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Is-Not: Secopd
Is-Not: Secopd
8 August 1982
2869
a) Field Tests
b) Load Aggregation
With approach (a), field tests would be performed
at a reasonable number of buses. From an analysis of
the results an equation describing the relationship
of real power and reactive power with voltage and
82 WM 127-9
tMATHEMATICAL
DERIVATION
.~ ~
2870
operating point
Lo +AL
Lo (VO
AV about the
AV)n
(2)
LO
(1 +
... +AVn)
and
setti ng
AV)
(3)
tne
(LO + AL)/Lo
AL/Lo = n AY
AL/Lo
= 1 + n AV
ELoi
ni
=
=
Li
ELoini
AV
(10)
LO + AL
ELoi
ILoini AV
(11)
AV
(6)
Ecin
(12)
(7)
(8)
Loi
ZLoi
Frequency Dependence
(5)
aL/aV in
aL/aV
EALi
(9)
n2AV)
n3AV)
(4)
nlAV)
+
+
Lo + ALk = Lo (1 + nkAV)
Assunming that superposition of l oad effects
LoVn
L =
LO
Lo + ALl = Lo (1
AL2 == Lo (1(1
Lo + AL3
Lo
Lo+
or
LO
+AL
whence,
a
LO (1
(13)
b Af)
LO (1
bAf)
(14)
as
L/ 2f
(15)
Ecibi
(16)
SAMPLE APPLICATION
2871
frequency.
b) Make-up of bus load.
Item (a) can be obtained from. reference 1, which
in addition to results obtained through their own
tests, contains a survey of published results.
Item (b) can be obtained from the utility's ovn
inventory of loads, or from a survey such as
contained in reference 1.
As an example, a load model is built for RG&E.
The reason for selecting RG&E is that reference 2
shows results of field tests and the EPRI aggregation
method for an RG&E bus. Thus, we will he abl e to
compare the results obtained here with the results of
the other two methods. The data used will be as
general as possible in order to illustrate that a
minimum amount of searching is required in applying
the SLA method.
Table I shows the partial derivatives with
respect to voltage and frequency for the fundamental
load components and the breakdown of fundamental load
components as a fraction of total bus load making up
the three general consumer types: industrial,
commercial, and residential.
TABLE I - SAMPLE DATA
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES OF
FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS*
DP/DV DO/DV DP/DF DO/DF
INC. LIGHT
1.55 0
0
0
FLUOR. LIGHT
0.96
7.38
1.00 -26.6
AIR. COND.
0.20
2.30
0.90 -2.67
DRYER, FORC. AIR HEATER 2.04
3.27
0
-2.63
REFR., FREEZER
0.77
2.50
0.53 -1.46
ELECT. RANGE COOKING
2.00
0
0
0
PUMP-FAN-IND. MOTORS
0.08
1.60
2.90
1.80
HEATERS:HOTWATER; SPACE 2.00
0
0
0
TV, COMPUTER, ETC.
2.00
5.20
0
-4.60
FRACTION OF TOTAL DEMAND**
IND.
COM.
RES.
INC. LIGHT
0.03
0
0.13
FLUOR. LIGHT
0.49
0.39 4 0
AIR. COND.
O. 21
0.4
0.31
DRYER, FORC. AIR HEATER 0
0
0.23
REFR., FREEZER
0
0
0.13
ELECT. RANGE COOKING
0
0
0.08
PUMP-FAN-IND. MOTORS
0
0.08
0
HEATERS: HOTWATER; SPACE 0
0
0.17
TV, COMPUTER, ETC.
0
0
0
-BREAKDOWN AMONG CONSUMER TYPES:
INDUSTRIAL = 30%, COMMERCIAL = 38%, RESIDENTIAL = 32%
*From Table 3.3, Ref. 1, Vol. 1, page 3.14.
**IDEM, pages A-13 through A-20.
P = P VnP (1 + b Af)
Q = (?oq (1 + b Af)
MATRICIAL PROCEDURE
The calculations outlined irr the previous section
be synthesized in matrix form by first
identifying the following arrays in table 1:
1. Array of partial derivatives which is a 9x4
matrix, let's call it [N].
2. Arrays of component makeup by type of
These are the three columns
consumer.
listed under "fraction of total demand" in
table 1. Let's call them [X], [YJ, and [VWJ
for
the
respectively,
industrial,
conmercial, and residential components
makeup. For the number of fundamental
components considered these arrays are each
9xl vectors.
3. The solution array containing the exponents
for the voltage tern, and the coefficient of
the frequency deviation is:
can
[npl
[M]
(17)
nq
bp
[bqj
Then,
[Ml
[Nt] * rEX]
[Nt] * srY]
SUMMER
p
= PO VO78 (1 + .69Af)
WINTER
P = PO
V1.21
(1 + .77Af)
QO
V3f88
(1
o =
- 10.85
Af)
2872
fundamental components.
Plots of load variation with frequency are not
included here because there are not meaningful
results of field tests available for conparison. It
is well known that it is practically impossible to
have a significant change in system, frequency for a
isolated
an
in
Even
staged field test.
generator-load system, it is not so easy to determine
the frequency dependence. For example, reference 2
describes a staged frequency test performed on an
isolated system consisting of gas turbine generation
and load. When the turbine frequency was varied, the
load voltage variation was larger than the frequency
variation, so the independent effect of frequency on
the load was masked by the voltage effects.
FIELD TEST
EPRI/UTA
:m
EPRI/UTA
CM
METHOD
C3
<
FIELD TEST
.5
1-
VOLTAGE
P.U.
C:
.4
SLA
METHOD
C)
0
.4
co
C)
C)
a:
EPRIUTA
FIELD TEST
-1
METHOD
C)
13
C)
o1
C)
r-
c01
L
-4
00.91 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.09
VOLTAGE P.U.
WINTER
MODEL. REAL POWER DEPENDENCE
FIGURE 3.
ON VOLTAGE.
o1
*~
oi
in
C)
C)
,q
,-1
LU 00D
CM
n *c.
CL)
CS
CD
1-1
SLA METHOD
C)
EI
0:
*9ml
w
:c
SLA
C)
FIELD TEST
CD
.o
6
PRI/UTA
CD*1
EPRI/UTA METHOD
U-
IETHOD
`~.
o=
0*1
.o
FIELD TEST
SLA METHOD
0.
1.09
VOLTAGE, P.U.
FIGURE 1.
SUMMER MODEL.
ON VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE, P.U.
FIGURE 4.WINTER MODEL.
ON VOLTAGE.
2873
Summer tModel
a)
Real Power
np
n:
bp
=
=
Eb-c
0.68,3
(.21 x .202)
Reactive Power
nq
Ecinj:
.= 4.1
[.21
(-2.67)]
similarly we find
b) Commercial Loads
bp = .9824
4.01, bq = -11.3
nq =
c) Residential Loads
Real Power: np = 1.132,
Reactive Power: nq
d) Repeating
industrial
residential
given that
commercial,
bp
1.79, bq
0.348
=
-1.62
now
considering
procedure
the
and
loads,
commercial
loads,
loads as "fundamental components";
the bus load is 30% industrial, 38%
32% residential, obtains:
bp
.69
bq
bq
CONCLUS IONS
A new method for determining the characteristics
of a composite load from the characteristics of the
fundamental load components was derived.
This method makes use of readily available data.
A simple procedure for the application of the method
is illustrated by an application to the RG&E systenm.
Results are compared to field tests (performed by
other investigators) showing that the method can
provide models within practical state of the art
A short basic -program is provided to
accuracy.
further facilitate the application of the method.
It is expected that the procedure outlined will
considerably help users of dynamic stability programs
load
an
at
adequate
easily
in
arriving
characterization.
Industrial Loads
are:
3.29
=
=
POV.78 (1
.69 Af)
2874
/D',1)P/DF,ODQ/DF),
720
730
740
750
760
846
850
860
070
875
880
881
882
883
898
899
900
901
902
920
921
940
999
Planni.ng
1.
FOR I:1,9
J=1
NUITE 02,VS(I),N(I,J),I(I,J,1),O(I,a.2),1:(I,J,3)
......f**......
WPRITE 025'
***
DATA USED
FOR
THIS
GEnERAL DATA
RUN
I!lC.LLIGIIT
FLUOR. LIGHT
AIR.COID.
DRYEa ,FO;0C.AI UR lhEATER
D.:FR. FREEZEII1;
ELECT RAN1CE C:OOIlG
PUMP-FAO-IRID. HOTORS
HEATERS:HOTWAATER;SPACE
TV,COMPUTER, ETC.
1I\
IlIC. LIGHIT
FLUOR.LIGIIT
AIR. COIID.
-DRYER,F0RC.A0 0R HEATER
REFR. ,FREEZE1 Sn0
ELECT RAINGE COOKIIIG
PUMP-FAE-IIID..lIOTORS
HEATERS: HOTWIJ
TV,COIHPUTER, ETC.
......*
IS:P=PO'(V"IEP)'l1EPH0ILTAM)
Q0Q0'(V**IIQ)'(1.oQ*DELTAF)'
I-
kTEC;SPACE
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES OF
FUIlDAMEIITAL COSPORNENTS
DP/DV
DP/DF
DQ/DR
0
1.552
0
.962
7.38
1
.202
2.3
.901
2.04
3.27
2.5
.769
.08
2
2
-2.63
-1.459
.531
2.9
5.2
-26.6
-2.67
1.6
DQ/DF
0
1.8
-4.6
.21
.39
.4
.23
.13
0
O
0
0
0
.08
0
0
.31
.08
0
.17
0
Power
REFERENCES
2.
Determinia
Load Characteristics
for Transient
1-4 prepared by
the General Electric Co. for EPRI under project
849-1.
"Equipment
4.
Loads",
General Electric Co. ElectricModeling
Utility
Engineering
Seminar on Power System Stability, 1969.
5.
C.
Concordia,
1809-1814.
HEXT I
WRITE 22,
FRtCTIO: OF TOTAL DS::A!::L
WHRITE GZ,'
INDUSTRIAL CO:I;::RCIAL .
_S;D_
FOR 1=1,9
WUITE 02,MS(I),3(I,l,y(I,1),iCI,1)
RESTI
URITE 02,'
WRITE:12, '-D3EAiDO:I A;lO;G CO:ISUMER TYPES:'
WRITE 02, 'IIRDUST2IAL=' , 'COl::lERCIAL',S, '?ISIDEIJTIAL=' '
W7RITE ,
WIRITE C2,'
WHITE 02, IX - CALCULATED VOLTAGE EXPONENTS AID FREO.COIFPICI'!ITS'
WHITE 02, 'IIP
ISO
BP
RhO
800
810
820
840
845
Thomas J.
MAT D=(S)Y
HAT F=T'l
797
770
790
791
792
HAT A=(R)'Z
MAT E=T-A
TIAT C=(Z)''J
0
IIAT
=T*C
MAT P = E=F
FIAT I'= P.O
WRITE 02, 'I- DATA USED FOR THIS RUN'
WRITE 02,
PARTIAL DERIVATI'SE OF FU::DA::E:
WRITE 02,
DP/DV
DQ/DV
DP
.7S
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
FRE4.COEFFICIEITS
B8
-8.14458
6.
Kajornsak
81WM085-0.
2875