/
,8
,
,
,$
,/
/8
/*
!
$
#
8!
8*
8,
87
8
!
-#
*
2 # ' D -
5
! 2 6 (
E0
/
$
*
5
,
! # & 6
!
0 C
!! 0
!$ 2
.( 2 & #
& 2 2
!
-# 0 2
0
/
7
7
!
!*
!5
$8
$8
$
$
$!
$*
%
%
%!
%$
%*
"
0
%
C 6 "
!
$
$,
$/
$7
$7
**
*5
*,
*/
*/
*7
58
5
-# #
9 .
# # 1 # #
F F) % ) # 9A
# # -# #
) # 3 # # )##
# # #
# F G # # ) A # #
# ) #
H # .
-# # # # #
-# # F = 20> .
# # # # F) F )#
H -# # # #
A 1 A A #
)A A A
& # A # #
# ".
#
# A A #
-#A A # # 1
% # ) #
# # # 6 # #) # #
#
% ) # #A # #
1 6 #A 1A # #
# 1 # -# ) A )##
# # A
# 1 # #
# A # A )A # # #
) # 6 # 6 #
1 #A # 1
4)A # # )# #
F # ) #
# F F) A A # )#
# # )## # # 1 -# #
# I J ## -#
# # # 6
1 # # )# # #
# # -# # ) A
A )# )# # A )#
# A #
IJ & A 6A # #
#
1 # 4)A
A # #
' )# # A # 1 #.
# A # A
) # A A # -# #
A A ( # # # A #
# # # = >A
#
# -# # 1 A 9 A
# % # ) #
#
-# F # & .
# A # )
)
-# # # A # A F)
A # # -#
( # # A
& # # #
# F #
A A -# 1
# ) # ".
4)A
# A )
# ".
)# # # # )##
# #
# .F) A # A # # . ".
-#
)## )A F) F)
A A A -#
)## # 2 6A
)A # F) A )# # ".
# . & A # #
)## )# # -
6 # )## 6 =
# ) > # -#
# # #
# #
"6 # # F) A
A 3 # )# #.
# # A )##
) A #
1 6A A A #A
A 2#A #
# #
) . -#
# 20 .1 A .A
. A # -# # # .
2 6A # .1
# 4 A # .
# #
$
%
& '
2 A # # -#
. # A 6 A
# F) 9 #.
& # # # #.
)
& # # F F) )
# .
# ".
#
#
# #
% A - #A
# KL 4# K
L & ) #A )# #
.1 . # # ".
.
'# # # # #A )##
A ) A 9 A
# #
2 A A 9A #
# ".
A )
# 6 A # . IJ -#
# # # 4
# # #
)# )## #.
# %## # 6
A # # A )# A
6 # ). #. F
F) 3 # ## )# # )#
6 # H
6 #
".
% ) A #)A # #A
## ) # #
# # .
# A #
)## # 6 # #
-# 6
# A # -# # =
> )## # # #
(#)A # #
# 6 2
6A # #
".
A # 1
A
# # ## # 6
)
0
(0
(<
'4
.0
(=>
3 # A # .
.) A )## # .
# -# # A )##
.1 # -# ".
F
# # -# A ##A ) A
A # 1 -#
# # # # ".
-# 1 .
# F A # #
) )
.
A A A -# ) # )
-# 1 =0;> )#
# # A # #
# F
)A # # ".
A ) # ) M
N
$ O
=
>
& # A
# )## A
A A A A -#
,
# # )# =>
=> & ) A #
A A => => -# $
# )A A A
# F6
A #
& A #
)
N
$ O
=
>
#
# ) 20 #
.
( # # # A )
-#
; #
# F6 A
)#
N O
=
!>
N&
N'
=
$>
% &A ' # A A
!
-# ".
0;
# A F 2 ") F
A # )
N
O8
)#
O
8
O N
= N >
N
=
*>
=
5>
)# # F A # A # A
# A # A # A # #
-# =)#
# >
-# ) # F
) A # # ) 0
% A - #A # KL 4# K
L " # #
F6 A )# # #
-# #
" . 6
# 1 A
# %## . #
# # A # 1
#
# #
A 6 -# #
F) )# # #
)
F) =. >A
# 2 # F)A ) # .
# ".
A )# # #
-# # . ".
O8
=
,>
& ) # A # &
). A # )
!
N
N
O8
)#
"
"
O O
"
#
"
N
O
#
= N >
=
/>
#
#
! O
# N
# = N >
=
7>
)# # # + ) )
# ) # )M
N
N$
O8
=
8>
8
# F6 B A ) ) # F6 !
# A " A " A " A " A )M
"
=
%
>
"
N
O
O
% N
"
!
!
! O
O
! =% >" N
!
%
=
>
=
>
N
O
O
"
"
"
&
=! % > "
= % > "
%
" "
"
"
8
" "
"
"
"
8
&
&
)#
&
% "
O
"
! % "
"
&
% "
=
!>
&
"
"
"
"
% "
O =% >
N
"
&
"
O %
"
& O
=% >
"
"
"
!
N
%
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
=
$>
8
8
8
& =! % > = % ># =% >
O
#
#
8
&
&
& O
%
)#
&
#
%
=! N # >
& O = % > #
=
*>
!%
=
5>
0 # ) $ O !
-# # F6
B -# #
0;A )## #
* -# #
# % 6
-# ".
# 1 F6 -#
# # ) )# # #
1 2#A # .
)# # #
# -# )
# 0;
-# ) #
# ) 0M
N&
O8
=
,>
4 = > )# &A )##
-# )## #
# ) ) # )## # M
=> & A # A
) # ## # I F)J " .
# A # IF)J -#
# ). . 0 4 #
) # ## # F) )#
F -# # A A #
& # IJ .
" # # .# # F) )#
& A )# # #.# # F) )# &
=
> & # # A # F) % A
)# # # # )##
# # -# # &
# #
# A )#
4 A )
# #
") )## # = 8> O
=>A # & #) # # 6
# #
=
/>
-# ) )# & # # &
# & 3# A # )
## # # A .
& # A # )#
!
# # # # # # #
=> # #
+
3 ) 6 # + #
8
' 3 #
=
7>
(
O )&(
=
>
( => O ( =8>
=
>
=
!>
)# # A * A # ) A A # # A &A
* O &
=
$>
-# ) # # )
) #
-#
$ # )
-# # # # #
) % ) # A # .
P # A A ) )# 1 ) 1
% )
#
7 2 + A
= 8> O
( =8>
=
*>
$
01 F6 )# F %
1
O,
=
,>
)# , 2 6A )# # .
A # 0 # 1 #
A 0# = >A " = >A
6 0#Q"
& # A # 1 #
A )## # # 0 )# #
9 & #
,A # .
O8
=
/>
-#A )# # # # .
(# . - =>
,A )M
O,
-=>
=
7>
-=> O 8
=
!8>
*
=
!>
)# - = > -#
N
-= > O 8
=
!
>
3#
! A
!
-#
) #
9 - A +; 9 -
$
+
= 8> O
( =8> N =>
=
!!>
)# # %
#
= > O
( => N =>
=
!$>
# #
,
# ) (0 ( M
)
(
O ,(
=
!*>
( => O ( =8>
=
!5>
= > O
( =8> N =>
=
!,>
5
N
O8
=
!/>
)# O = > # . . . 6 2
)A # ) #
(
N
O8
=
!7>
& O
(
=
$8>
=
$>
/ / / /
N
O8
=
$
>
0
0
NR
O8
=
$!>
3# ) # A # # . .
#
0
0
N
O8
=
$$>
,
* +( )
#) # # .0 ) #
3 O K L
)M
3
3
N+
O8
)#
8
+ O 8
8 %
/
% A O =% >=
>
5
5
N
O8
)# 5 O K L
2 #
7 -# #.' # #
= >
#
N
O8
#
*O
#
N
O8
7
)# * O 8 F) 2 # # F)A #
#
%
O
N#
"O
#
(O
#
-O
#
" ( N
N
O8
=> 2 # F6 B ( - )# "
=> 0 # # F6 B
=> 0 # = > )## #
#A A #
=> % # F6 # G = % 6
>
!
& )# # F F)A
)# # ( 6.
# # # 1 % .
A 6 # A #
1 -# 6 6A .
)## 1 -#
# # #9 # & # #A # .1
6 -# #
( # # #
P # 5 #
.1 6 ) # $
% # ) 3 #9 #
# # 6
# )#
.
A #) 2 ! -#
P # #
2 # A # # ) A
) )#
y
x
2 !M
1 6 & A # A A 6A
# A 2 # #
) # .0 O = > 3# A
# # -# # 6 4 A #
6 -#
O O 4 <
O O 6< O 6
=!>
=!
>
=!!>
" # )# A # # A
)# #A ) )#
# # 6
t
Grid or
Node
Points
n+1
n-1
j-2
2 !
M
j-1
j+1
j+2
0 6 # -#
) #
O
O
O
=!$>
2 # # (0; )
O
=!*>
& # 6A 6
-# ) # )#
-# 1 6 ) # ##A =)#
6 > # ) # #
1 6 # #A 6A
=!5>
# = > # 6 #
(# ) -# 6 #
<A )## # #
< O
< O
< O
=!,>
' " -''.)
% 1 6 -
6 2 6A = > )# 6 -# A ) #
! !!A O 4 < = N 7 <> O =4 < N
7<> O
6 #
O N =7<>
N =7 <>
N N =7 <>
N =!/>
6S
+ 1 6
7 O
2 6A # - 6
M
N =<>
N N =<>
N =!7>
O N =<>
6S
") <
O
N =<>
N
<
=!8>
-# # 6 =
> < 6
< # "6 # 1
6 =
> =
<> 6 # # 4
# # )
O <
N
<
=!>
<
5
8
3# 6 # A # # #
# )# )##
# # # & # # #
-# # #
) ) # # # 2
!8A ) # # 6
=
> < . 6 A ! #) #
=
> =
<> . 6 -#
# #. 1 6 A
# #
O
N 9 =< >
=!
>
<
# # 6 .1 # #.
.1 6 # M
O
=
> N 9=< >
=!!>
<
O
=
N > N 9=< >
=!$>
<
-# #
# 6
# 4)A
# # 6 #) # # # 1
#) #
#
=
N >
<
=!*>
&
O 8
4O
+
'
= > O
= >
= >
= >
=!5>
O
O
O
O
=
=
=
=
N
N
N
>
>
>
N >
<
<
<
<
=!,>
O
O 8
< 8
=!/>
O
<
=!7>
O N
=!
8>
# # -# 6 # #. .
1 6 )# 0#
. #
O
<
8
8
O
8
<
8
=!
>
% # 6A # # !5 # )
" = !5>M
= > O
= >
=!
>
! < ! <
)# #
O
=!
!>
=!
$>
O
<
!
!
# # 6 1 6 )# #
9 6 # )## #
3 # 6
#
&
$ =+ M &
> O
=!
*>
&
&
)# # 6 + + @ + # A
#
6 ##
O
=!
5>
O
$
=
>
N
<
=!
,>
# # # 0# #
)#
# M
O K 8 8 L
<
=!
/>
& ) " # # A !
$
!
A )
O
$
=
&
>
N
<
=!
7>
)#
& O K
!L
O K
!L
<
O
8 8
!
<
" # # 6 !
, !
7 .
# # !* & !
, !
7A #
# # #
# # 6 # -#
# 6 # 6 # 6 #
# # #
)## )
)
# 6 A
# ) # % )
# 4 # # 2
6
= > O & N & N
N
=!!8>
# # -# 6
# # # )# # #
# % 4 .# #
# # 6 -# # 6 !!8
O $ =& &
8>
=!!>
" # 9 # # )##
#
#
"
-# )## # 6 & # .
A # # 6 # #
#. # #) ) -# # #
)# A # 2 !! 3#
# # # A ; )# #
I J # H
O
4O
8
8
'
!8
1
8
6
5
2 !!M
&
&
&
$=5 M &
> O
&
&
$
=!!
>
&
& A #) # 6A # #
6 4)A 6 #
6A )# # #
3 ) # # #
-# 6 $
=!!!>
" # # ) 6 # = 2 !!>
# # # -# 6
!
&
&
$ =+ M &
> O
&
&
=!!$>
8
= > O
O
8
< $= 8 >
<
8
= > O
<
O
< $=
>
=!!*>
A # +
)
# " # #
# # #
. .
-# - 6 6 .
.1 . % #)
) # I- AJ )##
6
# 6 !/ % 6A - !A )##
- 6 # #
# )## #
<
&
<
=& N
N
> O G
<
<
<
<
=> =>
=> 5 =>
$
- ! - !. + 6
-# # # % # #
) 6 )#
-# #
# # )P A )# # #
# 6 G " # # #
# # =##A # A < #
# # # > -#
# # # # # # # #
6 # # 4 A # A
<
7 O 8
-# # # # A # # A
# -
# # # # #
# - 6 # # # ) 2
6A # ) # # - 6
M
O => < =>
<
=> 5 < =>
$ < =!!5>
% - ) -
!!
&
8
8
O 8
8
&
O
N
<
O
$
<
$
<
=!!,>
" # < # ##
# 3
# H # !. .1
<
=
N
> O 9 =< >
=!!/>
!$
<
&
&
< =&
<
N & N
> O G
<
<
<
& & =.
> & =.
>
& =.
> 5 & =.
>
$
& & =.> & =.>
& =.> 5 & =.>
$
- !
-
) !. + 6
-# # # 9
&
8
8
& O
$ 8
8
)## K& &
L O
K $ !L & # # # #
M
/& &
<
N
<
O
=!!7>
O
< 5
5
!
-# ) # .
).1 6
M
= $ N ! > O 9 =< >
=!$8>
<
$
!*
)# # & ## # -
6 #
)A
)A
)A
& 6 ## A
#)A # # # 9 & #A
# # H # 1 )A # # )
-# 6
$
0 1
&
=> O
& =>
=!$
>
)# & => : -# # & =>
# + = 6.
> )# .
=> O
=!$!>
!5
&
O
=!$*>
!$$ % 6 # - !! 4
# 4 A
4 4 N A )## 6 -
4 -# # ) 9 # - 6
!/M
O
=7 <>
=!$5>
6S
-# ) # =# # 4
# > )## # -
# )
<
<
<
&
N
<
N
<
< =&
N
N
> O G
<
<
<
=.>
=.>
=.> 5
=.>
$
=>
=>
=> 5
=>
$
& & =.> & =.>
& =.> 5 & =.>
$ & =.>
8
=> =>
=> 5 =>
$ =>
8
- !! - !. 4 6
- 69 # A )
8
8
8
8
!,
8 8
&
8
O 8
! ! 8
$ $
8
<! =
N
> O 9 =< >
=!$/>
$$
& # # # 4 #
# & #
H #) !$/ 4)A #
# ) 6 # # # 6
% 6 !$/
$ = $ > O
$ = 8 > N
=!$7>
5
<
)## 0# # # #
$ = 8 > N
=!*8>
O 5K$ = $ >L
<
)## 6 # I.J
T O $ = 8 > N
<
O 5 K$ = $ >L T
=!*>
!/
3# A # # #
# & E
# A 1 A
# A # #
T -#
# ) A #
A % 6
# -#
1 -# #
# )#A # -#
K$ = $ >L IJA )## A
A ) & A 4 : 6
)# # #
$3
>
N
=!*
>
<
9 =< >
& # #
# 6 : 6 1 &
$
=
>
N
=!*!>
O 5 K$ = $ >L
<
9 =< > 4) # #
1 #
) 3
# # # 6
!$/ !*
% ) 4 6 # #
!. + # # 4)A
# # # #
# )# # & A #
# & A
A # # + 6 #
# # # # !$/ !*
A #
) # ) & A ) + # )#
# =# ) # #
A ## # # # #>M
$ = / 8 / > O 9 <
<
=!*$>
$
=
5
!8
5
>
O
9
<
<
!7
=!**>
3
O )
=!*5>
<
<
=
>
<
K= < N ) <> = < ) <>L
<
<
)
<
)
=!*,>
$8
3
2.5
* x
2
th
4 Pade
1.5
th
4 Central
1
nd
2 Central
0.5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2 !$M
)# # ) -# )
)# # ) A A # 6 6 -# #
)## # ) 6 # )
# # 6
2 # . 1 # )
O
<
<
=!*/>
$
K& =
> N & =
> N & =
>L
<
= > O
K N =
N > N =
N > N =
N >L
<
) O
=!*7>
3# # .1 = >A # ) .
3# # A #
) 6A )# # -#
#. : #
= > N $= > N = >
O
!
=
>
<
) O
!
=
>
<
!) <
=
N <><
-# ) 1 6.
& # 6 # A #
# # #
N&
O8
!
"
# "
$
=!58>
(
O )&(
( => !58 # 6
=!5
>
)# & # = > # A )## #
)
2 # 6A
&
O
&
& <
O
&
<
-# # # )## #
& & # 6A #
) & # ) A # 6
A ## # 0 % A
) 1 )
2 !* #) # # # #
-# = ; > )## )
' < -# # 6
# ; ) 2 6A #
. 1 # /8 ;
# # 8 -# *. #. #
$!
1.2
0.8
*
a
_
a
nd
2 Central
th
0.6
4 Central
th
0.4
4 Pade
0.2
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2 !*M
$$
4
'
!A # #
# F).F) & # A 0# .
# F) A )# #
F) 4 ) # # ) & P # # .
# # F) A # #.# # F)
-# #
)
O K L
=!5!>
# F) & # # 1
6 6 A #
# 2 6A )# . 1 )
O N
=!5$>
)#
O
<
8
8
8
<
8
8
=!5*>
4)A ) # #. !*$A # #
6 4 O A )## # 4 A
1 4 O )## 6 4 A )# #
# # A
)
A # )##
# # #
#A # ) # # # 2
6A )# #. 1 A ) # ) #.
4 O M
=
! N 5 >
=!55>
= > O
5<
)## - -# 1 # #
!5$ )#
5
$
/
8
/
O
O
=!5,>
/
8
/
8
<
<
%
$*
=
<
<
8
>
=!5/>
O
<
8
8
8
=!57>
& # #. # ) )
% # # # #
6 -# ) )
6 #
M
= >
O 8
=!,8>
=!,>
O
=!,
>
=
> O
=
>
<
<
= >
O
<
=!,!>
$5
4
.# ()
& # 1 A ) 0# "
-# 0# #
# F) # 3# #
.
=
N >
=!,$>
<
A # 6 1 .
!
,
2 " A ) # 4 O
+ N A #
O
=!,*>
= > O
=!,5>
)# &A
A )## - A
#) - !$
OG
< =& N
> N <
<
<
<
<
<
&
<
=> =>
=> 5
= > O
=
> N
!<
!<
=!,,>
!
$,
$
O
!
N
<
N 9 =< >
=!,7>
= > O
=
> N
!<
!<
N
<
=!/8>
=!/>
=& N
N N
>
<
=
N N
>
<
$/
$ '
)# O 8
* 0 .1 6 # #
= > O
=& N
N N
N
>
<
=& N
N
>
<
O
% 1 #
=
> O
# # ) 6.
2 # ) # . 1 .
A # #. = !**>A
# #. 5 = <>
< 8 < '
7 2 # . ..) # = ; > # #
# 8 6#. .
6
8
# ) . 1 #A )## .A .A
#.A M
= > O = > <
!
$7
= > O =! $ N > =
<>
= > O = / N 7
> =5<>
2 # ) # # # #
< < 8 < ' 0 # )
# # #
*8
"
( .1 6 0
1 # A )# 6 #
& # ) #A ) )#
# A )## ) #
# 01 #
# 0 (0; & #
A # (0; ) 6 #
O ! = >
=$>
O,
@ #. .1 # # # A
)
N
O ,
<
,
O N
N
=$
>
<
*
$
1 )## # 4
# # 6 6 # 6 N
& 9 # 0 "A #)A # #
9 -#A # # # .
9 # # # 6 ) #
% # # # # # $
)# # # A =
N
>
-#
#
N
,
O
N
N
<
=$!>
.# " ,(5
2 # 0; 1
#
& # A ) 6 # )#
1 6 # (0; )# 6 -#
)# # (0;
"
"
*!
,
>
O
$ =
> N =
<
=$$>
>
)# 0# # =
()*+ ,(- !%1($2*13%($
-# )
! & # .
)# # & # A # !.
.1 6 # (0
&
O
$ = 8 >
<
=$*>
)# # # F)
$$ $* # (0; 1
-# )# )##
$
.# "- *
-# 6 . 6 6 #
O ( =>
=$5>
" # # # 6 # # 0 #
1 # # # -# ( =>
# & A #
".
6 # $5 & #
# A # A # #
# B F6 %## #
A # #
#
)# #
# # ".
*$
. / "2
& $ A # (0;
.# # & 9 .# #A ) )
6 (0;A )## 6
-# (0; $ !
=A ! O )# > % ) # A
)# # (0; # 6 6 $5
)## # 6A A &
6
A # ) P )#A
6
A # $5 ) -# # )##
# A (A 6
% ) # A # 6 $5 )
# -# )
9 .# # -#
# )
$
(
0 *
(45+*3* 603*40
O
K L O 8
=$,>
/ / O R
)# R 6 )# #
=$/>
"
**
*,*13%2* 603*40
& + + 6 # A
6 A
& A #)A A )##
= % 6 %> & A # 6 )##
6 # #
O <
)#
<
< O
< O
<
<
6
-# 6 <
A )# .
6 )# B
0
$
%-03-)*- 7/83%($0
-# # (0 # A .
O N &
=$7>
)# A &A A )## 6 -#
A #
& # . # #.#
A A O 8A # # 9A A & O 8
%## A # $7 #
#
.# # -# # ) )
*5
=> O N
&
)# # & #
A )
=> O =8> N &
-# M 3# # # $7 )#
O G -# O N A A #
#
8 @ # A ) # #
O N &
=$8>
% ) # A # #
*1($)-)*- 7/83%($0
-# # .
N &
N & O 8
=$>
)# & & 6 ") ) # 1
= # #
=
=> $A
== N & = N & > => O 8
-# =
==> # # # (0;
(<;A # # # #
2 (0;A ) # A A A A
"
*,
A
-# # => O 8 & 6A
# ) ) A A
=$
>
=$!>
)# -# #
$! $ ( #
= N & N & > N = N & N & >
)## 9 A A # ; $
$
(45+*3* 603*4
% A .A #
O & N &
O & N &
)## )
O
O K
=$$>
O =& > O
& &
& &
=$*>
& &
& &
=$5>
O
O
O
O
& &
=$,>
*/
*-(983(-6 603*4
$* $$ O O A )
6 $5 )# O R & #
8
8
O
8
8
8
8
8
8
O
# -# # )# #
*,*13%2* 603*4
& A # #
O
8
=$/>
)# 4)A # A #
A => O =8> -# A # # A
O N =8>
O
& O =8>
O =8>
O =8>
=$7>
"
$$
*7
+ A # A A . (0; )#
)## # # 1
0; ' # #
O ( =>
=$
8>
O / / / / ( =>
=$
>
# A # / / .
# A $
/
/ O R/ / ( =>
- # #
2 A # ) 0
O / -=> O / ( =>
0
=$
>
) $
8 )
0
- =>
O R0
=$
!>
& # ) # # # "
# $
8 $
! 6 6 # -# 1
) # ) # )## #
4)A # #
! !
(
!
58
$
! -# ) A
A . A #
0 O 0 - =>
0 O 0 - =>
0 O 0 - =>
=$
$>
=> O / 0
= >
O
0 =>
=$
*>
)# # .;# / A A #
3 6 # $
8 )# # ( #
6 & # A # - $
! $
$
# $
$
0 => O N
-
)# # # # -
# .
=> O / 0
=>
O
O
O
O
0 =>
N
-
-
.
=$
5>
5
=$
,>
(
2) # . # $A ) #
1 1 #
O (
=$
/>
-# # )##
# 2 # )## )
A # # -#
# # #
& A ) #
# # # 4)
# # #
A # 6 A # #
3 # IJ -# A ) 1
# => ) )# #
& # )A ) 1 # A #
-# # # 3
& 6 A
-# A #)A # 3 ) $
$
#
. . #
6A A # A B
A #
0
O R0
)## . (0; #
3
# 0
A
& 6 0
= ) >
-# # # # M
O /
0
- O / (
O / 0
( O /-
-# # # # 4)A #
# A
0
# # #
3# # ( A # # )
=> O N / R / (
0 => O N
- P . O
+
A % # )
) M
# #
# A
# # # )#
# #
$
& # # (0;
1 # 1 -#
(0; $ # #
5!
=+ N >
<
A $A #
)&
.' . O 8 +
O
<
+
O
)#
) &
<
O
<
. O 8 +
. O 8 +
=$!8>
=$!>
$
"6 ) # # ) -# )
# % 6
= > =
> =! > =$ >
= > =
> =! > =$ >
= > =
> =! > =$ >
= > =
> =! > =$ >
-# # 6 # # ' # O 4 < O
4' =+ N >A # O / 0
)
O
0 . P 4 O
+
=$!
>
5$
-# ) # 6 # & 0
O /
0 O
. P . O
+
=$!!>
& # # A $!! # .
=> + . ) # O 8 O ' )# #
=8> O =' > O 8 A $!
# # #
# $!! & A
2 # 1 M
O /
0
O / 0
4 O 8 +
. O 8 +
3# O 4 < O 4
' + A ) ) O / 0
O
0 P 4 O 8 +
O !
=$!$>
2 $. #A ) # ) .# 6
% 6 $M
0
!
!
!
0
O
O /
0 $ ! ! !
0
! ! !
&
0 O
5*
P . O 8 +
-# 2 #
+ . ) O 8 O
' <
2 A #) # # # #
O / 0
# 2 # # 0
& A
2 M
O /
0
O / 0
$ $
3 ) # # ) #
(0;
=> O
)#
O
$,
<
4 O
+
.'
=+ N >
=$!*>
=$!5>
<
O
<
=$!,>
=> O
N = ( >
4 O
+
=$!/>
55
=> O
4 O
+
=$!7>
3 # # 6 # #
) # -# ) 6.
# ) -# 1 ) # )
# ) # 1 # # .
-# 1 # = >
)## 1 # 6 3# 1 #A
) ) A )# ## ) =
# # > #
=> O
)#
O
4 O 8 +
) &
=$$8>
=$$>
)# # ) $! 3 ) # (0
=> O
4 O 8 +
=$$
>
( # 1 ## # )
% !*A # # )# )##
A # # #
# ) A )# # # # ) A
# & # . 1 A
# A # ) 6 -# $$
#) # # # ) #
)# #
5,
0
O 0 - =>
=$$$>
-# # A .
2 # $$$ -#
P # % 6 4)A
# M 3# # ) - => )# #
G - ) # A ) #A A 6
# - => 2 2 6
-=> O &
0=> O N
&
)7
2 # ) 6 # 7 ;# )7 )# -#
-# ' (0
0
O 0 N &
=$$*>
5/
0=> O N
&
=$$5>
3 # . # . .
1 # ) # 8 )#
=8> O 8A => O M
O
5
!
$
)# 8 # 8 ' 2
= 8> O =.> =8 > O =' > O
8A # 6 # 1 )# , O O )#
. O . O ! = # # > #
) # .
$!, # (0
# 6
# (0 # #
. 1 8. " #
# 8
' < O
' 8 -#
O 4 < 4 O 8 7 -# # 6 A ) #
/ / A % 6 $ @ #A
# (0 O
' # = 8> O
)# # 6 # 0 # #
# ) #
#) # )# # (0 ' #
= 8> O
#
& # !A ) ) #) .1 6
& # $A ) ) # # .1 6.
# 0; (0;
& # #A ) ) #) #) .
. 6 2 . # # .
20 A A ) 2A # # #
9 A A A A
3# # .1
A . A .
#
# % A #
#
# # )
-# F6
2 . # # # A
# #
)# # # .
#A ) ) # A )##
N
$ O
=*>
3 ) # )## .
"6 ) ) # * -# ) )
6 )## #
#
57
,8
U
=*!>
U
N $ O
=*$>
)## )# -# .
U &
# #A ) # # .
# F6A )##
A # . A
)# # ) 6 )##
U -#
#
% ) # 6A # ) # 1 )
6
3# # =
>A # )
1 6 # F6 # ) )
A # A # F6 ) % #
1
# # ) F6 % #
#
) F6.1 #
-# . # # # ) M
)*
,
% # # F6 # .
=
> # .
-# $
! & # F6 # F6 ## # .
U
$ % # )
-# # # # # 6
-# # # 6 # # #
& 1 F6A # ) )
M
O $
=**>
O
"
#
$ 8
=*5>
$
! 3 ,)
3
N & ?
N & ?
O8
=*,>
-# 0 ) # A = > )#
& #
? )# # .6 -#
. )# ? O 8
2 &A # ).
# A
!A )#
O
O % ? N & ?
O 8
=*/>
=*7>
=*8>
N $=% ? N & ?>8 O 8
"
#
=*>
)# # # )## #
3
.# ()
-# # ). 1 )#
1 , # A
!A )#
O
O
O %
N&
O 8
@ #A )
=*
>
=*!>
=*$>
=**>
O $ % N &
8
"
#
=*5>
N <
A #) 2 * 3 ) # ) M
! O <
! O N <
=*,>
,!
j+1/2
j-1/2
x
j-2
j-1
j
L
2 *M
j+1
L
j+2
( ! O ( = !>
=*/>
=*7>
=<
U > N (
! ( ! O
=*
8>
!
@
@
N @
U
N
N
N @
<
!
5
<
<
N
N 9 =< >
=*
>
O N
$ 7
8
U O N 9=< >
=*
>
)# # # # 4 # . #
# # 1
3
%
, %-
#
& A # # A *A .
U
<
N (
! ( ! O 8
=*
!>
,$
=> O U
!
!
=*
$>
# 4 N
($
! O ( = $
!> O $
! O U
=*
*>
(%
! O U
=*
5>
(%! O U
=*
,>
($! O U
=*
/>
3
#
#
#
# ) # # # *P ) #
F6 # # . & # 6A
# F6 #
#
F6 # # -#
(V
! O =($
! N (%
! > O =U N U
>
=*
7>
=*!8>
)# (V
F6 )## 6 # 6 F6
*
7 *!8 # A *
!A )
<
U
U
N =U
N U
> =U N U > O < N =U
U > O 8
=*!>
3# A # # ) .
M
U
O
$ = 8 > U
<
=*!
>
,*
-# # 6 . 1 A
6 ) #
UA # # # A
4 # # 6 $ = 8 >
. # ) .1 # #
$ = 8 > A ) # # #
# F6 # # A *
7 *!8A
. #
3
% *#, %-
#
+ # ) 6 *! )# )
6 )
=@ > O &@ N
@ N
=*!!>
!
!
&O
=@ >@ O U
U
U N U
<
O
O
=*!$>
U
U
<
U
=*!*>
N
5U
U
$
! O =
U
N *U U >
=*!5>
,5
5
=*!,>
5
=*!/>
%! O = U
N *U N
U >
%
! O = U
N *U
N
U >
5
$! O =
U N *U U >
=*!7>
# *! ' # ( O A ) #
# F6 # #
K( = $
! > N ( = %
! >L
=
U
N ,U
N ,U U >
O
(V
! O
=*$8>
K( = $! > N ( = %
! >L
O
=
U
N ,U
N ,U U >
(V ! O
=*$>
U
N =
U
N /U
/U N U > O 8
=*$
>
- 6 = # # #>
3# A # ) . M
U
O
$ = / 8 / > U
<
=*$!>
3
%
, %-
# ()
& # A ) ) # . 6
# 1 -# # 6 A
)# # # 6 ##
,,
& A # # 1 A *5A
<
U
N (
! ( ! O 8
=*$$>
=*$*>
3 # ) # ) 6 # #
#
M
O
=
>
<
<
=*$5>
2 *
(V ! O
=U
U >
<
=*$/>
U
O
=U
U N U
>
<
=*$7>
U
O
$
=
>
U
N
<
=**8>
O
O
&@ N
@
=**>
,/
)# &
*!* 3# ( O A #
(%
! O ($
! O
=U
U >
<
=**
>
(%! O ($! O
=U
U >
<
=**!>
" # # # F6 # -#
U
O
=U
U N U
>
<
=**$>
)## *$7 -# . )# .
U
O
$ =
> U
<
=***>
B O
<
!
! !
O
B
O
!<
-# ). # )
N $8 O 8
"
=**5>
=**,>
,7
2
3
0
5
2 *
M -
)# ) # # -# #
# # #6 # #A #
# # F6
N $ 8 O 8
"
)# , 6 # #6 A #) 2 *
% #
# # #) - *
,
8
!
$
*
() " $
=%
! &>
=% N ! &>
=% N ! &>
%
=% ! &>
/8
2 *A # ). A ) # ,
&!
$ 8 O $ =% ? N & ?>
=@ >@
=**/>
&!
&!
!
"
!
=*58>
$ =% ? N & ?>
8
!
$
*
= ? ! ? >
?
= ? N
! ? >
= ? N ! ? >
?
= ? ! ? >
- *
3# F6 A *58
& # A
"
O U
=*5>
!
/
= > O
= > O
= > O
= > O
U N U'
U N U(
U N U)
U N U
=*5!>
=*5$>
=*5*>
=*55>
=*5,>
U B
N K=
? >=U
U( > N = ? N ! ?>=U U)>
$
' U >L O 8
N= ? N ! ? >=U
=*5/>
U
N
K=
? >=U
U( > N = ? N ! ?>=U U) >
5<
N= ? N ! ? >=U
' U >L O 8
=*57>
-# A - 6 A # # .
6 # # ).
2 # . (0 # .
# 6 . # #
@ # ) 6 M
=@ > O &@ N
)#
O
U
&O
U
U
<
$
%
&
% 9 # # 0; =# # ".
>A ) (0; #
O ! = >
=5>
! = > O 8
=5
>
/$
"
*
@ # . #A ) 0 (0;
$ 4)A # # #A )
#
O O ! = >
=5!>
%## ) # A # # 0 A #
# # # $ H # (0
(
6 # #
5! A )#
# 3 # #
#
# #A ) # # 6
#
& #
A ) # # # 6 A # =6> .
A ) A #
< # )# 5!
O ! O ! = > P
O 6
( ) #
TA
UA 2 # ) #
T
* O !T
* O ! =T
* N >
-# # ! 6 # # -#
# # (0;
-# # ) (0;A #
# # #
-#
=5$>
O ( C
C C
<"
/*
*
) 2
6 # .#
(0; M
O N
=5*>
O N
=55>
T
O N
O
K N
T
N
T
L
=5,>
% # 5$A # # #
6 6 # 3 # # 6 # #
. #A -#
# =
)> #
-# # #
# A -#
# $ # # #
#
O O N &
=5/>
) # # A -# #
# #A .# #A )
+
,-
&.
)
,-
&.
! *
!
//0
/5
"
# (0 (< -# H )#
# A H ) A # #
(0; 3 6 6 # # #
# (<;
% # 6 #A 5*A 5/ -#
O N = N &+ >
= N > O &+
=57>
57 (< A )# A 6 # .
# 6 % # 6A #
#A 55A 5/A )
O N
N &+
= >
O + &+
=58>
% 6A # . A 5,A
T
= N > O &+
= N >T
N
O
&+
=5>
)## (<; )# " # #
5 57A # 5,
# 6 # -# 5 #
T
O ! =T
N >
O
T
N &+
=5
>
") ) # 9 # 1 #
) # # .# # # #
<"
4
/,
%-03-)*- 7/83%($0
-# # (< # . .
O N &
=5!>
)# A &A
A A 6 -#
) 6 # # A # # A
# 6 -# 6 5!
&
O N
)# # & #
)
O N &
B # $8A #) # # #
A =
O >A
O N &
O N &6
*1($)-)*- 7/83%($0
-# # . 1
N &
N & O 8
=5$>
& # 1 0 (( (0;A ) (<; #
1 = # # >
#
O
O
2# # # 6 A #
*
O
* O *
"
//
=5*>
)## 9 5*
) # 5$
-# # = > )## #
1 # =0> 1 P # A
# # (< & # (<;A ) #
A A A A # # -# #
= > O 8 & # 6 A # H )
# # )
=55>
)# # -# # 55
5$ 6 #
4
(45+*3* 603*4
A .A # 1 # #
O N
O N
)## )
O O
=5,>
O
= >
= >
O K > L O 8
)## 9 % ) # A
# # # = > O K > L -# .
= >
= > O
O8
= >
<"
/7
( # # A ) # $
A
A # 5,
O
= >
*,*13%2* 603*4
-# (<; )# ) #
$
(0; 2 6A #) # #
U
U
V
O
V
U O U
V O V N U 6
O
6=6 >
N V 6 N U
=5/>
.# , *
6 # # A A . 1 A
.# # # A
57 5 @ # A A #
)
K = N >L O &+
=57>
=5
8>
= N >
= N > T O
&+
=5
>
78
"
% # # # #
(<
=5
>
)## .# # # (0A
$$* 3 6 5
6
O
=+ >
=+>
=5
!>
)# # : # # A = > O 8 3# .
# = >
= >A ) #
5
A #
= > = > ?; ? #
# # 5
# =) # > A
T ) # " A
# # )## )# O 8A
A & #
O
4$
=>
=>
-
.
"
# ,)5
5
!A ) # 57
5
2 # 6 #A 57A ) #
= > O
= > O
=5
$>
# (< ) 5
!M
O = N > N &+
+
= > O = >
= > O
=5
*>
O
7
N &
+
+
= >+
& # # . A 5
A #
= #
T>A #
= N >
= > O
= N >
O
O = N N >
= > O
= N >
+
N
N
O N N N &+
+
*$
43
=5
5>
1
3 # ) )
A # . # .
-# # # 6 # (0; 1.
# 0A # # # #
(< .# # # .
(0 -# ) # ) )##
# .# # -#
# 6 #
2 )
# . # (0;
# 6 # $
, ' # O 6A
)
=> O + N N + N N + N =5
,>
"
)# # ) # #
=> ") # 6 # # .A .A )##
O N ) # # # #
(0;A # # (<
O = > N N = > N N = > N
=5
/>
)# # # # ) O = N >
5
, 5
/A ) ) +
# + 6 #
5
+ O N N N N N
N
6S
# 6 O N 6 #
A # #A ) # # #
A )##
O N
=5
7>
=5!8>
O N N
O N N N
=5!>
=5!
>
22
43
7!
.# '
O N N N N N 9
7S
=5!!>
=
>
=5!$>
# )## 9 = >A )# # . .#
# )## # 6 A )## # #M
O N
=5!*>
# 9 = > -#
# .# # )## ) # ##
6 #
# # #
5!$ -#
) 6
#
. .# # )# ") #
# # )#
#
9 = >A # # = #
> 4)A ) # # -#
# # # A )#
. 6
43
'
3 ) 5!8 # # # # )
. # ( # ) # )## )
7$
"
O = > N N = > N N = > N
N = > N N = > N N = >
N = > N N = > N N = >
NA #
=5!5>
# 6
# 6 6 N #
# 6 # .# # # #
)# # (0 4)A A A
# & A #
(0; #
& # # # )#
2 6A # #A # = >
5!5 9 -#
# 9 # -#
# )## 6
2 6A # # #
=A # # > #
9 )# A # #
# # = # ,> -# #
# ) -# A #
# )# # # )#
) 9 -# )# A
#
43$
, ' .
"
# " #
7*
-# # # . )## )# #
# # . # ) ##
# # -# . # ) 9 5$
%
# # # A # . ? .#A #
O N = ?> N ?
-# ? .# # 6 =? O 8>A # 9 =? O >A #
# =? O >A &
O
N = ? >
?
& # 6 (0; =)#
> # . )# # 6 # (<;
. # -#
=> O + N N + N N + N (
O = > N N = > N N = > N (
=5!,>
" # )# 6 O 8A # A #
# A A 6 # #
# # # # # -# #
# # #
6 +
-# ) # .
# # ( # # -# #
# - A !$ & #
# # # -# # # #
)## #
-# & #A ) #
# /
& H .# # #
- 4)A -
# .# # 2 6A
M
"
75
9 # .
=> O N
&
=5!/>
# # (<;A #
# A )## )
+
44
=+ >
=+>
=5!7>
-8$0%*$3 *--(-# # A # A 6
4)A # # # # #
# & # # . )
) # .# # . . #
6 (0; -#A #
# # 1 ) # )
3 #
# )
+
-# 6 - #
# # -# # -
-#
# # # ) # 6
7,
45+%3/)* 8$) :80* --( # # )# ) #
)## # 2 #
6 # #
+ O )* )# * -# #
# . # 6 6 #
O N )
+
=5$8>
2 # ) # # #
*
=5$>
O
>A )# # =#
# >
44
-# # #
# (0 )# # # (< 3 # #
,- O &
= >
7/
"
, O &
=+ >
=+ >
2 # # )
#
,
=5$!>
,-
O
!
"
= >
+ +
=5$$>
= >
. O +
+
-# . #. # & #
A 9A # A
# # 9
-# # 4)A
# # .# #
# # # % # #
' .? #
44$
.
%
* ! %
O =>
O =>
)# 7 O =7 7 >
=5$*>
=5$5>
=5$,>
77
-# # ) # # 2 6A
# # #. ' .? #
# # # (0 4)A #
# (0 #
# H .# # 20
443
%
& # )## # H A )
-# )# ) #
.# # -# H # /
# ,
) )# . # 6
3 # I J
+ # 6 # # # 9 -# #
A "A #
O E
+(;8+ *--(- %$ 3:* 3-8$0%*$3
% 6 #
= =>>/
=5$/>
/
O = > N = >
=5$7>
E * ==>>
O * E K= > = > L
=5*8>
88
"
+
= > +
47
.# *
O O = >
# 6 #
O
C
=5*>
)# # ! 5 -# #
# ; C ; 6A # : .
: . # # .A
-# C O 8 #)
3# 5* # A 5/A #
6 A
O
C = N &+ >
=5*
>
!
8
47
-
-# 6 # -)
).
) #A %.## = > %.
= >A # - # !$
-# %. 5* )#
O
O
7 O
O 8
=5*!>
-# %.## # # ; )# # #
C O 8 -# #. %. # ) # )
O N =C
N C N C N C >
=5*$>
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
=
> C
C
C
C
C
C
=
> C
5
=
> C
$
5
C 5
=
> C
5
- 5 - # %. #. #
"
8
!
$
8
8
8
!
$
$
!
C O 7
$
C O 7
$
C
C
C
O
C
=5**>
C O *
$
C O
$
=5*5>
)## # )## #. 3# C O 8
C
8
$ C O
=5*,>
8
!
C
C O
!
C O 5
C O *
=5*/>
<5+%1%3 *3:()0
O N
O N
+
O N
!
%
! 5 N *
%!
O N
45+%1%3 *3:()0
O N
&
O N
N
-9 =%
>
O ! $ N
.
)
* N /
O N
%!
3
45"
*
*
!
47
8!
4# 20 #
)## # -# #
# ) -# ).
# =A ?O
5*>A # . A
)
= N @ >
O K= N
@ > @ L N ?
N = ? N F> F
=5*7>
# # 6 ? O 8 #) % #
5*7 - 5
" # # % # #
@ O 8A )## O 8 5* # )# @ O
A )##
O 8 5*A
) ! #
?
8
8
8
8
! $
8
!
* 7 5
8
8
8
8
* 5
! 5
*
8
5
#
(
8
8
8
8
$
!
7
8
!
8
5
&
-9 %
(
)
%
+ -
-)E 9
%E
+
%
!
!
!
$
- 5
. ). #A 5*7
( #) # # 8= >
=A # #
. >
-# !. # #
*
@ O
?
5
2 #. # ? O F O @ ! O 5
FO@?N
8$
"
T
* O N
O N C T
* N %
=558>
=55
>
%NC O P
C O
)## ) #
) -#
A #) 5$$ # #
9 = > ( A #A # # .
T
* O N
T
* N
O N
=55!>
#
8*
% . ) %.##
)# %. # ##
-# # # # # & #
# =7 >A ) # %=7 > # -# %.##.
7 O !
T
O N !
O N
*T
N /
=55$>
A A . # ) -# 9
#A )## ) # /A
T
O N !T T
O N T N T
=55*>
O N T
!
=555>
T
O N
K N
T
N
T
L
O
=55,>
T
O N
O N K N T
L
=55/>
"
85
# - 6 + ## # # # #
-# ' .? # 7 = $# >A #
= > .
=557>
7S
& # #A A )
55$A 7 ;# #
O ! = > # - 7 ;# A #
# # # #
O N N N N
O 9=
>
=5,8>
7
7
7
7
O
O
O
O
! = >
! = N C7 N >
! = N C 7 N % 7 N >
! = N C 7 N % 7 N 7 N >
)
=5,>
4)A ) . -#A #
5,
#
*
T
*
*
O
O
O
O
N C
N C N % #
*
N C N % #
* N T
*
N N #
* N T
* N
*
=5,
>
O C
O C N %
O C N % N
=5,!>
#
8,
N N N
N N
% N =% N >
%
O
O
O 5
O
$
=>
=
>
=!>
=$>
=5,$>
-# # # 6 # # *
# 6 + - # # O 9 = >A ) #
N N
N N
% N = % N >
% N =% N >
O !
O $
O
O /
=!>
=$>
=$>
=$>
=5,*>
-# # # # # #
# # -# # ! 5,$ #
5,* A # # ) #.
% 55$A # # 5,*
# # #A )## #
(0 % (0
-# # 5,$ 5,* )## # 8
) # A ) .
# # # A #
' & # I J #. ' .? #
6 .
#
! O N
T
!
)
O N #
!
O N
T
!
O N N
#
! N
T
! N
5
=5,5>
7
3*6
8/
"
" # # # #.
A A
+
$
%
%
%
&
%
%
%
'
3: $
( #) # # # #
#
555 55, . ' .? #A #. #
5,
O 8 5,$ #
5,* & # ## A '? #
7 7 # #
3 # # # # / 4#. ' .
? # A # #
# 2 6A #. # 6
# & A #
' .? # ## # 20
48
%
O N &
=5,,>
# # 2) # 5
A )
= >
O + &+
=5,/>
$
87
O
=5,7>
-# )# # .
6 # # (0A
") # #
O (=>
=5/8>
=5/>
O => > K (= N >L
=5/
>
-# A # ) 5/
2 . 6A # )##
=A A O &$ = 8 >
<>A #
6 A # )# &
A # # # # 6
# -# # #
(0;A ) # # /
48
O ! = >
=5/!>
O N ! =
>
=5/$>
N O8
=5/*>
8
"
N
O
=5/5>
48
*$*-8+ *2*+(54*$3
+ # 9 5/! &
# 9 A ) 6 ! = >
0 # # #
% - 6 #
!
!
! = > O ! = > N
= > N
= >
!
!
= > N
= >= >
N
!
N
= > N
=5/,>
( # # # A # 6 => #
=> O N = >
N = >
N
=5//>
& )# A # = > = > 9 = >A 5/,
)
!
! = > O ! N
!
= > N
=5/7>
$
" # # 6 #
# -#A #
6 # A ..A .
6 ! = > # # #
# O = > 3# # ) # = # ##
> . 5/!A
!
O
N !
!
!
N
=578>
O N K!
N ! L N 9= >
=57>
)# ) ) 9 = > #9 # # # @
5/7 !
O ! =
>A
!
!
O N ! N
=
> N N 9= > N !
N9 = >
=57
>
" # # 9 = > )# #
=)## # 9 >
# # # 9 = > #
-9 # -# 9 # #
A # 9 #A
-# A A # . .
# # # -# # #
"
. .#
% # 57
# 6
!
!
< O ! N
=57!>
"
& # # ! = > )# 9 57!
# . 6
!
< O !
=57$>
" # # '4 6 & # # '4
# # & # 6A #
) # 5/!A A
# .1 # . F F)
% .# 57$
)M
# # 6 < .
# 6
+ # $
! #
$ < O 3
< =C $ # >
$ 2
< A #
O < N
-#
# # ) #
#
O N !
=57*>
) 578 # #A A # 6
A ) #
!
< O !
=575>
$
!
3 # # 1 ) # # 9 #
# # #
#
#
57$ 575 ( # # #
3 # # # # 6 #
*>3($0 *3:()
O
!
!
=57/>
-# # ).
) ") # #
! = > O 8 -# # #
5/, 5// = # # # >
A ) # #
# # # A )# # # 1
) # # W
# ) @ 575
A A # # #
-# # # #
9 #A 57$
48$
& # A 6 .
. 3 # # 2
.
. # (
# 9 # #
(
(
(
N
(
N C
O8
=577>
$
"
2 ) 577 . #
O
(
O
(
O (
=588>
O ! O
O ! O
=58>
O ! = >
=58
>
") )
# 6 # 578A 6 #
# ) )# A # #
-# 6 # 6A
# B 6 + # 6 & 58
=58!>
O
=58$>
! ! !
3
)
8
*
9 7
)
!
!
*
N N 9= >
! = > O !
=58*>
)# # 9 = > # # 5// @ #
) ) # 9 58
O N ! N9 = >
=585>
I J
)## . A .. 6
1 # N % .
. .# #A 6 A
# )# )# -# A
# )##A # # B 6 #
A A # #
' . 6A )## 58A )
# B 6
C
8
8
O
=58,>
8
8
-# # # 6 #
# # 57! -# # 2
.
#
9 #
=< >
=< > O
= >
8
=< >
= >
8
3
< N A # ) '.
#
3# )# A
# ) ..
"
5
O
$ N
!
=> 3 # (< # & #
= >
= >
=> 0 # . # . #
=> 2 # ) # - 6
#
=> . # # 1
$
O N
=
N N >
!
=> 3 # (< # & #
= >
= >
* 2 # 1 )## # 9 .
# = 55*> # 2 # . .
5
T
! O N !
U
! O N T
!
O N U
!
,
2 # 1 )## # # #
2 # . 2 # # 1.
A # # 2
3# # # G 3# #
G 2 # # 6
, 3 # . .
)# & O # 8
@
. 1 *8 2 #
A
)# + # ) ' # 6 2 #
#
8 @ # ) /A 7
$#. = > 1
3 # . .
)# F).F) & O # 8
+ =8 > O * )# * O 8' '
# )## #
/
"
)# # 6 @
. 1
)# .
) 1 # F) = !57>
# )# $#. ' .? # @ )# 88A
88A
$88 # # A
7 2 #
' $#. = > 1 @
#. ). # F) = !5,> %
# A !.
) =
4 !A 4
A 4 A 4 > # A !.
).
= 4
A 4 A 4 A 4 N P #
!>
! @ # # 55
A # # A A
# A A # . .
A
A !A $#. ' .? .#
% # # 6
A A # # 9
" # # . # ' .? #
557A )# # # 6
'
()
)
% # #
# & # # (0;
F A 6
& # A
)# # A ) # 6
-# A ) ) #
# )
( )# . (0; (< ; )## #
# P $
3 )
# # $ 5 #
(0; # 0; # #A #
# (<; # (0; .#
# -#
O ( =>
=,>
O -
=,
>
2 . #A # .
# # # (0 #) 2
6A # 6 # O > N A - O (=6> #
) ) ) # ,
) " # # )## #
9 ) .
# , -# . A ,
#
#
7
!
8
2 1 F) # . #
6
2 . F) # . #
6
& A # # , ,
# & #A ) #
, ,
A A ) )
6 # # # # 6
6
)
!
"
0
3 ( & / "2
7
.#
4 ) # 1 .
2 6 A , A )# (
A
=,!>
" # # # # (0;
7
& 6 # A A
# 6 9 & #
) 5
,A 6A # # (0; #
= > 8
.
=,$>
-# #A # A # A #
A # 6 # 6 -# #
(0; # 1 & # #9
= . > #
# )## O )
# & #
# A # )A #
2 ) # (0; )# #
# #
7
& # (0; # # A )
# # 2 # ) ) #
$
! $/ $7 # &
# # #
B
2 6A $$*
# # #
O
!
=> O =8>
=> O K =8> N =8>L
=> O
=8> N =8> N =8>
=,*>
& # A ) # # ,$
#
=> 2 8
.
=,5>
A ) ) )# = .
> =8> O 8 =8> O 8 -# #
# ,! 2 8 .9 4)A
# )# #
)# # # 6 I
J
# 2#A # )# # #
" # # ,5
# 6 )##
# 4)A ,5
.#
=,,>
3 # # # (< ;
-#
% ) # # #A %
20 # 0
# ) # & #
# 1 # # 6 %
. 6 )# #
# )# # # # 9
3 # ) ,$
!
<"
7
!
(< ; -# A
# ,,A ) 5
/
.A 5!5 A # .
# #
= >
. 7
=,/>
-# #A A # =#
A # > # #
6 .
-# (< ; )# #
(0; % # # . )##
# IJ # E # )# #
2#A A #
#
7
-# # # (0; 6
5/ )# ,* 3 # (<; #
,/
= > 2
. 7
=,7>
O A 6
,* O # =8> =8> O 8 ) )#
=> 8
-.# # )## # => #
$
!
-#
# A 0
#A ) # # O 6 -#
# # #
# # # # 9
") # . 2 .
)# 8 A 8 # )#
# # 6 # # #
O
<
<
"6 (< 6 # 0 ). =A ) . >
# ,
-# # #
O
=,8>
,8 A A
A A # # #
9 6 -# #
& +6 +6.'#
# # 9A # A E A
# 6 A # ,,
#
-# # ## #$ %A )##
#A # = # +6> #
% # = # -
> # # # # 9 =)# 6A
# # > -# # ,/ % #
# 6 # # 9
# A #
% ,8A )
O
6 . = % 6 %> # A
) #
)
=,>
'
7
-:; !
+
%;9 <
!
<"
*
# A #
=,
>
&
-) # ) 6 )
) M
-# 6 A )# # 6 A A
)#
7
/ #
=!
!
5
O -
2# # A # # #
) 6
O N N
N N
)# # # & # . # A )
) # # -#
)# ) # 6 # . # #
6 . 2 # ) ) # # .
# # 1
>
:
?!
&!
7
*/
!
!
,
!
$
*
5
,
/
7
8
!
O 8
6
O 8
+
!
%
= N
> N
O 8
! > N 5 * O 8
= N
%!
> O 8
&
=
> = N
> O 8
-9
=
! > $! N ! O 8
(
)
*
/
=
> = N
> N
O 8
%!
*
*
= N !
%!
N
$ > N
= N
> O 8
= N
> N !
O 8
9
'?
O 8
5
$ O 8
'?$
$#
= ! > $! = N ! > O 8
- , '
!
/
()
()
h= 0
R ()
h=
= e h , h
h= 0
- oo
a) Dissipation
R ()
=e
i h
, h
oo
b) Convection
;? *85,-(9 *3:()
-# ). #A # ) ; 3#
) 2 ,
# #
A # & A #
# => 2 8 4)A
A )#
A # # A
# # # 8 *
% ) A # A # # # )#
%## # #) # # * )## # #
A # #
# # /
!
7
1
1
h=-2
a) Euler Explicit
h = 1
b) Leapfrog
h=-1
c) AB2
Diffusion
Convection
2 ,
M - . #
. & # * ) 9 #
# * 4)A #
# * 1 8A #
# #
)? -85*=(%)8+ *3:()
-# 9 # #
2 ,! & . # # #
# A A
B
# # # #
!
!8
# # A # H
1 ) # ) # 9 #
* D H ) 8 *
*? 8=)89 *3:()
-# 9 # ) ) # #
=- ,A 8>A # )
# -# #) 2 ,! & # #
A # 2 # A
# )# 2
A # A
)# * 1 !
" # # # )# O 8
73
)
& # )# # 9A A
# # . )## #
# # /
%+) %$038;%+%36
% .# # #
+ -#A # # A #
# #
# # # %
'?
!
h=-
!
d) Trapezoidal
h = 2/3
e) Gazdag
h=-2
f) RK2
g) RK4
h=-2.8
Diffusion
h= 2
Convection
!
!
# ) # #
)
# A H # 2 # # %
#
'?
# # #
-#
#
83803-(5:%1 %$038;%+%36
-# # # #
# 6 ( # #
# A 6A ).A
# = - ,>M
O $ N * N
N
=,!>
( #)A # # 55A # # # #.
# A )
4)A -#
# # )# 8
2 ,! ) # O 8A = > O N $ * 2 = > O 8
) = > O = >= N *> O 8 -# ) .P A # A
A A A .*SS
& # # A #)
# )# )
3
) # # .
A # # # 9 # #
A # 7 1 5!5 & # )
# A # # A #
)# 6 4)A # #
*A =*>
8
)# # # #
)# A A
!
G !!
6 ) 9 ( # -
6 A #)A # # #
# 9 #
-# '
!
# #
# # O 8A # #
# 4)A # # #
# - A # 1A
A
2 )
A # # )
A 20
# = > )# )
-# #
)
A # #
# # # .A
)
# 9 # ( # # # A #
# #
A 9 # ) )#
# 9
& # A % #
#A #)A # )## #
#
#
)# M
( # # A )# E # )
& # # # 6 #
)# # ) )# ## #
)# # -#
!
!$
# H # & # H
1 # 6 #
74
@
@ ?NF
? FN
=,$>
=,*>
=,5>
! $
!
* /
8
8
8
5
F
8
8
8
$
!
#
(
&
-9
(
)
%
+
-). 9
%.
- ,
=%.> #
" # # # # ## # . &
# # %. +
A A #
!
G !*
#
. %. #A # 9 # # #
' # #) #
). + . .
@
? FN
8?F
=,,>
=,/>
=,7>
2 . A # ,, ,7 # ,$
,5 2 . A #)A # =? @ F> #
FO@?N
@
?
@
=,
8>
=,
>
74
#
-
7
(
)
!
!5
I( h)
I( h)
I( h)
Stable
Unstable
Stable
Stable
a) Euler Explicit
R( h)
=0
Unstable
R( h)
b) Trapezoid Implicit
= 1/2
R( h)
Unstable
c) Euler Implicit
=1
-#
# A #A
4)A # # # 6 =6 # >
# %## 6
# # # =A %
A '?
>A # =A A
9A '?!A '?$>A 2 ,* ,5 " # # #.
#. ' .?
#A 2 ,5A # 6
7)
)A
!
G !,
3.0
RK4
Stable
Regions
RK3
2.0
RK2
1.0
RK1
R( h)
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
!
!/
I(h)
I(h)
Stable Outside
2.0
Stable Outside
2.0
1.0
1.0
Unstable
2.0
1.0
3.0
4.0
R( h)
Unstable
1.0
2.0
R( h)
b) Adams Type
O N
N N
!
" # # # # #
! !
!7
I(h)
I(h)
3.0
3.0
2.0
Stable
only on
Imag Axis
Stable
2.0
1.0
1.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
R( h)
R( h)
b) Milne 4th Order
a) AM3
77
(
IJ # F) #
## # -#
# # #
# M
3 ) G -# ) #
)##
=,
>
& O *
&
O *&
!
$8
# & #
6 A ) # *
)## ) A #M
*
-# A * O *
O A #
2
=,
!>
77
-
-# 6 6 6 #
1 6 # 1
) '# ;
# -# ) # $ $
M
O N ,
<
N
<
=,
$>
,
,
$ #
O N ,
<
N
<
$, <
N
= <> O 8
<
=,
*>
-# ,
,
$ ,
* -# )
,
*
3 O
N
7
/ #
=
!
! %
$
O
& #
&<
<
=,
5>
&<
) <
<
)## # 1 9 & -# ) # #
O
77
-# 2 # # 6A .
)# # 1 # # ,
A #
# A # ,
O,
=,
,>
!
$
=78A >A +) 2 '#
# # 3 # #
$
9 # 2 # ,,
& '# ; A # )
) 4).
A # ) )
) # # #
) % . # 6 6
# (0;M
,
>
O
$ =
> N =
<
=,
/>
)# # # # # ( # #
# # # . =A.
A>
# . # # #
A 2 ,*
-# # ) '# )# A # )
& A #)A # # =#
# # > ) # 6#
# 3 A A #
. ' .? #
,
/ ; & A #)A
# ) # 9 #
< < =
, >
-# ) # # (
# 6 1 A ) #
2 6A ) # 02.2
# # $M
N
, <
O
N
N
=,
7>
<
)## # # $
#
) 1 ")
, <
<
= N >
O = >
-# (0 ) # 0 # (< 4 A #
. &
# .
! %
$!
-# ) # # 2
,, -#
= N > O = > N
N
= N >
=7 <> = > O 8
< <
N
-#
. )## # 8
-# # # #
S
O
-# A ) #
# +
-# ) # # #
)# # 0
- #A ) 6 # ,
7 -
# 1 ) # # 9
2 # ) #
O = > N < = > N
<
5
# 6 1
N
<
O = >
= > N
<
<
< = >
<
<
= > N
<
=,!8>
O , ,
)#
<
<
=,!>
!
$$
,
, ,! -# < 8 < 8 #
< A # ) # #
) # <
,
7 ) A 1 & # + & .&/0
02E2
2
< <
,
<
2
A
%6
O ,
< 2
, <
-#
< 2 < ,
)#
O ,
O
O
O N (
( O
8
8
! #
$*
=> 2 #
3# # .
G 4) # (0 # G
=> 3 # =8> O K L
O 8 # 6 A A
#.
& # A O 8 888 A O 8
*88
A O 8$
*8 O 8 88
# )# # 6
=> @ # . # # #A )# # 6
G % )# # G
=>
=> # # # 6 . ) #
#
=> ' # # '?
#
! 3# # A # )
) +6E3 1
# M
O =
> N =
N >
)# A
) # = 2+> A & < @ 2
A # )## # #
$ 0 # # %.## #
## $ )# # ' .? # ##
$
* ' # !. 6 M
= > N $= > N = >
O
!
=
>
<
!
$5
= N !
> N
O 8
#) # # 6 A A #
)# # # 6A )#
O @ # # 6A # 6.
#
. 1
#
. %.## # # 1 .
' 2
,
O)
# )# ) / %
0# # "
# # 3 # (0; )##
.
) 1 6. @ % 6
A # . 3 # (< )## #
6 # 6. A A
O -
3 6 # - @ # .
# 6 #A # .
#A )# # 6 ) G
6 )# # 1 # ) / 4 M G
*
%
%
& # # ) .# #
6 #) #) .# #
6 % # #
A )## # 6
-# # I1 J # .
# # .
) 1 0 #
A ) ) # #
)##
3 )# # # 20 )#
(0; 6 ,
% 1
)# ) A
# .# #
-# 1 ) # #
# 1 # # & # )
) # # -#
)## ) # 4)A
) # # ) # # .#
#A A # # (0 # 1 #
$,
$/
%
I( h)
Stable
Region
h
R( h)
Accurate
Region
2 /M # 6 #
# # A ) 6 # # #
) # # 6 (0; )# .
-# 5
, .A .
# # 5
/ 2 A # .
6 # 1 &
# )# # )
# )# # # A
-# # 6 2 / & #
# # # # #
)# # # )#
# )# # #
#
-# )# 1 20 # # )
#
)# #
# A ## #
# ## #
%
"
;
$7
2 # # )
2 ) # # A #
=/>
-# ) )
-
O
N
0
=/
>
-# '#A # )
) P K L #
= # . # # 6 #
# )# #>A # #A K
LA
# = )# #
)# #A # # #
> @ A ) #A ##
# A
#
;
-# ) )# % # (0;
1
O
#
.1
8 2
6.1
8 2
#.1 8 2
.1
2 8
2 8
2 8
& # # # # 1
# & # #
) A 6A
*8
%
5
1 / # ' :
F) #9 ) # ##
# # # ) #
% #
# #) 6 )# # #
#
)A A
(
# # 1 #
# 6 & #A 6 #
# $!
-# 6
# 1 & # # A
# # / #
)# # A A ) #
. @ # A # 1 #
% #) #
$,
$,
'
<
O
<
O ,
=+ N >
<
#
<$,
'
O
$,
<
$
+ N
O
$
'
<
-# # 6 # # #
1 # # 2#A
1 # 1 # # #
9
2 # 9 + O $8A # 5/8 #
# 9 # # # 1
2 # #) #
<
4 # 1 .# A # #
1 .
3 # # ) )# # # # #
) # A # 1
- 20 )# # ) #
1 A 1 #
1 ( #
%
*
A # 1 20 # #
# #) )#
O ! = >
%
*
&
& &
6A #
! -# .A )##
A 9A A #
O E
)# E #
;$
% -
& ()
O
=/!>
O 8 O =8
*> )# =8> O /! .
(0 )# O A & O 8 # 6 => O =8> A #
# 6 # # 8
*A A = > O 8
* - #
A #
-# # # A A # A 2 8*X
3 H # # # # # #
# A !) -# # D
6 A %
A '?$
2 A # ) # # # .
A 5$/A # # M
++
+
++ ++ 2 888*
+
%
*!
-# A O E O =8
*> E A ) #
++
+
+ = = =
*> E >>/
*++ 2 888*
)# # # - , -#
#) - / )
# E
!)
7! 88,/ 77
/
7! 88
$/ )
%
5 8/55 7,
5 88!,
'?$
57! *8
/ 887*
- /M
& # 6 ) #A A # # )# #
## # # # 6
-# # . %.## # #
# # . #A # #. ' .? # #
-# # 6 #) # =>
. . .# #
;$
% -
&
+ # 6 # #
# # ".
)# & # 6 #
)# # @ A #
#
#
# ( # # # A #
)## # # & #
A # /$A ) # ) M
@ # # H )# # # ##
)# -#
# # # # # # .
. A # .
%
*$
. # -# A A # #.
) # # % 6
# # 9A 5/ # %
9 4)A # #
# #
-# . # # #) 8 - ,
& ) # ) M
7O
7O
7O$
$
/
K = >L
K =
>L
K =$ >L
9 ) 7 . # #
/ )
& A : A # #
.
# )# . )
=/$>
%
:
K =)7* >L4 5
O *
7
K =)7* >L )6
**
=/*>
. )## #
3 9 # )# O )* * -#
# O - O 8 3 ) 6
: O *8 : O 88 # #A A %
A
9A '?$ -# # # . # #
. # & #) # #
= > # 9 # # '?$ #
# # 2 6A * O 8
# 9 #
O 8777
: %
9 '?$
* O 88
8
88!
77*
777
* O
*8
8
8
75
7,7
%A 6 O 8
* O 88 75
* O
*8
!/
%
9 '?$
$ $*
7/ *
*
B(
*5
%
@ # # = # > #
'?$ # # 6 .
.
- " #
-# # )# 1
# 6 % 6 #
# # # -#
O = N > # # 6 )##
N O
# )# & # #
= 8> #) 2 / & # # # (0
# # ) % #) #
# # - &
# )# # A # 1A
3 # #
6 # #) 2 ,* ,5
2 6A # 1
). # # ) O 88 O &
) A # # # ) )
A ) #
# % # #
# 6 )#
" # 1 " A A
K = >L 6 #
#
+ # # 6 # # # -#
=/5>
%
*,
6 ) % 55 A # #
=A = 88> > # 888 # # =A = > > 87!5
4 # ) - # = >
9 =A ) 888>A ) )
# # 9 O 8
3 ) # # ) ) # ## #
4)A # #
= 88> A )## H 8 O 8 #
8 A
)# # )# # & A )#
O 88
A # 6 9 #
A
!!7 # ) 888 -#
# $8*
;3
&
" #
") .6 # # /5 #
# # # 3 # # 9
# & # # #) 2 ,$ # .
#A ) # )# # 9 9 #
& ) # # # (0 )
*8
8*
=6> O
N
N = >
N *8
N 8*
8*
*8
N
N = >
=/,>
=6> O
N *8
N 8*
& # # A ) 9
O 888 -# # 9 # 6
# # # 9
# # =& # #
) # 9 # . #A
# # # 6> % ,8 # #
# 888 ") )# # # )
# # 9
O 8 )# A )# 57 #
# ) 888 & # #
. ) & # # 57
. K *8=8>L K N *8=8>L O 8555 A # # #
)# 4)A F # #
# ,8 A A =8555 > 2 A F # ,8
*/
%
%A ## # # #
A # 1 88, # -#
!7
;3
%
& #
6 & # # )
1 )# & # 6A #
# $8* A
!7 # 9 #A # 4)A #
# 6 # 2
# # .1 1
2 # 6 #
##A # %.## ' .? #A
-# 6 # 1 1.
# 4)A # # # 1 #
A # ) #A #
)# #
-# # 6 )# O 8 888A O A )##
# .1
-# # # )# 1 F
-#
) #
# & # H
P #)A ) # #
6
O = > N N = > N N = > N
N = > N N = > N N = >
N = > N N = > N N = >
NA #
=//>
3#
A ) # )# # .
# (
-#A
% !
*7
# # .# # #
1 A # 1 # # 4 #
6 # 1 A
# #. ' .? #
A # % #A #
# # #
3# )
# A #
' 2 /A # #
# .# # -# # #
#
)#
2 6A )# # # )# 9 A
575A )
# A )## ") ; #A
57/ 4)A # )#
#
58
%
+
!
& # # #A ) # A 9 A
# .# # -# # #
. (0; #
O ! = >
=7>
)## 9 0 % A #
# 7A )## # )
M
! = > O 8
=7
>
& # A # #
-# # .# #
#
O
=7!>
O
=7$>
# # #
) 2) . #
# # 6 = > # # #.
%## # O
6 A # (0
7$ # #
5
#
5
-# .# # # # .
& # #A ) # )##
# #
)
3# #
# 7
A
) #
#
( O 8
=7*>
O (
=75>
& 6
#
-# # # 1 7* #
6 & # # 6
6 = =
> & ) #
6 A #
( O 8
=7,>
=7/>
#
5!
$
%
%
8
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
8
8
&
8
8
O
N
=77>
< %
%
8
%
%
%
%
8
%
%
%
%
%
%
.
'
8
-# 6 77 # )# # #
# & # # #
-# # 6
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
= O
< 8 8 8 8
=78>
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
)## # ) 3 # # )# #
-#
O
O
8
8
8
8
O
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
=7>
#
5$
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
O
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
=7
>
)## # A % 6 -# )#
# 6 # A # 6
# =A )# .
>A # 6 # 3
#
P ) )# #) #
<
.# "
# # # )
# .
& # # #A ) ) ##
)## # 3 ) #
# #
H ( O 8
=7!>
)# -# # #
# H # # #
/
$ >
3*
)
!
#
5*
)# ) )# (0 " # #
7!A H O ( A 6 & #
7* 7,A
O
( O (
=7$>
-# ) ) # & #
# # 1
)# 1 , M
O
-=>
=7*>
O - =>
=75>
& # #. 1 # # )#
0# A )
> O
$ =
> N =
<
=7,>
> # - # #
)# =
# & #
$ =
>
<
>
( O - =
O
=7/>
$ =
>H O (
=77>
)# ( O < ( & ) 0# #
# 0# " # # A # # #
O $
O K
DL
#
55
D O
=7
8>
" # D O # 6 # "
!
$ 6 % .
# # 6
# . A # #
# 3 # # )A #)A #
). #.
6
1 .
<
.# ( *
&
#
H O (
<
=7
>
7
H
H
O K> N G LH G ( O IH G (
=7
!>
I > N G
=7
$>
)#
=7
*>
#
5,
-#
# 6#
H (
=7
5>
7
* # A # 7
5 -#
# ) # #
O 8
=7
,>
O I
=7
/>
A I # 6A A )##
) A # #
& # A ) # )# .
)## G ## # "
)## G = > #
7*
<
$ =
>H O (
=7
7>
-# 6 # .B # )## #
H 4 # 4 # ) 7
7 #
H H #
H
-# # 6 =('>
#
5/
# # # # . #
# ) H A # # ) #
# & 6 )
H N H
(
O H N * HT H
HT O
H
=7!
>
* *
*
H
O H
N = * >H N H
(
=7!!>
OAN=N5
=7!$>
-# # .B # )# G O = A )##
# # -# . # )#
G O =A N =>A )## A )
H
O H (
=7!*>
-#
H
O G H ( O G KH ( L
=7!5>
57
& # )# G # A G (
A
# G A #
)
=7!,>
)# )# . # A )
6 # & #A #
G # =)## # G >A # #
(0; #
)## # A
H O (
=7!/>
)## # 7! 3 # # 6 #
# # # ) .
-# 6 # 6 7!5A #
6 7,A # 6 7!* -#
6 # # .# # -## # .
) ) # IJA ##
& #A G 7!5 A # A #
# ## # -# 9 #
#
A # IJ A #
# 6 # # 2 # #
O N 4 # 6 6
# 6 = 5
/>
-# # # #
-# 6 # & # #
# IJ 6 # A
# ) ) # #
% # G # # =# A #
>A # # # #
# # % ) # A # # # #
# # G #
#
,8
<
,( *
#
" #
-# # 7!8A 7! 7!
6 # # #
# 6 #
# ") # # (0
7! & # 7
7 # (0 7!* -#
H
O $ =
>H (
=7$8>
% A # # 6 #
H
O H N H
=7$>
G =H
H > O $ =
>H (
=7$
>
& # # # G # ) 6
$ =
> # # $ =
> # .
) 4)A # # A .
# # # )#
-# G #
)# # # #
# 7
! # # # =
) # # ) # > 9 & ) #
# )#
# A )
$ =C 8>=H
H > O $ =
>H (
*
=7$!>
)# C * 3# # # # # #
7
! # - 7
-%+ 7M C%+@ (2 C * &" W 7$! -4%+%0 -( +%& %+ '+%Y%-&(" -4(0
C
8
#
.B
.
( ('
N + 'N
7!8
7!
7!
#
,
-# # # # # #
4)A 6 # )#
# # 1 & #
#A # # # # ) (0;
H
O $ =C 8> $ =
>H (
*
=7$$>
# )# # 6 #
-# # # # 6
#
*C
*
*
*
H
O
H N = C >H =* >H N
H
(=7$*>
( O 8
=7$5>
-# )## # # 1
6
H ( O 8
=7$,>
H
O H (
=7$/>
=7$7>
)# # A A H ( # . -#
# #A .BA .A ('A #
. 7$$ = # 6 # )# O >
- 7
#
,
# # # )# # .
6A #
# I = > N G > # 6 -#
. O
+
=7*8>
& # A ) # (0 # # #
# 7!8A 7!A 7!
&
# # G 6 # # #
-# # 9
O G
=7*>
$ =
> O $ =C 8>
*
=7*
>
-# 9 % 6
-#
# ) )# & O A
O
A O A O C A
O
* A ( O 8 - # #A )
+ O * # 6
-#
#
<$
#
,!
2 + O $8A ) O 877, -# *88 #
)# # # 8
!
% % 6 A # G
O = > O 4 .'
4 O
+
=7**>
+ N
-# I).#J )#
-# * ) 2 + O *A #
)
!
!
8
O O
8
O
8
!
!
!
!
!
!
O
O
8
!
!
!
=7*5>
O
N
O 8!$
O
N
O 8*
O
O 8
O
!
O *
O
=7*,>
O /55
H H O K =
N K =
!
>L
>L
#
,$
1.0
h = 1.0
m=1
m=5
m
m=4
m=2
=5
0.0
-2.0
m=3
0.0
-1.0
>L
N K = N >L
!
N K = N
>L
<$
=7*/>
.#
& C * 7$$A # 6 #
$ =
> O $ =
8>
=7*7>
7
$ =
8>$ =
> O
#
Approaches 1.0
1.0
h < 1.0
De
ng
cr
si
ea
ea
si
cr
ng
De
0.0
-2.0
0.0
-1.0
mh
2 7
M -# .BA O 87 + O *
Exceeds 1.0 at h
1.0
h > 1.0
In
cr
ea
si
ng
ng
si
ea
cr
In
M = 5
0.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
mh
,*
#
,5
8
8
8
8
8
! $
/
5
!
! $
/ ! $
5 / ! $
!
$
*
=758>
-# # . (0 6 & +
# =+ N >
)# .
A # =+ >
)#
-# # # (0 6
= + >
O N =
.'
>
+ N
. O
+ N
=75>
. O
+ N
=75
>
-# . O A # A #) 2 7$ -#
)# # )# . O 4 #
'
O + N
=75!>
# # # # .B #A # .
)# # I)J # 2 + O $8A
O 877$
*8 # #
) # 8
!
-#
# .B -# .
A ) # ## =# >
# # # # 2#A #
1 +
-# B + O *
H
H
/ 7 / O <7 O
H
H
H
=75$>
#
1.0
,,
h = 1.0
m
=5
2 defective m
0.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
mh
!
8
! $
8
! $
O ! $ O
8
O 8 O O
7 5
8
8
! 5
7 !
8
8
! !
)
8
8
$
=75*>
$
O
O
O
=$>
=*>
!
$
$
0A
B
=755>
#
,/
=
6
> N =
6=6
> N
=
6
> N =
>
S
S
N = >
<$
> = >
=75,>
.# ,'
& C O
* O 7$$A # (0 6 $ = 8>$ =
>
( #) # # ) # ) + O * -#
9 + -# G 6 # (' #A
,% $ = 8>$ =
>A
N
N
N
N
8
8
8
8
8
N
N
N
N
N
N
=75/>
O N
* N
. O
+
=757>
)#
#
( #) # # * #
'
*. O
N
+ N
* O *.
O J
O J 4 .'
+ N
)#
J O
*.
N )
,7
=7,8>
=7,>
@ # 6 # # (0;A O N J
A
O A # # A # . #
#) 2 7* -# # # (' #
*. 4 #
O *.
*. O
N
'
=7,
>
+ N
2 + O $8A O 8/*,/ 4 # )
# 8
! 8 A # # # .
.B & A # * #
A #
2 + A # ) -#
6 2 + O * #
)
!=
>
5
!=
)
> 5
8
7
O ! O 5 3 O
8
O ! =7,!>
8
5
!
!=* )
> *$
7
/
5
!=, $)
> 5
=
>
O
O
O
!
0
=8
)> 7
=8 N
)> 7
$ !
=7,$>
#
/8
1.0
h = 1.0
2 real defective m
2 complex m
1 real m
=5
0.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
mh
H H O K =
!> N 6=
!> L
N =
!>
N K =8
)> 7L
N K =8 N
)> 7L
N = $ !>
=7,*>
#
H/ O
N
/
/
/
= N > N N
N
/
/
/
/
= N >
= N > N H
=7,5>
/
H/ H O
/
/
= N >
=7,,>
/
/
= N >
=7,/>
)# ) IJ ") #
=) >/ => O = N >= N > = N / >
=7,7>
=7/8>
#
/
=) >/ => O
/
/
=7/>
)#
/ = > O
=7/
>
/
/
N N
=7/!>
# ## 1 & 6 #
'# ; #A # 9 #
=
6 >'
O
N = >
E
6 O
E
=7/$>
' # #
-# # 6 7,5 6
0
A A # = N > 3# #
# 7/$ # #
# ) 9 # # #
)# # )
% 6 # 7/$A # ) M
9 # 6 .
)# # #
!
-# # )## #
=
6 >'
O
!
5
=7/*>
=7/5>
#
/!
"
=7/,>
=7//>
% 7/, 2 75 ) # # #
)# # #
#
# X # -# 2 75
O $ =5 !>
O $ =5 8>
O $ =5 N !>
' ) 7,5 -# ) 7!, # # #
6 #A 7$A ) # (0; &
# 9
H
O H N =H
N H >
=7/7>
N
1
H/ O
1
/
/
2
2 N H
=778>
) -# # I9J A M
/ 1 N 2
/
1
2
= >/ => O
=77>
=>/ =>
O A
=77
>
e 3
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
2
1.4
1.2
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.8
#
1.6
1.4
1.8
1.6
1.8
/$
(Pe )3 ()
(P ) ()
#
/*
-# # A ) #
# 6 3#
!/
O
6 O
E
=77!>
-# 7/* -# = > => #)
2 7, -# Q* # =) > => #
-# 2 7,
O
O
O
G <H O H (
#) #
H O I H N => I > (
)# I O > N G
G =
> O = N >
/5
(Pt )3 ()
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
x 10
0.1
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
2
2
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.8
#
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.4
(Pt )3 ()
#
/,
$ # ) # 8 )#
=8> O 8A => O M
5 O 8
2 # A => O 8 @ . 1
)# $8 =+ O !7> &
=> # .B #A
=> # . #A
=> # (' # )# # * A
=> # !. '# # 7*
# #
A !A $ .
# # # A . # #
0 # )# # #.
//
#
,
%
-# #
# # # 1 .
) # )
-# #
) # # -# ) #
6 # # 7
8
8
=8>
# # ) ##
-# # 6 # # 6 " #
#
=.> O . =.>
=8
>
H O
$ =
>H O /
==> / H
<
<
=8!>
/7
$
78
)# = => 6 # 3 # #
/ H A / HA # -#A # .
= => # 6 # #
<
) # ) A . (
#
+ N
.'
O
. . 22 +
=8$>
'
+
N
<
4 A # )# ## .
6 # 6 -# )# # #
1 ) 4)A # & A #
6 # #
$ =
> 2 # 6 A % 6 A 6 #
#
8
-# 6 # )## &
A 6A # . # A A # '#
# 7* -# .B # #
# % ) ) 7$A # # #
4)A # 2 A #)
2 7
3# # )# # 6 )# #
) # # #
# A ## )
# # ) -# #
#
8
+
2 ) # # 1 #
1 # 6 )## #
$
7
KH ( L O 8
=8*>
)# # 6 # # # &
8*A # ( # # A
A H # 6 3 )#
H ## 6
# * 3
#A ) # # #. '# #
2 75 % # # # ) A # A
)#
O KH ( L
=85>
' # # H # 6 H #
# ) #
O 8
=8,>
=8/>
)#
$
7
H O H
=87>
-# ) 3 ) # 6
# A # # '# # M
O
!
/
K = >L N
!
/
K = >L
)
=88>
# = X # >
& A $ # # #
8 8 8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8 8 8
)
O 8 8 8 8 8 8 P O
=8>
.
8 8 8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8 8 8
8, # A 6 #
)## A ) )
=8
>
) O )
.
.
=8!>
" #
=8$>
$
7!
6 6
% # )
& # # .
) ) . # # # # '#
6 # # # # A
# # # #
2 6
= N >
= N >
= N >
= N >
. O )
=8*>
& # # )# #
9 # & # )
)# # ) #
=)## ( # >
# 4 A #
2 A #A # A # 6 A
H
& # 0#A 9A )
# 6
8 8
8
O
8
8 8
=85>
=8,>
') ) O 8
=8/>
=87>
)#
$
7$
-# ' A # 6 # #A #
# # 6 # 6 & #
# $ =, M
>A ,. 6 )
O
O
=8
8>
"
N
"
"
"
O
=8
>
& # 6 0#." A # .0
$ =
> )#
O K
L
-#
7 & #) # # ## . #
)# ## A A A #
8 4)A # 1 #
7** 0# & # #
=
. >'
O 4
P . O
+
=8
>
+ N
2 8 % # ## 9 # =0#>
A # F # # =" >
2 " A # 8* #
& # 2 8A & "
# A O 3# O A # 6 85 #
8 8
8
=8
!>
O
8
8 8
$
7*
2 8M # 6 0#E"
-# 6 # # #
6 # = # ) #
> -#A ) # 6
"
N
"
"
"
O
=8
$>
A )## ) )# # H 87 )
# = >A ) .
8*A # & # A ) )
# # ) )
& 6 # #A ) #
' M
O / R/
=8
*>
2 O $ =+ M
> #
.'
.' 4 O
+
O
O 4
=8
5>
. O
+
+ N
+ N
$
75
A # # )#
. O A
'
'
O
O 4
4 O
+ =8
,>
+ N
+ N
2 6A )# + O *A O 888!5$7 & ) + A
# +' O =+ >
# 9 ' -#
. O # 6 ' O
$ =+'
>
=' > O
'
+ N
='> O 4
'
+ N
4 O
+' =8
/>
2 + O * =+' O
*>A ) =' > O 888,
7 O 77/ % + A
=' > #
& A # =' > )#
# A # A #
") # )## # #
A A O -# #
O O
=8
7>
=8!8>
=' > # -# 6 #
8
8
=' >
8
O /'
8
=8!>
=8!
>
=8!!>
$
7,
O
=' >
=' >
=' >
=8!$>
=8!*>
=8!5>
$ =+' M
>) O )
$
=8!,>
O
# 6
,
$ =+ M
>
<
=8!/>
O
<
>
=8!7>
% # 9 # )# # 6
# A <' O
<A
,
<
$
=
+
M
>
O
$ =+' M
> O $ =+' M
>
'
<'
$
<'
=8$8>
)## # 6 8!, -# ) # #
-# #
-#
#)A # # # -#
A A #
4)A # # 6 #
6 # # ) . . # -#
# A A # #
$
7/
=8$>
I O > N G
=8$
>
)#
G
M
H
=8$!>
O 3
& 6 # A # 6
8 8 8 8 8 8
3 O 8 8 8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8 8 8
=8$$>
=8$*>
# A # # ) # 6 8 -#
) I H J )#
! # O # = A
>M
=8$5>
/
- @
$
77
4 # 9 # & #
6 = 8$8>A O $ $ =+' M
> & # # #
9 )# # ) & # #
# A 6 (#)A # ).
$ - = > #
# # M
H
O H >
=8$,>
> O
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
=8$/>
H
O K> > 3 LI H K> > 3 LI ( N (=8$7>
-# # 6
K>
> 3 LI
=8*8>
-# # 6 # # ).
-# 6 #. 8*8
)# => I >
A )#
=8*>
& # 6 I # 6 # 6 #
A
I A 6 # 6
A > 3
# )
!A 9
! 6 #
$
88
' $
)#
@ # A ) # #9 # . .1 6.
# 3 # #
6 A A # # .
6 =)# >
& A # # ".
A # ##. #
A A 6A # #
) & #.
A # ##
4)A )# ) # A ) #
1 -# # 6 #
# ##. %## 6
# ".
## # A #
A ## ' A # .
)## -#A # # A
#
# ".
) #
# #A
# # # 6 & # #A )
1 ) # #
# 0;
8
O &
)#
&= >
O
O
<
& K= N
<
=>
N
C N = C >
L
> N C =
N
>L
=
>
& $ = C
C C >
& O
<
-# # 6
4
'.
'.
&3
C
N )
O
<
. O 8 +
& & A # ) 1 =C O > 3= > 1 8A
# 1 =C O 8> 3= > O 8A #
)
1 3= > 2 8 4 # ) 1
# )# #
) #
& & A # 3# 3= > O 8A # ) #
) )# & # A # 1 #
# # 3 6 #) )# #
8!
9 + "# !
2 - 6 #
3 #
6
<
C
<
= > O
<
C < N !
N
<
3 # # #
# )# #
#
&C < &< &C <
O &
N
5 N
$ N
=!>
-# # 1 ) )# ) #
6
" # ! )#
A # ) )# < 8 4)A )# )
# A <
9 -# # # # 6 ! 6
3 ! #
3
6 # #
# 1
O &
N, N% NK
=$>
# O @
# # ).
$ #
#
=*>
8$
& # # # ,
K A # # $A # #
& % A # #
& # ) & A # #
) 1 # =C O >
0 )# , K 1 8 # # #
-#
# 0 @ #
A # # ) 1 # =C O >
9 # 0
6 # # # # *A )
# # & N % ' # 0A !
) # % O &< 5 -#A # # #
# # # 2#A # #
# ) -# )
( # # . 1
1 3 # # # #.
1 6 #
*+
= > ( #)A #
# 6 1 A # # .
1 6 % A
=
> # 0
" # # . 1 # # ) .
% #
= > -#A # C O
-#
. #
# # # # 2 6A #.
). #
= 5 N ! N
>
5<
O
K= / N /
>
<
N = $ N 5 $
N
>L
= > O
=5>
8*
= N > O N
N
N 9 = >
=,>
2 # )# # 0 =
# A #
N & O 8> -#
O &
O
&
=/>
") # )# #. 1 A .
O
&
=
> N
<
&
<
=
N >
=7>
-# # +6.3 1 # # &
. .1 # -# .
2 A # . 6
&
&
&
&
&
N
N
O $
<
<
<
<
<
-# # 6
O
&
<
'.
&
'.
) < + . O 8 +
+ # # # #
2
# #
& -#
+
) #
= 2+> & # # )
# #
85
-# # # +6.3 1 #
6 # 1 -# .
- 6 7
N &
N
N
N
5
$
& &< & <
N
$ N O 8
5
=8>
-# / # #
& # 0 2
6A #
8
&
$
&
$
<
&
N O 8
=>
)
&
&
8 # # 8 -#
A A # #
# -# # )
1 # +6.3 1 #M
&
&
N&
O =< & >
=< & > N
5
/
8,
-# ) # # # '
# # # # ) #
= A # > -#A
# # +6.3 1 #
= >
= >
-# # # # # #
% # #
'
; .
# #A # 5M
T
O N
O
K N
T
N
T
L
=
>
& ) .
) 1 # . )
1 # A . # 2
# A # #
&
= >
<
&
K N T
=T
T
>L
O
<
T
O
=!>
*'
!
8/
N&
O8
=$>
& &
N =&
N & >
O 8 P & O
# A # F6 )## #
# # 1 #
# & # 6 ) A ) ) #
)# ) # -#
-# # 9 #
& ) 1 A A 2
A )
# 9 )# C O & 8 )# C O
& 8 -# # # ) M
K&=
&= > O
<
N
> N &= N
>L
=*>
$
87
(
N
O
N
O8
=5>
0
0
N
O8
=,>
)# # ) A A # # B 6A A #
0 ; # # & . = >
1 #A )
) 1 # ) A A
A ) 1 # ) - # #A
# 6 A RA ) # #
R O R
N R
)#
R
O
R N R
R O
=/>
R R
=7>
0 0
0
0
0
NR
O
N R
N R
O8
=
8>
-# # ) # #
) 3
) 1 # R
9
)
1 # R 9
/
A
#
6
#
A # / / #
/0 / R
/ /0 / R / /0
N
N
O8
=
>
O / R
/
O / R/
=
>
!
8
N
N
O8
=
!>
(
O
) )
( O
(
(
N
N
O8
=
$>
=
*>
& # A # # F6 ) # .
# F6A ( O 2 # A (
# # A % 6 " #
( O (
N (
=
5>
(
O
(
O
=
,>
(
(
O
=
/>
# )## A #
$
*-()
0
0
NR
O8
)
=
7>
D*
D*
'
-# F6 )# # - O R0 ")A # *A )
# F6 # ) 4 4 N A -V
! A
# # # # A 0$ 0% A
-# 6 -
! A )## A
-V
! O =- =0$> N - =0%>>
& .
6 A )
=0>$ 1 8
=V
- >
! O
=0 >% 2 8
=!8>
=!>
=!
>
-V
! O R =0$ N 0% > N
R =0$ 0% >
=!!>
/ -V
! O / R/ / =0$ N 0% > N / R/ / =0$ 0% >
=!$>
#
(V
! O =($ N (% > N
= $ %>
=!*>
)#
O / R/
=!5>
) & # A O P #
A O 4 !, #
(V
! O =($ N (% > N
! = $ %>
=!/>
!
($ (% O
! = $ % >
=!7>
2 # A !7 # F6 B
# '.
! O
G
! O
$ $ N
% %
$ N
%
$G$ N
% G%
$ N
%
=$8>
=$>
)# G O = N > # # # A
<
= > O
N
<
=$
>
O N
=$!>
D 8
'
4
!
6 # # # # #
A # ) A
=$$>
( O ( N = >
=$*>
= $ N 5 $
N
>
<
=$5>
= $ N ! >
<
=> 6 # 6 = .
>A # #
). # #
# 6 # = % 6 %! #) .
#
). 6>
=> @ - A # )## 6 #
). #
#
$
2 # ) # .
) 1
# < < 8 < ' @
2 55
A # #
)# $#. ' .? #
< 8 < '
! 2 # ) # 5 #
< < 8 < ' @ 2
55
A # # )#
$#. ' .? #
< 8 < '
$
*
5 #) # # F6 B # .0 )
G #) # # # ' $8
$ !7
& # 6 ) #A ) 9 # -#
# # )## #
# .
A 9 #
'
2 6 .
# F # -# #
) #
) # I#JA I JA
I J 2 #
# # # 3# ) # #
# 6 A #
+ )# # ) M
)
% # 6 )
! - # # #
9A
") # (0; # . #
O (
*
=
>
5
O K% N % L (
=
>
)# O K% N % L % % 2 # # #
# A .A 6 # -# A
= )
>M
O K > N % N % L ( N 9= >
=
!>
O K > N % LK > N % L % % ( N 9= >
O K > N % LK > N % L ( N 9= >
% % >M
=
$>
, +& 1' = )
'
) # 0 # # # .
-# . # # #
>
O %' N %( N =
=
*>
=
5>
&
,
") #
>
O K > N %( L K > N %' L N =
> N %( %' N =
> N9= > =
,>
O K > N %( N %' L N =
( @ - 4# ( -
>
T
O K > N %'L N =
O K > N %( LT
=
/>
=
7>
>
T
O K > N %'L N =
K > %( L
O
T
=
8>
-# 6A A # 1
) A # 1 1
1 # # 1 A #
) #
/ 4)A
# #
! *
*
/
> N 9= >
O %' N %(
N =
-#
K>
%( L
>
O K > N %' L N =
, ' . '
>"
2 ) #
). #. F) + #
#
.0 0 # 1 M
O
N
=
>
3 # 0 (0; 1 #
# 6
% 6 .1
. !.0
# 3 # # ! $ # #) #
#
& # 6 + A # = > A $ +5 A #
= > ! -#
$! # #
# # # 6 -# #
4 O ! 7 O
+5
7
!
!
!!
!
!
$!
$
$
4 +
=
>
# 6
.0
5 4
&
!
(
)
'
7
-# # # #
=>
-# )
. ( #A ) )M =>A ) #
# 7 O +5 A =
>A #
4 O + 3 # )
=# # >
# )# # 5 & A => =
> .
.A -# 5 #
# # . )# #
- # A ) E . )#
5 A . )# 5 5 6 # 6
#
5
(
5 O 5 5 5
)#
5 5 O 5 5
=
!>
5 O
5 O
5
5
>
O
5 5 N =
=
$>
& # . A ) #
5 5
5 A # E # # 5 6
5 " # # # ##
# # -# A #)A
# # 6 # 5 5 5 -#
5 O 5 5
5 5
=
*>
!
!
!
L
L
5 5 O
L
L
L
L
L
L
!
$
!
!
!!
$!
M
. A .1 A 6
A
5 A ! $ # #)
#
0 +5 6E 5
A LA #
L
L L
L
5
5
5 5 O
L
L L
L
L
L L
L
L
L L
M
. A .1 A 6
A
5 A ! $ # #)
#
0 + E 5 5
A LA #
=
5>
!
!
!
!!
$
$
$!
'
$
3 ) ) & # #
# 6
5 ) # #
5 O N 5
=
,>
5
5 O 5 N 55
=
/>
5 O 5 55 5
O 5 5 5
>
5
O 5 N N 5 5
N =
=
7>
%
A ) # )# #
> N 9=>
> > 5 5
O 5 N =
=
8>
3 # . # # )
-#
>
> 5T O 5 N =
T 5
> 55 55
O 5
=
>
5 O
L
L
L
L
L
L
5 5 O
L
L
-#
5
5
L
L
5
L
L
L
L
L
=
>
'
5 5 5 O
L L
L L L
L L
5
5
5 5 O
L L
L L L
L L
L L
L L L
L L
5
-#
5
5 5
5 5
L L
L L L
L L
=
!>
, 3)'
. #.
2 6A # 9 #
$ )# #
#
,
/ + #
> -#
# =
> N 9= > =
$>
> 5 5
O > N N 5 5 N =
$
> N 9= >
O
> N > N 5 5 5 N =
=
*>
# # # 9 # .
# #
% #
9 # %0& =
> # )
T
> 5 O > N 5 5 N !
=
,>
> 5 5
O > N 5T N !
N 9= >
$ 3)' / , ,)
"
)
3# # .# 1 #
A #
;
%*3
A 6A # #
# # 9 #
$
>
>
5 5
O > N
5 5 N =
) A ) F) A # 6
( # # # A #
.
* % # # # % #
# # =3G > ( # ) #
# ). .
T
> 5
O =3G >
5 5
=
/>
> 5 5
O 5T 5
:
EF!
(
)
?
D
*
* " ,)
) #
( ) # A .
.#A # I J ) 6
# # 9 #
$A
> M
# =
> N 9= >
> 5 5
O > N N 5 5 N =
# # -# A # # 1
<A
<5 O 5
5
> 5 5
> N 9= >
> 5 <5 O
5 5 N =
=
7>
" # # # # # # #
# #
$A (0 -#A
7 A
# . # (0 ") )
7 9 = > 3 # 6
> N 9=>
=
!8>
> > 5 <5 O
5 5 N =
&
&
!
!
-# )## # 1 # .A
# 1 #
# 2 6A # . # #
#
7A A
#
8 ( # # # A #
#
7
>
K> 5 L<5 O
5 5 N =
K>
>
5 N =
=
!>
& # A ) ) # 6 # # #
8
! 1
0 +( )
O,
87
+ =8 > O 8 =7 > O 8A # ) #
% # 1 A A
= > O
=
N
>
<
97 /"0A
97 /"0/
/"
-# (0 # # #
O N (
3 ) # 6 =" ( O 8A # .
> "6 # 6 # #
O
" # )
=
O
0 = 5
% # A ) # #
# # #
6
=> ,
& A ) A )##
# # 3 #
2 6
8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8
>
8
8 8 8
8 8 8 8
O
> . O
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8
8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8
8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
O
> ) O
8 8 8 8
8 8 8
8
>
8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8
!
)## 6 # )M . O > .
) O > )
)# # (0 ) A
O . N ) A # # . # A )
# 3 # . )
%A ) # = 5
% # # (0 3 ) #
# # #
# #
6 # #
# [ # # # ) .
= ) > #
# # #
!8
)
& $$ ) # # A
# , # A A .
# # -# M ) # ) )
# #G
-# ) D
-# # # # .
) .# # #
.A .A #A =6> 3# #
# A # #
# 4)A #
# # # A # #
:
CC
!
O N ( =>
=!>
)# # 6 # # #
A ) # $
! #
# +
0 O = N > 0 - =>
0 O = N > 0 - =>
=!
>
0 => O
N
" # # )# A A # #
-# = $$M
-# A
O K N N ' N L N &
=!!>
' #
.)' - & / &)
.
" #
N&
O,
)
=!$>
"*; 7
!!
&
,
O
$= 8 > N $ =
>
<
<
=!*>
# 6 # 1 6 A
# ' ( A A )# = $!
>M
)&
?
<
$,
?
=( > O
<
& # ? O
.' + A . O 8 +
=' > O
=!5>
A # 8 ?
'
@ # # !$A ) 9 #
# ) .
& # )
#
# 6. #A
8
&
?
<
O
,
?
N $
<
N)
)# ) # !5 # ") #
3
&
<
&<
O
,
O
8 ?
'
=!,>
!$
1.2
1.2
C = 2/ R
C = R /2
n
0.8
C
0.4
C = 2/ R
n
0.8
n
0.4
4
R
Explicit-Implicit
4
R
Explicit-Explicit
\
2 !M
) . #
% !, #) # #
? 3
)# ? 8 =
' > 2 #
) # # 3
#
N O N $
3
2
!*
2 3
3
-# #) 2 ! -# 6A
# # # )# 3
A )
# # 6
%
, .
" #
"6 9 # # # .
F) -# # F) )## #
1 -#
6 # . %.## # -# 1
# 9 # ( #
.1 !$ )## ) # # !* &
# A ) # A ) # .
# # 1 #A .#
# #
O ' N ( N &
2 6 # ) A = >
= > -# #.
) # # # # #
A #
O N ' =! > N ( =
N >
-#
!
=!/>
=!7>
!5
11/-816
2 # # ) # # ) E #
#
5
!
!
N ' N (
N ' N (
' (
O
=!8>
(
-# . ) # #)
O N =' N ( > N =' N ( > N ( N '( ' ( '
$
2 # # 5 O 5 =' N ( > # #
A
O 9= >
@ =+ >
=+ > 55!A #)
38;%+%36
-# # # !8
3
!, -# ) #
# # . 6. #
!
-# 2 !
2 3
# .
# # # # # . 6.
#
8 #) 2 !
O
N
)
0*;
=!>
0.8
Cn
Stable
0.4
\
2 !
M
# . . #
N &
N &5
O8
=!
>
5
>
O K N 5 L5 N =
=!!>
# 5 -# # 5 #.
1 # #)
! # ! $ # #)
#
+ # # #) )
9 K N 5 L # # )
2 ) ) # #
T
> T
>
O
$
5 O T
> T
> T
>
T
> T
>
$
)# $ 6 # $ =
> ") #
!/
/
$
/
R
/
$
/
R
O
/
)#
>
T
>
RO
T
>
T
>
T
O
>
T
>
T
>
T
>
T
>
T
>
T
>
( ) # # . . # .
6
! -#
5 N 5 5 O
T
$
>
>
$T
N
=!$>
T
>
$
>
$T
T # 6 $ =T
T
T
>A #
!
)# $
T # 9 # $
T
+ !
T =$
T >
"6 # /
T =/
T > #
T
T
R
T
R
T !
T
T O
T O
R
T
T
R
T
T
R
-# A # A # 6 # #
!$ # A # #
9 # 6
5 M
T 5
5 5
T O
T
> N R
T
> N R
=!*>
T
> N R
T
> N R
-# 6 # # !* .
T
# $ $
") ) # ) .
2 # 0 (0 # 1 -#
6 #
O =$ >
=!5>
T ) # # =#
)# $ $
# # 1 #>
%## 5 A # A A # .
I J - # #
T #
# -#
$ $
P # ) # M
-#
E0
O K N 5 L N &
)# 5 5 A &
= 6> A )# 5 # !5
( ) # A # A #
. # & # ) O 8
#
O K N 5 L N &
=!,>
=> O
&
N 5
=!/>
0*
!
$8
$
# A . # )## #
)# # -# # #
7A )# # A )
= 5 >
O N &
)##
= > O = 5 >
= > O
#
O
5
=!7>
&
N 5
# 6 = !/> . = # (0>
!
$
$
O
= >= 5 >
N 5
=!
8>
&
5
-# # # # 4)A
. A
A #
$
= >= 5 >
O N 5 N &
N 5
O
= >= 5 >
-# #M
&
N 5
+
# A # # # # .
A
* -# A
# #
$$
2 # . . # %
!8 #
5 =
> O = N 5 N &>
)##
5
O N N 5 N &
-# #M
&
% # # # #
# A )#
A # # #
)# . # %
5
, # # # # # ;
# # # # #
!
7
"/
$!
O K N 5 N : L N &
=!
>
+ 9
. A A # 2
# 9 #M
O N K= N 5 N : >
N = N 5 N : > N
&L
' M
= N 5 N : >
O N = N 5 N : > N &
=!
>
5 :
/
# 9 = > ( # # !
A #
A ) # # #
N
=
N
N
>
N
=
N
N
>
5
:
5
:
5 :
5 :
$
/
O
= N 5 N : > N = 5 N : N 5 : > 5 :
$
/
&
N 5 N :
97
=!
!>
$$
#
N
O
N 5 N : 5 :
&
$
=!
$>
N 5 N :
5 :
& # - 6 !
$
=!
*>
N
: N =
5 N
> N
5 N ! 5 N
5 N 5 N
5 N
5 N N
$
)## # # 2#A A
# # A # .
3# A ) !
! #A # ;
A # # -#
# #
# !.0
)# 1
") )# # )# ) # # # A
# !.0 !
)# & # A
1 # ; )# # #
4
& 2 ) # !
! #
N ) C N )%
O
) C N )%
= C > N = N % >
= C > N = % >
1
# #
#
2 # ) # # # # .
!
$*
O N (
) )M O N N N %
#
O
N
N
N
N (
=> 3 # 3# # G
=> &
# A ) 6M
O
N N
N N (
3 # #
=> -#
O = N N N > N &
2 # # A # 6 #
1 # A .
A # .
=> ' # 6. #
$5
-./
%(
% # .
# # # )#
# H ) #
)
-
& # 6 -#
#
# O #
#
#
O K# # # # L # O K# # # # L
& &
$,
&
&
&
$/
&
&
O
&
$ -# 6 = 6> ) # # #
O O > A )# > # 6
-
"9
%
O
&
O
KL O &
O
KL
&
$7
- - (
3 #
$ & O
) 4 O
.
N =$ N > O = N > N $ A
! D O =D& > )# D
$ & $ O
$
* - M
= N $ >
O
N $
=
>
O
=$ >
O $
& 6 )# A
& A #
*8
! # ; #M -# 6 # 6
# # # )#
# # # 1. )
$ & A . . 6 # 6< )#
6< . 6 = > )# 6 6< .
* %
& N
O
. O 6 O 7
/ / O R
)# / 6 )# # A
/ O
R # 6
8
RO
8
8
8
8
& 9A # A
#
, & # . A # ) 9A )#
# # A #
# #
/ & A # 6 A )## #
6 # 9 & # 6
A # A # 6
A 9
7 & 6 # A
9 -# # 6 #
# 6 #
*
8 0 9 # .
A A # #
<
8
< O O
8
<
8
8
<
)# # 7 < # B
% B 6 # #
8
< O 8
8
8
8
@ #
)
5
% B
2
# B 6 )# A # 6
-# # )# #
-#
! " # # 6
8 8
O 8 8
8 8
#
O O
8
8 8
8 O 8
8 8
8
$ # B # # 2 6A #
*
6
7
!
! B
*
! )#
)#
!
# O #
#
O 6
#
*!
$ + $ # % 6 #
#
6
6 3
3
&
= >
O 6 3 3
3 6 &
)# # A
5 & => # $A =>
, 3# A => A A # # A
/ -# A =>A # ) #
*$
-./ (
%
&) / )'
& # )
&
# # # 1
#
+ 6A A )#
&A
A A !!
& ) 6 # )## #
# 6 9A ) = 6>
K$ =+ M &
>L O 8
N
&
.'
O8
+ N
. O
+
=>
$ =&
> O
=
>
4
O = > O &
4 .'
+ N
**
. O
+
=!>
*5
-# # # #.# 6A #
)##
4
&
4.'
/ O = > O
+ N
4 O
+
. O
+
4
&
O
=$>
=*>
/ O
.
.4'
+ N &
+ N
. O
+
4 O
+
.
O '
=5>
&
; : &) / )'
-# )
&
&
&
(
O
(
(
.'
N
=& >= ( >
O8
+ N
& )
? O
.'
+ N
O ?
=,>
. O
+ =/>
*,
= N &( > N
= (
>=&
> N K= &( > L
O
$(
-# #.#
O &
(
4
K4? L
. O
+
4 O
+
=
K$ =+ M &
>L
=
=
=
=
O
O
O
O
&
&
=7>
= O
= &=
=8>
8 (<A # )## ) 5! &
# = > =
N &>A # ) = > O 8
#
,
$
&
$&
N
$&
= O
'
.
$&
+ O 8
=>
= O =+ N >
P
O $&
*/
-# + O $
=
&=
$ O
= & =
& =
=
= =
&= =
& =
=
=
=
=
==
= =
&=
=
+ O *
=
&=
$ O & =
= & =
& =
=
= =
&= =
& = =
& =
=
==
= =
&= =
& =
=
= =
= =
= =
&=
=
=
=
=
=
. O
+ P
6 O . N . N
+
6 O . O
+
O = = =
. O 6 N 6 N
+ P 6 O
+
O = = =&> =
.
$=+ M &
>
=
>
-#
O
N =& N >
'.
)=& >
'.
*7
. O 8
+
=!>
4 O 8 +
)# ) A # #.# 6 # #
'.
4 O 8 +
/ O = > O +
. O 8 +
O = > O !
'4
. O 8 +
+
/ O = > O
4 O 8 +
+
=$>
/ A )# / #
" # # / / # / O +
H /
$
" #
# # # / /
# 6
#
&
# 6 & A
+
A # % 6
6 + O $
=*>
-# ) $A # 6 #) #
# # # 6 #
6 2
%## # 6 A
# 2 # 6 #) * # # #
!
O
58
&
&
&
&
&
O
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
$ =+ M &
&> O
&
&
&
&
N&
O
=5>
=
. >'
O
N
&
+ N
. O
+
=,>
5
+ N
O'
+
O8
4 O
+
&
&
&
&
$ =+ M &
&> O
&
&
&
&
=
. >'
O
N
&
4 O
4O
+
O8
O'
4 O
4O
+
. O
+
O 4 =
. >'
4 O
+
. O
+
4 O
+
N
=> O $ =
>
3# # 0# # A
O
N
+.'
N
O 4 .'
+ N
=/>
3# 0# # # " =
# >A
>'
O
N
=
.
+
N
=
.
>
'
O 4
+ N
=7>
-./
%
)
-# # #
# & 6 # A ;
# # # & ! = # >
#
! = # > O ! = # >
= >
6 A ! # 6 01 # )#
O = # # >A )
!
!
N#
O 6! = # >
#
=
>
6 # # & #
! =
> #
! = > O ! = >
= !>
!
O 6! =
>
"
5!
= $>
5$
") #)A !A # # !
# A # B A $ A #
8 = # # > -#
# A ) # # 6 # F6 # )##A
58* ) A
= *>
)
O
N 9= >
! O $
N 9= >
= 5>
! =
>
!
O
O
= ,>
!
O
N
= />
O8
= 7>
7
) 9 7
*
7
$ !
(.01.2
3
KL 0 % A B - #A ' # 5
6
!
2 % ).4
A ") [
A 7/$
K
L
4# 7
5
(
+ 6 A A
B# 3 ] A ") [
A 7//
5*