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Trait Theory
Trait Theory
Is an approach to studying human personality that identifies and measures the degree to
which certain personality traitsrecurring patterns of thought and behavior, such as
dispositions.
Trait theory is focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality
characteristics.
went through a dictionary and picked out more than 4,000 words that describe the
human personality
He then smaller his scope of human personality into 3 categories:
1. Cardinal Traits: These are traits that dominate an individuals whole life, often to
the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits. People with
such personalities often become so known for these traits that their names are
often synonymous with these qualities. Consider the origin and meaning of the
following descriptive terms: Freudian, Machiavellian, narcissistic, Don Juan,
Christ-like, etc. Allport suggested that cardinal traits are rare and tend to develop
later in life.
2. Central Traits: These are the general characteristics that form the basic
foundations of personality. These central traits, while not as dominating as
cardinal traits, are the major characteristics you might use to describe another
person. Terms such as intelligent, honest, shy and anxious are considered
central traits.
3. Secondary Traits: These are the traits that are sometimes related to attitudes or
preferences and often appear only in certain situations or under specific
circumstances. Some examples would be getting anxious when speaking to a
group or impatient while waiting in line.
Due to Gordon Allports 4000 personality traits, Raymond Cattell decided to narrows it
Its objective: Trait theory usually relies on hard data, or statistical analysis that much
personality theory doesnt have on its side.
it does not address how or why the traits develop (because it is objective)
Traits are often poor predictors of behavior.
While an individual may score high on assessments of a specific trait, he or she may not
Sources:
http://traittheory.com/
https://www.verywell.com/trait-theory-of-personality-2795955
https://www.verywell.com/the-big-five-personality-dimensions-2795422
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits
next.
However, processing doesn't really occur in the unidirectional, linear way implied by the
diagram. For example, the mental representation one forms of a sentence s/he reads is
determined both by the information itself (data-driven, bottom-up processing) and by
The computer provided a concrete metaphor for human information processing and,
Selective Attention: refers to the learner's ability to select and process certain information
while simultaneously ignoring other information. Several factors influence attention:
The meaning that the task or information holds for the individual
Our sensory memory acts as a filter, by focusing on what is important, and forgetting what is
unnecessary. Sensory information catches our attention, and thus progresses into working
memory, only if it is seen as relevant, or is familiar.
Short-Term Memory (STM) / Working memory
At this stage, concepts from LTM (long-term memory) will be activated for use in making
the learner.
Unrehearsed information will be lost from working memory in about 15 to 30 seconds.
To prevent the loss and ensure that information is transferred to LTM, 2 processes are
necessary:
rehearsal
encoding
Rehearsal
LTM.
This can be accomplished through elaborative rehearsal, otherwise known as encoding.
Encoding
Refers to the process of relating incoming information to concepts and ideas already in
memory in such a way that the new material is more memorable.
Various encoding schemes include:
Organization, e.g.:
grouping information into categories
outlines
hierarchies
concept trees
Mnemonics
Imagery
Which approach is best depends upon the learners and the material to be learned.
learners must retrieve previously stored information with no cues or hints to help them
remember
Cued recall tasks are those in which a hint or cue is provided to help learners remember
the desired information.
SOURCES:
https://psysc613.wikispaces.com/Information+Processing+Theory
https://www.learning-theories.com/information-processing-theory.html
http://www.simplypsychology.org/information-processing.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing_theory
http://www.expertlearners.com/cip_theory.php