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Near Triad
Near Triad
Neurological
feedback
AC/A and
CA/C ratio
Primary
Stimulus mechanisms
Accommodat Other stimuli to accommodation:
ion
1. Chromatic and spherical aberrations
2. Psychic proximal factors
3. Lens oscillations
Clues to accommodation:
1. Target size
2. Colour
3. Brightness
4. Lateral position
5. Parallax
Does
direction information
Open loop condition for accommodation
Pupil size influences accommodation stimulation by modifying
depth of focus
Used to eliminate feedback influence of lens changes on state of
blur
By presenting stimuli target through pinhole, blur component can
be eliminated from near triad responses
Disparity
Binocularity
During symmetrical vergence movement, target will be off fovea
until movement is complete and all disparity stimuli produce
temporarily off-foveal image
Off-foveal images are less effective in generating accommodative
responses thus disparity influences blur signal
During binocular stimulation where disparity and blur are present,
accommodative component is less than predicted by same blur
stimulus presented monocularly
Stimulus:
Retinal disparity is the only stimulus required to drive the vergence
response
Open loop condition for vergence
Diplopia is not prerequisite for generation of reflex
Disparity stimuli and occlusion of one eye eliminates disparity drive
components from other near triad responses
Proximal
stimulation
Neural
processes
Stimulus:
Influences accommodative and vergence response (monocular and
binocular)
Responses still subject to some voluntary control
Lens and iris receive most of neural control via N3
EOM innervated by N3, N4, N6
EWN:
Subdivision of oculomotor nucleus
Final common pathway for most near triad responses begins in
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Response mechanisms
3 structures stimulated by neural signal from near triad
1. Lens
2. Iris
3. EOM
Responses in Open loops:
isolated
Accommodation and vergence are controlled by feedback systems
systems
through appropriate adjustment of stimulus
Possible to dissolve one or other system, permitting the remaining
system to be stranded in relative isolation
Isolation:
To isolate the accommodative system, disable the disparity
vergence system by eliminating binocular stimuli (patch one eye)
Elimination of blur can isolate disparity vergence systems (pinhole)
Pinhole disables accommodative feedback and monocular viewing
eliminates vergence feedback
Accommodat Lens response:
ive
Follows an increase in blur stimulation but with errors
responses
Error (lazy lag/lag) is partly due to accommodative dead space
(Book Ret)
At low levels of accommodative stimulus, we move toward dark
focus
Responsesto constant blur stimulation is not constant > fluctuates
over lare range
AC/A ratio
Vergence response to steady accommodative stimulus
DISPARITY
Definition
Diplopia
Binocular
disparity
Angular
disparity
For each point defined in one retina in one eye, there is one and
only one corresponding point in the other eye
Towards periphery, its area to area correspondence; not point to
point
When disparity exceeds 2 degrees
Binocular disparity for fovea is zero since each image falls on
corresponding points
Images falling on corresponding points have less binocular disparity
Angular disparity, n, for point p is: L R
n=
So angle disparity between a pair of objects is equal to the
binocular subtense of one object minus the binocular subtense of
the other
New terms
Disparity vergence
Retinal
Retinal disparity stimulates disparity vergence innervation
disparity
Crossed retinal disparity stimulates convergence
Uncrossed RD stimulates divergence
Function
Disparity vergence = only form f vergence innervation that
directly responds to retinal disparity
Primarily responsible for maintaining binocularity by reducing
retinal disparity to minimum
All other forms of vergence innervation plays support role for
disparity vergence
Definition
Reflex controlled by magnitude and sign of retinal disparity
(crossed/uncrossed and by how much)
Mechanisms
2 antagonistic mechanisms:
1. Positive disparity vergence (convergence)
2. Negative disparity vergence (divergence)
Types
Course DV
Fine DV
Activated by large targets,
Small targets; small retinal
large retinal disparities
disparity
Responds to similar and
Requires similar images
dissimilar images
FDV innervation completes
CDV innervation provides
movements initiated by
large vergence movements
course system (sustained)
and then dissipates
FDV innervation
(transient)
accomplished by negative
feedback
Negative
Process in which motor responses reduce stimulus that created it
feedback
Closed loop feedback system
Stimulus to vergence innervation > EOMs verge
Feedback sent back to disparity vergence sensory system >
informs sensory system that less disparity exists > less
innervation produced
Continues until retinal disparity is reduced to minimum > no
stimulus anymore
Fixation
In practice, retinal disparity doesnt get reduced to zero in
disparity
feedback loop
Slight deviation from perfect alignment exists that allows for
continuous innervation of system (FD)
Figure 5-10: simplified box diagram representing feedback control in disparity
vergence.
CD: convergence demand.
: summation.
rd: retinal disparity.
DV: disparity vergence.
dvi: disparity vergence innervation
CR: convergence response
Amount of fixation disparity needed to drive fine disparity vergence is a function of the
demand on the vergence system and of the gain of the fine disparity system
Gain
Definition
FD
Measureme
nt
Bias
Examples:
1. Accommodation
2. Proximity
3. AC/A
4. CA/C
Reflex accommodation
Stimulus
Blur
Mechanism
Negative feedback system
Figure 5-11: Box diagrams illustrating similarity between models of feedback
control for reflex accommodation and disparity vergence
AD: accommodative demand
RA: reflex accommodation mechanism
rai: reflex accommodation innervation
CM: ciliary muscle
AR: accommodative response
EOMs: extraocular muscles
Tonic vergence
Definition
Dark focus/locus
Results in eyes posturing at some intermediate distance when there
is no stimulus to the system
Bias
Fixed innervational bias that doesnt depend on vision (i.e. no
stimulus)
Figure 5-14: Tonic accommodation innervation and tonic vergence innervation
added to the model in Figure 5-13.
TV and TA boxes have no input showing > neither is influenced by other
mechanisms in the accommodative and vergence systems
Vergence adaptation
Bias
Generates vergence innervational bias that helps reduce disparity
by replacing disparity vergence innervation after completion of
vergence response to a new demand
Stimulus
Retinal and blur result in vergence adaptation only if they activate
DVI, accommodative innervation or both
Usually takes minutes to fully adapt to a new magnitude of DVI
Figure 5-15: Vergence adaptation (VA) and accommodation adaptation (AA)
mechanisms added to Fig.5-14
Accommodative adaptation innervation (aai) and vergence adaptation (vai) are
stimulated by corollary discharges from both reflex accommodation and disparity
vergence and are added to their respective fast and tone accommodations