Iai

This article is about a major city in Romania. For other

uses, see Iasi (disambiguation) and Jassy.

Hebrew: , Yasi

Iai ([ja]; also referred to as Jassy or Iassy)[6][7] is

the largest city in eastern Romania and the seat of Iai
County. Located in the historical region of Moldavia, Iai
has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Romanian social, cultural, academic and artistic life. The city
was the capital of the Principality of Moldavia from 1564
to 1859, then of the United Principalities from 1859 to
1862, and the capital of Romania from 1916 to 1918.

Italian: Iassi

Hungarian: Jszvsr

Russian: , Yassy
Serbian: / Jai
Turkish:

Ya

Ukrainian: , Yassy
Yiddish: Yas ,

Known as The Cultural Capital of Romania, Iai is a symbol in Romanian history. The historian Nicolae Iorga said
There should be no Romanian who does not know of
it.[8] Still referred to as The Moldavian Capital, Iai is
the main economic and business centre of the Moldavian
region of Romania.[9]
At the 2011 census, the city proper had a population
of 290,422, making it the fourth most populous in Romania. With 465,477 residents (as of 2014), the Iai
urban area is the second most populous in Romania (after Bucharest),[10] whereas more than 500,000 people live
within its peri-urban area.[5][11] Home to the oldest Romanian university and to the rst engineering school, Iai
is one of the most important education and research centres of the country, and accommodates over 60,000 students in 5 public universities.[12][13] The social and cultural life revolves around the Vasile Alecsandri National
Theater (the oldest in Romania), the Moldova State Philharmonic, the Opera House, the Ttrai Athenaeum, a
famous Botanical Garden (the oldest and largest in Romania), the Central University Library (the oldest in Romania), the high quality cultural centres and festivals, an
array of museums, memorial houses, religious and historical monuments.

An 1871 Romanian telegraph stamp using the historic name of

Jassy.

A now lost inscription on a Roman milestone[16] found

near Osijek, Croatia by Matija Petar Katani in the 18th
century, mentions the existence of a Jassiorum municipium,[17] or Municipium Dacorum-Iassiorum from other
sources.[18]

Scholars have dierent theories on the origin of the name

Iai.[14] Some argue that the name originates with the
Sarmatian tribe Iazyges (of Iranian origin), one mentioned by Ovid as Latin: Ipse vides onerata ferox ut ducata Iasyx/ Per media Histri plaustra bubulcus aquas
and "Iazyges et Colchi Metereaque turba Getaque/ Danubii mediis vix prohibentur aquis.[15]

Etymology and names

The city is historically referred to as:

Other explanations show that the name originated from

the Iranian Alanic tribe of Jassi, having same origin
with Yazyges tribes Jassic people. The Prut river was
called as Alanus uvius and the city as Forum Philistinorum.[19][20][21] From this population derived the plural of
town name, Iaii.

Bulgarian: , Yash
English, Polish: Jassy
French: Iassy
German: Jassy, Jassenmarkt

Another historian wrote that the Iasians lived among the

Cumans and that they left the Caucasus after the rst

Greek: , Isio
1

Mongolian campaign in the West, settling temporarily

near the Prut. He asserts that the ethnic name of Jasz
which is given to Iasians by Hungarians has been erroneously identied with Jazyges; also he shows that the
word jasz is a Slavic loan word.[22] The Hungarian name
of the city (Jszvsr) literally means Jassic Market";
the antiquated Romanian name, Trgul Ieilor (and the
once-favoured Iaii), and the German Jassenmarkt, may
indicate the same meaning.

History

See also: Timeline of Iai

HISTORY

found in Iai had a cross, showing that inhabitants were

Christians.[24]

2.2 Early development

The name of the city is rst found in a document from
1408. This is a grant of certain commercial privileges by
the Moldavian Prince Alexander to the Polish merchants
of Lvov. However, as buildings older than 1408 still exist,
e.g. the Armenian Church believed to be originally built
in 1395, it is certain that the city existed before its rst
mentioning.

2.3 Capital of Moldavia

Around 1564, Prince Alexandru Lpuneanu moved the
Moldavian capital from Suceava to Iai. Between 1561
and 1563, a school and a Lutheran church were founded
by the Greek adventurer Prince, Ioan Iacob Heraclid.

Trei Ierarhi Monastery (1639)

Coat of arms of the Principality of Moldavia at Cetuia

Monastery

2.1

Ancient times
Iai in the 1700s

Archaeological investigations attest to the presence of human communities on the present territory of the city and
around it as far back as the prehistoric age.[18] Later settlements included those of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture, a late Neolithic archaeological culture.
There is archaeological evidence of human settlements
in the area of Iai dating from the 6th to 7th centuries Princely Court of Moldavia
(Curtea Domneasc) and 7th to 10th centuries; these settlements contained rectangular houses with semicircu- In 1640, Vasile Lupu established the rst school in which
lar ovens.[23] Also a lot of vessels (9th-11th centuries) the mother-tongue replaced Greek, and set up a printing

2.5

Jewish community

press in the Byzantine Trei Ierarhi Monastery (Monastery During World War I, Iai was the capital of a severely
of the Three Hierarchs; built 163539). In 1643, the rst reduced Romania for two years, following the Central
volume ever printed in Moldavia was issued in Iai.
Powers' occupation of Bucharest on 6 December 1916.
The city was burned down by the Tatars in 1513, by the The capital was returned to Bucharest after the defeat of
Ottomans in 1538, and by Imperial Russian troops in Imperial Germany and its allies in November 1918. In
NovemberDecember 1918 Iai hosted the Jassy Confer1686. In 1734, it was hit by the plague.
ence.
Through the Peace of Iai, the sixth Russo-Turkish War
was brought to a close in 1792. A Greek revolutionary maneuver and occupation under Alexander Ypsilanti
( ) and the Filiki Eteria ( 2.5 Jewish community
) (1821, at the beginning of the Greek War of Independence) led to the storming of the city by the Turks See also: History of the Jews in Romania
in 1822. In 1844 there was a severe conagration.
Iai also gures prominently in Jewish history, with the
rst documented presence of Sephardi Jews from the
2.4 Mid19th century to 20th century
late 16th century. The oldest tomb inscription in the
local cemetery probably dates to 1610.[25] By the mid19th century, owing to widespread Russian Jewish and
Galician Jewish immigration into Moldavia, the city was
at least one-third Jewish.

Al. Lpuneanu Street

Great Synagogue (1671)

In 1855, Iai was the home of the rst-ever Yiddishlanguage newspaper, Korot Haitim, and, in 1876, the site
of what was arguably the rst-ever professional Yiddish
theater performance, established by Avraham Goldfaden.
The words of HaTikvah, the national anthem of Israel,
were written in Iai by Naftali Herz Imber. Jewish musicians in Iai played an important role as preservers of
Yiddish folklore, as performers and composers.
Union Square

Between 1564 and 1859, the city was the capital of

Moldavia; then, between 1859 and 1862, both Iai and
Bucharest were de facto capitals of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. In 1862, when the
union of the two principalities was recognized under the
name of Romania, the national capital was established in
Bucharest. For the loss caused to the city in 1861 by
the removal of the seat of government to Bucharest the
constituent assembly voted 148,150 lei to be paid in ten
annual instalments, but no payment was ever made.

According to the 1930 census, with a population of

34,662 (some 34% of the citys population), Jews were
the second largest ethnic group in Iai. There were over
127 synagogues. After World War II, in 1947, there were
about 38,000 Jews living in Iai. Because of massive emigration to Israel, in 1975 there were about 3,000 Jews
living in Iai and four synagogues were active.[25]
Currently, Iai has a dwindling Jewish population of ca.
300 to 600 members and two working synagogues, one of
which, the 1671 Great Synagogue, is the oldest surviving
synagogue in Romania.[26]

2.6

CITYSCAPE

World War II

Main article: Iai pogrom

During the war, while the full scale of the Holocaust remained generally unknown to the Allied Powers, the Iai
pogrom stood as one of the known examples of Axis brutality toward the Jews.
The pogrom lasted from 29 June to 6 July 1941, and over
13,266 people,[27] or one third of the Jewish population,
were massacred in the pogrom itself or in its aftermath,
and many were deported.
Main articles: First Jassy-Kishinev Oensive and Jassy
Panoramic view of the Copou Hill
Kishinev Oensive (August 1944)
In May 1944, the Iai area became the scene of ferocious ghting between Romanian-German forces and
the advancing Soviet Red Army and the city was partially destroyed. The German Panzergrenadier Division
Grodeutschland won a defensive victory at the Battle of
Trgu Frumos, near Iai, which was the object of several
NATO studies during the Cold War. By 20 August, Iai
had been taken by Soviet forces.[28]

2.7

Post-World War II era

(tributary of the Prut). The surrounding country is one of

uplands and woods, featuring monasteries and parks. Iai
itself stands amid vineyards and gardens, partly on hills,
partly in the in-between valley.
It is a common belief that Iai is built on seven hills
(Romanian: coline): Cetuia, Galata, Copou-Aurora,
Bucium-Pun, orogari, Repedea and Breazu, thus triggering comparisons with Rome.

3.2 Climate

Iai experienced a major wave of industrialization, in

1955-1975.[29] During this period of time, it received numerous migrants from rural regions, and the urban area
expanded.[30] The socialist period saw a growth of 235%
in population and 69% in area in Iai; however, the urban planning was sometimes arbitrary and followed by
dysfunctions.[31]

Iai has a humid, continental-type climate (Kppen climate classication Dfb summer wetter than winter,
European subtype) with four distinct seasons. Summers
are warm with temperatures sometimes exceeding 35 C
(95 F) while winters are cold and windy with moderate snowfall and temperatures at night sometimes dropping below 15 C (5 F). Average monthly precipitation
By 1989, Iai had become highly industrialized, with ranges from about 25 mm (1.0 in) in October to 100 mm
108,000 employees (representing 47% of the total work- (3.9 in)in June.
force) active in 46 large state-owned enterprises, in various industries: chemical, pharmaceutical, metallurgical,
heavy equipment, electronics, textile, food, energy, build4 Cityscape
ing materials, furniture.[32][33]

4.1 Architecture

Geography

Iai features historical monuments, 500-year-old

churches and monasteries, contemporary architecture,
3.1 Topography
many of them listed on the National Register of Historic
Monuments. Notable architecture includes the Trei
Ierarhi Monastery, part of the tentative list of UNESCO
See also: Seven hills of Iai
Located in the North-East of Romania, between the Iai World Heritage Site, or the neo-Gothic Palace of
Ridge (Romanian: Coasta Iailor) (the northern-most hill Culture, built on the old ruins of the mediaeval Princely
formation of the Brlad Plateau) and the Jijia Plain, Iai Court of Moldavia.
used to be the crossroads place of the commercial routes During World War II and the Communist era many histhat passed through Moldavia coming from Kingdom of torical buildings in the old city centre (around Union
Poland, Habsburg Monarchy, Tsardom of Russia and Square area) were destroyed or demolished, and replaced
Constantinople.
by International style buildings and also a new mainly
The city lies on the Bahlui River, a tributary of the Jijia Mid-Century modern style Civic Centre was built around

4.1

Architecture

The neo-Gothic Palace of Culture, built on the old ruins of the

mediaeval Princely Court and on the foundations of the former
neoclassical Princely Palace of Moldavia

Cuza Palace, now the Union Museum

Dosoftei House
Grand Hotel Traian (Union Square), designed and built by
Gustave Eiel

the Old Market Square (The Central Hall).[29]

The mid-1990s to early-2000s brought the rst nonindustrial glass curtain walled buildings (Romtelecom,
Hotel Europa), while in 2012, in close proximity to the
Palace of Culture, the Palas shopping mall and oce
complex was inaugurated.

Alexandru Ioan Cuza University main building

(1897), a mixture of the Neoclassical and Baroque
styles, houses the famous Hall of the Lost Footsteps
where one can admire the works of the painter Sabin
Blaa;
Vasile Alecsandri National Theatre, built between
1894 and 1896 in Neoclassic style with Baroque and
Rococo inspired painted and sculpted ornaments;
Dosoftei House, a building from the second half of
the 17th century in which in 1679, the metropolitan bishop Dosoftei settled the second typography
in Moldavia. With three faades, arched and rightangled windows, the edice was restored between
1966 and 1969. It houses the department of old literature of the Romanian Literature Museum;
Roznovanu Palace (The City Hall), second half of
the 18th century, rebuilt between 1830 and 1833,
during World War I, it hosted the Romanian government;

Communist eras Central Hall Square

Other signicant buildings include:

Union Museum, 1806, Empire style, the palace

served as the royal residence of Prince Alexandru
Ioan Cuza between 1859 and 1862 and in 1917
1918, during World War I, as the royal residence
of king Ferdinand;

CITYSCAPE

Pogor House, 1850, a meeting place for the city (1668), Frumoasa (1726), Saint Spiridon (1747), Old
intellectuals, the headquarters of Literary Society Metropolitan Cathedral (1761), Brboi (1843 with 18thJunimea (1863) and of the Convorbiri Literare (Lit- century bell tower), Bucium (1853).[39]
erary Interlocutions) magazine (1867), houses the
Romanian Literature Museum;
Luceafrul Theatre, 1987, a unique modern building
in Romania;
Central University Library, 1934, incorporates
Greek Revival elements;
Great Railway Station, 1870, inspired by Venetian
Doges Palace.

4.2

Armenian
church

Religious buildings

See also: List of churches in Iai

Iai is the seat of the Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan
of Moldavia and Bukovina, and of the Roman Catholic
Bishop of Iai. The city and the surrounding area house
more than 10 monasteries and 100 historical churches.[37]
Among the oldest is Princely Saint Nicholas (1491),
dating from the reign of Stephen the Great, and the
Metropolitan Cathedral is the largest of its kind in Romania. The Trei Ierarhi Monastery, a unique monument, considered to be an architectural masterpiece,[38]
was erected in 16351639 by Vasile Lupu, and adorned
with gilded carvings on its outer walls and twin towers.
Metropolitan Cathedral (1839/1886), the largest
Orthodox church in Romania, a late Renaissance
style, with Baroque elements and Gheorghe
Tattarescu paintings;[37]

Barnovschi Church

Golia Church architectural elements

Golia Monastery, 1564, rebuilt in 1650 in lateRenaissance style with Byzantine frescoes and intricately carved doorways, is a monumental construction, a monastery in the middle of the city, surrounded by tall walls, with corner turrets, and a 30
m (98.43 ft) height bell tower;
Old Catholic Cathedral, 1782, in Baroque style, and
New Catholic Cathedral, 2005;

Moldavian princely
palace at Cetuia Monastery

Armenian Church, built in 1395, testies the existence of an important Armenian community in these
parts of Romania;
Great Synagogue, in late Baroque style, built in
16571671, is the oldest surviving synagogue in Romania and one of the oldest in Europe.[37]
Other examples of historic churches and monasteries
(some of them surrounded by defense walls and towers) include: Socola (1562), Galata (1582), Saint Sava
(1583), Hlincea (1587), Aroneanu (1594), Brnova
(1603), Barnovschi (1627), Golia (1650), Cetuia

Frumoasa
Monastery

St. George Church

(Old Metropolitan Cathedral)

4.3

Gardens, parks and natural landmarks

Mihai Eminescu's statue and his Linden Tree in Copou Park

natural monuments and a notable Iai landmark.[41] The

Odd Poplers Alley, in Bucium neighborhood, is another
spot where Mihai Eminescu sought inspiration (the poem
Ciric Park
Down Where the Lonely Poplars Grow). In 1973, the
15 white poplars still left (with the age ranges between
Iai has a diverse array of public spaces, from city squares
233 and 371 years) were declared natural monuments.
to public parks.
Iai County has 387 centuries-old trees, of which 224
Begun in 1833, at the time when Iai was the capital of
were declared monument trees and 160 got the Romanian
Moldavia, by Prince Mihail Sturdza and under the plans
Academy's approval and are proposed for such a classiof Gheorghe Asachi and Mihail Singurov, Copou Park
cation. Most of them are oak or linden trees. The oldest
was integrated into the city and marks one of the rst
tree in the county is the 675-year-old hybrid lime tree loRomanian coordinated public parks. The oldest monucated in the courtyard of Brnova Monastery, in the vicinment in Romania stands in the middle of the park, the
ity of Iai. When the lime was about 57 years old and had
Obelisk of Lions (1834), a 13.5 m (44.29 ft) tall obelisk,
about 14 cm (5.5 in) in diameter, Iai was mentioned as
dedicated to the Law of Organic Rules, the rst law on
an urban settlement, during the reign of Prince Alexander
political, administrative and juridical organization in Rothe Good (1408).[42]
[40]
manian Principalities.
Founded in 1856, the Botanical Garden of Iai, the rst
botanical garden in Romania, has an area of over 100
hectares, and more than 10,000 species of plants.

5 Demographics

Iai Exhibition Park was opened in 1923 and built under As of 1 January 2015, Iai is the countrys second most
the coordination of the architect N. Ghica Budeti.
populous city after Bucharest with 357,192 residents
The Ciric Park, located in the north-eastern part of Iai registered within the city limits,[47] and with a populais another complex which consists into the park and four tion of 465,477 residents, the Iai urban area is also the
lakes.
second largest in Romania.[10]
Eminescus Linden Tree (Romanian: Teiul lui Eminescu)
is a 500 year old silver lime (Tilia tomentosa Moench)
situated in the Copou Public Garden. Mihai Eminescu
reportedly wrote some of his best works underneath this
lime, rendering the tree one of Romanias most important

At the 2011 census, Iai was the fourth most populous Romanian city with a population of 290,422.[5]
The metropolitan area (which includes Iai and 13 other
nearby communities) had a population of 382,484, while
Iai County, with its 772,348 inhabitants, was the most

Roznovanu Palace, today Iai City Hall

6 ECONOMY

Palas shopping mall and business centre

populous county in Romania (after the Municipality of

Bucharest). Additionally there were 60,000 more residents (mostly students) and thousands of daily com- search, culture, government and tourism.
muters.
The city is an important information technology secAccording to the 2002 census, in Iai there were 109,357 tor centre, with the presence of several large multinahousing units and 320,888 people living within the tional companies (Amazon, Oracle, Continental, Xerox,
city proper. Of this population, 98.5% were eth- Accenture, Capgemini) and many other local and fornic Romanians, while 0.59% were ethnic Romani, eign companies such as Bentley Systems, Bitdefender,
Endava, Ness, Pentalog, SCC or TiVo (to name
0.13% Jews, 0.13% Greeks, 0.13% Lipovans, 0.08% Comodo,
[51]
a
few),
as well as two universities which oer specic
Hungarians, 0.05% Germans and 0.39% others.[48] In
degree
programs.
Industry forecasts expect the Iai ITC
terms of religion, 92.5% of the population were Christian
workforce
to
grow
from the current 12,000 (as of 2016)
Orthodox, 4.9% Roman Catholic, other religious groups
employees
to
more
than 33,000, by 2030.[52]
2.6%. There are currently almost 10,000 Roman
Catholics living in Iai.[49] There is a debate between his- An estimated workforce of more than 35,000 employtorians as to whether the Catholics are originally of Ro- ees is active in Iais industrial manufacturing sector,[53]
manian or Hungarian descent.[50]
particularly in automotive (Delphi, Lear, Tess Conex),
pharmaceutical industry (Antibiotice Iai), metallurgical production (ArcelorMittal, Technosteel LBR), industrial equipment (Agmus, ASAM, Fortus), energy
6 Economy
(E.ON Moldova Distribuie, Veolia Energie), textiles and
clothing (Benetton, Iai Conf, Iaitex), home appliances
(Tehnoton), building materials (Brikston, Build Corp),
food (Compan, Panifcom, Zeelandia).[33][54]
Located in an area recognised for its vineyards and wines,
Iai is part of a traditional wine region with viticultural
centres surrounding the city: Copou, Bucium, Uricani,
Comarna, Plugari, and Probota. Iai County is also home
to renowned Cotnari and Bohotin vineyards.[55][56]
With large shopping malls and commercial centres located in the area, Iai also has a well-developed retail business.

Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Iai is an important economic centre in Romania. The 6.1 Largest employers

local and regional economy relies on service sector institutions and establishments. The most important service
sectors are related to education, health care, banking, re- Sources:[57][58][59]

7.1

Theatres and orchestras

9
torian A.D. Xenopol, the philosophers Vasile Conta or
Petre Andrei, the sociologist Dimitrie Gusti, the geographer Emil Racovi, the painter Octav Bncil, only to
name a few.

7.1 Theatres and orchestras

Pogor House, the Romanian Literature Museum

Vasile Alecsandri National Theatre and Iai Romanian National

Opera

Alecu Bal House, where Franz Liszt performed in 1847, nowadays Moldova State Philharmonic

Culture

Major events in the political and cultural history of Moldavia are connected with the name of the city of Iai. The
great scholars of the 17th century, Grigore Ureche, Miron Luceafrul Theatre
Costin and later Ion Neculce, wrote most of their works in
the city or not far from it and the famous scholar Dimitrie
The Vasile Alecsandri National Theatre, opened in
Cantemir known throughout all Europe also linked his
1840, is the rst National Theatre in Romania. The
name to the capital of Moldavia.
building, designed according to the plans of the Viennese
The rst newspaper in Romanian language was published architects Hermann Helmer and Ferdinand Fellner, was
in 1829 in Iai and it is in Iai where, in 1867, appeared raised between 1894 and 1896, and also hosts, starting
under literary society Junimea, the Convorbiri Literare 1956, the Iai Romanian National Opera.
review in which Ion Creangs Childhood Memories and
Iai is also home to:
the best poems by Mihai Eminescu were published. The
reviews Contemporanul and Viaa Romneasc appeared
Moldova State Philharmonic Orchestra
in 1871, respectively in 1906 with great contributions to
promoting Romanian national cultural values.
Luceafrul Theatre
Many great personalities of Romanian culture are connected to Iai: the chronicler Nicolae Milescu, the histori Ttrai Athenaeum
ans and politics men Mihail Koglniceanu or Simion Brnuiu, the poets Vasile Alecsandri or George Toprceanu,
Ludic Student Theatre
the writers Mihail Sadoveanu, Alecu Russo, or Ionel
Teodoreanu, the literary critic Titu Maiorescu, the his Teatru Fix

10

7 CULTURE
1834, is the rst museum of this kind in Romania with
over 300,000 items, the most valuable being the collections of insects, mollusk, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
plants and minerals.

Ion Creang Memorial House

Four other museums are located in the Palace of Culture: with its roots dating back to 1860, the Iai Art
Museum is the oldest of its kind in Romania,[60] and,
with more than 8,700 works (many of them belonging
to the universal patrimony), has the largest art collection in the country; the Moldavias History Museum, offers more than 48,000 objects from various elds, archaeology, numismatics, decorative art, ancient books,
documents; the Ethnographic Museum of Moldavia owns
more than 13,000 objects depicting the Romanian advance through the ages; the Science and Technology Museums collection has more than 11,200 objects in ve distinct sections and one memorial house.[61]

7.3 Foreign culture centres

Mihai Codreanu Memorial House

7.2

Museums

Iai is home to many museums, memorial houses, art galleries.

First memorial museum from Romania opened in Iai
in 1918, as the Ion Creang Memorial House, and today the Iai Romanian Literature Museum owns fourteen memorial houses. The Mihai Eminescu Museum,
situated in Copou Park, is dedicated to the great poets
life and creation; other museums are dedicated to:
Dosoftei, Mihail Koglniceanu, Vasile Pogor, Nicolae
Gane, Petru Poni, Mihai Codreanu, Mihail Sadoveanu,
George Toprceanu, Otilia Cazimir, Radu Cerntescu,
Cezar Petrescu, Dimitrie Anghel.

French Institute in Iai

Iai hosts six cultural centres: French, German, British,

Latin American & Caribbean, Hellenic, and Arab.

7.4 Cultural events and festivals

Periferic is an international biennial of contemporary art

organized in Iai, Romania by the Vector Association.
The Theatre Museum, opened in 1976, at the celebration Eight editions have taken place thus far.
of 160 years since the rst theatrical performance in Ro- FILIT (International Festival of Literature and Translamanian, illustrates the development of the theatrical phe- tion Iai) is an international yearly literature and translanomenon since the beginning, important moments of the tion festival organized in Iai, Romania by the Iai County
history of Iai National Theatre, the foundation, in 1840, Council through the Iai Museum of Romanian Literaof the Philharmonic-dramatic Conservatoire, prestigious ture. Three editions have taken place so far and the festigures that have contributed to the development of the val is recognized as one of the leading Central and Eastern
Romanian theatre.
European events of its kind.[62] FIE (International EducaThe Union Museum, includes original pieces and docu- tion Festival) is a yearly arts festival organized in Iai, Roments which belonged to prince Al. I. Cuza and his fam- mania by the City Hall. Three editions have taken place
ily.
thus far.
The Natural History Museum, founded on 4 February The Iai National Opera organizes the Romanian Gala of

11
National Operas, with the third edition taking place in
2015. A rock festival, Rock'n'Iai takes place in October. Gardner Jazz Festival is a local festival that started
in 2014 and had its second edition in 2015. An aeronautics and art festival called Hangariada is organised each
year in May.

After 1813, other moments marked the development of

higher education in Romanian language, regarding both
humanities and the technical science. In 1835, Academia
Mihilean founded by Prince Mihail Sturdza is considered rst Romanian superior institute in the country.

Live music and various other artistic events (poetry

nights, readings) are a habitual occurrence in the various
bars and coee shops the city has to oer.

Education

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical

University

In 1860, three faculties part of the Academia Mihilean

formed the nucleus for the newly established University
of Iai, the rst Romanian university.

Al. I. Cuza University

The Physicians and Naturalists Society, founded in Iai,

has existed since the early part of the 19th century, and
a number of periodicals are published. One of the oldest
medical universities in Romania, founded in 1879, is in
Iai. It is now known as the Grigore T. Popa University
of Medicine and Pharmacy.
In 1937, the two applied science sections of the University of Iai became departments of the newly created
Gheorghe Asachi Polytechnic School. In the period before and after World War II, the later (renamed Polytechnic Institute in 1948) extended its domain of activity, especially in the eld of engineering, and became adopted
a Technical University in 1993.
Public universities include:

Central University Library

The rst institute of higher learning that functioned on

the territory of Romania was Academia Vasilian (1640)
founded by Prince Vasile Lupu as a higher school for
Latin and Slavonic languages, followed by the Princely
Academy in 1707.
The rst high education structure in Romanian language
was established in the autumn of 1813, when engineer University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Gheorghe Asachi laid the foundations of a class of engineers, its activities taking place within the Greek Princely
Academy.
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University- situated in Copou,

12

11 TRANSPORT
is the oldest higher education institution in Romania;

11 Transport

Gheorghe Asachi Technical University - the school

11.1
with the oldest engineering tradition in Romania;

Public transport

Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Phar- Iais public transportation system is served by the RATP
macy - one of the oldest medicine schools in Roma- Iai which operates an extensive network using 150 trams
nia;
(electric trams began operating in Iai in 1900) and 175
passengers, an
George Enescu University of Arts - the oldest tradi- buses. In 2014, RATP carried 50,358,000
[66]
average
of
140,000
passengers
per
day.
tion in music and arts education in Romania;
Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Agricultural
Sciences and Veterinary Medicine - one of the old- 11.2
est schools of its kind.

Air

There are also some private higher education institutions

including Petre Andrei University, the largest private university in the historical region of Moldavia.[63]
The Central University Library of Iai, where the chief
records of Romanian history are preserved, is the oldest
and the second largest in Romania.
Iai Science Festival is a week long festival organized
every year in April (starting 2013) for high school and
grade school students to get be able to observe and take
part in scientic experiments and be given detailed tours
of the scientic and technical universities and research
labs in Iai. Over 200 experiments were performed and
over 10,000 students took part in the 2014 edition, from Iai Airport
throughout the Moldavia region.[64]

Media

Main article: Media in Iai

10

Sports

Iai is served by the Iai International Airport (IAS) located 8 km (5.0 mi) east of the city centre. The airport
is the 4th busiest in Romania and oers direct domestic, European, and Middle Eastern scheduled or charter
connections. After extensive modernization works, the
number of connections and trac volumes have seen a
signicant increase, in 2015.[67]

11.3 Rail

In 2012, Iai was selected as one of the European Cities

of Sport.[65]

10.1

Current teams

Panorama
of Emil Alexandrescu Stadium, home to the CSM
Studenesc

10.2

Former teams

Great Railway Station

FC Politehnica Iai of the Romanian Football Iai-Pacani railway was opened on 1 June [O.S. 20 May]
League from 19452010.
1870, Iai-Ungheni on 1 August 1874 and Iai-Chiinu

13
railway was opened on 1 June 1875 by the Russian Empire in preparation for the Russo-Turkish War (1877
1878).

13 Monuments and history

Nowadays, three railway stations, Great Railway Station,

Nicolina International Rail Station and Socola Rail Station serve the city and are operated by Romanian Railways (CFR). Moldovan railway also serves these stations
for travel into Moldova.
The Great Railway Station, located about 1 km (0.6 mi)
from the city centre, provides direct rail connections to
all the major Romanian cities and to Chiinu. The rail
stations are very well connected to all the parts of the city
by the trams and buses of the local public transport companies.

11.4

Road

Stephen the Great

Dosoftei

Iai is connected by European routes E583/E85 with

Bucharest through a four lane road, by European route
E58 with Central Europe and Chiinu in Moldova, and
by DN National Roads with all major cities of Romania.
A planned EastWest freeway would connect the city to
the A3 Transylvania Motorway.
The Iai Coach Station is used by several private transport
companies to provide coach connections from Iai to a
large number of locations from all over the country.

12

Miron Costin

Health care

Iai is home to at least 15 hospitals, including the St.

Spiridon Hospital, the second largest and one of the oldest
in Romania (1755),[68] St. Maria Clinic Childrens Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regional Oncology Institute, and Socola Psychiatric Institute (1905 rst psychiatric hospital in Romania).

12.1

Air pollution concerns

Iai has the second-worse air quality in Romania, after

Bucharest.[69] In 2014, the European Commission started
environmental law infringement procedures against Romania, citing Bucharest, Iai, and Braov cases as
examples.[70] In 2015, atmospheric particulate matter
has repeatedly reached and exceeded legal thresholds
for PM10 . Pollution from vehicular trac, construction
works, and a lack of green spaces (the city only has about
11 m2 (118 sq ft) of public green spaces per capita) make
up some of the reasons behind these problems.[69]

Grigore III Ghica Monument

Gheorghe Asachi

The Obelisk of Lions

14

17

Vasile Alecsandri

REFERENCES AND SOURCES

Victims of Iai Pogrom Monument

Alexandru Ioan Cuza

Victims of Communism Memorial

14 Twin towns/Sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania
Iai is twinned with:

Mihai Eminescu

15 Consulates in Iai
Moldova Consulate-General
Honorary Consulates:
Hungary

Mihail Koglniceanu

Italy (Vice Consulate)

Pakistan
Turkey

16 People
Main article: List of people from Iai

Independence Monument

17 References and sources

References

Union Monument

[1] 1000 lei 1998 - 80th anniversary of the Great Union of

1918 (in English). Romanian Coins.org. Retrieved 24
September 2016.

15

[2] Iai, the cultural city (in Romanian). Retrieved 24

September 2016.
[3] About Iai (in Romanian). La Iai. 2002. Retrieved 24
September 2016.
[4] Romanian Cities (in Romanian). Tarom.
[5] Population at 20 October 2011 (in Romanian). INSSE.
5 July 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
[6] JASSY at jewishvirtuallibrary.org

[27] Jewishgen
The Iai Pogrom at Radio Romania International
Iai Pogrom quotes 13,266 or 14,850 Jews killed.
[28] The last day of the war in Iai (Romanian)
[29] General View-The historical and architectural Iai (Romanian)
[30] http://www.humangeographies.org.ro/articles/51/5_1_
11_9_paftala.pdf

[7] Edith Saurer; Margareth Lanzinger; Elisabeth Frysak

(2006). Womens Movements: Networks and Debates in
Post-communist Countries in the 19th and 20th Centuries.
Bhlau Verlag Kln Weimar. pp. 443. ISBN 978-3412-32205-2.

[31] THE SPATIAL EVOLUTION OF IAI CITY: TRADITION AND TRENDS by O. Stoleriu and C. Stoleriu

[8] Tourism About Iai

[33] Studiu comparativ de caz despre industria ieean (Romanian)

[9] About Iai City

[10] Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas. Eurostat. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
[11] The Economy of a Regional Metropolis. Case-study:
Iai, Romania. Transylvanian Review of Administrative
Sciences. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
[12] History of Education in Romania
[13] Metropolitan Area Iai (Romanian)
[14] The beginnings of Iai (Romanian)
[15] Ovid (1893) [c. 8 a.d.]. Sidney George Owen, ed. Ovid:
Tristia Book III (2nd, rev. ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
p. 60.

[32] Microsoft Word - 6 urban geology and impact of geohazards.doc (PDF). Retrieved 2013-03-26.

[34] Iai Climate Normals 1961-1990. National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
[35] Klimatafel von Iasi (Jassy), Moldau (Bessarabien) /
Rumnien (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990)
from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher
Wetterdienst. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
[36] AIR TEMPERATURE (monthly and yearly absolute
maximum and absolute minimum)" (PDF). Romanian
Statistical Yearbook: Geography, Meteorology, and Environment. Romanian National Statistic Institute. 2007.
Retrieved February 10, 2016.
[37] St. Paraskeve Pilgrimage Centre

[16] Museum Documentation Center Croatia, A Tractate on

the Roman Milestone Discovered near Osijek

[38] Church of the Three Hierarchs Overview at mydestination.com

[17] Grsse, J. G. Th. (1909) [1861]. Jassium. Orbis latinus;

oder, Verzeichnis der wichtigsten lateinischen Orts- und
Lndernamen (in German) (2nd ed.). Berlin: Schmidt.
OCLC 1301238 via Columbia University.

[39] Churches & monasteries

[18] Oraul Iai: monograe istoric i social (Romanian)

[19] Alexandru I. Gona, Romnii i hoarda de aur, Editura
Demiurg,Iai, 2010, p. 102
[20] C.C. Giurescu, Trguri sau orae i cetti moldovene, Bucureti, 1967, p.242-245
[21] Gh. Ghibnescu, Originile Iailor, n Arhiva, Iai,1904,
p.42-46
[22] A.P. Horvath, Pechenegs, Cumans, Iaians, Hereditas,
Budapest, 1989, p. 64
[23] C. Cihodaru, G. Platon, Istoria oraului Iai, Editura Junimea, 1980, pp 30-50
[24] Dan Gh. Teodor, Cretinismul la est de Carpai, Editura
Mitopoliei Moldovei i Bucovinei, Iai, 1984, p.91,93,136
[25] Iai - YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
[26] Great Synagogue of Iai at wmf.org

[40] The oldest monument in Romania

[41] Pettersen, L. & Baker, M. . Romania. Lonely Planet
Travel Guide. p. 262.
[42] Iai - the county of centuries-old trees
[43] [Universitatea Al.I.Cuza Iai Ed. Litera, Bucureti 1971,
pag.910](Romanian)
[44] 1860 Chamberss encyclopaedia
[45] Encyclopdia Britannica Eleventh Edition
[46] A Handbook of Roumania
[47] Populatia Romaniei la 1 ianuarie 2015. hotnews.ro. Retrieved 2016-06-08.
[48] Ethno-demographic Structure of Romania. The Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Center. Retrieved January 2,
2011.
[49] Recensmnt
2002.
Recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro. Retrieved 2009-06-25.

16

[50] Mother, teacher, nurse. The role of women in society and church according to Hungarian-speaking young
Catholics in Romania | Pax Romana ICMICA/MIIC.
Web.archive.org. 2007-10-14. Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
[51] HITECH Iai sau cum devine Iaul un magnet pentru investiiile din IT&C (Romanian)
[52] Iasi_ITC_workforce_doubled_in_only_2_years (Romanian)
[53] Fia localitii Municipiului Iai (Romanian)
[54] Benetton closes all the shops in Romania, but maintains
the production facility in Iasi (Romanian)
[55] Moldavian Wines
[56] Iasi-Cotnari vineyards
[57] Surprizele din topul rmelor ieene (Romanian)
[58] Top angajatori (Romanian)
[59] Continental Automotive Romania locations (Romanian)
[60] 155 de ani de la ninarea n Iai a primei Pinacoteci din
Romnia

18

EXTERNAL LINKS

This article incorporates text from a publication now

in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
"article name needed ". Encyclopdia Britannica (11th
ed.). Cambridge University Press.
National Institute of Statistics: http://www.insse.ro

18 External links
Iai City Hall website
Iai at romaniatourism.com
Iai
Street Map of Iai, as commissioned by the City Hall
Cultural events in Iai
Iai city Tourism
Iai City Portal
Events in Iai
I like Iai

[61] Complexul Muzeal National Moldova Iai-Raport de activitate (pg.810) (Romanian)

[62] Culisele unei investiii de 56,7 milioane de euro | Evenimentul. www.ziarulevenimentul.ro. Retrieved 2015-1123.
[63] About UPA (Romanian)
[64] Iai Science Festival - Studii de caz - ABplus Events.
www.abplus.ro. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
[65] European Capitals and Cities of Sport List at aceseuropa.eu
[66] Tot mai puini ieeni merg cu RATP-ul (Romanian)
[67] Aeroportul Iasi doboara un nou record propriu (Romanian)
[68] St. Spiridon Hospital History (Romanian)
[69] Iaul este al doilea cel mai poluat ora din Romnia. Nu
se pot amenaja noi spaii verzi, dar se cheltuie bani pe
studii de calitate a aerului, Romania Curata, retrieved 13
May 2016
[70] http://www.gandul.info/stiri/
comisia-europeana-lanseaza-un-infringement-impotriva-romaniei-pentru-ca-nu-isi-protejeaza-cetatenii-de-poluare-13346370
[71] Orae nfrite (Twin cities of Minsk) [via WaybackMachine.com]" (in Romanian). Primria Municipiului
Chiinu. Archived from the original on 3 November
2012. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
[72] Netanya - Twin Cities. Netanya Municipality. Archived
from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2013-08-01.

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