Computational Fluid

Dynamics 1
Dr. Timothy Craft

1-D Convection-Diffusion Problem

REZA DIANOFITRA
9827066

1.ABSTRACT
Convection diffusion problem has aim to explore some of the numerical accuracy and stability
that can appear when applying numerical method to approximate solution. The exploration is
done by changing the Peclet number, scheme used, and grid size. All of these parameters is
interrelated. Its explorations use the Peclet number 1, 2, 10, 16.6, 20, and 26.6. Further
explorations is done by analyzing the effect of the first order and second order scheme in
convection term. In addition, it explores the effect of grid size to the approximate result
accuracy. Thus, it is conclude that 20 x 20 size of grid with using second order centered scheme
for convection term gives the most accurate approximate result.
2.OBJECTIVE AND INTRODUCTION
Convection-diffusion problem experiment has aim to explore some of the numerical accuracy
and stability that can appear when applying the numerical method to approximate the
solution.
The problem to be solved is the 1-D steady convection-diffusion of the scalar , for which the
governing differential equation is

(1)
with boundary conditions = 0 at = 0 and = 1 at =
For simplicity, and to be positive constants and non-dimensionalize using the length
scale is taken. Thus, the problem can be written as

(2)
With boundary condition = 0 at = 0 and = 1 at = 1. It use the global Peclet number,
= , for characterize the solution of convection-diffusion problem.
The domain 0 < < 1 is divided into equal interval of length to generate numerical
solutions. Multiplying through by 2 , the governing equation can be written as

(3)

The finite difference method is used to approximate the convection and diffusion terms in the
equation. The standard central difference approximation for diffusion would give

(4)
The first order upwind approximation for convection would give

(5)
The second order centered scheme approximation for convection would give

(6)
Combining diffusion term, convection term, and the boundary conditions, give a system of
linear algebraic equations to solve for the nodal value of .

3.METHODOLOGY
1. Entering Adiff the coefficients associated with second order central difference scheme
for diffusion, as stated in equation (4), for all interior nodes.
2. Entering Aconv the coefficients associated with first order upwind difference scheme
for convection, as stated in equation (5), for all interior nodes.
3. Set value on the first and last row of Adiff and the source vector B.
4. Input the global Peclet number with ( = 1 and = 2) and it will give the
calculated solution in particular Peclet number.
5. Exact solution is given by,

(7)
6. Change the cell Peclet number becomes 1, 1.66, 2, and 2.66, means that global Peclet
number becomes 10, 16.6, 20, and 26.6 in 10 x 10 size of grid.
7. Compare the calculated to the exact solution in each global Peclet number used.
8. Change the convection scheme becomes second order centered scheme, as stated in
equation (6).

9. Input the same global Peclet number and compare the calculated to exact solutions in
each global Peclet number used.
10. Compare the convection terms result, the first order upwind scheme and the second
order centered scheme results.
11. Do it again in 5 x 5 and 20 x 20 size of grid with using the same global Peclet number
12. Compare the result in 5 x 5, 10 x 10, and 20 x 20 size of grid in each convection
scheme used.
13. Try to inverse the Atot, analyze and compare it to Atot matrix.

4.RESULTS

Fig. 4.1. Result of convection-diffusion problem with upwind scheme 10 x 10

Fig. 4.2. Result of convection-diffusion problem with second order centered scheme 10 x 10

Fig. 4.3. Result of convection-diffusion problem with upwind scheme 5 x 5

Fig. 4.4. Result of convection-diffusion problem with second order centered scheme 5 x 5

Fig. 4.5. Result of convection-diffusion problem with upwind scheme 20 x 20

Fig. 4.6. Result of convection-diffusion problem with second order centered scheme 20 x 20

1
0.937255
0.868235
0.792313
0.708799
0.616933
0.515881
0.404724
0.282451
0.14795
0

0
0.85205
0.789304
0.720284
0.644362
0.560848
0.468983
0.367931
0.256773
0.1345
0

2.02E-16
0.717549
1.506854
1.375088
1.230146
1.07071
0.895331
0.702413
0.490204
0.256773
0

0
0.595276
1.25008
1.970365
1.762677
1.534221
1.28292
1.006488
0.702413
0.367931
0

Atot Inverse in 10 x 10 (Pe = 1)

0 1.01E-16
0
0.484119 0.383067 0.291201
1.01665 0.804441 0.611523
1.602434 1.267951 0.963877
2.246796 1.777814 1.351466
1.955595 2.338662 1.777814
1.635273 1.955595 2.246796
1.28292 1.534221 1.762677
0.895331 1.07071 1.230146
0.468983 0.560848 0.644362
0
0
0

-5E-17
0.207687
0.436143
0.687445
0.963877
1.267951
1.602434
1.970365
1.375088
0.720284
0

0
0.131765
0.276707
0.436143
0.611523
0.804441
1.01665
1.25008
1.506854
0.789304
0

0
0.062745
0.131765
0.207687
0.291201
0.383067
0.484119
0.595276
0.717549
0.85205
0

0
0.062745
0.131765
0.207687
0.291201
0.383067
0.484119
0.595276
0.717549
0.85205
1

Fig. 4.7. Atot matrix inverse in 10 x 10 grid size (Pe = 1)

5.DISCUSSION
Result of convection diffusion problem depends on Peclet Number () used. Peclet number,
in this case, presents the ratio between convective and diffusive effect. The diffusive effect
becomes weaker as Peclet number increases, and the effect is gradient becomes larger. In
addition, as the gradient becomes larger, the ability of the calculation result following the exact
result decrease. It can be seen in Fig. 4.1. the difference between exact result and calculation

result is small in small Peclet number, for example in = 1. Hence, as the Peclet number
increase, the difference between exact and calculation result becomes bigger, for example in
= 26.6. It is because as Peclet number increase, the cell Peclet number increase and give
bigger error in the approximate result.

Fig 4.2. uses second order centered convection scheme. The upwind scheme finds the result
only by discretizing the current node () and the previous node ( 1). Hence, The second
order centered convection scheme result is found by discretizing the current node (), the
previous node ( 1), and the next node ( + 1). Fundamentally, centered second order
convection scheme will give more accurate approximation than upwind scheme because it finds
the result with considering condition at the previous and next node. Hence, it can give the
unstable result if the cell Peclet number used is too big. As can be seen in Fig 4.2., the
approximation of convection-diffusion problem has more accurate result in small Peclet
Number. Hence, it starts to be unstable when the cell Peclet number is 2 and higher. It can be
seen in Fig. 4.2., the chart with = 26.6 used has overshot and undershot result. In contrast,
upwind scheme result will always be stable because it is first order scheme.

Fig 4.3. uses first order upwind scheme with 5 x 5 grid size. In particular Peclet number used,
it has less accurate approximation result if it is compared to Fig 4.1. It is because of cell peclet
number in 5 x 5 grid is bigger than the 10 x 10 has. Thus, as cell Peclet number increase, the
discretization error will also increase.

Fig 4.4. shows result of second order centered scheme with 5 x 5 grid size. Same as Fig 4.2. at
low Peclet number used, the result is still stable. Hence, in bigger Peclet number used, it
becomes unstable. if it is compared to the result shown in Fig 4.2., its result is getting unstable
in smaller Peclet number used. In addition, The result in Fig 4.4. is more accurate than result
shown in Fig 4.1. However, as Peclet number increase, the cell Peclet number also increase
and makes the result becoming unstable. It means that the second order centered scheme only
good to use in low Peclet number condition. Hence, the first order upwind scheme is better
used in higher Peclet number.

Fig 4.5. uses first order upwind scheme with 20 x 20 grid size. It has the most accurate result
of convection-diffusion problem compared to the 10 x 10 and 5 x 5 grid size with the first order

upwind scheme. However, in low Peclet number, it is still less accurate than result shown in
Fig. 4.2. and Fig. 4.4. In Pe=10, its result starts becoming more accurate than result in Fig. 4.4.
and in = 20, more accurate than result in Fig. 4.2.

Fig 4.6. uses second order centered scheme with 20 x 20 grid size. It has the best result of
convection-diffusion problem among the other results. Because maximum Peclet number used
is 26.6, the cell peclet number in 20 x 20 grid size is 1.33. Thus, the graphs shown is still in
stable condition. For second order centered scheme, as long as it is still stable, it will always
give the more accurate approximation of the problem than the first order scheme in same size
of grid. In addition, the result in Fig 4.6. will be more accurate than the result in the Fig. 4.2
and Fig. 4.4.

According to Fig. 4.1. to 4.6., the result using 10 x 10 second order centered scheme give a
quite accurate result, in lower peclet number. However, in bigger Peclet number, the bigger
size of grid should be used to make sure the result is stable. Otherwise, 20 x 20 first order
upwind scheme also gives quite accurate result.

Every scheme has its own advantages and disadvantages. First order upwind scheme will
always give the stable result approximation, but need finer grid to get the accurate
approximation. Hence, the second order centered scheme is more accurate and the error goes
down more rapidly. However, in higher cell Peclet number, it gives unstable result of
approximation.

At last, Fig. 4.7. shows about the result of the inverse matrix of Atot. The Atot matrix is well
structured, but the inverse is not. In this case, Inverse of Atot gives the approximation result of
the convection diffusion in the rightmost column. So, it will gives the result after it is
multiplicated by matrix B.

6.CONCLUSION
In brief, there are several parameters could affects the accuracy result in finite difference
method, in this case convection-diffusion problem. The first parameter is cell Peclet number
used in calculation. It can affect stability of the result by changing cell Peclet number.
Secondly, the scheme used for finite difference method. In this case, it use upwind scheme and
second order centered scheme. Upwind scheme consider two nodes ( 1 and ), hence

centered second order scheme considers three nodes ( 1, , and + 1). Errors could reduce
rapidly in higher order scheme. However, it can be unstable if the cell Peclet number is too
high. Last, the grid size used affects accuracy of the result. Error could be expected to reduce
as the grid size finer. However, it cannot be guaranteed the finer grid used will give more
accurate result because these three parameters is interrelated. For the result, Fig. 4.6. has the
most accurate result, Fig 4.2. and 4.4. is quite accurate in small Peclet number before it becomes
unstable, and Fig 4.1., 4.3., and 4.5. always have the stable results.

4.57426E-17
6.16697E-06
2.87381E-05
0.000111348
0.000413702
0.001520316
0.005570523
0.02039428
0.074649233
0.273222359
1

0
3.72818E-11
5.70274E-10
8.19008E-09
1.17125E-07
1.67449E-06
2.3939E-05
0.000342239
0.004892754
0.069948222
1

-5.53395E-17
3.38707E-05
0.000135483
0.00044032
0.00135483
0.004098361
0.012328953
0.037020729
0.111096057
0.333322043
1

0
1.31688E-08
1.10474E-07
8.29468E-07
6.14215E-06
4.53979E-05
0.000335461
0.00247875
0.018315637
0.135335281
1

6.23212E-17
9.36087E-05
0.000342608
0.001004946
0.002766764
0.007453201
0.019919122
0.053078474
0.14128235
0.375904658
1

0
2.63058E-07
1.64656E-06
8.92283E-06
4.7191E-05
0.000248455
0.001306966
0.006874001
0.036152772
0.19013893
1

8.67362E-19
0.000977517
0.002932551
0.00684262
0.014662757
0.03030303
0.061583578
0.124144673
0.249266862
0.499511241
1

0
7.80134E-05
0.000290076
0.000866521
0.002433463
0.006692851
0.018271068
0.049743927
0.135296026
0.367850742
1

0
0.038522757
0.084750065
0.140222835
0.206790159
0.286670948
0.382527894
0.49755623
0.635590233
0.801231036
1

0.034653438

0.076979242

0.128676097

0.191818777

0.268941421

0.363139232

0.478192697

0.618719317

0.790358918

0.062745395

0.131765329

0.207687257

0.291201378

0.38306691

0.484118996

0.595276291

0.717549315

0.852049641

0.061207025

0.128851248

0.203609677

0.286230518

0.377540669

0.478453992

0.589980462

0.713236274

0.849455012

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

F_exact (Pe=1) F_Calc (Pe=1) F_exact (Pe=2) F_Calc (Pe=2) F_exact (Pe=10) F_Calc (Pe=10) F_exact (Pe=16.6) F_Calc (Pe=16.6) F_exact (Pe=20) F_Calc (Pe=20) F_exact (Pe=26.6) F_Calc (Pe=26.6)

First Order Upwind Scheme 10 x 10

A. Appendices
A.1. Tables of results

2.55452E-18
-2.61787E-08
1.58659E-07
-1.14641E-06
8.06814E-06
-5.69921E-05
0.000402373
-0.002841022
0.020059309
-0.141630905
1

0
3.72818E-11
5.70274E-10
8.19008E-09
1.17125E-07
1.67449E-06
2.3939E-05
0.000342239
0.004892754
0.069948222
1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

0
1.31688E-08
1.10474E-07
8.29468E-07
6.14215E-06
4.53979E-05
0.000335461
0.00247875
0.018315637
0.135335281
1

-7.02862E-18
4.67345E-10
5.49817E-09
5.96536E-08
6.42621E-07
6.91809E-06
7.44717E-05
0.000801666
0.008629699
0.092896175
1

0
2.63058E-07
1.64656E-06
8.92283E-06
4.7191E-05
0.000248455
0.001306966
0.006874001
0.036152772
0.19013893
1

-5.53395E-17
3.38707E-05
0.000135483
0.00044032
0.00135483
0.004098361
0.012328953
0.037020729
0.111096057
0.333322043
1

0
7.80134E-05
0.000290076
0.000866521
0.002433463
0.006692851
0.018271068
0.049743927
0.135296026
0.367850742
1

0
0.034513091
0.076695757
0.128252349
0.191265961
0.268282599
0.362414045
0.47746359
0.6180797
0.789943835
1

0.034653438

0.076979242

0.128676097

0.191818777

0.268941421

0.363139232

0.478192697

0.618719317

0.790358918
1

0.061179897

0.128799783

0.203537551

0.286142453

0.377442608

0.478353306

0.589886182

0.713159362

0.849408665

0.061207025

0.128851248

0.203609677

0.286230518

0.377540669

0.478453992

0.589980462

0.713236274

0.849455012

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

F_exact (Pe=1) F_Calc (Pe=1) F_exact (Pe=2) F_Calc (Pe=2) F_exact (Pe=10) F_Calc (Pe=10) F_exact (Pe=16.6) F_Calc (Pe=16.6) F_exact (Pe=20) F_Calc (Pe=20) F_exact (Pe=26.6) F_Calc (Pe=26.6)

Second Order Centered Scheme 10 x 10

1.14596E-17
0.000527678
0.003862606
0.024939348
0.158144355
1

0
5.70274E-10
1.17125E-07
2.3939E-05
0.004892754
1

-7.97973E-17
0.00128041
0.007682458
0.039692702
0.199743918
1

0
1.10474E-07
6.14215E-06
0.000335461
0.018315637
1

-1.76685E-17
0.002208046
0.011746804
0.052954239
0.23097036
1

0
1.64656E-06
4.7191E-05
0.001306966
0.036152772
1

2.31296E-17
0.008264463
0.033057851
0.107438017
0.330578512
1

0
0.000290076
0.002433463
0.018271068
0.135296026
1

1.98254E-17
0.091360912
0.219266189
0.398333577
0.64902792
1

0.076979242

0.191818777

0.363139232

0.618719317
1

0.134379703

0.295635347

0.48914212

0.721350247

0.128851248

0.286230518

0.478453992

0.713236274

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

F_exact (Pe=1) F_Calc (Pe=1) F_exact (Pe=2) F_Calc (Pe=2) F_exact (Pe=10) F_Calc (Pe=10) F_exact (Pe=16.6) F_Calc (Pe=16.6) F_exact (Pe=20) F_Calc (Pe=20) F_exact (Pe=26.6) F_Calc (Pe=26.6)

First Order Upwind Scheme 5 x 5

7.58349E-18
0.060350695
-0.07271168
0.220666809
-0.42617974
1

0
5.70274E-10
1.17125E-07
2.3939E-05
0.004892754
1

1.85037E-17
0.016393443
-0.032786885
0.114754098
-0.327868852
1

0
1.10474E-07
6.14215E-06
0.000335461
0.018315637
1

-9.13012E-18
0.00472604
-0.014321334
0.062445358
-0.246947674
1

0
1.64656E-06
4.7191E-05
0.001306966
0.036152772
1

0
0
0
0
0
1

0
0.000290076
0.002433463
0.018271068
0.135296026
1

0
0.075829384
0.18957346
0.360189573
0.616113744
1

0.076979242

0.191818777

0.363139232

0.618719317
1

0.128644536

0.285876748

0.47804945

0.712927198

0.128851248

0.286230518

0.478453992

0.713236274

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

F_exact (Pe=1) F_Calc (Pe=1) F_exact (Pe=2) F_Calc (Pe=2) F_exact (Pe=10) F_Calc (Pe=10) F_exact (Pe=16.6) F_Calc (Pe=16.6) F_exact (Pe=20) F_Calc (Pe=20) F_exact (Pe=26.6) F_Calc (Pe=26.6)

Second Order Centered Scheme 5 x 5

5.23821E-07
1.28031E-06
3.04292E-06
7.14981E-06
1.67189E-05
3.90147E-05
9.09641E-05
0.000212006
0.000494034
0.00115116
0.002682263
0.006249732
0.014561935
0.033929367
0.079055485
0.184199341
0.429184524
1

1.48762E-10
5.70274E-10
2.16403E-09
8.19008E-09
3.09748E-08
1.17125E-07
4.42863E-07
1.67449E-06
6.33133E-06
2.3939E-05
9.05145E-05
0.000342239
0.001294022
0.004892754
0.018499714
0.069948222
0.264477261
1

6.67573E-06
1.43051E-05
2.95639E-05
6.00815E-05
0.000121117
0.000243187
0.000487328
0.00097561
0.001952173
0.0039053
0.007811554
0.015624061
0.031249076
0.062499106
0.124999166
0.249999285
0.499999523
1

3.93382E-08
1.10474E-07
3.03841E-07
8.29468E-07
2.25827E-06
6.14215E-06
1.66996E-05
4.53979E-05
0.000123408
0.000335461
0.00091188
0.00247875
0.006737945
0.018315637
0.049787066
0.135335281
0.36787944
1

2.89048E-05
5.75738E-05
0.000110038
0.000206047
0.000381745
0.000703271
0.001291664
0.002368423
0.004338892
0.007944851
0.014543755
0.02661975
0.04871882
0.089160118
0.163167695
0.298601559
0.546445531
1

6.83151E-07
1.64656E-06
3.85596E-06
8.92283E-06
2.05428E-05
4.7191E-05
0.000108304
0.000248455
0.000569867
0.001306966
0.002997368
0.006874001
0.015764356
0.036152772
0.08290991
0.19013893
0.436049251
1

0.000714445
0.001222078
0.001983526
0.003125699
0.004838958
0.007408846
0.011263679
0.017045927
0.025719301
0.038729361
0.058244451
0.087517085
0.131426038
0.197289466
0.296084609
0.444277323
0.666566394
1

0.000158076
0.000290076
0.000507707
0.000866521
0.001458105
0.002433463
0.004041555
0.006692851
0.011064099
0.018271068
0.030153352
0.049743927
0.082043323
0.135296026
0.223094889
0.367850742
0.606512795
1

0.057791358
0.081030119
0.106592755
0.134711655
0.165642446
0.199666315
0.237092571
0.278261453
0.323547223
0.373361571
0.428157352
0.488432712
0.554735608
0.627668794
0.707895298
0.796144453
0.893218523
1

0.054759076

0.076979242

0.101536324

0.128676097

0.158670184

0.191818777

0.228453638

0.268941421

0.313687342

0.363139232

0.417792022

0.478192697

0.544945766

0.618719317

0.7002517

0.790358918

0.889942795
1

0.095339756

0.130349331

0.167109385

0.205707441

0.246235401

0.288789758

0.333471833

0.380388012

0.429649999

0.481375087

0.535686428

0.592713337

0.652591591

0.715463757

0.781479533

0.850796096

0.923578488

0.09418376

0.128851248

0.165296177

0.203609677

0.243887552

0.286230518

0.330744454

0.377540669

0.426736177

0.478453992

0.532823437

0.589980462

0.650067991

0.713236274

0.779643263

0.849455012

0.922846086

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1.99149E-07
3.72818E-11

2.86103E-06

1.31688E-08

1.32387E-05

2.63058E-07

0.000376024

7.80134E-05

0.036665212

0.034653438

0.061997304

0.061207025

0.1

0.2

5.98044E-08
7.79784E-12

9.53675E-07

3.54164E-09

4.67798E-06

7.98762E-08

0.00015041

2.94532E-05

0.017459625

0.016461104

0.030242587

0.029838584

0.05

0.15

1.23091E-16
0

8.67362E-19

6.48003E-21

-3.61401E-20

-6.30809E-18

6.60847E-18

F_exact (Pe=1) F_Calc (Pe=1) F_exact (Pe=2) F_Calc (Pe=2) F_exact (Pe=10) F_Calc (Pe=10) F_exact (Pe=16.6) F_Calc (Pe=16.6) F_exact (Pe=20) F_Calc (Pe=20) F_exact (Pe=26.6) F_Calc (Pe=26.6)

First Order Upwind Scheme 20 x 20

-1.64593E-17
4.691E-14
2.80142E-13
1.43934E-12
7.20072E-12
3.58356E-11
1.78155E-10
8.85506E-10
4.40114E-09
2.18744E-08
1.08719E-07
5.4035E-07
2.68562E-06
1.33479E-05
6.63412E-05
0.000329726
0.001638786
0.008145012
0.040481923
0.201201201
1

0
7.79784E-12
3.72818E-11
1.48762E-10
5.70274E-10
2.16403E-09
8.19008E-09
3.09748E-08
1.17125E-07
4.42863E-07
1.67449E-06
6.33133E-06
2.3939E-05
9.05145E-05
0.000342239
0.001294022
0.004892754
0.018499714
0.069948222
0.264477261
1

-4.57812E-18
5.73594E-10
2.29438E-09
7.45673E-09
2.29438E-08
6.94049E-08
2.08788E-07
6.26939E-07
1.88139E-06
5.64474E-06
1.69348E-05
5.0805E-05
0.000152416
0.000457247
0.001371742
0.004115226
0.012345679
0.037037037
0.111111111
0.333333333
1

0
3.54164E-09
1.31688E-08
3.93382E-08
1.10474E-07
3.03841E-07
8.29468E-07
2.25827E-06
6.14215E-06
1.66996E-05
4.53979E-05
0.000123408
0.000335461
0.00091188
0.00247875
0.006737945
0.018315637
0.049787066
0.135335281
0.36787944
1

0
3.01933E-08
1.03225E-07
2.79874E-07
7.07154E-07
1.74066E-06
4.24051E-06
1.02871E-05
2.49128E-05
6.02893E-05
0.000145858
0.000352833
0.000853463
0.002064389
0.004993381
0.012078038
0.029214429
0.07066399
0.170922331
0.413427549
1

0
7.98762E-08
2.63058E-07
6.83151E-07
1.64656E-06
3.85596E-06
8.92283E-06
2.05428E-05
4.7191E-05
0.000108304
0.000248455
0.000569867
0.001306966
0.002997368
0.006874001
0.015764356
0.036152772
0.08290991
0.19013893
0.436049251
1

0
2.43753E-05
6.50007E-05
0.00013271
0.000245558
0.000433639
0.000747107
0.001269554
0.002140299
0.00359154
0.006010276
0.010041502
0.016760211
0.027958061
0.046621143
0.07772628
0.129568176
0.215971335
0.3599766
0.599985375
1

0
2.94532E-05
7.80134E-05
0.000158076
0.000290076
0.000507707
0.000866521
0.001458105
0.002433463
0.004041555
0.006692851
0.011064099
0.018271068
0.030153352
0.049743927
0.082043323
0.135296026
0.223094889
0.367850742
0.606512795
1

0
0.016443771
0.034618466
0.054706286
0.076908614
0.101448029
0.12857054
0.158548053
0.191681093
0.228301821
0.268777364
0.313513489
0.36295868
0.417608628
0.478011203
0.544771943
0.618560129
0.700115493
0.790255632
0.889884207
1

0.016461104

0.034653438

0.054759076

0.076979242

0.101536324

0.128676097

0.158670184

0.191818777

0.228453638

0.268941421

0.313687342

0.363139232

0.417792022

0.478192697

0.544945766

0.618719317

0.7002517

0.790358918

0.889942795
1

0.029835122

0.061200249

0.094173845

0.128838395

0.165280614

0.203591664

0.243867384

0.286208525

0.330721007

0.37751618

0.426711106

0.478428849

0.532798783

0.589956919

0.650046242

0.713217068

0.779627424

0.849443439

0.922839762

0.029838584

0.061207025

0.09418376

0.128851248

0.165296177

0.203609677

0.243887552

0.286230518

0.330744454

0.377540669

0.426736177

0.478453992

0.532823437

0.589980462

0.650067991

0.713236274

0.779643263

0.849455012

0.922846086

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

F_exact (Pe=1) F_Calc (Pe=1) F_exact (Pe=2) F_Calc (Pe=2) F_exact (Pe=10) F_Calc (Pe=10) F_exact (Pe=16.6) F_Calc (Pe=16.6) F_exact (Pe=20) F_Calc (Pe=20) F_exact (Pe=26.6) F_Calc (Pe=26.6)

Second Order Centered Scheme 20 x 20

Reference
Ferziger, J. and Peric, M. (2002). Computational methods for fluid dynamics. 3rd edn.
Germany: Springer-Verlag.