asr016 Koine Grosk - Wikipedia Koine Greek From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Koine Greek (UK English /‘komi:/,!] US English /kor'nev/, Koine Greek Skoiney/ or /ki:'ni:/;7IP] from Koine Greek # Kowi Stédextos, "the common dialect"), also known as Alexandrian dialect, Region Eastern Roman Empire common Attic, Hellenistic or Biblical Greek (Modem Greek: | Era 300 BC - 300 AD ExAqviotuxi| Kowh, "Hellenistic Koing", in the sense of Language Indo-European "Hellenistic supraregional language"), was the common supta- family regional form of Greek spoken and written during Hellenistic = Hellenie and Roman antiquity and the early Byzantine era, or Late eck onic Antiquity. It evolved from the spread of Greek following the = Koine Greek conquests of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC, and served as the lingua franca of much of the Mediterranean region Early forms Proto-Greck and the Middle East during the following centuries. It was based mainly on Attic and related Ionic speech forms, with various admixtures brought about through dialect levelling with other varieties 4 Language codes Ancient Greek = Koine Greek 180 639-3. — Koine Greek displayed a wide spectrum of different styles, ranging from more conservative literary forms to the spoken Linguist list grc-koi (http://muititree.org/cod vernaculars of the time.!°! As the dominant language of the esvere-kaS) Byzantine Empire, it developed further into Medieval Greek, Glottolog None which in turn evolved into Modern Greek.§] Koine Greek remained the court language of the Byzantine Empire until its dissolution in 1453, while Medieval and eventually Modern Greek were the everyday language. Literary Koine was the medium of much of post: of Plutarch and Polybius.{4! Koine is also the language of the Christian New Testament, of the Septuagint (the 3rd- century BC Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible), and of most early Christian theological writing by the Church Fathers. In this context, Koine Greek is also known as "Biblical", "New Testament", "ecclesiastical" or "patristic" Greek.!"l It continues to be used as the liturgical language of services in the Greek Orthodox Church.!*) classical Greek literary and scholarly writing, such as the works Contents 1 Name 2 Origins and history 3 Sources 4 Types = 4.1 Biblical Koine # 4.1.1 Septuagint Greek = 4.1.2 New Testament Greek = 4.2 Patristic Greek « 5 Differences between Attic and Koine Greek = 5.1 Differences in grammar = 5.2 Phonology «5.2.1 New Testament Greek phonology * 6 Sample Koine texts Inipsslonwikipotia org kiKoire_Greok snorara016 Keine Grook- Wikipess = 6.1 Sample 1 — A Roman decree = 6.2 Sample 2— Greek New Testament 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Name The word koiné (owt) is the Greek word for "common", and is here understood as referring to "the common dialect” (H Kowi S1dAext0<). The word is pronounced /koy'nev/, /"komer/ or /ki:'ni:/ in US English and /*komi:/ in UK English. The pronunciation of the word in Koine gradually changed from Greek pronunciation: [koiné:] (close to the Classical Attic pronunciation Greek pronunciation: [koiné:]) to Greek pronunciation: [ky’ni]. Its pronunciation in Moder Greek is [ci'ni] The term was applied in several different senses by ancient scholars. A school of scholars such as Apollonius Dyscolus and Aelius Herodianus maintained the term Koine to refer to the Proto-Greek language, while others used it to refer to any vernacular form of Greek speech which differed somewhat from the literary language.!”! ‘When Koine Greek became a language of literature by the Ist century BC, some people distinguished it into two forms: written (Greek) as the literary post-classical form (which should never be confused with Atticism), and vernacular as the day to day spoken form.!°] Others chose to refer to Koine as the Alexandrian dialect (}, Aiskavdpéov diddextoc) or the dialect of Alexandria, or even the universal dialect of its time. The former was often used by modern classicists Origins and history Koine Greek arose as a common dialect within the armies of Alexander the Great.!°! Under the leadership of Macedon, their newly formed common variety was spoken from the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt to the Seleucid Empire of Mesopotamia."! It replaced existing ancient Greek dialects with an everyday form that people anywhere could understand.!"°l Though elements of Koine Greek took shape in Classical Greece, the post-Classical period of Greek is defined as beginning with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, when cultures under Greek sway in turn began to influence the language. The passage into the next period, known as Medieval Greek, dates from the foundation of tT” = Constantinople by Constantine the Great in 330. The post-Classical period of Greek thus refers to the creation and evolution of Koine Greek throughout the entire Hellenistic and Roman eras of history until the start of the Middle Ages.[°1 Dark blue: areas where Greek speakers probably were a majority. Light blue: areas that were Hellenized. The linguistic roots of the Common Greek dialect had been unclear since ancient times. During the Hellenistic period, most scholars thought of Koine as the result of the mixture of the four main Ancient Greek dialects, "i &x Tv teTtipov ovvestéoa" (the composition of the Four). This view was supported in the early twentieth century by Paul Kretschmer in his book Die Entstehung der Koine (1901), while Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and Antoine Meillet, based on the intense Ionic elements of the Koine — such as oo instead of tt and po instead of pp (0é.acca — édatta, apoeviKds — appevixds) — considered Koine to be a simplified form of Tonic!" nips ston wikipotia. org kiKoine_Greok anorara016 Keine Grook-Wikipess ‘The final answer which is academically accepted today was given by the Greek linguist Georgios Hatzidakis, who proved that, despite the "composition of the Four", the "stable nucleus" of Koine Greek is Attic. In other words, Koine Greek can be regarded as Attic with the admixture of elements especially from Ionic, but also from other dialects. The degree of importance of the non-Attic linguistic elements on Koine can vary depending on the region of the Hellenistic World.!°1 In that respect, the varieties of Koine spoken in the Tonian colonies of Anatolia (c.g. Pontus) would have more intense Ionic Greek characteristics than others and those of Laconia and Cyprus would preserve some Doric and Arcadocypriot characteristics, respectively. The literary Koine of the Hellenistic age resembles Attic in such a degree that it is often mentioned as Common Artic.|°! Sources The first scholars who studied Koine, both in Alexandrian and contemporary times, were classicists whose prototype had been the literary Attic Greek of the Classical period and frowned upon any other variety of Ancient Greek. Koine Greek was therefore considered a decayed form of Greek which was not worthy of attention." The reconsideration on the historical and linguistic importance of Koine Greek began only in the early 19th century, where renowned scholars conducted a series of studies on the evolution of Koine throughout the entire Hellenistic period and Roman Empire. The sources used on the studies of Koine have been numerous and of unequal reliability. The most significant ones are the inscriptions of the post-Classical periods and the papyri, for being two kinds of texts which have authentic content and can be studied directly.) Other significant sources are the Septuagint, the somewhat literal Greek translation of the Old Testament, and the Greek New Testament. The teaching of the Testaments was aimed at the most common people, and for that reason they use the most popular language of the era. Information can also be derived from some Atticist scholars of the Hellenistic and Roman periods, who, in order to fight the evolution of the language, published works which compared the supposedly "correct" Attic against the "wrong" Koine by citing examples, For example, Phrynichus Arabius during the second century AD wrote: Baoihisou obseig tv Apyaiov einev, didi Basthera F Basthig Basilissa (queen) none of the Ancients said, but basileia (queen) or basilis (queen). Mopia goyétg G3OKIpov, ave’ avtod 5é mpobsopiav gpeic. Dioria (deadline) is extremely disreputable, instead you will say prothesmia (appointed time). Tlavrote ju Réye, aa éxdovore Kai Brat navebs, Do not say pantote (always), but hekastote (every time) and dia pantos (continually). Other sources can be based on random findings such as inscriptions on vases written by popular painters, mistakes made by Atticists due to their imperfect knowledge of Attic Greek or even some surviving Greco-Latin glossaries of the Roman period,!!"Je.g.: Kads\uepov, hA8ec; Bono die, venisti? Good day, you came? nips ston wikipotia. org kiKoine_Greok storara016 Keine Grook-Wikipess Baw Oéhens, £208 pO! jpov. Si vis, veni mecum. If you want, come with us.l17] Tod; Ubi? Where? Tipds gihov juétepov Arixtov. Ad amicum nostrum Lucium. To our friend Lucius. Ti yap Eyer; Quid enim haber Indeed, what does he have? What is it with him? Appootet Aegrotat. He's sick Finally, a very important source of information on the ancient Koine is the modern Greek language with all its dialects and its own Koine form, which have preserved some of the ancient language's oral linguistic details which the written tradition has lost. For example, Pontic and Cappadocian Greek preserved the ancient pronunciation of n as ¢ (voge, ovvédinos, tipeooy, neyédt for standard Modern Greek vign, ovvidaxos, tiunooy, myddr etc.), 3] ‘while the Tsakonian language preserved the long a instead of n (Gépa, dotpand, Mipva, you etc.) and the other local characteristics of Doric Greek.) Dialects from the Southern part of the Greek-speaking regions (Dodecanese, Cyprus etc.), preserve the pronunciation of the double similar consonants (#2.-hos, 'EA-Aéda, 0406-00), while others pronounce in many words 0 as ov or preserve ancient double forms (Kpdyvov — Kpep-pvov, paé — prs ete.). Linguistic phenomena like the above imply that those characteristics survived within Koine, which in turn had countless variations in the Greek-speaking world.) Types Biblical Koine "Biblical Koine" refers to the varieties of Koine Greek used in Bible translations into Greek and related texts. Its main sources are: = The Septuagint, a third-century Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible and texts not included in the Hebrew Bible; = The Greek New Testament, compiled originally in Greek. Septuagint Greek There has been some debate to what degree biblical Greek represents the mainstream of contemporary spoken Koine and to what extent it contains specifically Semitic substratum features. These could have been induced either through the practice of translating closely from Biblical Hebrew or Aramaic originals, or through the nips ston wikipotia. org kiKoine_Greok 40sa7s2016 Koine Greek - Wikipedia influence of the regional non-standard Greek spoken by originally Aramaic speaking Jews. Some of the features discussed in this context are the Septuagint's normative absence of the particles jiév and 84, and the use of éyéveto to denote "it came to pass." Some features of biblical Greek which are thought to have originally been non-standard elements eventually found their way into the main of the Greek language. ‘New Testament Greek ‘The Greek of the New Testament is less distinctively Semitic than that of the Septuagint because it is largely a de novo composition in Greek, not primarily a translation from Hebrew and Aramaic.{'41 Patristic Greek Papyrus 46 is one of the oldest _ ‘extant New Testament manuscripts The term patristic Greek is sometimes used for the Greek written by the Greek jy Greek, yriten on papyrus, with Church Fathers, the Barly Christian theologians in late antiquity. Christian its ‘most probable dat’ between writers in the earliest time tended to use a simple register of Koiné, relatively 75.995, close to the spoken language of their time, following the model of the Bible. After the 4th century, when Christianity became the state church of the Roman Empire, more learned registers of Koiné also came to be used.l!5) Differences between Attic and Koine Greek The study of all sources from the six centuries which are symbolically covered by Koine reveals linguistic changes from ancient Greek on elements of the spoken language including, grammar, word formation, vocabulary and phonology (sound system). Most new forms start off as rare and gradually become more frequent until they are established. As most of the changes between modem and ancient Greek were introduced via Koine, Koine is largely familiar and at least partly intelligible to most writers and speakers of Modem Greek. ferences in grammar Phonology During the period generally designated as Koine Greek a great deal of phonological change occurred. At the start of the period pronunciation was virtually identical to Ancient Greek phonology, whereas in the end it had much more in common with Modern Greek phonology. The three most significant changes were the loss of vowel length distinction, the replacement of the pitch accent system by a stress accent system, and the monophthongization of several diphthongs: = The ancient distinction between long and short vowels was gradually lost, and from the second century BC all vowels were isochronic (all vowels having equal length).!?! = From the second century BC, the Ancient Greek pitch accent was replaced with a stress accent.!°! = Psilosis: loss of rough breathing, /h/. Rough breathing had already been lost in the Ionic Greek varieties of Anatolia and the Aeolic Greek of Lesbos.) nips ston wikipotia. org kiKoine_Greok S10asr016 Koine Grosk - Wikipedia = &, 1, @ /ati e:i o:i/ were simplified to a, n, « /a: e: 07/91 = The diphthongs ai, «1, and ot became monophthongs. «, which had already been pronounced as /e:/ by the Boeotians since the 4th century BC and written n (e.g. aig, zips, j1éupoun), became in Koine, too, first a long vowel /e:/ and then, with the loss of distinctive vowel length and openness distinction /e/, merging with «. The diphthong «1 had already merged with 1 in the Sth century BC in Argos, and by the 4th century BC in Corinth (e.g. AET'12), and it acquired this pronunciation also in Koine. The diphthong o1 fronted to /y/, merging with v. The diphthong vt came to be pronounced [yj], and remained a diphthong, The diphthong ov had been already raised to /u/ in the 6th century BC, and remains so in Modem Greek.l?1 = The diphthongs av and ev came to be pronounced [av ev] (via [ap eB]), but are partly assimilated to [af ef] before the voiceless consonants 0, x, & , 6, 1, 9, z and y.! = Simple vowels mostly preserved their ancient pronunciations. n /e/ (classically pronounced /e:/) was raised and merged with 1, In the 10th century AD, v/ot /y/ unrounded to merge with 1, These changes are known as, iotacism.!"1 = The consonants also preserved their ancient pronunciations to a great extent, except B, 7, 8, 9, 8, and ¢. B, T, A, which were originally pronounced /b g d/, became the fricatives /v/ (via [B]), /y/, //, which they still are today, except when preceded by a nasal consonant (jt, v); in that case, they retain their ancient pronunciations (e.g. yayPpdc > yajimpds [yam bros], dvSpas > avtpas ['andras], deyyehos > éeyyehog [‘arjelos]). The latter three (®, ©, X), which were initially pronounced as aspirates (/p® t» k¥/ respectively), developed into the fricatives /f! (via [6], /0/, and /x/. Finally ¢, which is still metrically categorised as a double consonant with & and y because it may have initially been pronounced as 8 [2d] or do [dz], later acquired its modern-day value of /z/.!9) New Testament Greek phonology The Koine Greek in the table represents a reconstruction of New Testament Koine Greek, deriving to some degree from the dialect spoken in Judea and Galilee during the first century and similar to the dialect spoken in Alexandria, Egypt.!"6! The realizations of certain phonemes differ from the more standard Attic dialect of Koine. Note that y has fricativized, with palatal allophone before front-vowels and a plosive allophone after nasals, while B is beginning to develop a fricative articulation intervocalically.!'7] », 0 and x still preserve their ancient aspirated plosive values, while the unasipirated stops 7, t, x have pethaps begun to develop voiced allophones after nasals.!!*1 [nitial aspiration has also likely become an optional sound for many speakers of the popular variety.!!9l20] Monopthongization (including the initial stage in the fricativization of the second element in the av/ £0 diphthongs) and the loss of vowel-timing distinctions are carried through, but there is still a distinction between the four front vowels /e/, /¢/,!21I /i/, and /y/ (which is still rounded). nips ston wikipotia. org kiKoine_Greok ato2782016 Koine Greek - Wikipedia letter | Greek transliteration, TPA Alpha |a a Jal Beta (B b Moi ({b, BI) Gamma |y g yi yi) Delta 6 a fal Epsilon |= e Jel Zeta |e z ial Ean é Jel Theta |o th it Jot i AG) Kappa |x k Aki (Uk, 20) Lambda |i 1 a Mu |y m im! Nu ly n ini ({n, m)) Xi é x Tks! Omicron|o ° Jol Pi 7 P ipl (Ip, b)) Rho |p r inl Sigma _|o (-0-/-00-) si (Is, 2) Tau |r t W (it, dp Upsiton |v y lyl Phi |p ph ip) chi |g ch Ike Psi ly Ps ips! ‘Omega jo a Jol at ai Jel el ei Gi) on oi iy! jp yi Gil av au [ad™, aB"] ev ew ed", eB") ov ou jul a(@ ai Jal mn) a fil ae) ai Jol . (hi) Sample Koine texts nips ston wikipotia. org kiKoine_Greok m0asr016 Koine Grosk - Wikipedia The following texts show differences from Attic Greek in all aspects — grammar, morphology, vocabulary and can be inferred to show differences in phonology. The following comments illustrate the phonological development within the period of Koine. The phonetic ‘transcriptions are tentative, and are intended to illustrate two different stages in the reconstructed development, an early conservative variety still relatively close to Classical Attic, and a somewhat later, more progressive variety approaching Modem Greek in some respects. Sample 1 — A Roman decree The following excerpt, from a decree of the Roman Senate to the town of Thisbae in Boeotia in 170 BC, is rendered in a reconstructed pronunciation representing a hypothetical conservative variety of mainland Greek Koiné in the early Roman period.) The transcription shows raising of n to /e:/, partial (pre-consonantal/word- final) raising of 1 and e1 to /is/, retention of pitch accent, and retention of word-initial /h/ (the rough breathing). epi dv Oro[Bleis ASyovs éxoujoavto: xEpi rSv Kad adfr]ods apaypacov, oftwves Ev tH OUAEG Ti fperépg évépeway, Snag ait tod mparypatos ob'tas 850: vig SOOHow [o]ic a KAO’ adtOds mpaypara Enh ev: énag Kéwtog Maiviog otpatyyac tov & tig ovKhijtov [m]évte, anoraéy of Av abt® EK tSV SNLoioy xpaLyyJatov Kai Tis iiag miotems Qaiveevtan. [peri ho:n tizbi:s logu:s epojé:santo; peri to:n kat" hauti:s pra:gmdto:n, hoftines en ti: phlia:i ti: he:metéra:i enémi:nan, hépo:s autois dot'6:sin hois ta kat> hauti's pré:gmata ekse:gé:so:ntai, peri t:tu: tu: présgmatos hi:to:s édoksen; hpo:s ‘k*intos ‘mainios strate:gds to:n ek te:s synklé:tu: pénte apotiksi:, hoi an auto:i ek to:n de:mosio:n pra:gméto:n kai te's idfa:s pisteo:s p*aino:ntai] Concerning those matters about which the citizens of Thisbae made representations. Concerning their own affairs: the following decision was taken concerning the proposal that those who remained true to our friendship should be given the facilities to conduct their own affairs; that our praetor/governor ‘Quintus Maenius should delegate five members of the senate who seemed to him appropriate in the light of their public actions and individual good faith. joevtat, nepi toHtoD Sample 2 — Greek New Testament The following excerpt, the beginning of the Gospel of John, is rendered in a reconstructed pronunciation representing a progressive popular variety of Koiné in the early Christian era.7! Modernizing features include the loss of vowel length distinction, monophthongization, transition to stress accent, and raising of 1 to /i/, Also seen here are the bilabial fricative pronunciation of diphthongs av and ev, loss of initial /h/ fricative values for Band y, and partial post-nasal voicing of voiceless stops. 'v apy fv 6 Aéyos, Kai 6 Abyos fv Rpas TOV Oxbv, Kai Beds fv 6 hoyos, obt05 Hv év Apy_l mpdg TOV Ge6v, nivea 1° aitod éyévero, Kai xopic abtod éyévero ObE tv. d yEyovev. Ev abt Co} fv, Kad H Go jv 1 9g tv avOprOV. Kai TH OAs EV TH OKOTIG giver, Kal H oKOTIA aTd od KatEhABEV. [‘en ar'k'i in 0 ‘Toyos, ke 0 ‘loyos im bros to(n) t'e'o(n), ke Pe’ os in o ‘loyos. ‘utos in en ar’Kbi pros to(n) t'e'o(n). ‘panda di a'tu e’jeneto, ke k*o' ris ad’tu e'jeneto ude ‘en o "jeyonen. en ag’ to z0'i in, ke i zo'i in to ptos ton an't*ropon; ke to ptos en di sko’tia ‘p*eni, ke i sko'ti(a) a()'to u ka’telaBen] In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things were made by him; and without him was not anything made that was made. In him was life, and the life was the light of men. And the light shines in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not. nips ston wikipotia. org kiKoine_Greok woasr016 Notes 1. "Koine". Collins Dictionary. n.d, Retrieved 24 September 2014, . "koine", Merriam-Webster. . "Koine". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Bubenik, V. (2007). "The rise of Koiné". In A. F Christidis. 4 history of Ancient Greek: from the beginnings to late antiquity, Cambridge: University 658. pp. 342-345. 5. Horrocks, Geoffrey (1997). "46". Greek: a history of the language and its speakers. London: Longman. 6. Horrocks, Geoffrey C. (2010). Greek: a history of the Tanguage and its speakers (2nd ed,). London Longman. p. xiii, ISBN 978-1-4051-3415-6, Retrieved 14 September 2011 7. Abiistory of ancient Greek by Maria Chrit8, Maria Arapopoulou, Centre for the Greek Language (Thessaloniké, Greece) pg 436 ISBN 0-521-83307-8 8. Victor Roudometof and Vasilios N. Makrides, eds. Orthodox Christianity in 21st Century Greece (hitps:/"0 ‘ooks. google. com/books ?id=WrQxT4sk2x8C&lpg=PAS &ots=V4pAYGXPnw&pg-PA 8#v-onepagedq&f-false), Ashgate Publishing, 2010. "A proposal to introduce ‘Modern Greek into the Divine Liturgy was rejected in 2002" 9. Andriotis, Nikolaos P. History of the Greek Language. 10, Pollard, Elizabeth (2015). Worlds Together Worlds Apart. 500 Fifth Ave New York, NY: W.W. Norton& ‘Company Inc. p. 202, ISBN 978-0-393-91847-2. 11. Augsburg (http:/swww.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronol ogia/Lspost03/Dositheus/dos_col3. html) 12. The Latin gloss in the source erroneously has "with me", while the Greck means "with us" 13. On the other hand, not all scholars agree that the Pontic, pronunciation of 1 as e is an archaism. Apart from the improbability that the sound change /e:/>/e(:)>Yi! did not occur in this important region of the Roman Empire, Horrocks notes that ¢ can be written in certain contexts for any lettet ot digraph representing fi in other dialects—e.g. 1, et, 01, or v, which never pronounced /e'/ in Ancient Greek—not just 9 (c.f ‘Svepov, Kodéoxeva, Aepipt for standard dveipo, orKodionowvar, hugipt.) He therefore attributes this feature of East Greek to vowel weakening, paralleling the omission of unstressed vowels. Horrocks (2010: 400) References = Abel, F-M. Grammaire du grec biblique. = Allen, W. Sidney, Vox Graeca: a guide to the pronunciation of classical Greek — 3rd ed., University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-521-33555-8 = Andriotis, Nikolaos P. History of the Greek Language nips ston wikipotia. org kiKoine_Greok Koine Grosk - Wikipedia 14, Frederick Comwallis Conybeare( 1856-1924) Grammar of Septuagint Greek 15, Horrocks (1997: ch.S.11,) 16, Horrocks (2010: 167) citing Teodorsson, S.-T, (1974) The phonology of Ptolemaic Koine, Giteborg. 17. for evidence c.f. Gignac, Francis T. "The Pronunciation of Greek Stops in the Papyri". The Johns Lopkins University Press. ISTOR 2936047. 18, Horrocks (2010): 111, 170-1 19, Horrocks (2010): 171, 179. 20, For convenience, the rough breathing mark represents yi, even if it was not commonly used in contemporary orthography. Parentheses denote the loss of the sound. 21. The sound represented by s/at is sometimes identified with the fully open vowel /s/, ef. Buth, Randall (2008), “H ow xpogopé: Notes on the Pronunciation System of Phonemic Koine Greek (PDF). However, this is pethaps better described as a general mid-front vowel, neither close nor mid, ef. Arvaniti, Amalia (2007). "Grock Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF). Journal of Greek Linguistics 8: 97-208, IPA has no official symbol for this sound, variously writin it as fe! or / For convenience, itis transcribed here as /e!. As for the value of n, although vowel length distinction had been lost, the two mid-front vowels « and n were apparently still distinguished in quality, as they are far less confused than e1 is with 1, «with 0 and ot with v. Since here eis /e/, assumed not to have changed since classical times, n is represents a near-close vowel /e not fully merged with ii, ef. Horrocks (2010: 118, 168.) 22. G. Horrocks (1997), Greek: A history of the language and its speakers, p. 87), ef. also pp. 105-109. 23. Horrocks (1997: 94), aorara016 Keine Grook-Wikipess = Buth, Randall, #7 xo} npogopd: Koine Greek of Early Roman Period (hitps:/;www.biblicallanguagecenter. com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Greek_Pronunciation_2008,pdf) = Bruce, Frederick F. The Books and the Parchments: Some Chapters on the Transmission of the Bible. 3rd ed Westwood, NJ: Revell, 1963. Chapters 2 and 5. = Conybeare, F.C. and Stock, St. George. Grammar of Septuagint Greek: With Selected Readings, Vocabularies, and Updated Indexes. = Horrocks, Geoffrey C. (2010). Greek: A history of the language and its speakers (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. = Smyth, Herbert Weir (1956), Greek Grammar, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36250-0. Further reading = Stevens, Gerald L. New Testament Greek Primer, ISBN 0-7188-9206-2 = Stevens, Gerald L. New Testament Greek Intermediate. From Morphology to Translation. ISBN 0-7188- 9200. = Easterling, P & Handley, C. Greek Seripts: An illustrated introduction. London: Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, 2001. ISBN 0-902984-17-9 External links = New Testament Greek Lessons (http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/Ir cleieol/ntgol-0-X himl) (free online through the Linguistics Research 7% (aku Kon in Center (http://www.utexas.edu/cola/Iretr/) at UT Austin) FRE dictionary. = Free Koine Greek Keyboard (http://www.westarinstitute.org/resource sikoine-greek-keyboard/) A unicode keyboard originally developed by Char Matejovsky for use by Westar Institute scholars = The Biblical Greek Forum (http://www.ibiblio.org/bgreek/forum/) An online community for biblical Greek = Greek-Language.com (http://greek-language.com) Dictionaries, manuscripts of the Greek New Testament, and tools for applying linguistics to the study of Hellenistic Greek = New Testament Greek Online (http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/Irc/eieol/ntgol-0-X.html) = Polis Koine (http://www.poliskoine.com) A method to learn Koine Greek including a video of a class = Diglot (http://www biblegreek net) A daily di-glot or tri-glot (Vulgate) reading Retrieved from "https://en. wikipedia org/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&oldid=752736174" Categories: Koine Greek | Ancient languages | Hellenistic civilization | Languages of ancient Macedonia Offshoots of the Macedonian Empire | Hellenism and Christianity | Standard languages | Liturgical languages Ritual languages = This page was last modified on 2 December 2016, at 23:57. = Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-Sharedlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. nips ston wikipotia. org kiKoine_Greok sao