Science Finals Review

Integrated Science
-Genetics
-Chemistry
-Ecology
-Physics
-Scientific Method
 Genetics
Genes are in every living thing.
There are genes in almost every living cell.
Genes are on strands of DNA which are tightly coiled into
chromosomes which are in almost all cells.
Genes are inherited from each parent, half of the chromosomes from
each to make a full set together.
All DNA is made of for chemical bases thymine, cytosine, guanine, and
adenine (T,C,G,A)
DNA- a genetic material that carries out information about an
organism
Cell- makes up all living things
Chromosomes- where strands of DNA are, located in the nucleus of all
living cells
Gene- a specific section(trait) of a DNA strand
Trait- A characteristic that is passed down from parent to offspring
Recessive Allele- a trait that doesn’t show up if the dominant form of
the trait is present
Dominant Allele- a trait that shows up whenever it is present
Mitosis- when a nucleus divides in two and each new daughter cell
gets a copy of DNA. For growth, development, and repair.
Meiosis- when reproductive cells, which have half as many
chromosomes as the offspring needs, divides to grow.
Heterozygous- rr RR, same trait from each parent
Homozygous- Rr, different trait from each parent
Gregor Mendel- Father of genetics, studied pea plants
 Chemistry
Chemistry- the study of matter and how it changes
Substance- single, pure matter, like salt.
When you combine substances, they are no longer pure
All matter has physical and chemical properties
Physical property- a characteristic of a pure substance that can be
observed without changing it into another substance
Examples of physical property- state, hardness, texture, color,
solubility, boiling point
Chemical Property- a characteristic of a pure substance that describes
its ability to change into a different substance
Examples of Chemical property- flammability, production of a gas,
ability to react, pH
Element- a pure substance that cannot be broken down
Elements are the simplest substances
Atom- basic particle from which all elements are made
Chemical bond- when two atoms combine
Molecules- groups of two or more atoms that have chemically bonded
together
Compound- a pure substance made of two or more elements
chemically bonded in a set ratio
Chemical formula- shows the elements in a compound and the ratio of
atoms
When elements are chemically combined, they form compounds
having properties that are different form those of the uncombined
element
Mixture- made up of two or more substances but not chemically
combined
Each substance in a mixture keeps its individual properties.
Also, the parts of a mixture are not combined in a set ratio
Heterogeneous- you can see the different parts for example, chocolate
chip cookie dough ice cream
Homogeneous- you cannot see the separate parts for example, vanilla
ice cream
 Physical change- alters form or state, but composition stays the same.
Examples of physical change- change in state, deflating a ball,
crumbling a piece of paper
Chemical Change- a change of substance into one or more new
substances with different properties. It cannot be changed back.
Examples of chemical changes- iron rusting, wood burning into ash,
cooking food, exploding fireworks.
Periodic table- list of all known elements, arranged by atomic number
Atomic number- the number of protons in an atom. Also the same as
the number of electrons
Rows are periods
Columns are groups
There are 11 different types of atoms on the periodic table:
Alkali metals
Alkaline earths
Lanthanides
Actinides
Transition metals
Poor metals
Metalloids
Nonmetals
Halogens
Noble gases
 Ecology
Ecology- the study of all living things, their environment, and how the
react.
Food Web- a complex net of food chains that interlink all parts of an
ecosystem. Many consumers eat more than one food and many consumers
may feed on the same food
Example of an food web-

Food Chain- a single pathway of a feeding relationship among

organism, energy transfer.
Biotic factors- the living components of an ecosystem
Abiotic factors- the non-living parts of an ecosystem
Autotrops- plants and bacteria that make their own food (usually
through photosynthesis) they are the PRODUCERS
Heterotrophs- get their energy from a source other then the sun, dirt,
ect. Eat producers or other consumers. Includes all animals, all fungi, most
protists and bacteria. CONSUMERS
Niche- the specific role a specie plays in an ecosystem.
Water Cycle- How water is moved around earth through evaporation,
condensation, precipitation and percolation
Parasitism- the relationship where the host is harmed and the other
benefits.
Mutualism- the relationship where the species benefit from each other.
 Commensalism- the relationship where one specie benefits but the
other one isn’t harmed.
Ozone thinning- human made chemicals that are thinning the ozone
layer, allowing ultraviolet rays to get through and harm humans and plants
Global Warming- high levels of CO2 and other gases have caused the
atmosphere to trap heat, raising sea levels, altering rainfall and soil
moisture.
Acid rain- when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen combine with condensation
in the sky and form acidic precipitation. Kills trees, fish, and other organisms
Land and Water pollution- human waste is being dumped in the ocean
and on land, causing disease and death of plants and organisms, and cancer
for humans.
Biodiversity- the variety of organism considered at all levels from
populations to ecomsystems.
 Physics
Force- any push or pull which causes something to move or
change its speed or direction. Described by strength and . . .
direction.

Push Pull
Net Force- the combination of all forces acting on an object. .
Determines whether an object moves and in which direction it .
moves.
. FORCES CAN BE BALANCED OR UNBALENCED
Balanced- equal in size and opposite in direction. When forces .
are balanced, they do not move.
Unbalanced- not equal in size and/or opposite in
direction. . . When unbalanced, things can move.
Newtons- how force is measured
Gravity- a force that pulls objects to each other as a result of
mass.
Newtons Universal Law of Gravitation- Every object in the . .
universe exerts a gravitational attraction to all other objects . .
in the universe.
The amount of gravitational force depends on mass of . .
objects and distance between them.
The GREATER the mass of an object, the GREATER the force of .
gravity. The more distance between, the less pull.
Free Fall- When only gravity is acting on an object.

1
Force effects all objects in the universe. They can be balanced or unbalanced.
Gravity is the force that pulls objects toward one another. The amount of pull is
effected by mass and distance.
 Weight- A measure of how much Earth’s gravity pulls down on . .
an object.
The greater the mass the greater the weight.
Mass- amount of matter in and object, mass does not change.
Friction- the force that two surfaces exert on each other when . .
they rub against each other
Friction depends on how hard the surfaces are pushed . . .
together and the types of surface involved (the rougher . .
the surface, the greater the friction)
Friction acts in a direction opposite to the direction of the , .
objects motion ( resistance force)
Without friction, a moving wont stop until it hits another object
Air Resistance- the force of air exerted on a falling object. Air . .
pushed up as gravity pulls down. Dependent upon the shape . and surface
area of the object.2
Motion- a change of position of an object compared to a reference
point
An object is in motion if its distance from another object is
changing
Motion involves speed, average speed, velocity, and acceleration
Speed- a measurement of the distance an object travels per unit of
time.

2
Weight measures how much energy is needed by earth to keep you grounded.
Mass measures the amount of matter in an object, Friction is the force that is
created when two surfaces rub against each other in opposite directions.
 S= D/T
Average Speed- the movement for the entire trip
AS= Total Distance/ Total Time
Velocity- speed in a given direction
Acceleration- change in velocity (increasing speed decreasing speed,
change in direction)
Faster velocity changes- greater acceleration
Equation for acceleration- final velocity-starting velocity
Total Time

Example- A plane passes over point A with a velocity of

8,00 m/s north. 40 seconds later is passes over point B at a
velocity of 10,000 m/s north. What is the acceleration for point a
to point b.
A= 10,000 m/s – 8,000 m/s = 2,000 = 50 m/s2
40 seconds 40 Units-
velocity is expressed in meters per second, while acceleration is expresses
as meters per second per second. M/S/S of M/S2
A constant Acceleration produces a straight line.
Freefall- the constant acceleration of an object moving under the force
of gravity is ‘g’.
The acceleration caused by gravity is 10 m/s2
If there was no air, all objects would fall on the same speed, mass
wouldn’t matter.
After one second an object falls at 10 m/s/s
After two seconds 20 m/s/s3
After three seconds 30 m/s/s4
Galileo- In the 1600’s he studied how things fell, but he didn’t have
a good clock. As an experiment, he rolled balls down a ramp and found the
speed increase the longer it rolls.
Objects pick up speed as they fall
Terminal Velocity- highest speed reached by a falling object
Equal forces- objects no longer acclerate.

3
Acceleration is how something changes velocity, by either slowing speeding up or
changing direction. It is calculated as acceleration = 2velocity-1velocity/ time
4
Galileo was very important in the study of physics. His studies in acceleration helped in
discovering that things speed up and decrease. Acceleration also includes terminal velocity.
 1st law- an object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will
stay at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an outside force
Also called law of inertia
Inertia- the tendency of an object to resist change in motion. Depends on
mass. Greater mass, greater inertia. Greater mass= greater force required
to change an objects direction
2nd law- acceleration depends on the objects mass and the net force acting
on an object net force/ mass greater force, greater acceleration . greater
mass, less acceleration
momentum- characteristic of a moving object that is related to the mass and
velocity of an object
3rd law- if one object exerts a force on another object, then the second
object exerts an equal force in the opposite direction
 Scientific Method
Scientific Method- a way to gain knowledge and learn about a topic
Scientific method requires controlled experiments and results
Controlled experiment- an experiment when only one variable is tested
and all other are isolated. This is so that you know the results happened
because of the changed variable.
Scientific reporting is unbiased and objective
Scientific tools are accurate and precise
Hypothesis- a tentative explanation for the reason something occurs,
or what you think the outcome of the experiment will be. Need to be
testable.
Independent Variable(IV)- the manipulated variable
Dependent Variable(DV)- the response to the IV
Scientific Question- How does IV effect DV?
Theories- proposed theories for why something happened
Constant Variable (CV)- variables that are the same in every test.
06/22/2010