.

2006

1. .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1. ................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. ............................................................................................ 1

2. ............................................................................ 3
2.1. ............................................................................................................ 3
2.2. ......................................................................................... 3

3. ....................................................... 7
3.1. ................................................................................................................. 7
3.2. ...................................................................... 7
3.3. ................................................................................. 9
3.3.1. .............................................................................................. 9
3.3.2. .......................................................................................... 11
3.3.3. ............................................................................ 12
3.3.3.1 .......................................................................................................12
3.3.3.2 ...............................................................................................14
3.3.3.3 .................................................................................................15

4. ....................... 19
4.1. ................................................................................ 19
4.2. ................................................... 21
4.2.1. ..................................................................................... 21
4.2.2. ................................................................... 22
4.2.3. ............................................................................ 22

4.3. ..................................................... 22
4.3.1. ............................................................................................ 22
4.3.2. ........................... 23

4.3.2.1 .................................24
4.3.2.2 .............................................26

4.3.3. ........................ 28

4.4. ................................. 30

5. ................... 35
5.1. ........................................ 35
5.1.1. ........................................................................................... 36
5.1.1.1
5.1.1.2
5.1.1.3
5.1.1.4
5.1.1.5

.........................................................................36
.........................................................................37
................................................................................39
........................................40
.......................................................................40

5.1.2. .................................................................................. 41
5.1.2.1
5.1.2.2
5.1.2.3
5.1.2.4

...............42
..........42
..............................................................................43
................................................................................................43

5.1.3. ................................................................................................. 43
5.1.3.1
5.1.3.2
5.1.3.3
5.1.3.4
5.1.3.5

......................................................................................44
................................................................45
................................................................45
.................................................47
.........................................................................47

5.1.4. ...................................... 47

5.2. ....................................... 48
5.2.1. ....................................................................................... 48
5.2.1.1
...................................50
5.2.1.2 ..............................................................53

5.2.2. ...................... 54
5.2.2.1
5.2.2.2
5.2.2.3
5.2.2.4

...................55
..............................................57
....59
..............................................................61

5.2.3. ....................................................... 64

5.3. .......................... 68
5.3.1. ...................................................................... 69

5.4. .......................................... 70

6. ..................................................................................................... 73

3
.
, .
:
, ,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.

, 2005

1.

1.1.

. , , .
, ,
Benjamin Franklin 18
.

19
.
Pockels 1897 .
C.T.R. Wilson 1956
. 1960

.
,
, .
,
.
,
, .

1.2.
IEC 61024-1:1990, Protection of structures against lightning - Part 1: General principles

IEC 61024-1-1:1993, Protection of structures against lightning - Part 1: General principles Section 1: Guide A: Selection of protection levels for lightning protection systems
IEC 61024-1-2:1998, Protection of structures against lightning - Part 1-2: General principles Guide B - Design, installation, maintenance and inspection of lightning protection systems
BS 6651:1992, Protection of structures against Lightning, British Standards Institute
IEC 61312-1:1995, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse - Part 1: General principles
IEC/TS 61312-2:1999, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse (LEMP) - Part 2:
Shielding of structures, bonding inside structures and earthing
IEC/TS 61312-3:2000, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse - Part 3: Requirements of surge protective devices (SPDs)
IEC/TS 61312-4:1998, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse - Part 4: Protection
of equipment in existing structures
IEC/TS 61662:1995, Assessment of the risk of damage due to lightning
IEC/TS 61662-am1:1996, Amendment 1 - Assessment of the risk of damage due to lightning
IEC 60099-1:1999, Surge arresters - Part 1: Non-linear resistor type gapped surge arresters for
a.c. systems
IEC 60664-1:2000, Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems Part 1:
Principles, requirements and tests
IEC 61643-1:1998, Surge protective devices connected to low voltage power distribution systems- Part 1: Performance requirements and testing methods
IEC 61643-311:2001, Components for low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 311: Specification for gas discharge tubes (GDT)
IEC 61643-321:2001, Components for low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 321: Specifications for avalanche breakdown diode (ABD)
IEC 61643-331:2003, Components for low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 331: Specification for metal oxide varistors (MOV)
IEC 61643-341:2001, Components for low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 341: Specification for thyristor surge suppressors (TSS)
IEC 60364-1:2001, Electrical installations of buildings - Part 1: Fundamental principles, assessment of general characteristics, definitions
IEC 60364-4-44:2003, Electrical installations of buildings - Part 4-44: Protection for safety Protection against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbances

2.

2.1.
1. ,
,
.

... . . 2.

2.2.
:
, . (90%) ( ).
, ,
.
,
, .
5 s 100 s. :
(), kA.
. ,
(di/dt),
30%
90% , di dt = (I 90 I 30 ) (t90 t30 ) , kA/s
, ,

,
1
2

IEC 61024-1:1990, Protection of structures against lightning - Part 1: General principles

.., , ..., 2004, 4
.,

.
(Qtotal), ,
.
(Qimpulse),
.
(SE), . . A2s J/.
, . ... 1991
7.9 , 50% , 16 20
. , 1.4 , 10%
3. ,

4.


. , 2.1 . .

Casper P.W., and R.B. Bent.: Results from the LPATS U.S.A. National Lightning Detection and
Tracking System for the 1991 lightning season. 21st ICLP, 1992, Berlin, Germany, paper 6.09.
Redelinghuys M.G., Van Der Merwe W.C. and I.R. Jandrell.: Optimasation of transimition lines
for lightning co-ordination using LPATS. 9th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering,
1995, Graz, Austria, paper 68.09

2.1: . : IEC 61024-11:1993, (p.43, Fig. A.1)

3.

3.1.
. , , / . . ( ) (, , , ).
. , 1990-2001 65
. , , 1.

3.2.

:
,
,
,
,
2000 .
,
,
,
,
,

.
3.1. 1

Agoris D., Pyrgioti E., Vasileiou D., and S. Dragoumis.: Analysis of lightning death statistics in
Greece. 26th Internation Conference on Lightning Protection, 2002, Cracow, Poland, pp. 654-657

D D+d
:

V = I

2 D ( D + d )

:
(A) ,
(m) .

d (. 3.1).

d .

d'

Vs'

Vs

3.1:
.

, .

.
, , . ..

15 kA 2.
, ( ) .
.

3. ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , .

3.3.


.
:
,
,
.
3.3.1.

. ,

Joule .
Joule

.

2

Rakov V.A. et al.: New Insights Into Lightning Processes Gained from Triggered-Lightning Experiments in Florida and Alabama. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1998, Vol. 103, pp. 14117-14130
Cooper M.A.: Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 1995, Vol.
15, No. 4, pp. 268-78

10

W = R i 2 dt , Joule
R
.
ms , . ,

.
. 3.1 . 3.2
, , .
( )

.
3.1:
, 20C

, 50 mm2
SE, J/

, C

, 78 mm2

, 78 mm2

1.0 x 107 5.6 x 106 2.5 x 106 1.0 x 107 5.6 x 106 2.5 x 106 1.0 x 107 5.6 x 106 2.5 x 106
21

11

19

11

69

36

16

3.2:

SE, J/

1.0 x 10

S, mm2

21

5.6 x 10
15

2.5 x 10
10

1.0 x 10
35

5.6 x 10
26

2.5 x 10
18

1.0 x 10
58

5.6 x 106 2.5 x 106

43

29

, ,

.

, ,
.

11

.

.
,
, .

, .
,
.
.
.
3.3.2.

.

.
, ,
:

F dt =

10 7
2D

i dt , s
2

D (m) . .
. 0.5 m.

.


.

12

.

. , .
,
.
3.3.3.

.
, , , .
.
.
3.3.3.1

( ,
..)
:

u = IRe + L

di
dt

(3.1)

:

,
Re

di
.
dt

3.1

. ,
. .

13

, ,
.
p.u.
50 Hz.
,
10 p.u., , 1 p.u. s.
.
3.1

.

. ,
2.5 mm2 1 m 100 kA/s :

L = 1.39H
di

dt

= 100 kA s

u =L

di
= 139 kV
dt

50
mm2 1 m 109 kV 30 x 2 mm 1 m 93 kV.


.

.

( 3.2) 20 kA
16 kA/s S = 15 m
50 mm2, L = 1 H/m Re = 10 .
3.1 , :

14

i(t)

Re

3.2:

Re = 10 , L 15H
I = 20 kA, di

dt

= 16 kA s

u ( kV ) = 200 kV + 240 kV = 440 kV

.

/ .
3.3.3.2
, , 100 m.

r :

H (t ) =

1
i (t ) .
2r

15

( dH dt )
:

u ( kV ) =

0 A di

(3.2)

4D dt

:
,
A (m2) ,
D (m) ,

di
.
dt

3.2
.
.

. .

.
3.2 3.3 u = 1 kV.

D
i

0 = 4107 s m
A = 1m 2 , D = 10 m u = 1kV
di = 100 kA s
dt

3.3: .

3.3.3.3
,
, 100 m ,
500 kV/m. ,
500 (kV/m)/s.

3.3

16

3.4.
MV. 3.4
() .

U 2 = U1

C1
C1 + C2

(3.3)

C1

C2
U2

U1

3.4:

,
,
,
.
, .
:
,
:
,

,
,
, ..,
,
:

17

, ,
,
, .

,
, ( )
. ,
.
, , , . ,
,
.
.

18

4.

() . ,
. ,

. , ,

.

4.1.
Benjamin Franklin 1752 .
( Franklin) 1. , 1767,

Franklin Franklin .
Franklin ,
. ,

,
, , , .

Franklin. Franklin
, 1823 Gay-Lussac
Franklin 2 1880
Preece2, ,
1:1 . 1892
Lodge3 Franklin .
, ,
1

2
3

Franklin B.: How to secure Houses, &c from Lightning. Poor Richard's Almanac, reproduced in
Benjamin Franklin's Experiments, ed. I.B. Cohen, Harvard University Press, 1941. pp. 388-392.
Preece W. H.: On the space protected by a lightning conductor. Phil. Magazine, 9, pp. 427-430.
Lodge O.J.: Lightning Conductors and Lightning Guards. Whittaker & Co., London, 1892.

20

, 45 64 . 1914
Larmor Larmor4 Franklin
,
,
. 1950 , Whitehead5, .
1978 Lee6, 100
, ,
,
. , ,
, ,
.
,
.
, , .
Franklin
.
. Franklin, , :
,
.
,
, .


. , -

Larmor J. L., and J. S. B. Larmor. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1914, Vol. 90, pp. 312-317.
Whitehead E. R.: Protection of Transmission Lines, Chapter 22 in Golde R. H. (Ed.), Lightning, Vol.
2, London: Academic Press, 1977.
6
Lee R. H.: Protection Zone for Buildings Against Lightning Strikes Using Transmission Line Practice. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 1978, Vol. IA-14, No. 6, p.465.
5

21

7, 8, , , .

. ,
.

4.2.
, Franklin,
. , ,
,.
: ,
.

.
,

.
4.2.1.

9

, , .

. ... . . 10.
4.2.2.

11
7

Eriksson A. J.: An Improved Electrogeometric Model for Transmission Line Shielding Analysis.
IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 1987, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 871-886.
8
Alessandrov F. D., and J. R. Gumley.: A collection volume method for the placement of air terminals
for the protection of structures against lightning. J. Electrostatics, vol. 50, pp. 279302, 2001.
9
Golde R. H.: Radio-Active Lightning Conductors, Lightning Protection, London: Edward Arnold
Publishing Co. , 1973, pp. 37-40, 196-197.
10
.., , ... , 2004, 4
., .
11
Carpenter R. B. Jr.: Lightning Elimination. Paper PCI-76-16 given at the 23rd Annual Petroleum
and Chemical Industry Conference 76CH1109-8-IA.

22

.
,
, . , Charge Transfer Systems,
.
4.2.3.

(Early Streamer Emission, ESE)12

.
. , , ,

. .

4.3.
Maxwell (1876),

( Faraday).


.

. , .

.
4.3.1.

, , , . 4.1. IV.
, ( 4.2). 12

Berger G., and N. Floret.: Collaboration Produces a New Generation of Lightning Rods, Power
Technology International, London: Sterling Publications, 1991, pp. 185-190.

23

10% 90% ,
99% .
4.1: . : IEC
61024-1-1:1993, (p.25, Table 3)

0.98

II

0.95

III

0.90

IV

0.80

4.2: . : IEC
61024-1-1:1993, (p.19, Table 2)

II

III - IV

, kA

200

150

100

, C

300

225

150

, C

100

75

50

, kJ/

10000

5600

2500

200

150

100

, kA/s

, ,
, . ,
.
4.3.2.

, Nd,
4.113:

N d = N g Ae 106

(4.1)

:
g ,
,
e, (m2), 13

IEC 61024-1-1:1993, Protection of structures against lightning - Part 1: General principles - Section 1:
Guide A: Selection of protection levels for lightning protection systems

24

.
4.3.2.1
1980
.
.
,
IEC13, 4.2:

N g = 0.04 Td1.25 km2

(4.2)

Td .

() ()
. Td
,
, ,
Td.
4.1 .
4.2 Eriksson14
,
. , C13, Td g . , Td .
. ,
, / . 20 km, 60 s
.

:

N g = 0.054 Th1.1 km2 ,

14

Eriksson A. J.: The incidence of lightning strikes to power lines. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery,
1987, Vol. 2, pp. 859-870

25

4.1: ,

15. g .
Huffines Orville16
...
15

16

MacGorman et al.: Lightning Strike Density for the Contiguous United States from Thunderstorm
Duration Record. Report no. NUREG/CR-3759, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Norman, OK, May 1984.
Huffines G. R., and R. E. Orville.: Lightning Ground Flash Density and Thunderstorm Duration in
the Continental United States: 198996. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 38, No. 7, pp. 1013
1019.

26

(TD, )
:

Ng = 0.024 TD1.29 km2 .

.
, 4.2 g17. g Td
, 1977
Prentice18, 4.2
4.2:
Anderson et al.19

N g = 0.023 Td1.3 km2

Popolansky20

N g = 0.0086 Td1.45 km2 .

Ng, /km

13
12

Ng = 0.040xTd^1.25

11

Ng = 0.023xTd^1.30

10

Ng = 0.0086xTd^1.45

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Td
4.2: 17

Diendorfer G., Schultz W., Hofbauer F., and A. Stimmer.: Thunderstorm days versus ground flash
density. Proccedings of 9th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, 1995, Graz,
Austria, paper 6910
18
Prentice S. A.: Frequency of Lightning Discharges, Chapter 14 in Golde R. H. (Ed.), Lightning, Vol.
1, London: Academic Press, 1977.
19
Anderson R.B., and A. J. Eriksson.: Lightning parameters for engineering application. Electra 69,
1980, pp. 65-102
20
Popolansky F.: Relationship between the number of thunderstorm days and the lightning flash density registered by LFC in the world scale. Proc. 21st Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, 1992, Berlin,
Germany, paper 6.10.

27

4.3.2.2
,
1/3
( ) .
L, W H (.
4.3), :

Ae = LW + 6 H ( L + W ) + 9 H 2 , m 2

(4.3).

1:3

1:3

Ae
Ae

3H

3H
W

W
L

Ae = LW + 6 H ( L + W ) + 9 H 2
4.3: .

4.3

He (. 4.4).
, , , d, 3(H+Hs)
Hs . ,
,
:

xs =

d + 3( Hs H )
.
2

4.5

28

.
H

He

1:3

1:3

He

Ae

Ae

3He

3He
W

W
L

Ae = LW + 6 H e ( L + W ) + 9 H e 2
4.4: .

1:3

1:3

Hs

Ae
3H

xs

4.5: .

, ,
. ,
:

, ,
,
,

29

.
4.3.3.

, Nc, . Nc
21 :
,
,
,
,
,
.
Nc
. , .
IEC/TS 61662:1995

BS 6651:1992
, :
( A),
( B),
( C),
( D) ,
( E).
Nc. .
:

0.3

0.7

, ,

1.0

, ,

1.2

, , , , , ,

1.3

21

IEC/TS 61662:1995, Assessment of the risk of damage due to lightning

30

, , ,

1.7

0.1

0.2

0.4

, ,

1.0

1.4

, , ,

1.7

2.0

C:
,

0.3

0.8

, ,
,

1.0

,
, , ,

1.3

, , , ,

1.7

D:
.

0.4

1.0

2.0

E:

0.3

1.0

300 m 900 m

1.3

900 m 1500 m

1.7

1500 m

2.0

31

4.4.
, ,
, Nd , Nc. :
N d N c .
N d > N c E 1

Nc

Nd

4.3.


.
4.3
E > 0.98 E < E
:
,
,
.
4.3: .

> 0.98

0.95 < E 0.98

0.90 < E 0.95

II

0.80 < E 0.90

III

0 < E 0.80

IV

(. 4.6) , , .
40
5x10-5 ,
BS 6651
.
, ,
, , Nd , Nc. :
N d N c .

32

4.6: .

N d > N c E 1

Nc

Nd

4.3.
1 :
, Nd,
4.1:

N d = N g Ae 106
:
g ,
e, (m2).
1.1

4.2:

N g = 0.04 Td1.25 km2

Td .
d = 40 :

N g = 0.04 Td1.25 = 0.04 401.25 = 4.02 km2 .

1.2
,
1/3

33

( ) .
4.7.
1:3
H
h

3h

Ae

3H

4.7:

, , 4.3:

Ae = LW + 6 H ( L + W ) + 9 H 2 , m 2
L, W H ,
(. 4.7).
:

Ae = 18.5 10 + 6 18 (18.5 + 10 ) + 9 182 = 12424 m2 .

:

N d = N g Ae 106 = 4.02 12424 106 = 0.05 .

34

2 :
(BS 6651)
, :
( A),
( B),
( C),
( D) ,
( E).
Nc 5x10-5 .
4.3.3., :

N d = N d A B C D E = 0.05 1.2 0.4 0.3 1.0 0.3 = 2.16x103

.
3 :
N d > N c :

E 1

Nc
5x105
1
0.977
N d
2.16x103

4.3 .

5.

, . , ,

, .

.

5.1.
,
.
:
,

,
.

:
, ,
,

.
. ,
. ,

36

.
5.1.1.

. ,
. , .
, .
.

:
. , , ,
. ,
, .
5.1.1.1
, ht
.
5.1.
.
)

ht

ht

ht

5.1: , ,
)
)

5.1

37

h
. , h
( ) (. 5.2). , D ( ) H :

h = H + ht D < 2 ht

h = ht D > 2 ht .
5.1: (), R(m) . : IEC 61024-1:1990, (p.37, Table 1)

h (m)

R (m)

20

30

45

60

()

()

()

()

(m)

20

25

30

35

25

10

45

45

35

25

10

60

55

45

35

25

20

* .
a2

h = ht

ht

a1

D'

h = H+ht
H

D
5.2: h .

,
, h R
5.1.
5.1.1.2
,

38

R, ( 5.1), ,
. ,
,
( . 5.3). ,
. 5.3
.

5.3: h > R

5.4. .. , ,
.
)

R
ht

5.4:
R > ht
)
)

39

ht d ,
ht (. 5.5), R :

( 2)

p = R R2 d

ht.
d .

ht = h
ht

d
5.5:
R > ht

5.1 . .
5.1.1.3
:
:
,
,
1/10.

, .

5.1.
-

40

,

,


( ).
5.1.1.4

. , .
, , .
,

( 5.1).
(> 4). ,
.
5.1.1.5
,
,
. :
I.

:
.. , , ,
t
5.2,
, 0.5 mm ,
, 1
mm 0.5 mm PVC ,
.

II.

(.. , )

41

,
III.

, , ,

,

IV.

, 2.5 mm ,

V.

,
t 5.2,
.

5.2: .
: IEC 61024-1:1990, (p.37, Table 2)

I IV

5.1.2.

t (mm)

Fe

Cu

Al

.

. , , , . , :
,

, ( ),
.
, , (.. ,
) .
.
, , , .

:

42

5.1.2.1
:
(
), .

.
(
), .
,
.
5.1.2.2
()
() .
, ,

5.3.
5.3:
. : IEC 61024-1:1990, (p.39, Table 3)

(m)

10

II

15

III

20

IV

25

,
. ,
,
,
5.3.
.

. , :

,
,

43

,

,
0.1 m.
,

.
5.1.2.3
, :
I.

, ,
,

II.

,
,
,

III.

,
.

5.1.2.4

()
. .
.
5.1.3.

,
, , ,
, .
.
,
,
, , .

44

5.1.3.1
:
, ( 45), .
, . , ,
.
, A1, , . IEC 610241:1990, II IV 5 m . I 5 m < 500
.m .
5.4
.
5.4: .

I
II IV

, A1
5 m < 500 .m

A1 (m) = 0.03-10 500 < (.m) < 3000

5m

,
A1
( ) 0.5A1.

.

, . , . , 0.5 m, ,
.

.
, . ,

45

.
5.1.3.2
/ . A1 0.5A1 A1 5.4. ,

10 . .

. ,
.
,

.

80%
.
0.5
m. ,

. , , .
.
5.1.3.3
, , 80% .
, , 0.5 m 1 m
. .
, ,
,
. ,
10 m, -

46

.
r (
) A1 5.4. ( ) ,
, , Ar Av, ,
:

A r = A1 r A v = 0.5 ( A1 r ) .

.

(. 5.6).

5.6: .

47

,


.
, , .

. ,
IEC 61024-1-2:1998,
, 3 m, 0.5 m
.. 10 m
2 m.
20 m .
5.1.3.4
.
, 10 x 20 m,
.
.
5.1.3.5

.

.
5.1.4.

.. , ,
, , . ,
.. ,
.
IEC 61024-1:1990, 5.5 -

48

, ,
, () . 5.5
. ... . 1 VDE 0185/78.
5.5: (mm2) .

I IV

Cu

35

16

50

16 (6)

Al

70

25

25 (10)

Fe

50

50

80

50 (16)

* (<25%).

5.2.

,
.

.
, , ,
.
5.2.1.

. , , , . (.
5.2.3.)
( ) ( ) .
, ,
1

., , , 2005

49

. , , ,
, ,
(. 5.7).

.
, 20 m
,
20 m,


()



(. 5.1.2.). 5.7:
.
50 mm2
.
, ,
, , . , ,
,
(, , , ) . TN ( ) PE - PEN
.


.
.
(. 5.8).

50

.)

.)

5.8: .

(. 5.8).


. ,
,
( 5.3). IEC 61312-1:1995,
,
5 m

.
, .. , .
.
. , (
5.5), IEC 61024-1-2:1998 .
5.2.1.1
, ,

51

,
.
, . , I f , :

If = I

Ze
nZ e + Z i

(5.1)

:
(kA) , ( 4.2),
Ze () ,
i ()
,
n

Ze i 5.6.
5.6: Ze n
. : IEC 61024-1-2:1998, (p.95, Table 3)

Ze ()
, (.m)

i ()

II

III IV

100
200
500
1000
2000
3000

8
13
16
22
28
35

4
6
10
10
10
10

4
6
10
15
15
15

4
6
10
20
40
60

Ie = I n If

(5.2)

5.1 , Kp,
. 5.6, Kp
5.7

.

52

5.7: , Kp, .

Kp
n=1
, (.m)

II

n=2

III & IV

II

n=3

III & IV

II

n=4

III & IV

II

III & IV

100

0.33 0.33

0.33

0.25 0.25

0.25

0.20 0.20

0.20

0.17 0.17

0.17

200

0.32 0.32

0.32

0.24 0.24

0.24

0.19 0.19

0.19

0.16 0.16

0.16

500

0.38 0.38

0.38

0.28 0.28

0.28

0.22 0.22

0.22

0.18 0.18

0.18

1000

0.31 0.41

0.48

0.24 0.29

0.32

0.19 0.22

0.24

0.16 0.18

0.20

2000

0.26 0.35

0.59

0.21 0.26

0.37

0.17 0.21

0.27

0.15 0.17

0.21

3000

0.22 0.30

0.63

0.18 0.23

0.39

0.15 0.19

0.28

0.13 0.16

0.22

5.7
IV I.

:

I f = 0 .5

I
n

50%
.
, n 5.1, . ,
IEC 61312-1:1995,
5%
.

,
, I f ,
:

I f =

If
m

m I f 5.1.

(5.3)

53

IV
(
), .
200 .m
:
, n = 3.
5.7 Kp = 0.19 5.1 4.2:

I f = I K p = 100 kA 0.19 = 19 kA .
5.2:

I e = I n I f = 100 kA 3 19 kA = 43 kA .
TN-S ( ,
) 5.3:

I f =

I f 19 kA
=
= 3.8 kA .
5
m

I T = I 0.05 = 100 kA 0.05 = 5 kA

2.5 kA.
5.2.1.2
,
.
.
. IEC 61024-1-2:1998 , ,
:

Amin =

I f c Lc 10 6
, mm 2
Uc

(5.4)

:
I f ( kA )

c (.m) , Cu: 1.7x10-8 .m, Al:

54

2.7x10-8 .m,
Lc (m)

5.8 ,

U c (kV)

5.9.

5.8: . :
IEC 61024-1-2:1998, (p.95, Table 4)

Lc

(.m)

Lc 8
Lc =

5.9: .
: IEC 61024-1-2:1998, (p.95, Table 5)

(kV) U c (kV)

5.2.2.

0.05

0.22

15

10

75

15

95

20

125

. :
,
,
,
.
, , , , ., , . . , ,
1.2/50 s
8/20 s 10/350 s.

55

,
, ,
, .
(surge arresters) , ,
.
,
, . ,

. ,

.
,
,
.
.
5.2.2.1

.
,
, , , . , IEC 60664-1:2000, :


.


, .


, , , .
V
. -

56

, .

, ,
. 1.2/50 s
.
5.10: [IEC 60099-1:1999]

(/ ),

,
2000 m (kV)

a.c. d.c. (V)

II

III

IV

50
100
150

0.33
0.5
0.8
1.5
1.8*
2.3**
2.5
4

0.5
0.8
1.5
2.5
2.9*
3.5**
4
6

0.8
1.5
2.5
4
4.9*
6.2**
6
8

1.5
2.5
4
6
7.4*
9.8**
8
12

300
600
1000

* 230/400 V .
** 230/400 V .

IIII [IEC 61643-1:1998]:

.

.
.


.
.


..

57

.
5.2.2.2

IEC:
, Gas discharge tube (GDT) [IEC 61643-311:2001]
, , ,
( )
. ,
,
75 150 V ( m 1.5 )
, ( 1035 V).
, ( 10
m 100 m ,
. ,
,
.
,
, .

,
(. 5.9). ,

, 1.5 20 kA.
100 V/s 1 kV/s .

5.9: .

, Avalanche breakdown diodes (ABD) [IEC 61643-321:2001]

, Zener,

58

.
.
, thyristor surge suppressors (TSS) [IEC 61643-341:2001]
, thyristors triacs,
.

.
MOV, Metal Oxide Varistors (MOV) [IEC 61643-331:2003]
, ,
. ,
( ZnO), :

U = aI b
MOV
:
Uc, , (rms) , MOV .
MOV
, Ucs.

U c U cs
230/400 V 10% [IEC 60364-1:2001] 253 V 440 V .
MOV 440 V - - 280 V.
UT,

UTOV, s 1200 V (0.2 s) [IEC 60364-4-44:2003].
MOV
:

U T > U TOV
MOV ,

.
UP, .

59

UP/Uc . 35
. UP
( 5.10)
20% .
Ures, ,
.
In, 8/20 s.
Iimp ( ) Imax (
), 10/350 s 8/20 s
. .
, kJ/kV(Uc) MOV
. In Iimp
Imax . MOV , , .
MOV,
, , ,
, . ,
MOV
.
5.2.2.3
- 5.10.

. DC

.

, U
UL (. 5.11).
,
, Umax,
(
, . 5.11).

60

(GDT TSS)

MOV ABD

DC

5.10: - ,
.

UA

Umax

UL

5.11: .

61

(. 5.3).
. 5.4 .
. , ,
.

.
MOV

,
,
. , ,
6.
[IEC 1024-1-1:1993],
14 kA 95%
90 kA 5%.
, 95%
2.3 kA 5% 15 kA.
MOV In 2.3 kA Imax 15 kA ( MOV
In = 5 kA Imax = 25 kA)
.

MOV (.. In = 10 kA
Imax = 40 kA).
5.2.2.4
5.12 .

.

62

L1
L2

L3
N
PE

5.12: .

5.13
MOV .
MOV . ,
MOV .
- 15 m - (decoupling coil).
V

GDT

TSS

MOV

ABD

5.13:
MOV.

5.14 -

63

. MOV - . 5.15, MOV 1

UP, MOV 2 1
UP MOV 3 UP. 1, 2 3 ,
1
2 3
.

5.14: .
1.3

M3

M2

M1

1.2

Ures/UP(In)

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7
102

5 6 78

103

5 6 7 8

I, A

104

5.15: - MOV .

5 6 7 8

105

64

5.2.3.

( ) ( ) .

.
, , S, , , , D:

S D D = k i

kc
L, m
km

(5.5)

ki

5.11,
5.11: ki .
: IEC 61024-1:1990, (p.43, Table 8)

ki

0.1

II

0.075

III IV

0.05

kc

,

. 1 , 0.66 0.44 20 m ( III).
, kc
IEC 61024-1-2:1998.

km

, 1 0.5
.

L ( m ) . , .. ,
L
.

65

, III, (. 5.16).
( ) 15 m (. 5.5):

D = 0.05

0.44
15 = 0.66 m
0 .5

S D = 0.66 m .
i(t)

5.16: .

,
/
LI (1.2/50s) 250 kV 0.5 m
4 mm . ,

, :

D 1.15 0.4 ki 0.5 kc 0.5

(5.6)

ki , kc .

66

5.17 5.18 (. 5.5)

(. 5.6) .
5.19 5.5 5.6 .
2.0
I

1.8

kc=1

II

1.6

III IV
1.4

D, m

1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

k cc = 0.44

0.0
0

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

L, m
5.17:
;
.
9
8
7

D, m

6
5
4
3

II

III IV

0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

, .m
5.18:
; kc = 1 .

67

S
D

5.19: 5.5 5.6.

5.5

( 5.20).
:
D
S > 2.5 m +D

S > 2 .5 m + D

D
5.5 2.5 m

.
5.20:

, ,
.
2.5 m

68

.
.

. (.
5.21), S
S
L
S
L


L





5.1.

5.21: .
,
.

5.3.
. 2. 106
Joules 10-3 Joules . , 3.3.3., 2 km .
,
, ,
. ,

.
.
IEC 1312-1:1995, (lightning
electromagnetic impulse LEMP) 2

2004/108/ , , , L 390, 31/12/2004

69

.

.
5.3.1.

()

, , .
, ,
.

5.22.

0
0

0, 0 1

1 2

5.22: .

:
0: ,
.
0:
, .
1:

0. -

70

.
( 2, ...):

.

. 5.2
. ,
IEC 61312-1:1995,
: (Star configuration- type S) (meshed configuration- type M).
5.3.2.

5.23 . ,
, , . ,
, .
, , . , . .

5.23: .

71

.

.
.

.
, , ,
.
.
, , , ,
.

.

72

6.

., , , 2005
2004/108/ ,
, , L 390, 31/12/2004
.., , ...,
2004, 4 .,
Agoris D., Pyrgioti E., Vasileiou D., and S. Dragoumis.: Analysis of lightning death
statistics in Greece. 26th Internation Conference on Lightning Protection, 2002, Cracow, Poland, pp. 654-657
Alessandrov F. D., and J. R. Gumley.: A collection volume method for the placement of air
terminals for the protection of structures against lightning. J. Electrostatics, vol. 50, pp. 279
302, 2001
Anderson R.B., and A. J. Eriksson.: Lightning parameters for engineering application. Electra 69, 1980, pp. 65-102
Berger G., and N. Floret.: Collaboration Produces a New Generation of Lightning Rods.
Power Technology International, London: Sterling Publications, 1991, pp. 185-190
BS 6651:1992, Protection of structures against Lightning, British Standards Institute
Carpenter R. B. Jr.: Lightning Elimination. Paper PCI-76-16 given at the 23rd Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference 76CH1109-8-IA
Casper P.W., and R.B. Bent.: Results from the LPATS U.S.A. National Lightning Detection
and Tracking System for the 1991 lightning season. 21st ICLP, 1992, Berlin, Germany, paper
6.09
Cooper M.A.: Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Seminars in Neurology,
1995, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 268-78
Diendorfer G., Schultz W., Hofbauer F., and A. Stimmer.: Thunderstorm days versus
ground flash density. Proccedings of 9th International Symposium on High Voltage
Engineering, 1995, Graz, Austria, paper 6910
Eriksson A. J.: The incidence of lightning strikes to power lines. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 1987, Vol. 2, pp. 859-870
Eriksson A. J.: An Improved Electrogeometric Model for Transmission Line Shielding Analysis. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 1987, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 871-886.
Franklin B.: How to secure Houses, &c from Lightning. Poor Richard's Almanac, reproduced
in Benjamin Franklin's Experiments, ed. I.B. Cohen, Harvard University Press, 1941. pp. 388392.
Golde R. H.: Radio-Active Lightning Conductors, Lightning Protection, London: Edward
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74

Huffines G. R., and R. E. Orville.: Lightning Ground Flash Density and Thunderstorm Duration in the Continental United States: 198996. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 38, No.
7, pp. 10131019.
IEC 61024-1:1990, Protection of structures against lightning - Part 1: General principles
IEC 61024-1-1:1993, Protection of structures against lightning - Part 1: General principles Section 1: Guide A: Selection of protection levels for lightning protection systems
IEC 61024-1-2:1998, Protection of structures against lightning - Part 1-2: General principles Guide B - Design, installation, maintenance and inspection of lightning protection systems
IEC 61312-1:1995, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse - Part 1: General principles
IEC/TS 61312-2:1999, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse (LEMP) - Part 2:
Shielding of structures, bonding inside structures and earthing
IEC/TS 61312-3:2000, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse - Part 3: Requirements of surge protective devices (SPDs)
IEC/TS 61312-4:1998, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse - Part 4: Protection
of equipment in existing structures
IEC/TS 61662:1995, Assessment of the risk of damage due to lightning
IEC/TS 61662-am1:1996, Amendment 1 - Assessment of the risk of damage due to lightning
IEC 60099-1:1999, Surge arresters - Part 1: Non-linear resistor type gapped surge arresters for
a.c. systems
IEC 60664-1:2000, Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems Part 1:
Principles, requirements and tests
IEC 61643-1:1998, Surge protective devices connected to low voltage power distribution systems- Part 1: Performance requirements and testing methods
IEC 61643-311:2001, Components for low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 311: Specification for gas discharge tubes (GDT)
IEC 61643-321:2001, Components for low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 321: Specifications for avalanche breakdown diode (ABD)
IEC 61643-331:2003, Components for low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 331: Specification for metal oxide varistors (MOV)
IEC 61643-341:2001, Components for low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 341: Specification for thyristor surge suppressors (TSS)
IEC 60364-1:2001, Electrical installations of buildings - Part 1: Fundamental principles, assessment of general characteristics, definitions
IEC 60364-4-44:2003, Electrical installations of buildings - Part 4-44: Protection for safety Protection against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbances

75

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