Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Multiplexing, (FDM, TDM, CDM) & Mobile Communications: Faculty of Computing, Engineering & Technology
Multiplexing, (FDM, TDM, CDM) & Mobile Communications: Faculty of Computing, Engineering & Technology
Multiplexing, (FDM, TDM, CDM) & Mobile Communications: Faculty of Computing, Engineering & Technology
Introduction (1)
Multiplexing: name given to techniques which
allow more than one message to be transferred
via the same communication channel.
Channel: could be a transmission line
Twisted pair
Co-axial cable
A radio system
Fibre optic cable
Etc..
Introduction (2)
Channel will offer a specified bandwidth, which
is available for a time, t, where t->.
With reference to the channel there are 3
degrees of freedom
Bandwidth or frequency
Time
Code
Channel
BL
BH
freq
Bandwidth
COMMS (CE700038-2) 2008/9
Introduction (3)
freq
code
COMMS (CE700038-2) 2008/9
Multiplexing
It costs significant amounts to change a
telephone system, not least the cost of the
construction
Hence the more calls you can pump down a
cable the more profitable the cable becomes
Telcos (Telephone companies) have
developed elaborate multiplexing schemes
The schemes can be divided into three
categories
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
COMMS (CE700038-2) 2008/9
Sharing a medium
Time division multiplexing brought digital
technology to mobile communications
Recall, multiplexing describes how several
users can share the same medium with
minimum or no interference [Schiller 2003]
In mobile communications multiplexing can be
applied in 4 dimensions
Space
Frequency
Time
Code
an
ne
lf
1
Ch
an
ne
lf
Ch
2
an
ne
lf
Ch
3
an
ne
lf
Ch
4
an
ne
lf
5
Ch
an
ne
lf
6
Ch
t
COMMS (CE700038-2) 2008/9
10
11
Combining FDM/TDM
By allowing a channel to use a certain frequency for a
certain period of time more efficient use of resource is
achieved
More robust against interference and tapping
This is the scheme used by GSM between the handset
and base station
12
Combining FDM/TDM
Requires coordination between the different
senders
Two senders will interfere if they select the
same frequency
To avoid this the senders hop between
frequencies:
if the hop is fast enough the period of interference
may be so small that if the coding of the data signal
is sufficient to allow the receiver to recover the data
the interference is deemed acceptable
13
14
15
Mobile Introduction
Public mobile radio services developed during
the 1950s
With a limited coverage area
With a service available to a limited number of
subscribers.
16
ABB
Freq Range
Range
VLF
3-30kHz
100-10km
Low frequency
LF
30-300kHz
10-1km
Medium frequency
MF
300-3000kHz
1000-100m
High frequency
HF
3-30MHz
1000 -10m
VHF
30-300MHz
10-1m
UHF 300-3000MHz
SHF
3-30GHz
10-1cm
EHF
30-300GHz
1-0.1cm
Classification
100-10m
17
800
600
400
200
0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
http://www.cellular-news.com/story/30361.php
18
Middle East;
1,6
Africa; 3,1
Americas (incl.
USA/Canada);
22
Asia Pacific;
36,9
Europe; 36,4
19
20
21
22
Telephone Network
23
24
25
Cellular Coverage
The geographic area to be served by a cellular
radio system is broken up into smaller
geographic areas, or cells.
Uniform hexagons most frequently are
employed to represent these cells on maps and
diagrams;
In practice, though, radio-waves do not confine
themselves to hexagonal areas, so that the
actual cells have irregular shapes.
All communication with a mobile or portable
instrument within a given cell is made to the
base station that serves the cell.
COMMS (CE700038-2) 2008/9
26
27
Mobile Communication #1
Two aspects of mobility:
user mobility: users communicate (wireless)
Example
Wireless vs Mobile
Stationary PC
Laptop in a hotel
Wireless LAN in
historic building
Personal Digital Assistant
COMMS (CE700038-2) 2008/9
28
Mobile Communication #3
The demand for mobile communication creates
the need for integration of wireless networks
into existing fixed networks:
local area networks: standardization of IEEE
802.11,ETSI (HIPERLAN)
Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet
protocol IP
wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM
and ISDN
29
Mobile Communication #4
Started with Mobile phones
Which were voice only
Limited battery life
Limited roaming capability
Limited quality
Unsecured
30
Mobile Communication #5
Roaming capability
Brought forward technology
Dual/Tri Band phones
Satellite phones
Expensive about 1.20 a minute for a world phone call
31
Mobile Communication #6
Data Use
GSM phones allowed 9.6 Kbps data communications
Enough for email and simple file transfers
32
33
Applications
Vehicles
transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB
personal communication using GSM
position via GPS
local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent
accidents, guidance system, redundancy
vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be
transmitted in advance for maintenance
Emergencies
early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current
status, first diagnosis
replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes,
hurricanes, fire etc.
crisis, war, ...
COMMS (CE700038-2) 2008/9
34
35
GSM 53 kbit/s
Bluetooth 500 kbit/s
36
Analogue
2G
1980s
Digital
1990s
Multimedia
2000 +
2.5G
3G
4G
37
Technical
Specification
Strengths
?G
Reasons to
Upgrade
Weaknesses
38
Solution: 1G Technology #1
Strengths
Weaknesses
39
Solution: 1G Technology #2
Technical Specifications
Range of 50 km
AMPS (advanced mobile phone system) base
Uses a hexagonal cell based network
AMPS Operates on a signal range of 800 MHz
Analogue AMPS, TACS, NMT, FDMA
TACS uses 900 MHz, 25 kHz channels, 1000 channels
Reasons to Upgrade
High power usage
The amount of phones trying to be used exceeded the possible
usage
Analogue Technology prone to scanning or noise (security)
Increased demand
Smaller devices
Tracking of device
Interference limited also improved error checking
Ability to expand the network
Requirement for standard design rather than many (e.g. tacs, amps)
40
Solution: 2G Technology #1
Strengths
Voice data can be compressed allowing greater throughput
Less power intensive longer battery life, small batteries
Digital error checking removes noise
Introduction of SMS and email availability on mobile handsets
(digital data services)
Harder to intercept digital signals and reduced scanning
Less signal power needed on handset so cells can be made
smaller
Clearer voice data
GSM allows signal roaming
Standards based allows roaming
Provides security
Expanded capacity digital based more efficient
COMMS (CE700038-2) 2008/9
41
Solution: 2G Technology #2
Weaknesses
Digital signals can produce dropouts rather than a
static noise
Smaller cells cause some phones to struggle to
receive a reasonable signal strength
Loss of tone on voice
Limited data on control channel
Designed for voice
Still not one standard throughout the globe
Difficult to expand network freq planning required
42
Solution: 2G Technology #3
Technical Specifications
GSM (European standard)
Operates in 4 different signal ranges (900 MHz or
1800 MHz for European and 850 MHZ or 1900 MHZ
on the American Continent.
25 MHz bandwidth is divided into 124 carrier
frequency channels, each spaced 200 kHz apart.
Uses TDMA (Time Division Multiplexing) to give 8
full rate or 16 half rate speech channels per radio
frequency channel.
Transmission power of 2 watt in 850/900 and 1 watt
in 1800/ 1900.
22 km range on GSM
COMMS (CE700038-2) 2008/9
43
Solution: 2G Technology #4
Uses a GMSK (Gaussian minimum-shift keying) a
modulation which is a continuous phase frequency
shift keying which reduces interference from cross
channel
Introduced the SIM (Subscriber Identity module) to
contain the users subscription information and
phone book.
Reasons to Upgrade
Support more users, higher data rates are required
Use of more data centric applications
Requirement for a single global standard
44
EDGE
45
46
EDGE
384 kbps theoretical, 80 100 actual. Increases down to
change in coding schemes
8PSK modulation
COMMS (CE700038-2) 2008/9
47
48
Solution: 3G Technology #1
W-CDMA replaced TDMA to increase the amount of users and
allow higher speeds
Strengths
3 different data rates based on distance. 2Mbps for fixed in building
services (Pico cell), 384 kbps in urban environments (micro cell) and
144 in wide area mobile environments (macro cell) in FDD mode with
a modulation of QPSK
UMTS Incorporates the developments made for the GPRS and EDGE
networks
Without the chipping code the data is essentially useless so a
moderate level of security (scrambling codes can be used)
Ability to extend network easily by adding cells or sectoring existing
cells
Capacity not limited by bandwidth but other user interference
Higher data rate then previously and also is flexible and variable
depends on cell size, user mobility and requirements.
Dynamic allocation of bandwidth, i.e. direction of flow (TDD)
Power control can save battery
COMMS (CE700038-2) 2008/9
49
Solution: 3G Technology #2
Weaknesses
Technical Specifications
50
Solution: 3G Technology #3
Technical Spec continued.
UMTS uses Wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA)
which uses 10x the current processing power of 2G to encode
the signal and is done with QPSK
W-CDMA supports two modes of operation TDD (time division
duplex) and FDD (frequency division duplex)
W-CDMA allows multiple users to communicate at the same
time over the same frequency. Utilising Chipping Codes
which is supplied by the base station to the device. The
chipping code is used to identify the signals from the device
and it can also be used to adjust the frequency of data
transferred during the transfer.
UMTS uses 5Mhz for the signal and CDMA uses only 200 KHz
51
Solution: 3G Technology #4
Reasons to upgrade
1 standard required
1 device should connect to fixed network
best/fast/lowest error rate
Reconfigure itself dynamically
Software radio
52
53
a
n
d
Beheshti, B.
Study of the technology migration path
of the cellular wireless industry from 3G
to 3.5G and beyond;
Long Island Systems, Applications and
Technology, 2005. IEEE Conference
6 May, 2005 Page(s):15 - 28
b
e
y
o
n
d
B
e
h
e
s
h
t
i
,
B
.
;
L
o
n
g
I
s
l
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
A
p
p
l
54
Mobile
Access Network
(UTRAN)
Fixed
Network:
ATM, IPv4/6,
Diff Serv, MPLS
PSTN, ISDN
xDSL
Voice
Packet
Switched
Wireless
Personal Area
Net (WPAN)
Hierarchical
Cell Structure
M Circuit
Switched
55
campus-based
horizontal
handover
in-house