Master 2012

1620 CCS
Using the CCS C Compiler for Rapid

Development of Microcontroller
Applications
2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
1620 CCS
Slide
Class Objective
After this class you will:
Be able to use your C knowledge and

write applications using the CCS C
Compiler
Know the ways the CCS C Compiler
speeds up development time
Develop new application and coding
ideas
1620 CCS
Slide
Agenda
Compiler Overview
Compiler Methodology
C differences, data types, memory

allocation, required setup.
Built-in functions
Design goals, compiler products
GPIO, delays, serial, peripherals
Interrupts
1620 CCS
Slide
Agenda
Hands-On Labs
Lab 1: 0 to blinky LED in 60

seconds
Lab 2: The CCS IDE debugger
Lab 3: Analog to digital peripheral
Lab 4: Stopwatch using interrupts
1620 CCS
Slide
Compiler Overview
1620 CCS
Slide
Design Goals
Ease of use compile and go!

Quick development time
Built-in functions, libraries, examples
Easy PIC MCU to PIC MCU

migration
Optimization comparable to
assembly
1620 CCS
Slide
CCS Command Line Compiler
Product Line:
PCB - Baseline PIC MCUs

PCM - Mid-range PIC MCUs
PCH - PIC18 Family PIC MCUs
PCD - PIC24/dsPIC30/dsPIC33
Integrates into MPLAB IDE

Linux and Windows versions
1620 CCS
Slide
PCW Windows IDE
C Aware Editor
Debugging
Integrated RTOS
Linker and re-locatable objects
Document generator
Flow chart editor
1620 CCS
Slide
CCS Support Policy
E-mail / phone support
Yearly maintenance contract
Duration is unlimited
Updates, new devices, drivers
Can be extended any time
Large customer base

Rapid releases (once a week)
1620 CCS
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Compiler Demonstration
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10
Hands On Lab #1
Blinky LED
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11
Lab 1 Objectives
Hands-on experience with

compiler
Use tools and development
board
Use CCS Project Wizard
Create blinky LED
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12
Prototyping Hardware
PIC16F887
ICD Connector
Pot on AN0
Button on RA4
LEDs on RA4, RB4 and RB5
RS232 driver and mini connector
Header to all GPIO
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13
Wizard Overview
Creates and initial framework

Assists in the initial
configuration of peripherals and
devices
Configure screen for all
peripherals and popular external
devices
Windows IDE only
1620 CCS
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14
Lab 1 Hints
LED will blink at 1Hz rate

Follow handout
Verify:
Correct PIC MCU selected

Correct #FUSES selected
Correct #use delay() specified
Bored? Try Extra Credit
1620 CCS
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16
Compiler
Methodology
1620 CCS
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17
Differences to common C
Case in-sensitive
#case will make it sensitive
Variables not initialized to zero

const places variable into ROM
No literal const string parameters
Ex: Somefunc(HELLO);
#device PASS_STRINGS=IN_RAM
1620 CCS
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18
ANSI Non-Compliance
No fopen(), fclose(), etc
fprintf(), fputc(), fgetc() is supported
printf() formatting string must be

known at compile time
Recursion allowed on some PIC
MCUs
1620 CCS
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19
Data Types
PCB/PCM/PCH
short
1-bit
char
Unsigned 8-bit
int
Unsigned 8-bit
long
Unsigned 16-bit
long long Unsigned 32-bit
float
MCHP 32-bit
double
NO SUPPORT
1620 CCS
PCD
1-bit
Unsigned 8-bit
Signed 16-bit
Signed 32-bit
Signed 64-bit
IEEE 32-bit
IEEE 64-bit
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20
Data Types
#type can change default size
Optimization tips
#type short=8, int=16, long=32

Use int over char, byte, long
If you must use float, use one type
Non-standard types
int1, int8, int16, int32, int48, int64

float32, float48, float64
__address__
1620 CCS
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21
Bit Arrays
Array of bits:
int1 flags[30];
flags[i] = TRUE;
if (flags[10]) { /* some code */ }
Bits are packed

Pointers not supported
1620 CCS
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22
Fixed Point Decimal
Decimals with integers, not

floats!
Faster, Smaller
100% precision
Stores value in 10y power

Declaration:
[type] _fixed(y) [declarator]

int16 _fixed(2) money
1620 CCS
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23
Fixed Point Examples
int16 _fixed(2) money;
Range: 0.00 to 655.35
money = 20.50;
money += 5; //adds 5.00
money += value;
printf(%w, money);
1620 CCS
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24
RAM Allocation
First come, first served in this order:

1.
2.
3.
Globals
Static
Local
Call tree finds RAM to be reused

User can force RAM placement
Variable cannot be larger than bank
Enhanced PIC16, PIC18, 16-bit PIC MCUs
exempt
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25
const vs. rom
const read-only, has two modes:
rom places variable in ROM
#device CONST=ROM
(DEFAULT)
#device CONST=READ_ONLY (RAM)
rom writable if supported by MCU
Examples
const char string1[] = Hello;

rom char string2[] = Hello;
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26
Program Space Visibility (PSV)
Mix RAM and ROM pointers

#device PSV=16
PIC24, dsPIC30, dsPIC33 only
const/rom variables made PSV

friendly
Example:
rom char str[] = Hello;
char *ptr = str;
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27
Borrowed from C++

Reference Parameters
Pass address, not value
Values can be changed in function

Similar to using pointers
Efficient for large structures
Declare with &

void Inc(int &i) {
i++;
}
1620 CCS
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28
Borrowed from C++

Default Parameters
Default value passed to function

if no value specified
Examples:
void Get(char *c, int time=200);

Get(&c); //time will be 200
Get(&c, 500); //time will be 500
1620 CCS
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29
Borrowed from C++

Function Overloading
Multiple functions, same name

Different parameters
Example:
int Inc(int *i);

long Inc(long *l);
float Inc(float *f);
1620 CCS
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30
Output Files
HEX Compiled Application

COF Debug Application
ERR Compile output messages
LST C to Assembly comparison
SYM Memory Map
STA Statistics
TRE Call Tree
1620 CCS
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31
Programming Details
Required Setup
1620 CCS
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32
Pre-processor
Design Goal: All in front of you
Everything is in the source code

No linker scripts
Pre-processor commands
change compiler-behaviour:
Methodology, ROM/RAM placement,

library configuration
1620 CCS
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33
#device
Loads personality for PIC MCU
Can alter low-level specifics
#device PIC18F4520
#device ICD=TRUE
Device header files have #device

If linking, must be in each unit
Put it in a common include file
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34
#fuses
Set the configuration bits
#fuses HS, NOWDT, NOLVP
To get list of valid fuses:
In IDE, use View Valid Fuses window

Header file for the device has list,
view fuses.txt for descriptions
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35
#use delay
Set PIC MCU clock speed
Configures compilers libraries
#use delay(clock=value)
Serial, Delays, Timers
Configures PLL and config bits
#use delay(crystal=8Mhz, clock=40Mhz)

#use delay(crystal=8Mhz, USB_FAST)
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36
Programming Details
Memory Placement
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37
#byte / #word
Force location of RAM:

int val;
#byte val=0xA0
Overlaying variable onto SFR:

#byte STATUS=0x03
#word TMR1=0x0E
Repeat, using getenv():

#byte STATUS=getenv(SFR:STATUS)
1620 CCS
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38
#bit
#bit ident=X.b
Declares boolean at address X, bit b

#bit CARRY=STATUS.0
#bit CARRY=getenv(BIT:C)
Dont forget:
Compiler will pack int1 variables

You can use struct to pack bits
1620 CCS
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39
#org
Fix placement in ROM

#org start, end
Place following function/constant in

specified program memory
#org 0x400,0x4FF
SomeFunction() { /*code*/ }
#org 0x500, 0x5FF
const someStruct[] = { }
1620 CCS
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40
Hands On Lab #2
Debugging a Calculator
Application
1620 CCS
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41
Lab 2 Objectives
Learn basic debugging use
Breakpoints
Watches
ROM and RAM view
Learn advanced debugging use
Trace
Logging
1Wire RS232 on RB3
1620 CCS
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42
Lab 2 Directions
Program provided is a simple

calculator
Follow the directions on the
handout
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43
BREAK TIME!
1620 CCS
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44
Programming Details
Built-In Functions
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45
Built-In Functions
Compiler provides functions to:
Control Peripherals (A/D, Serial, etc)

Perform logic optimized to PIC MCU
Internal to compiler, not linked

Simplify PIC MCU migration
Follow any errata workarounds
1620 CCS
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46
#if defined(__PIC24__)
#include <24FJ64GA004.h>
#elif defined(__PIC18__)
#include <18F4520.h>
#elif defined(__PIC16__)
#include <16F887.h>
#endif
#fuses HS, NOWDT, NOLVP
#use delay(clock=20000000)
void main(void) {
while(TRUE) {
output_toggle(PIN_C0);
delay_ms(500);
}
}
getenv()
Assists in making portable code

Returns chip information
ROM size, RAM available,

peripherals available, config bits set,
and more
Conditionally compile options:

#if getenv(ADC_CHANNELS) > 0
setup_adc_ports(NO_ANALOGS);
#endif
1620 CCS
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48
1620 CCS
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49
Built-In Functions: GPIO
output_high(PIN_XX)
output_low(PIN_XX)
output_toggle(PIN_XX)
Sets the pin to desired level

Ex: PIN_C0, PIN_B5 (in H file)
bool = input(PIN_XX)
Read value of pin
1620 CCS
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50
output_X(value)
byte = input_X()
Sets the port X (A to J) to the value

Read value of port X
set_tris_X(value)
val = get_tris_X()
Get/Set the tristate setting
1620 CCS
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51
#use standard_io(X)
#use fast_io(X)
Output functions set TRIS to output,

Input functions set TRIS to input
This is the default operation
Compiler does not alter TRIS
#use fixed_io(port_outputs=pins)
#use fixed_io(d_outputs=PIN_D7)
1620 CCS
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52
Built-In Functions: Delays
delay_cycles(x)
delay_us(x)
delay_ms(x)
Uses a series of loops and NOPs

Timing based on #use delay()
Multiple #use delay() allowed
1620 CCS
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53
#use delay(clock=125K)
//1 second delay @ 125kHz
void Delay1s125Khz(void) {
delay_ms(1000);
}
#use delay(clock=8M)
//1 second delay @ 8MHz

void Delay1s8Mhz(void) {
delay_ms(1000);
}
#use timer()
Creates a timing system

#use timer()
tick, set timing period in us, ms or s

timer, specify which timer to use
bits, size of tick counter
NOISR, ISR
TICKS_PER_SECOND defined
1620 CCS
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55
#use timer() Example

#use timer(timer=0, tick=50ms, bits=32)
unsigned int32 start;

start = get_ticks();
while (
{
}
(get_ticks() start) <

(TICKS_PER_SECOND*3)
// code processed for 3 seconds
1620 CCS
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56
Built-In Functions
Serial Libraries
1620 CCS
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57
Pop Quiz
You need to add another
serial port to your project,
but you have used all of the
PIC MCUs peripherals.
What do you do?
1620 CCS
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58
#use rs232()
Powerful UART library

#use rs232(baud=x,
xmit=PIN_XX, rcv=PIN_XX,
stream=yyyy)
TX/RX on any pins

Enable bit, parity, collision detect,
open collector mode, receive timeout,
and more options
1620 CCS
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59
UART (Continued)
Standard C I/O
Standard C I/O, streams
printf(string, );
char = getc();
fprintf(stream, string, );
char = fgetc(stream);
bool = kbhit(stream);
setup_uart(newBaud, stream)
Dynamically change the UART
1620 CCS
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60
Dual UART Example

#use rs232(baud=9600, xmit=PIN_C6, rcv=PIN_C7,
stream=HW_UART)
#use rs232(baud=9600, xmit=PIN_D0, rcv=PIN_B0,
stream=SW_UART, disable_ints)
fprintf(HW_UART, HELLO HARDWARE UART\r\n);
fprintf(SW_UART, HELLO SOFTWARE UART\r\n);
if (kbhit(HW_UART)) {
c=fgetc(HW_UART);
fputc(c,SW_UART);
}
if (kbhit(SW_UART)) {
c=fgetc(SW_UART);
fputc(c,HW_UART);
}
1620 CCS
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61
printf() Redirection
printf() can be redirected to a

user-defined function
Example:
void LCDPut(char c);
printf(LCDPut, %U, val);
1620 CCS
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62
Buffering and Flow Control
#use rs232() parameters
RECEIVE_BUFFER=x and
TRANSMIT_BUFFER=x sets size
RTS=PIN_XX sets RTS flow control
CTS=PIN_XX sets CTS flow control
API doesnt change (getc(), putc())
ISR use optional
1620 CCS
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63
2
I C
Use any pins or multiple ports

#use spi(parameters)
and SPI Support
Parameters for pins, speed, streams

spi_xfer()
#use i2c(parameters)
Config master/slave, speed, pins, streams

i2c_start(), i2c_stop(), i2c_write(),
i2c_read()
1620 CCS
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64
Built-In Functions
Peripherals and More
1620 CCS
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65
#use_pwm()
Portable, easy to use

library for PWM control
#use pwm(parameters)
Set pin, timer, time base, frequency,

and more
set_pwm_duty_percent(val)
set_pwm_frequency(freq)
1620 CCS
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66
#use capture()
Portable library for using

capture peripheral
#use capture(parameters)
Set pin, timer, time base, edge, etc.

#defines math helper values
boolean = get_capture_event()
time = get_capture_time()
1620 CCS
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67
#use touchpad()
Capacitive Touch (CSM, CTMU)

#use touchpad()
Options for current range, frequency

threshold, scan time, character
output, and more
#use touchpad(PIN_B0=A)
boolean = touchpad_hit()
char = touchpad_getc()
1620 CCS
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68
A/D Converter
setup_adc(mode)
setup_adc_ports(config)
Configure pins for analog or digital
set_adc_channel(channel)
Configure the ADC
Set the channel for subsequent reads
val = read_adc()
1620 CCS
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69
Overview of Other
Functions
#use rtos() - RTOS

read_eeprom(), write_eeprom()
access internal EEPROM
#pin_select(), pin_select()
configure reprogrammable pins
setup_crc(), crc_calc() perform
CRC calculations
1620 CCS
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70
Getting Help
So many peripherals,
how do I get help?
1.
2.
In PCW IDE, Press F1 for

context sensitive help on
keyword
In manual, look for section
labeled Functional Overviews
1620 CCS
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71
Dont forget
Drivers and Examples!
Drivers provided for complex features

or external peripherals
EEPROMs, LCDs, USB, FAT, etc.
Many example programs

Always kept up-to-date
Before you start a project, examine the
libraries and example programs CCS
provides you to reduce your
development time
1620 CCS
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72
Lab #3
Analog to Digital Conversion
1620 CCS
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73
Lab 3 Objective
Read A/D Conversion

Light LEDs based upon voltage
1620 CCS
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74
Lab 3 Hints
Handout has help, finished

example
ADC Troubles?
Did you enable A/D with

setup_adc()?
Did you set the channel?
1620 CCS
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75
Programming Details
Interrupts
1620 CCS
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76
Pop Quiz
What does your ISR
need to do?
1620 CCS
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77
Interrupt Service Routine

CCS C provides an ISR
Saves status and scratch registers

Checks enable/flags, goes to user
ISR function for that flag
Clears interrupt flag (if needed)
Restores status/scratch registers
1620 CCS
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78
ISR API
enable_interrupts(INT_*)
enable_interrupts(GLOBAL)
enable_interrupts(INT_TIMER0)
disable_interrupts(INT_*)
clear_interrupt(INT_*)
bool = interrupt_active(INT_*)
1620 CCS
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79
ISR API
#INT_*
Follow function used for that ISR

#INT_TIMER0
void isr_timer0(void)
{
//HANDLE TIMER0 OVERFLOW
}
1620 CCS
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80
ISR Special Identifiers
#INT_GLOBAL
Function overrides CCS ISR

User must save and restore all
registers altered by their ISR (W,
STATUS, scratch used by compiler,
etc.)
#INT_DEFAULT
Traps unknown interrupt
1620 CCS
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81
ISR Options
Keywords that may follow #INT_*:
high (PIC18) Interrupt is high priority

fast (PIC18) Like high, but no save
fast (PCD) Uses shadow registers
level=(0..7) (PCD) sets ISR level
noclear Will not clear interrupt flags
#device HIGH_INTS=TRUE
Must set to use high ISR on PIC18
1620 CCS
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82
#include <18F46K22.H>
#device HIGH_INTS=TRUE
#INT_RDA HIGH
void IsrUartRx(void)
{
/* some code */
}
#INT_TIMER0 NOCLEAR
Void IsrTimer0(void)
{
clear_interrupt(INT_TIMER0);
//some code
}
void main(void)
{
enable_interrupts(GLOBAL);
enable_interrupts(INT_RDA);
enable_interrupts(INT_TIMER0);
// some code
}
Lab #4
Interrupts
1620 CCS
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84
Lab 4: Objectives
Learn how to use the CCS ISR

Learn how the CCS built-in
functions control Timer0 and
GPIO
Implement a stopwatch that
measures button press time
1620 CCS
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85
Lab 4 Hints
Handout has help and solution

TIPS:
Press F1 to get compiler help manual

#INT_TIMER0
setup_timer_0(RTCC_DIV_256)
enable_interrupts(xxxx)
input(PIN_XX)
1620 CCS
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86
Class Summary
1620 CCS
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87
Class Summary
Leaving this class you should:
Be able to use your C knowledge and

write applications using the CCS C
Compiler
Know the ways the CCS C Compiler
speeds up development time
Develop new application and coding
ideas
1620 CCS
Slide
88
Q&A
1620 CCS
Slide
89
Thank You!
Please fill out evaluation form.
1620 CCS
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90
Trademarks
The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, dsPIC, KeeLoq, KeeLoq logo, MPLAB,
PIC, PICmicro, PICSTART, PIC32 logo, rfPIC and UNI/O are registered trademarks of
Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries.
FilterLab, Hampshire, HI-TECH C, Linear Active Thermistor, MXDEV, MXLAB, SEEVAL
and The Embedded Control Solutions Company are registered trademarks of Microchip
Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A.
Analog-for-the-Digital Age, Application Maestro, chipKIT, chipKIT logo, CodeGuard,
dsPICDEM, dsPICDEM.net, dsPICworks, dsSPEAK, ECAN, ECONOMONITOR, FanSense,
HI-TIDE, In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, Mindi, MiWi, MPASM, MPLAB Certified
logo, MPLIB, MPLINK, mTouch, Omniscient Code Generation, PICC, PICC-18, PICDEM,
PICDEM.net, PICkit, PICtail, REAL ICE, rfLAB, Select Mode, Total Endurance, TSHARC,
UniWinDriver, WiperLock and ZENA are trademarks of Microchip Technology
Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries.
SQTP is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A.
All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their respective companies.
2012, Microchip Technology Incorporated, All Rights Reserved.
1620 CCS
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1620 CCS

Using the CCS C Compiler for Rapid

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Be able to use your C knowledge and

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

C differences, data types, memory

Design goals, compiler products

GPIO, delays, serial, peripherals

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Lab 1: 0 to blinky LED in 60

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Ease of use compile and go!

Built-in functions, libraries, examples

Easy PIC MCU to PIC MCU

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

CCS Command Line Compiler

PCB - Baseline PIC MCUs

Integrates into MPLAB IDE

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

PCW Windows IDE

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

CCS Support Policy

E-mail / phone support

Yearly maintenance contract

Large customer base

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Hands-on experience with

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Creates and initial framework

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

LED will blink at 1Hz rate

Correct PIC MCU selected

Bored? Try Extra Credit

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

#case will make it sensitive

Variables not initialized to zero

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

No fopen(), fclose(), etc

fprintf(), fputc(), fgetc() is supported

printf() formatting string must be

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

#type can change default size

#type short=8, int=16, long=32

int1, int8, int16, int32, int48, int64

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Bits are packed

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Fixed Point Decimal

Decimals with integers, not

Stores value in 10y power

[type] _fixed(y) [declarator]

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Fixed Point Examples

int16 _fixed(2) money;

Range: 0.00 to 655.35

2012 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

First come, first served in this order:

Call tree finds RAM to be reused

const vs. rom