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Lecture3 PDF
Lecture3 PDF
CSE370
What is multiplexing?
Multiple users share a medium with
minimum or no interference.
Example of interference: two people
talking at the same time.
A [V]
t[s]
f [Hz]
Bandpass filter
A [V]
t[s]
f [Hz]
A [V]
t[s]
f [Hz]
A [V]
t[s]
f [Hz]
Radio stations
Each radio station has its own frequency.
Receiver:
Tune in to the specific sender.
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
c
f
Time
Frequency
Disadvantage:
Frequency is scarce resources.
Radio broadcasts 24 hours a day, but mobile
communication only takes place for a few minutes.
A separate frequency for each possible
communication scenario is a tremendous waste of
frequency resources.
Inflexible: one channel idle and the other one busy.
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
c
f
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
c
f
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
Spread spectrum
A signal with a narrow frequency band is
now spread to a wide frequency band.
Sounds stupid
Reason: protection against narrowband
interference.
user signal
broadband interference
narrowband interference
dP/df
dP/df
i)
f
Spread spectrum
Against narrowband interference
dP/df
Spread
dP/df
/despread
i)
user signal
broadband interference
narrowband interference
ii)
f
sender
dP/df
dP/df
dP/df
iii)
iv)
f
receiver
v)
f
narrowband channels
4
frequency
narrow band
signal
guard space
channel
quality
spread
spectrum
frequency
Spread spectrum
The narrowband signal is turned into a broadband signal
with the same total energy.
The power of the broadband signal is much lower as
low as the background noise.
Appealing for military application: stay undetected! & no
interference.
dP/df
Spread
dP/df
/despread
i)
ii)
f
Spread spectrum
More and more appealing to everyday
applications: frequencies are scarce resources.
We just add in a low-power broadband signal on
top of current narrow band applications.
Used in US cellular phone systems.
Drawbacks:
Increased complexity of receivers. (less a problem
due to cheaper processors)
Need a large frequency band.
It still increases the background noise level.
tb
user data
0
XOR
tc
chipping
sequence
01101010110101
=
resulting
signal
01101011001010
tb
user data
0
XOR
tc
chipping
sequence
01101010110101
=
resulting
signal
01101011001010
Disadvantages
precise power control necessary
user data
X
transmit
signal
modulator
chipping
sequence
radio
carrier
transmitter
Radio modulation
Digital modulation
correlator
received
signal
lowpass
filtered
signal
demodulator
radio
carrier
products
X
chipping
sequence
receiver
integrator
sampled
sums
decision
data
Fast hopping:
Transmitter changes the frequency several
times during the transmission of a single bit.
td
f3
slow
hopping
(3 bits/hop)
f2
f1
f
td
f3
fast
hopping
(3 hops/bit)
f2
f1
t
Fast hopping:
More complex
Overcome narrowband interference as they
only stick to one frequency for a very short
time.
Disadvantages
not as robust as DSSS
simpler to detect
modulator
Analog
signal
transmitter
received
signal
hopping
sequence
spread
transmit
signal
narrowband
signal
frequency
synthesizer
narrowband
signal
demodulator
frequency
synthesizer
hopping
sequence
data
demodulator
receiver
Summary
Multiplexing
Frequency division multiplexing
Time division multiplexing
Time and frequency multiplex
Code division multiplexing
Spread spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum