1

Kurt Lewin

In my beginning is my end
T.S.Eliot (1888-1965) East Coker

(Bowlby, 19691988)

-

.

20
: , . Bowlby

.

.

.
,
Bowlby.

,
: , ,
,
.
,
(-) :
Ann Freud Melanie Klein.
,

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.

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.
( ,
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: J. M. owlby

Bowlby

.
. -

( , Hunter, 1991).
Edward John Mostyn Bowlby 26 1907,
.
. Sir Anthony
52 May Mostyn 40.
. Sir Anthony
. Bowlby
1861
THE TIMES. Sir Anthony
. ,
Bowlby, May,

. ( Bowlby)
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.

Bowlby .
( )
.
Bowlby
( ) . Evelyn,
, Sir
Henry Brown. Evelyn
Bowlby - ,
, -
Hyde Park.
- -
, .
,
. Tony, ,

,
.
Bowlby Trinity
Cambridge

18 . ,

Dartmouth ,
,
(Holmes, 1993).
Tony (
).
.


Summerhill S. Neil.

University College Hospital.
Riviere, Melanie Klein
(Holmes, 1993) .
Holmes (1993) Bowlby
(dult ttachment nterview . 3)
-.


. Hunter
(1991) ,
:
. ,


(Bowlby 1991 .101)

(Sutherland, 1991) .

.

. Tavistock
. John Byng-Hall
, Bowlby ,
,
(.. -
).
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(.. , ,
, ).

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.

Bowlby

(Bowlby, 1951) .

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,
(
). ,

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.

(.. OConnor & Franks, 1960)

(. )
Bowlby ... .


.
Bowlby
(,
, .),

.


.
. ,
,

. Bowlby
,
(.. Ainsworth et al. 1978 Main & Solomon,
1990)i. Marvin Britner (1999) Bowlby
Ainsworth
: ..

ii;

;
;

Bowlby
.
,
:

.
Bowlby
.
( )

(.. Spitz & Wolf, 1946 Heinicke, 1956).

.

.

, Bowlby /
, (attachment behavioural system).
(
) . ,
,
.
,
(evolutionary adaptness).
, Ainsworth (1967)
,
.
(, .)
.

.
,
.
Bowlby

, Wilson,

,
.

,

.


. ,
(.. Harlow &
Harlow, 1965).
, Bowlby

.
,
, ,
(Bowlby, 1969) .
,
. ,

(.. ).
: (.. ),
() (.. ).
,

.

(felt security).

. -
(Sroufe & Waters, 1977) ,

.
, (goal
corrected system). Bowlby

(Sroufe & Waters, 1977, .1185) .
(set goal)
(felt security).

. (
, , ..)
.

).

,

(adaptive fitness) .
(.. , ,
),
. ,

,
.
.
( , )
.

.

(. 2)
(affiliation).
(Attachment and loss)
.


(Cassidy, 1999) . , (primates)
Robert Hinde (1974)
. ,

.
.
,

. ,

.

Bowlby
. Bowlby
(.. Robertson, 1967)
()

().

:
(protest), (despair)
(detachment). ,
,
.
3
,

10

(Stern, 1985 1995).

9
, .

.
, Harlow and Harlow (1958)
.
rhesus ( ),
( ) .


.
.
, ,
.
( ), .
Harlow
.
() .

() .

.
.


.
( 6
3 ) .
Bowlby
, (imprinting)
Lorenz (1935) .

11

(Bateson, 1979) .
(sensitive)
. ,
(, )
.
,
, .
.

(maternal deprivation),

.
. ,

. , 1 2
.
(monotropism),
, , .

(.. Cox,
Owen, Henderson, & Margant, 1992). ,
,
.
.

. ,
Harlow. Lewis (2002)


.

. Lewis (1997)

12

, , ,
.

(
) /
.

.
. , Freud

.

. ( ..
)
(,
) .
o Bowlby
.


.
(..
).
.
Bowlby ,
. ,

(Melanie Klein, Riviere)
Tavistock.
(Attachment and Loss, 1969) Bowlby
.

13

.

. Freud
Freud
. Melanie Klein
''.

, (..
),
- . 1950
1960 . Wilfred Bion

. ``
(enactment) .
,

/.
"" (..
,
)
.
20 .



(Stevens, 1996). Bowlby
. ,


( Erdelyi, 1974).

14

.

, .

( ).

(Bartlett, 1932).
. ,
(Bower, 1981. Forgas, 1979)
(. Power & Dalgeish, 1998
).

-
. Bowlby
(Robertson & Bowlby, 1952
Bowlby, 1953) , (
) .
Daniel Stern (19851995)
, .

.

Bowlby

.
Rutter (1984) Stern (1974)


.
(Gusella et al., 1988).
(Fernald, 1989).

15

(Johson & Morton, 1991).

, Striano (2004)
.
Averill (1980)

.
Caspi and Elder (1988)


.
.
;

.

.
;.
Mahler

.
.
. ,
. ,
,
,
(important other). Ainsworth, Sroufe Waters (1978)
.

.

, , Bowlby. O Hinde (1979)

16

.

Hinde (1979 1981 1991 1995)
. (
)
.
.

,
20 . , 1.1.

1.1 : Hinde

, ,
.
. , , Hinde (1999)

.
O Stern
.
(affect attunement)

17

Stern (1974) Tiffany Field (1985) .

Field
Ainsworth (1991) .
.
Schore (1994) ,

.

, Bowlby

.
Bowlby Mary Salter Ainsworth


.
. ,

. , ,
(.. , )
(Biringen, 1990 Biringen & Robinson,
1991) .
Bowlby Ainsworth
.
(
, .) :
, , .

.
(Strange situation)
.
, Ainsworth

18

.
( 18 )
. (. 1.1)

. ,
.

.
,
.
(attachment
patterns): / -, / , / -/.



( ) /.
,
Ainsworth :
/ ,
(secure base) .

. /
-,
1.1: (Ainsworth et al. 1978)

1
2

30 .
3

, 3
1 , 1

1
,

3
, ,

19

5
6

3
3

3
3

3
, ,
( 20 ).

.
.

. , / -
/

.
.
,
(Main, & Hesse, 1990
Main & Solomon, 1990 Crittenden, 1988). /
,
,
. Crittenden (1988)
( / . )
,
.


(14-16 Ainsworth et al.
1978).
,
(Belsky & Pensky, 1988 Grossman &
Grossman, 1991).
(Crowell & Feldman, 1988
Isabella & Belsky, 1991).

(21 , 1584 , 1977 1990)
67% , 21% -

20

12% - (van Ijzendoorn, Goldberg,

Kroonenberg, & Frenkel, 1992). 15%
().

;
,

. (maternal sensitivity
hypothesis) Ainsworth

- . ,

( .).

-
.
Smith & Pederson (1988)
. ,
:
,
.
,

. (Smith & Pederson, 1988 Pederson et al. 1990)

/ (attention overload).
/
.
-

21

. ,
.
Bowlby (.. 1980 1988)

.

.
-

(.. )
.

- .
.
Wolff (1969) .
, : ,
, .
.
. ,
.


(Harris, 1992).

( )
.

Grossman, Grossman, Schwan (1986). ,
.
, ,
.
,

22

(Stayton & Ainsworth, 1973), (Tracy &
Ainsworth, 1981) .
- (Bell &
Ainsworth, 1972). Stevenson- Hinde (1986)
/

(temperament) McDevitt Carey (1978).

.

.

(Attachment Working Models)
, ,

(Main, 1991).

(self-presentation),

:
(object

representations), (internal object), (schema),

(representational world).

.
Bowlby
. (Bowlby, 1973):
: ) , ,
/ /
) , ,
(:204 ).

,
(Main et al. 1985)

23

(Bretherton, 1991).

(West & Sheldon-Keller, 1994).
,
,

(emotion regulation).
,
, , , .
,

, ,
(emotion
regulation). 4 5.
Main, Kaplan & Cassidy (1985)
.
:
, ,
.

( ).
40 , .
Polaroid,

.
(- Adult Attachment
Interview).
.

(
).

.

24

. ,
,
( )
.

, .

, ,
. ,
18
.

18
.
, (attachment organisation)
Main et al. (1985, .67)
,
.
iii.

(.. Steele & Steele, 1994 Fonagy, Steele,
& Steele, 1991). 1990, 100
,
(). , ( 18
) .

85%.



.
,

25

(felt security).

.
, /
,

.

. ,

.



(Freud,
1933 1937 Erickson, 1950)
(object relation). Bowlby (1988, .9)

.
(Bowlby, 1973 1988).


.
.
(
)
( , ) (interpersonal)
(intrepersonal) .

(Matas, Arend, & Sroufe, 1978).

26

(Waters, Wippman, &

Sroufe, 1979).
.

(Jacobson & Wille, 1986).
,
, (Erickson, Sroufe, &
Egeland, 1985).

.

(Matas et al. 1978).

(Sroufe, Schork, Motti, Lawroski, & LaFreniere, 1984)

.

, , .
4000
, , .
12 18

.
,

,
. Jacobson (1986, .76)
,
,....
(. )
.

/

27

.
Bowlby
. ,
Elicker, Englund, & Sroufe (1992) Grossman & Grossman (1991)
.

.

.
( 12 18 ) Elicker 47
.

.

. ,
,
.
Grossman Grossman (1991)
10 .
.
,
( ,
). .


.
Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters Wall (1978)
,

.


.

28

.

.

()
.
.


Sylvan Tomkins (1963) Affect, imagery and
consciousness.

. ,
,
(Izard, 1991).
. (Hess, 1975)
, ,
.

. .

(Hofer, 1984) .

-. Tomkins
.

.

29

,
Duchenne.

.

(Stern, 1985)
. Schore (1994)
.
.

.

.
Schore (1994) -
.
(affect attunement)
Stern (1974) Tiffany Field
(1985). Field
insworth Stern.

. ,
Bowlby

(protest),

(despair),

(detachment).
E
(Reite & Snyder, 1982 Reite & Capitanio,
1985) ( , ,
.)
.
,

). ()
.
, .

30

(.. Field, 1977 Fogel, 1978 1993). ,

.
(Field, 1978).

,
. ,
, ,

.
Lamb (1978)

. Field

.
Field, Reite
owlby
.
, ( )

.

. Hofer

. ,
,

, ,

.

31

: . Hoffer (1994)
.
Hoffer
.
, ,
.
,
. ,

,
() (Schanberg & Field, 1987).
,
-
(Stanton, Wallstrom, &

Levine, 1987). ,

( Lorenz)
, -, .


.

(. Oshner &
Lieberman, 2001).
O Thomas Insel (1997) :
. (microtus
ochrogaster)
.
(3% Kleinman, 1977)
.
,
.

. (Microtus montanus)

32

( ) ( )
.
Insel


.
( : , ,
, ) .
, ,
( )
(Panksepp, Siviy, &
Normansell, 1985).
,
.
.

-
(Parkes, Hinde, & Marris, 1991).

Bowlby.

(Hinde, 1995 1997)
/
(attachment behaviours) ,
(working models)
.
,
. ,

.
.

33

.
.

(). ,

. (attachment behavioural system)
. ,
(attachment bond) /
(Ainsworth, 1989).
,
.

.

. ,

- .


.


.

34

15
(Marvin & Britner, 1999).
ii
(, )
.
iii
.
- (Waters 1995 SRCD monograph)