CNG N TP MN NHIT HC

(cho SV trng Cng Ngh)

I. Gii thch s n v nhit ca vt rn trn quan im phn t..........................1

II. Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng lc hc......................................................1
1. Mt vi khi nim:........................................................................................1
2. Lin h cng v nhit:...................................................................................3
3. Nguyn l I ca nhit ng lc hc:.............................................................4
4. Mt s p dng ca nguyn l I:...................................................................5
III. p sut v nhit theo quan im ca thuyt ng hc cht kh...............5
1) Mu c hc v cht kh:................................................................................5
2) p sut kh l tng:.....................................................................................6
3) Nhit ca kh l tng:.............................................................................7
4) ng nng Tb chuyn ng tnh tin ca p t:.............................................7
5) Qung ng t do Tb:.................................................................................8
IV. Hm phn b phn t theo vn tc ca Maxwell..........................................8
V. Nhit dung mol ca kh l tng......................................................................9
1) Cng thc Robert Mayer:..............................................................................9
2) Tnh nhit dung:..........................................................................................10
VI. Cc hin tng truyn.................................................................................10
1) Khuch tn (nh lut Phch):.....................................................................10
2) Ni ma st (nh lut Newton):..................................................................11
3) Truyn nhit (nh lut Fourier):................................................................11
VII. Cng sinh ra trong cc qu trnh ng nhit v on nhit.........................11
1) ng nhit:..................................................................................................11
2) on nhit:..................................................................................................12
VIII. Nguyn l th hai nhit ng lc hc theo Thomson v Clausius..............12
1) Thomson......................................................................................................12
2) Clausius.......................................................................................................13
3) Chng minh s tng ng......................................................................13
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IX. Chu trnh Carnot. Hiu sut ca chu trnh Carnot.......................................13

1) Chu trnh Carnot..........................................................................................13
2) Hiu sut ca chu trnh Carnot....................................................................14
3) nh l Carnot v hiu sut ca ng c thc............................................15
X. Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng lc hc da trn khi nim Entropi..........15
1) Khi nim Entropi.......................................................................................15
2) Vi tnh cht ca Entropi.............................................................................16
3) Nguyn l tng Entropi (Nguyn l II).......................................................17
4) Chng minh s tng ng vi cch pht biu Thomson v Clausius....17

I.

Gii thch s n v nhit ca vt rn trn quan im phn t.

Cc cht rn c cu to mng, cc nt, ion ca chng chim v tr xc nh tun hon
trong khng gian, gia chng c lc lin kt.
Th nng tng tc ca chng ph thuc vo khong cch.Th nng tng tc gia 2 nt
c dng nh hnh v, to thnh 1 h th nng khng i xng.
Bnh thng cc nt giao ng quanh v tr cn bng trong h aa 1 tng ng vi k/c tb
gia 2 nt l R01.
Khi nhit tng ln, cc n t c thm nng lng nn dao ng mnh hn ng vi v tr
bb1 quanh v tr cn bng, khi ny k/c tb gia 2 n t l R02.
Do tnh ko i xng ca th nng ta c: Rb1 Ra1 > Ra Rb Rb1 + Rb > Ra1 + Ra.
R02 > R01.Do kch thc ca vt rn ln ln.N b n khi nhit tng.

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Et(r)
R02

R01

r
O

Rb b
Ra

b1

a
Ra1

a1
Rb1

II.

Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng lc hc.

1. Mt vi khi nim:
H nhit ng: L 1 khong khng gian no cha y vt cht.

H ng tnh, khng ng tnh: Mi tnh cht vt l ca cc phn nh l nh nhau

(mt , chit sut).Ngc li l h ko ng tnh.
H c lp: h ko trao i vt cht hay nng lng vi cc phn ngoi h.

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Thng s trng thi: m t cc trng thi khc nhau ca 1 h nhit ng

Thng s trong: Xc nh bng tp hp chuyn ng v s phn b trong khng
gian ca cc phn t cu to nn h (mt , nng lng, nhit , p sut)
Thng s ngoi: Xc nh bng v tr ca cc vt ko tham gia vo h ta xt (Th
tch, ngoi lc)

Ni nng: tng tt c cc nng lng cha trong h c lp

V d: Nng lng ca chuyn ng nhit, th nng tng tc gia cc phn t,
nng lng ca cc nguyn t, ht nhn
Vi kh l tng, coi cc nguyn t, pt l cht im ko c tng tc vi nhau v
ch xt nng lng ca chuyn ng nhit, nn ni nng ch gm ng nng ca
chuyn ng tnh tin.

Nhit lng:
L nng lng trao i gia h ta ang xt v mi trng xung quanh khi gia
chng c s chnh lch nhit .
Nhit lng Q coi l (+) khi h nhn nhit lng t mi trng.Coi l (-) khi h
truyn nhit cho mi trng.
Nng lng cng c th trao i gia h v mi trng bng cch thc hin
cng.Cng (+) khi h thc hin cng, v (-) khi h nhn cng.
n v: - Jun (J), Calo (cal)(Nhit lng cn thit lm tng nhit ca 1g
nc t 14,50C ln 15,50C.) v Trong : 1 cal = 4,186 J; 1 J = 0,24 cal.

Nhit dung :
L 1 hng s t l gia nhit lng trao i v s thay i nhit ca vt.
Q = C.T = C.(t2 t1).Trong C: nhit dung (J/K), t2, t1 l nhit cui v u.

Nhit dung ring:

L 1 hng s t l gia nhit lng trao i v s thay i nhit ca 1 n v

khi lng ca vt.

Q = c.m.(t2 t1).Trong c: nhit dung ring (J/kg.K),t 2, t1 l nhit cui v

u.

Nhit dung mol:

L 1 hng s t l gia nhit lng trao i v s thay i nhit ca 1 mol ca
vt cht.

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 i vi cc cht rn, cu tp t n nguyn t (Au, Cu, Al), khi nhit tng

dn, nhit dung mol tin ti 1 gi tr gii hn l 25 J/mol.K.Chng t khi cc
nguyn t ca chng hp th nhit theo cng 1 cch bt k chng l nguyn t g.

Phn loi nhit dung: (ch i vi cht kh vi cc iu kin khc nhau)

ng nhit: C =
on nhit: C = 0
ng p: C = Cp (Nhit dung ng p).
ng p: C = Cv (Nhit dung ng tch).

Nhit chuyn pha:

Khi h nhn nhit nhng ko thay i nhit m ch c s thay i trng thi ca
h (lng rn ).Ta gi l s chuyn pha loi 1.
Nhit lng cn thit lm chuyn pha hon ton 1 n v khi lng gi l
nhit chuyn pha ring gi tt l nhit chuyn pha.
Q = L.m

Trong :

L: nhit chuyn pha (J/kg)

2. Lin h cng v nhit:

Cng trong 1 qu trnh:

H chuyn t trng thi (1) (p1, V1), sang trng thi (2) (p2, V2).

Khi Piston di chuyn on dx

cng m h thc hin l: dW = F.dx.
Trong :

F = pS.
p:p sut kh coi nh ko i trong qu trnh ny.
S: din tch ca Piston

Vy dW = p.S.dx = p.dV.

Cng h thc hin khi chuyn t trng thi (1) sang trng thi (2) l:

W dW

V2

V1

pdV

ln ca W chnh l phn din tch gch cho trong hnh v.

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p
p1

(1)

p2

(2)

V1

V2

3. Nguyn l I ca nhit ng lc hc:

a) Cch pht biu 1:

Q W = Eint = Eint.2 Eint.1

Thc nghim chng t hiu ca nhit lng v cng (Q W) l 1 hng s vi
mi qu trnh khc nhau khi chuyn t trng thi (1) sang trng thi (2).
Hng s ny khc nhau vi cc trng thi (1) v (2) khc nhau, ngha l ch ph
thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi cui.
i lng ny l 1 i lng c trng cho tnh cht ni ti ca h, n chnh l
ni nng Eint.

Nhit lng cung cp cho h dng sinh cng v thay i ni nng ca h.

Q = W + Eint

b) Cch pht biu th 2:

Ni nng ca 1 h l 1 hm s n gi (ch c 1 gi tr) ca trng thi, n ch thay

i khi h chu tc dng ca mi trng xung quanh.

Vi qu trnh bin i nh:

dEint = Q - A

c) Cch pht biu th 3:

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Vi 1 chu trnh ko c s thay i ni nng.

Khi : Q W = 0 Q = W.
Nu h ko trao i nhit Q = 0 th W = 0, h ko th sinh cng.

Khng th sinh cng m ko thay i ni nng hoc nhn nhit lng t bn ngoi.Ni
cch khc khng th ch to ng c vnh cu loi 1( l loi ng c ko cn nng
lng m vn sinh cng.

4. Mt s p dng ca nguyn l I:
a) Qu trnh on nhit (ko trao i nhit vi mi trng):

Q = 0 Eint = -W

H thc hin cng W > 0 (kh dn n) th Eint < 0 (ni nng gim i)

H nhn cng W < 0 (nn kh) th Eint > 0 (ni nng tng ln)

b) Qu trnh ng tch (th tch ko i):

V = const W = 0 Eint = Q

Nu cung cp nhit cho h Q > 0 th ni nng tng Eint > 0.

Nu ly nhit t h Q < 0 th ni nng gim Eint > 0.

c) Chu trnh (ni nng ko i):

Eint = 0 Q = W

Ton b nhit lng trao i c th bin thnh cng.

d) Dn t do (on nhit v ko thc hin cng):

W = 0; Q = 0 Eint = 0

V d: Bnh A cha kh v bnh B chn khng c ni vi nhau bng kha K.Cc

bnh cch nhit vi nhau v cch nhit vi bn ngoi.Khi m kha K th kh t bnh A
sang bnh B ti khi t trng thi cn bng.
Qu trnh ny ko trao i nhit v thnh cch nhit, ko sinh cng v kh dn vo
chn khng th ko c lc cn.
Qu trnh ny ko th thc hin chm c.Trong sut qu trnh dn, cc trng
thi trung gian ko c gi tr duy nht do ko th v th c.
Trng thi u v trng thi cui ca h trng thi cn bng.

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III.

p sut v nhit theo quan im ca thuyt ng hc cht kh.

1) Mu c hc v cht kh:
Cc tp hp nhiu ht khi tham gia chuyn ng nhit, v phng din nhit, chng

c tnh cht ging nhau gi l mu c hc ca khi l tng.Chng c c im sau:

Chuyn ng hn n khng ngng
Vn tc chuyn ng TB t l vi cn bc 2 ca nhit tuyt i (v ~
cng nhit ng nng Tb ca cc ht nh nhau (

T )

1
1
m1v12 m2 v 22 ) trong
2
2

m1, m2 l khi lng cc ht ang xt; v1, v2 l vn tc ca chng.

2) p sut kh l tng:

Xt 1 hnh lp phng cnh l ch kh.Do tnh cht hn n ko u tin nn ch c 1/3

s phn t trong bnh p vo thnh bnh theo 1 phng (xt phng ngang).
Gi m l khi lng ca 1 p t, v l vn tc chuyn ng theo phng ang xt
(Vung gc vi thnh bnh bn phi).
Gi s va chm l hon ton n hi, sau khi p vo thnh bnh th vt c vn
tc v theo hng ngc li.Do bin thin ng lng theo phng ngang l
p = mv (-mv) = 2mv
Gi fi l lc tc dng Tb ca 1 p t ln thnh bnh trong thi gian t (thi gian
gia 2 ln va chm lin tip), theo nh lut II Newton ta c:
f 1

p 2mv
2l
2mv 2 mv 2

, t
f 1
t
t
v
2 l
l

C n phn t c vn tc v1, v2, , vn ; tc dng ln thnh bnh cc lc f1,

fn.Lc tng cng tc dng vo thnh bnh l :
f

mv 2 mn' (v12 v 22 ... v n2' )

mv12 mv22

... n '
.
l
l
l
l
n'

v12 v 22 ... v n2'

vt2 gi l bnh phng vn tc cn qun phng (vn tc ton
n'

phng TB) f

m.n' 2
vt
l

Gi n l tng s phn t trong hnh lp phng ta xt do tnh i xng ta c n =

n/3.Vy f

m.n 2
vt
3.l

p sut tc dng vo thnh bnh, do lc ny gy ra l:

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Ta c:

n
f
1 m.n 2
n0 l s phn t trong 1 n v th tch
2
vt , vi
(l ) 3
s l 3.l

1
n0 mvt2 (Pt c bn ca thuyt ng hc p t)
3

mv
mv

3) Nhit ca kh l tng:
Xt pt trng thi cho kh l tng (vi 1 mol):

pV RT p

RT
vi R = 8,31 J/mol.K l hng s kh l tng
V

Mt khc t pt c bn ca thuyt ng hc p t ( trn) p

kh ta c: p
Vy ta c:

1
n0 mvt2 vi 1 mol
3

1 NA
mvt2 vi NA = 3,02.1023 s Avogadro (s p t trong 1 mol)
3 V
RT 1 N A
1

mvt2
vt2 vi m.N A l khi lng ca 1 mol
V
3 V
3V

cht kh

Cng thc ca nhit theo vn tc cn qun phng:

T

1 vt2

3 R

4) ng nng Tb chuyn ng tnh tin ca p t:

Mt phn t kh c trong 1 thi gian di c ng nng TB l: D

nh trn gi vt l vn tc cn qun phng ta c: D

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1
mv 2 .Tng t
2

1
mvt2
2

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T cng thc ca nhit trn ta c: D

Vi

NA

6,02.10 23 ,
m

1 3RT 3 RT
m.

2 NA
R
8,31J / mol.K

1,38.10 23 J / K
23
1
NA
3,02.10 mol

3
2

(hng s Boltzman) D kT
Pt c bn ca thuyt ng hc p t vit li l :
p

1
1
2
3
n0 mvt2 n0 .2 D n0 . kT n0 kT
3
3
3
2

5) Qung ng t do Tb:

1
2d n0
2
hd

p
ta c:
kT

.Thay n0

kT
2
2d hd
p

Vi dhd l ng knh hiu dng ca cc p t (k/c ngn nht ca tm 2 p t khi

chng li gn nhau).

IV.

Hm phn b phn t theo vn tc ca Maxwell. nh lut phn b phn

t theo th nng ca Boltzmann.

3/ 2

v 2
2 RT

Hm phn b:

P (v ) 4

2RT

Trong :

v l vn tc c nhit ca p t kh

v .e

l khi lng 1 mol cht kh

R: hng s kh l tng
P(v) l xc sut p t c vn tc v.Tch P(v).dv l i lng ko
th nguyn cho bit s % p t c vn tc v nm trong khong t v
n v + dv

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P(v)
T2

T1

v pv

v2

Vn tc tng ng vi nh ng cong (v p ) gi l vn tc c xc sut cc i

(s % p t c vn tc quanh gi tr ny l ln nht) (tha mn dP/dv = 0):
vp

2 RT

Vn tc trung bnh s hc :
v

v.P(v)dv
0

8 RT

Vn tc cn qun phng:
vt2

v
0

P (v) dv

3RT

Vy ta c: v p v v 2

Vn tc c xc sut cc i tng theo nhit , ngha l nh ng cong dch v bn

phi

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V.

Nhit dung mol ca kh l tng.

1) Cng thc Robert Mayer:
Theo nguyn l I (cch 2):

Q = dEint + A = dEint + pdV vi Eint = Eint(T) (v

ni nng kh l tng ch ph thuc vo nhit )

Vi qu trnh ng tch: V = const CV .dT = dEint CV

Vi qu trnh ng p: p = const C p
RT

dV

dEint
dT

Q dEint
dV

p
.Vi 1 mol kh l tng
dT
dT
dT

ta c V p dT p nn:
C p CV R

2) Tnh nhit dung:

Mi loi n t, p t c 1 s f no bc t do tng ng vi mi bc t do ny p t c

nng lng l kT.

Gi thit kh ang xt c f bc t do, nn mi phn t kh c nng lng f.kT. Vy

1 mol kh c nng lng (ni nng) l: (Vi R = k.NA)
Eint N A .

1
RT
f .k .T f .
2
2

Vy nhit dung mol ca kh l:

CV

f 2
dEint
f
R
R (ng tch), C P CV R
f
dT
2

Vi kh n nguyn t (He, Ar) f = 3

Vi kh lng nguyn t (H2, CO, ) f = 5
Vi kh a nguyn t (H2O, C2H5OH,) f = 6

VI.

Cc hin tng truyn.

1) Khuch tn (nh lut Phch):
L qu trnh truyn lm cho cht kh ng tnh v klg ring v p sut

Xt 1 khi kh M khuch tn qua din tch S trong thi gian t, gia 2 lp kh ca

cng 1 cht nhng c klg ring khc nhau, theo phng vung gc vi din tch S.
M cng ln nu S cng ln, v chnh

1 2

lch klg ring /x cng ln.Vy ta c:

S
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M D.S .t.

Vi D

1
v (m2/s) l h s khuch tn, l qung ng t do TB
3

Du tr th hin rng hin tng khuch tn xy ra theo phng gim ca khi

lng ring.
2) Ni ma st (nh lut Newton):
L qu trnh truyn lm cho cht kh ng tnh v vn tc chuyn ng nh hng.

Xt ni lc ma st f tc dng gia cc lp kh chuyn ng vi vn tc nh hng u

khc nhau ln din tch S theo phng x song song vi S.
Ta c f cng ln khi S cng ln,

chnh lch vn tc gia cc lp

u/z cng ln nn:
f -

u
S
z

Vi

1
.v
3

u1
S

(N.s/m2) l h s

u2

ni ma st,

Du tr th hin rng lc ni ma st c chiu ngc vi chiu chuyn ng ca

cc lp kh.
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng l do cc p t kh chuyn ng va chm vi nhau,
trao i ng lng.
3) Truyn nhit (nh lut Fourier):
L qu trnh lm cho cht kh ng tnh v nhit .

Xt nhit lng Q truyn qua din tch t gia 2 lp kh c nhit T 1 v T2 theo

phng vung gc vi S

T1>T2

Nhit lng truyn qua Q cng ln khi S

cng ln, thi gian cng di, chnh lch

nhit T/x cng ln.Do :

T
S .t
x

Vi

1
.v CV (J/m.K.s) l h s
3

T1

T2

truyn nhit.

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VII.

Cng sinh ra trong cc qu trnh ng nhit v on nhit. Phng trnh

on nhit.
1) ng nhit:
Gi s c 1 mol cht kh dn ng nhit t trng thi U1 n U2.Cng m kh thc

hin c l:

V2

V2

V1

V1

V
dV
RT ln 2
V
V1

pdV RT

Nu c n mol kh th cng thc hin l: W nRT ln

2) on nhit:
Q = 0 nn ta c:

V2
V1

V1
dE int pdV CV dT pdV dT

V2

p
dV
CV

Vi kh l tng pV = RT pdV + Vdp = RdT dT

pdV Vdp pdV Vdp

R
C p CV

T 2 pt trn ta c:

pdV Vdp
p

dV CV ( pdV Vdp ) ( pC p pCV )dV

C p CV
CV
CV .Vdp pC p dV

Cp
CV

dp C p dV

0
p CV V

l ch s on nhit ta c:

ln p ln V const

pV const (pt Poisson hay pt on nhit).

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VIII.

Hai cch pht biu nguyn l th hai nhit ng lc hc theo Thomson

v Clausius. Chng minh s tng ng ca hai cch pht biu ny.
1) Thomson:
Khng th tn ti mt qu trnh mt chu trnh m hu qu duy nht l bin nhit lng
hon ton thnh cng m khng li 1 du vt g mi trng xung quanh.
2) Clausius:
Khng th tn ti mt qu trnh mt chu trnh m hu qu duy nht l truyn nhit
lng t ngun lnh hn sang ngun nng hn m khng li 1 du vt g mi trng
xung quanh.
3) Chng minh s tng ng:
Ta CM bng cch gi s nu ch to c ng c vnh cu loi II (vi phm cch pht

biu Thomson) th cng ch to c my lnh vnh cu (vi phm Clausius)

Gi s ta c 2 my (hnh a):
Mt ng c vnh cu loi II ly nhit lng Q H1 = 100 J t 1 ngun nng sinh ra
1 cng W = 100 J (Vi phm Thomson).
Mt my lnh thc ly nhit lng QC = 50 J t ngun lnh TC , ly cng W = 100
J ca ng c vnh cu nh cho ngun nng nhit lng QH2 = 150 J.

Ghp 2 my li vi nhau thnh 1 my X (hnh b):

My ny c c im l ly 1 nhit lng Q C = 50 J t ngun lnh truyn cho
ngun nng nhit lng QH = QH2 QH1 = 150 100 = 50 J m khng tn cng.
y chnh l my lnh vnh cu (vi phm Clausius).

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TH
QH1 = 100J

QH2 = 150 J

ng
c
vnh
cu

My
lnh
thc
W = 100 J

a)

IX.

QH = 50 J

TH

QC = 50 J

QC = 50 J

TC

b)

TC

Chu trnh Carnot. Hiu sut ca chu trnh Carnot. nh l Carnot v hiu
sut ca ng c thc.
1) Chu trnh Carnot:
L 1 chu trnh thun nghch, c kh nng sinh cng, gm 2 qu trnh ng nhit v 2

qu trnh on nhit.

Chy theo chu trnh thun l my nhit, theo chu trnh nghch l my lnh.

2) Hiu sut ca chu trnh Carnot:

Gi s c 1 chu trnh Carnot ABCDA cho 1 mol kh (hnh v).

AB, CD l nhng qu trnh ng nhit.

BC, DA l nhng qu trnh on nhit.
Gi Q1 l nhit lng nhn t ngun nng (T H), Q2 l nhit lng nh ra cho
ngun lnh (TC), hiu sut ca chu trnh ny l:
ec

Q1 Q2
Q1

Trong cc qu trnh ng nhit th Eint = 0, nn Q = W. Vy ta c:

Q1 A1 RTH ln

V
VB
VD
RTC ln C
, Q2 A2 RTC ln
VA
VC
VD

Xt 1 qu trnh on nhit t trng thi (1) (p1, V1, T1) n trng thi (2) (p2, V2, T2).Ta
c: p1V1 p 2V2

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Thay p1

RT1V1

RT1
RT2
, p2
vo pt trn ta c:
V1
V2
1

RT2V2

V
T
1 2
T2
V1

( 1)

T
V
2 1
V1
T2

Vy vi qu trnh on nhit DA, v BC ta c:

T
VD
A
VA
TD

T
V
, C B
VB
TC

Ta c: TA = TB = TH, TC = TD = TC nn :
T
VD
H
VA
TC

VC
VB

VB
V
C
V A VD

Hiu sut ca chu trnh:

VB
.(TH TC )
T TC
VA
H
V
TH
R. ln B .TH
VA

R. ln
ec

p
A

TH

Q1
B
TC

C
Q2
V

3) nh l Carnot v hiu sut ca ng c thc.

Hiu sut ca chu trnh Carnot l hiu sut ln nht m 1 ng c nhit thc c th

thc hin.

Hiu sut ca 1 chu trnh bt k lm vic vi 2 ngun nhit TH v TC l:

e

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TH TC
TH

Page | 17

 Du = khi chu trnh l chu trnh thun nghch (Chu trnh Carnot).
Du < khi chu trnh bt thun nghch.

X.

Pht biu nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng lc hc da trn khi nim

Entropi. Chng minh s tng ng ca cch pht biu ny vi cch
pht biu ca Thomson v ca Clausius.
1) Khi nim Entropi;

Trong chu trnh Carnot, ta c:

QH QC TH TC
Q
Q

H C
QH
TH
TH
TC

Vi quy c nhit lng nhn c t ngun nng Q H > 0, nhit lng ta ra cho
QH QC

0
TH
TC

ngun lnh QC < 0, ta c:

Vi chu trnh bt k, theo nh l Carnot ta c:

QH QC

0
TH
TC

Vi 1 chu trnh thun nghch, lm vic vi nhiu ngun nhit:

Chia chu trnh thnh nhng chu trnh Carnot nh.Ta thy 2 chu trnh lin nhau (i
v i + 1) chung nhau 1 ng AB nhng c chiu ngc nhau, do tng nhit
lng trao i bng 0 tng nhit lng trao i m h cc chu trnh Carnot s
l nhit lng trao i ca chu trnh ny.
Ta c nhit lng trao i ca chu trnh ny l :

A
n

i 1

Qi
0 .Tin ti gii hn thay tng trn
Ti

i+1
B

bng tch phn vi chu trnh thun nghch

Q
T

Vi 1 chu trnh bt k ta c:

Q
T

Khi nim:
Gi s c 1 lng kh thc hin 1 chu trnh thun nghch t trng thi (1) sang
trng thi (2) theo ng 1a2.Ta a h v trng thi (1) bng 1 qu trnh thun
nghch bt k khc ng 2b1.Vy ta c chu trnh thun nghch

Q
T

0.

Tch ra lm 2 qu trnh ta c:

robottheki

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Q
Q
Q
Q
Q

0

T
T
T
T
T
1a 2
2 b1
1a 2
2 b1
1b 2

V qu trnh thun nghch 1b2 l bt k nn Nhit thu gn

Q
T

ca 1 qu trnh

thun nghch din bin gia 2 trng thi (1) v (2) ko ph thuc vo qu trnh
din bin m ch ph thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi cui.
Ta a vo 1 khi nim Entropi (k hiu l S), n c trng cho tnh cht ni ti
ca h, c nh ngha:Hiu Entropi gia 2 trng thi v m o bng nhit thu

Q
T
1
2

gn ca 1 qu trnh thun nghch gia 2 trng thi .

S 2 S1

1(S1)
a
b
2(S2)
2) Vi tnh cht ca Entropi:
Hiu Entropi gia 2 trng thi c gi tr xc nh nhng gi tr ca Entropi ca 1 trng

thi li ch c xc nh sai khc 1 hng s ty thuc vo vic chn trng thi gc.
S

Q
T

const
thuan _ nghich

n v o Entropi l n v o nhit thu gn trong h n v SI (J/K).

Entropi ca h 1 trng thi no c gi tr xc nh (khi chn gc).Vy Entropi

c 1 hm trng thi:

dS

Q
T

Entropi l i lng c tnh cng c, entropi ca 1 h cn bng bng tng Entropi

ca tng phn ring bit ca h.

Cc qu trnh xy ra trong t nhin: bt thun nghch, on nhit lun xy ra theo

chiu tng ca Entropi.

robottheki

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 Cc qu trnh ny lun a h t trng thi km cn bng sang trng thi cn

bng.M trng thi cn bng l trng thi c xc sut cao hn, v vy c th biu
din Entropi di dng:

S = k.lnW. (trong k l hng s Boltzmann).

Cc n t, p t lun va chm vo nhau, chuyn ng nhit ca chng cng hn n

th cng phn b ng u, nhit ng u a ti h cn bng.V vy Entropi
l i lng o mc chuyn ng hn n ca cc p t, n t.(h c nhiu
phn t).
3) Nguyn l tng Entropi (Cch pht biu dng tng qut ca nguyn l II):
Gi s c 1 qu trnh thc 1a2, v 1 qu trnh thun nghch bt k 2b1 no .Ta c

1 chu trnh ko thun nghch:

Q
Q
Q


0
T
T
T
1a 2
2 b1

Q
S1 S 2 .Thay vo trn ta c:
T
2

V qu trnh 2b1 l thun nghch nn:

Q
Q
S1 S 2 0 S 2 S1
T
T
1a 2
1a 2

V h c lp, ko trao i vi bn ngoi ( Q 0 )nn:

S2 S1 > 0 hay S2 > S1

Kt lun:Trong 1 h c lp, cc qu trnh thc xy ra theo chiu tng ca Entropi..

4) Chng minh s tng ng vi cch pht biu Thomson v Clausius:

Ring phn ny hi trc cha hc, by gi cng ko hc nn ko r lm.Ai bit th

Post ln cho anh em hc. ^-^

robottheki

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