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WRM 2 Precipitation and Its Estimation - Stud
WRM 2 Precipitation and Its Estimation - Stud
WRM 2 Precipitation and Its Estimation - Stud
Eng.M. M. Qawdhan
MSc. Water Engineering
Outcome of Lecture
After completing this lecture
The students should be able to:
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Precipitation
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Types of Precipitation:
Drizzle
Rain
Freezing rain
Sleet
Snow
Hail
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Precipitation: Rainfall
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Measurement Units:
Amount of precipitation/rain (mm or inch)
c It is measure as total depth of rainfall over an area in one day.
Intensity of precipitation/rain (mm/hr or inch/hr)
c It is the amount of precipitation at a place per unit time (rain rate).It
is expressed as mm/hr or inch/hr
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Measurement of Precipitation
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Measurement of Precipitation
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Instrument used to collect and measure the precipitation is called rain gauge and the location
at which raingage is located is called gauging station.
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Measurement of Precipitation
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Measurement of Precipitation
Non-recording (Manual) types:
Measurement of Precipitation
Recording (Automatic) types:
Measurement of Precipitation
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Measurement of Precipitation
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Weather Station -
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Measurement of Precipitation
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Radar -
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Measurement of Precipitation
Raingauge Network
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Catchment area: An extent of land where water from precipitation drains into a
body of water
Measurement of Precipitation
Raingauge Network
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Measurement of Precipitation
Raingauge Network
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Placement of rainguages
Gauges are affected by wind pattern, eddies, trees and the
gauge itself, therefore it is important to have the gauge located
and positioned properly.
Raingauges should be
c 1m above ground level is standard c All gauges in a catchment should be the same height
c 2 to 4 times the distance away from an isolated object (such as a
tree or building) or in a forest a clearing with the radius at least the
tree height or place the gauge at canopy level
c shielded to protect gauge in windy sites or if obstructions are
numerous they will reduce the wind-speed, turbulence and eddies.
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Measurement of Precipitation
Raingauge Network
Measurement of Precipitation
Raingauge Network
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For sloping ground the gauge should be placed with the opening
parallel to the ground
The rainfall catch volume (mm3) is then divided by the opening area
that the rain can enter
Measurement of Precipitation
Sources of Errors
Instrument error
Observer error
Errors due to different observation times
Error due to occult precipitation
Errors due to low-intensity rains
Any-other ?
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Preparation of Data
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Before using rainfall data for any analysis, it is necessary to check the
record for
c Missing data and/or
c Consistency of data
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Station-average method
Normal-ratio method
Inverse-distance weighting
Regression
1 n
PX Pi
n i1
PX is the missing precipitation value for station X
P1,P2,,Pn are precipitation values at the adjacent
stations for the same period
n is the number of nearby stations
21
Find out the missing storm precipitation data of station X given in following
table using station averaging method
Station
3.8
3.25
4.6
3.15
39.50
43.1
36.8
49.5
46.20
1
1
PX Pi 3.8 3.25 4.6 3.15 3.7in
n i1
4
What about 10% variation check from annual precipitation ??
22
N X n N1 N 2
Nn
n i1Ni
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PX is the missing precipitation value for station X for a certain time period
P1,P2,,Pn are precipitation values at adjacent stations for the same period
NX is the long-term, annual average precipitation at station X
N1,N2,,Nn is the long-term precipitation for neighboring stations
n is the number of adjacent stations
23
Find out the missing storm precipitation data of station X given in following
table
Station
3.8
3.25
4.6
3.15
39.50
43.1
36.8
49.5
46.20
Find out the missing storm precipitation data of station X given in following
table
Station
3.8
3.25
4.6
3.15
39.50
43.1
36.8
49.5
46.20
PX
1 P1 P2
Pn
.....
N X n N1 N 2
Nn
PX
1 3.8 3.25 4.6 3.15
PX 3.06"
Example
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Part II
27
Rainfall Intensity,
cm/hr
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
20
40
60
80
Time, min
28
100
120
140
A n n u a l ra i n f a l l ,
mm
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
Years
29
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Annual Precipitation
average precipitation
Source: Gary R Fuelner, Rainfall and climate records from Sharjah Airport: Historical data for
30 the study of recent climatic periodicity in the U.A.E.
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Where Pday is daily rainfall and Pi is hourly storm rainfall during a given
day.
Pmonth Pday
iday
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Pann Pday
iday
Pavg
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Where Pavg
year
i1
N
is average rainfall for N years and Pi is annual rainfallfor ith
P
avg
Pi
i1
Annual Precipitation ?
365
Pann Pi
i1
12
Pann Pi
i1
Pann 18.8 25 22.1 7.2 0.4 0 0.8 0 0 1.1 2.7 16.2 94.3
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Jan
31.6
(88.9)
Feb
37.5
(99.5)
Mar
41.3
(106.3)
Apr
43.5
(110.3)
May
47.0
(116.6)
Jun
46.7
(116.1)
Jul
49.0
(120.2)
Aug
48.7
(119.7)
Sep
45.1
(113.2)
Oct
42.0
(107.6)
Nov
41.0
(105.8)
Dec
35.5
(95.9)
Year
49
(120.2)
Average
high C (F)
24.0
(75.2)
25.4
(77.7)
28.2
(82.8)
32.9
(91.2)
37.6
(99.7)
39.5
(103.1)
40.8
(105.4)
41.3
(106.3)
38.9
(102)
35.4
(95.7)
30.5
(86.9)
26.2
(79.2)
33.4
(92.1)
Daily mean
C (F)
19
(66)
20
(68)
22.5
(72.5)
26
(79)
30.5
(86.9)
33
(91)
34.5
(94.1)
35.5
(95.9)
32.5
(90.5)
29
(84)
24.5
(76.1)
21
(70)
27.5
(81.5)
Average
low C (F)
14.3
(57.7)
15.4
(59.7)
17.6
(63.7)
20.8
(69.4)
24.6
(76.3)
27.2
(81)
29.9
(85.8)
30.2
(86.4)
27.5
(81.5)
23.9
(75)
19.9
(67.8)
16.3
(61.3)
22.3
(72.1)
Record low
C (F)
6.1
(43)
6.9
(44.4)
9.0
(48.2)
13.4
(56.1)
15.1
(59.2)
18.2
(64.8)
20.4
(68.7)
23.1
(73.6)
16.5
(61.7)
15.0
(59)
11.8
(53.2)
8.2
(46.8)
6.1
(43)
Precipitatio
n mm
(inches)
18.8
(0.74)
25.0
(0.984)
22.1
(0.87)
7.2
(0.283)
0.4
(0.016)
0.0
(0)
0.8
(0.031)
0.0
(0)
0.0
(0)
1.1
(0.043)
2.7
(0.106)
16.2
(0.638)
94.3
(3.711)
Avg. precipit
ation days
5.4
4.7
5.8
2.6
0.3
0.0
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.2
1.3
3.8
25.2
% humidity
65
65
63
55
53
58
56
57
60
60
61
64
59.8
Mean
monthly sun
shine hours
254.2
229.6
254.5
294.0
344.1
342.0
322.4
316.2
309.0
303.8
285.0
256.6
3,511.4
4242
Arithmetic method
Theissen polygon method
Isohyetal method
Pavg
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Pi
i1
Where, Pavg is the average precipitation, N is the total number of stations and
Pi is the average annual precipitation for ith station.
P1 P2 ..... Pi .....Pn
P
N
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1 N
Pi
N i1
38
39
P6
A7
A6
P2
A2
A1
A8
P1
P8
P5
A3
A4
P3
P4
40
A5
P1 A1 P2 A2 ..... Pm Am
P
A1 A2 ..... Am
Generally for M station
M
PA
i
The ratio
41
i1
Atotal
i1
Ai
Pi
A
42
Ai
A
51
Pi
Pi
Mean precipitation =
i 1
Ai
A =121.84
Ai
A
8
D
A5
12
C
9.2
12
A4
A3
7.0
B
7.2
A
A2
4.0
F
E
9.1
A1
8
52
10.0
P2 P3
Pn1 Pn
PP
1
2
A1
A2
... An1
2
P 2 2
Atotal
NOTE
45
46
Pavg
47
PiPi1
2
Ai
Ai
Atotal
Pavg
Ai
Atotal
48
Thank you
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Questions.
66
Excercise
Six rain gauges where installed in a relatively flat area and storm
precipitation from these gauges were recorded as 3.7, 4.9, 6.8,11.4, 7.6,
and 12.7 cm respectively from gauges, 1,2,36.
Find average precipitation